1
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Sugita H, Lu Y, Aoki D, Otsuka H, Mikami K. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Stable Arylfluorene-Based Radical-Type Mechanophores. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203249. [PMID: 36575130 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical-type mechanophores (RMs) can undergo homolytic cleavage of their central C-C bonds upon exposure to mechanical forces, which affords radical species. Understanding the characteristics of these radical species allows bespoke mechanoresponsive materials to be designed and developed. The thermal stability of the central C-C bonds and the oxygen tolerance of the generated radical species are crucial characteristics that determine the functions and applicability of such RM-containing mechanoresponsive materials. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of two series of arylfluorene-based RM derivatives, that is, 9,9'-bis(5-methyl-2-pyridyl)-9,9'-bifluorene (BPyF) and 9,9'-bis(4,6-diphenyl-2-triazyl)-9,9'-bifluorene (BTAF). BPyF and BTAF derivatives were synthesized without generating any peroxides initially, albeit that BPyF slowly converted to the corresponding peroxide in solution. DFT calculations revealed the importance of the thermodynamic stability and the values of the α-SOMO levels of the corresponding radical species for their thermal stability and oxygen tolerance. Furthermore, the mechanochromism of BTAF was demonstrated by ball-milling a BTAF-centered polymer, which was synthesized by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sugita
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1193, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1193, Japan
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2
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Sonu KP, Zhou L, Biswas S, Klier J, Balazs AC, Emrick T, Peyton SR. Strain-Stiffening Hydrogels with Dynamic, Secondary Cross-Linking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2659-2666. [PMID: 36752594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are water-swollen, typically soft networks useful as biomaterials and in other fields of biotechnology. Hydrogel networks capable of sensing and responding to external perturbations, such as light, temperature, pH, or force, are useful across a wide range of applications requiring on-demand cross-linking or dynamic changes. Thus far, although mechanophores have been described as strain-sensitive reactive groups, embedding this type of force-responsiveness into hydrogels is unproven. Here, we synthesized multifunctional polymers that combine a hydrophilic zwitterion with permanently cross-linking alkenes, and dynamically cross-linking disulfides. From these polymers, we created hydrogels that contain irreversible and strong thiol-ene cross-links and reversible disulfide cross-links, and they stiffened in response to strain, increasing hundreds of kPa in modulus under compression. We examined variations in polymer composition and used a constitutive model to determine how to balance the number of thiol-ene vs disulfide cross-links to create maximally force-responsive networks. These strain-stiffening hydrogels represent potential biomaterials that benefit from the mechanoresponsive behavior needed for emerging applications in areas such as tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Sonu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Sciences Laboratory N531, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Le Zhou
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Santidan Biswas
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - John Klier
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Carson Engineering Center, Room 107, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0631, United States
| | - Anna C Balazs
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, Life Sciences Laboratory N531, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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3
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Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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4
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Campagna D, Göstl R. Mechanoresponsive Carbamoyloximes for the Activation of Secondary Amines in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207557. [PMID: 35905139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores are molecular moieties that are incorporated into polymers and respond to force with constitutional, configurational, or conformational bond rearrangements to enable functionality. Up to today, several chemically latent motifs have been activated by polymer mechanochemical methods, but the generation of secondary amines remains elusive. Here we report carbamoyloximes as mechanochemical protecting groups for secondary amines. We show that carbamoyloximes undergo force-induced homolytic bond scission at the N-O oxime bond in polymers thus producing the free amine, as the reaction proceeds via the carbamoyloxyl and aminyl radicals, analogously to its photochemical counterpart. Eventually, we apply the carbamoyloxime motif in a force-activated organocatalytic Knoevenagel reaction. We believe that this protecting strategy can be universally applied for many other secondary and primary amines in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagna
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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5
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Campagna D, Göstl R. Mechanoresponsive Carbamoyloximes for the Activation of Secondary Amines in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Campagna
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Mechanoresponsive (bio)materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen GERMANY
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien Mechanoresponsive (bio)materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen GERMANY
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6
