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Sammon MS, Biewend M, Michael P, Schirra S, Ončák M, Binder WH, Beyer MK. Activation of a Copper Biscarbene Mechano-Catalyst Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Supported by Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chemistry 2021; 27:8723-8729. [PMID: 33822419 PMCID: PMC8251802 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy allows investigation of the effect of mechanical force on individual bonds. By determining the forces necessary to sufficiently activate bonds to trigger dissociation, it is possible to predict the behavior of mechanophores. The force necessary to activate a copper biscarbene mechano-catalyst intended for self-healing materials was measured. By using a safety line bypassing the mechanophore, it was possible to pinpoint the dissociation of the investigated bond and determine rupture forces to range from 1.6 to 2.6 nN at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide. The average length-increase upon rupture of the Cu-C bond, due to the stretching of the safety line, agrees with quantum chemical calculations, but the values exhibit an unusual scattering. This scattering was assigned to the conformational flexibility of the mechanophore, which includes formation of a threaded structure and recoiling of the safety line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Sammon
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michel Biewend
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Philipp Michael
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Simone Schirra
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Department of Macromolecular ChemistryMartin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenbergvon-Danckelmann-Platz 406120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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Traeger H, Sagara Y, Kiebala DJ, Schrettl S, Weder C. Folded Perylene Diimide Loops as Mechanoresponsive Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16191-16199. [PMID: 33961723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular mechanophore that can be integrated into polymers and indicates deformation by a fluorescence color change is reported. Two perylene diimides (PDIs) were connected by a short spacer and equipped with peripheral atom transfer polymerization initiators. In the idle state, the motif folds into a loop and its emission is excimer dominated. Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) chains were grown from the motif and the mechanophore-containing polymer was blended with unmodified PMA to afford materials that display a visually discernible fluorescence color change upon deformation, which causes the loops to unfold. The response is instant, and correlates linearly with the applied strain. Experiments with a reference polymer containing only one PDI moiety show that looped mechanophores that display intramolecular excimer formation offer considerable advantages over intermolecular dye aggregates, including a concentration-independent response, direct signaling of mechanical processes, and a more pronounced optical change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Henzel S, Becker S, Hennen D, Keller TJ, Bahr J, Jester SS, Höger S. Highly Strained Nanoscale Bicyclophane Monolayers Entering the Third Dimension: A Combined Synthetic and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation. Chempluschem 2020; 86:803-811. [PMID: 33411359 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromo aromatics can be synthesized by the Fischer-Zimmermann condensation of appropriate pyrylium salts with arylene dicarboxylic acid salts. Their cyclization by intramolecular Yamamoto coupling yields strained bicyclophanes with adjustable sizes and different intraannular bridges. All compounds adsorb at the solid/liquid interface on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with submolecular resolution. The observed two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular nanopatterns depend only on the sizes and alkoxy periphery of the cyclophanes and are independent of the specific structures of the intraannular bridges. Since the central arylene moieties of the smaller species are oriented perpendicular to the planes of the bicyclophanes, their substituents protrude from the surface by up to 1.6 nm after adsorption. Therefore, these molecules are attractive platforms for addressing the volume phase above the graphite surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Henzel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Becker
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Hennen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tristan J Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joshua Bahr
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan-S Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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Krupička M, Dopieralski P, Marx D. Unclicking the Click: Metal-Assisted Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Triazoles Is Possible. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krupička
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Present address: Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Permanent address: Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wroclaw; Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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Krupička M, Dopieralski P, Marx D. Unclicking the Click: Metal-Assisted Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Triazoles Is Possible. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7745-7749. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krupička
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Present address: Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Technická 5 16628 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Przemyslaw Dopieralski
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
- Permanent address: Faculty of Chemistry; University of Wroclaw; Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Pill MF, Holz K, Preußke N, Berger F, Clausen-Schaumann H, Lüning U, Beyer MK. Mechanochemical Cycloreversion of Cyclobutane Observed at the Single Molecule Level. Chemistry 2016; 22:12034-9. [PMID: 27415146 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical cycloreversion of cyclobutane is known from ultrasound experiments. It is, however, not clear which forces are required to induce the cycloreversion. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, on the other hand, it is notoriously difficult to assign the ruptured bond. We have solved this problem through the synthesis of tailored macrocycles, in which the cyclobutane mechanophore is bypassed by an ethylene glycol chain of specific length. This macrocycle is covalently anchored between a glass substrate and an AFM cantilever by polyethylene glycol linkers. Upon mechanical stretching of the macrocycle, cycloreversion occurs, which is identified by a defined length increase of the stretched polymer. The measured length change agrees with the value calculated with the external force explicitly included (EFEI) method. By using two different lengths for the ethylene glycol safety line, the assignment becomes unambiguous. Mechanochemical cycloreversion of cyclobutane is observed at forces above 1.7 nN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Pill
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstraße 34, 80335, Munich, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Holz
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Preußke
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hauke Clausen-Schaumann
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences and Mechatronics, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Lothstraße 34, 80335, Munich, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lüning
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Khanal A, Long F, Cao B, Shahbazian‐Yassar R, Fang S. Evidence of Splitting 1,2,3‐Triazole into an Alkyne and Azide by Low Mechanical Force in the Presence of Other Covalent Bonds. Chemistry 2016; 22:9760-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Khanal
- Department of Chemistry Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Chemistry Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Reza Shahbazian‐Yassar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
| | - Shiyue Fang
- Department of Chemistry Michigan Technological University Houghton MI 49931 USA
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Jacobs MJ, Schneider G, Blank KG. Mechanical Reversibility of Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2899-902. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of Physics; Oregon State University; 301 Weniger Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6501 USA
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Potsdam Golm Science Park 14424 Potsdam Germany
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Jacobs MJ, Schneider G, Blank KG. Mechanische Reversibilität der spannungskatalysierten Azid-Alkin-Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of Physics; Oregon State University; 301 Weniger Hall Corvallis OR 97331-6501 USA
| | - Kerstin G. Blank
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung; Wissenschaftspark Potsdam Golm; 14424 Potsdam Deutschland
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