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Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Recent Progresses on Designable Hybrids with Stimuli-Responsive Optical Properties Originating from Molecular Assembly Concerning Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200144. [PMID: 35322576 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe recent progresses on the stimuli-responsive hybrid materials based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and their applications as a chemical sensor. In particular, we explain the unique functions originating from molecular assembly concerning POSS-containing soft materials mainly from our studies. POSS has an inorganic cubic core composed of silicon-oxygen (Si-O) bonds and organic substituents at each vertex. Owing to intrinsic properties of POSS, such as high thermal stability, rigidity, and low chemical reactivity, various robust hybrid materials have been developed. From the numerous numbers of POSS hybrids, we herein focus on the environment-sensitive optical materials in which molecular assembly of POSS itself and functional units connected to POSS should be a key factor for expressing material properties. We also explain the mechanisms of chemical sensors originating from these stimuli-responsive optical properties. Stimuli-responsive excimer emission and pollutant detectors, nanoplastic sensors with the water-dispersive POSS networks, trans fatty acid sensors, turn-on luminescent sensors for aerobic condition and fluoride anion sensors are described. We also mention the mechanochromic polyurethane hybrids and the thermally-durable mechanochromic luminescent materials. The roles of the unique optical properties from soft materials composed of rigid POSS, which doesn't have significant light-absorption and emission properties in the visible region, are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku, Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Kyoto University: Kyoto Daigaku, Polymer chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura Nishikyo-ku, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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7
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Triphenylethylene benzimidazole derivatives with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics: An effect of the aryl linker and application in cell imaging. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Wang T, Wang H, Shen L, Zhang N. Force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12675-12678. [PMID: 34779466 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a force-induced strengthening of a mechanochromic polymer based on a naphthalene-fused cyclobutane mechanophore (NCD). Our results revealed that mechanically induced retro-cycloaddition of the NCD and subsequent crosslinking reactions between CC bonds were responsible for this peculiar strenghthening, and demonstrated the good possibility that the NCD can be applied in smart materials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China.
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, Nanjing, 211167, P. R. China
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9
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Vaidya S, Sharma M, Brückner C, Kasi RM. Rhodamine-Installed Polynorbornenes: Molecular Design, Structure, and Stimuli-Responsive Properties. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15017-15028. [PMID: 34151083 PMCID: PMC8210439 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a number of tailored architectures of rhodamine dye-norbornene conjugate monomers and corresponding homopolymers derived from them is described. The impact of the monomer architecture on the mechanochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic properties of rhodamine-modified polynorbornenes is reported. Color changes were caused by the reversible interconversion between the "open" and "closed" spirolactam form of the covalently attached dye. Monomers were synthesized in two principle architectures that varied on: (1) the number of polymerizable norbornene groups tethered to a bifunctional rhodamine dye; (2) the presence of flexible methylene spacers between the dye and the polymerizable norbornene groups. Introduction of norbornene groups on each of the two hydroxy groups of a bifunctional rhodamine resulted in a cross-linked polymer that exhibited better mechanochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic properties compared to the corresponding polymer without cross-links, derived from the derivatization of bifunctional rhodamine with only one norbornene. The introduction of flexible methylene spacers between the two polymerizable norbornenes and the dye molecule resulted in a polymeric framework with rapidly reversible color-changing properties upon mechanical or photostimulation. The ideal monomer molecular structure, whereby (1) attaching norbornene on both sides of the rhodamine dye and (2) methylene spacers between the dye and norbornenes on both sides afforded the nonpareil polymer structure that was capable of thermoreversible mechanochromic and photochromic features, and irreversible thermochromic features. These new materials may find utility as multi-stimuli-responsive soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Vaidya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Meenakshi Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rajeswari M. Kasi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Polymer
Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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10
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Baumann C, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Göstl R. Multicolor Mechanofluorophores for the Quantitative Detection of Covalent Bond Scission in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13287-13293. [PMID: 33783112 PMCID: PMC8252433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fracture of polymer materials is a multiscale process starting with the scission of a single molecular bond advancing to a site of failure within the bulk. Quantifying the bonds broken during this process remains a big challenge yet would help to understand the distribution and dissipation of macroscopic mechanical energy. We here show the design and synthesis of fluorogenic molecular optical force probes (mechanofluorophores) covering the entire visible spectrum in both absorption and emission. Their dual fluorescent character allows to track non-broken and broken bonds in dissolved and bulk polymers by fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Importantly, we develop an approach to determine the absolute number and relative fraction of intact and cleaved bonds with high local resolution. We anticipate that our mechanofluorophores in combination with our quantification methodology will allow to quantitatively describe fracture processes in materials ranging from soft hydrogels to high-performance polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baumann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Silvia P. Centeno
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
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11
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Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex-Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13559-13563. [PMID: 33826803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have discovered a new flex-activated mechanophore that releases an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) under mechanical load. The mechanophore design is based upon NHC-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) adducts and demonstrates an important first step toward flex-activated designs capable of further downstream reactivities. Since the flex-activation is non-destructive to the main polymer chains, the material can be subjected to multiple compression cycles to achieve iterative increases in the activation percentage of mechanophores. Two different NHC structures were demonstrated, signifying the potential modularity of the mechanophore design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael B Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Allison G Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Oglethorpe University, 4484 Peachtree Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30319, USA
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
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12
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Baumann C, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Göstl R. Mehrfarbige Mechanofluorophore für die quantitative Anzeige kovalenter Bindungsbrüche in Polymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Silvia P. Centeno
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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13
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Shen H, Larsen MB, Roessler AG, Zimmerman PM, Boydston AJ. Mechanochemical Release of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes from Flex‐Activated Mechanophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Allison G. Roessler
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemistry Oglethorpe University 4484 Peachtree Rd Atlanta GA 30319 USA
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan 930 N. University Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew J. Boydston
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
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14
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Seshimo K, Sakai H, Watabe T, Aoki D, Sugita H, Mikami K, Mao Y, Ishigami A, Nishitsuji S, Kurose T, Ito H, Otsuka H. Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers with Mechanochromic and Self‐Strengthening Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hio Sakai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
| | - Hajime Sugita
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute 2743-1 Hayakawa Ayase Kanagawa 252-1193 Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute 2743-1 Hayakawa Ayase Kanagawa 252-1193 Japan
| | - Yuchen Mao
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science Yamagata University 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8550 Japan
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15
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Seshimo K, Sakai H, Watabe T, Aoki D, Sugita H, Mikami K, Mao Y, Ishigami A, Nishitsuji S, Kurose T, Ito H, Otsuka H. Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers with Mechanochromic and Self-Strengthening Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8406-8409. [PMID: 33417288 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic elastomers that exhibit force-induced cross-linking reactions in the bulk state are introduced. The synthesis of segmented polyurethanes (SPUs) that contain difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN) moieties in the main chain and methacryloyl groups in the side chains was carried out. DFSN was selected as the mechanophore because it dissociates under mechanical stimuli to form pink cyanofluorene (CF) radicals, which can also initiate the radical polymerization of methacrylate monomers. The obtained elastomers generated CF radicals and changed color by compression or extension; they also became insoluble due to the mechanically induced cross-linking reactions. Additionally, an SPU containing diphenylmethane units also exhibited highly sensitive mechanofluorescence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate damage detection ability and changes in the mechanical properties of bulk elastomers induced by simple compression or extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hio Sakai
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugita
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1193, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa, 252-1193, Japan
| | - Yuchen Mao
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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16
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Bettens T, Hoffmann M, Alonso M, Geerlings P, Dreuw A, De Proft F. Mechanochemically Triggered Topology Changes in Expanded Porphyrins. Chemistry 2021; 27:3397-3406. [PMID: 33170967 PMCID: PMC7898923 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A hitherto unexplored class of molecules for molecular force probe applications are expanded porphyrins. This work proves that mechanical force is an effective stimulus to trigger the interconversion between Hückel and Möbius topologies in [28]hexaphyrin, making these expanded porphyrins suitable to act as conformational mechanophores operating at mild (sub-1 nN) force conditions. A straightforward approach based on distance matrices is proposed for the selection of pulling scenarios that promote either the planar Hückel topology or the three lowest lying Möbius topologies. This approach is supported by quantum mechanochemical calculations. Force distribution analyses reveal that [28]hexaphyrin selectively allocates the external mechanical energy to molecular regions that trigger Hückel-Möbius interconversions, explaining why certain pulling scenarios favor the Hückel two-sided topology and others favor Möbius single-sided topologies. The meso-substitution pattern on [28]hexaphyrin determines whether the energy difference between the different topologies can be overcome by mechanical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bettens
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingRuprecht-Karls UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 205A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingRuprecht-Karls UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 205A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
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17
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Zhou Y, Huo S, Loznik M, Göstl R, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Kontrolle über die optische und katalytische Aktivität gentechnisch hergestellter Proteine mit Ultraschall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Science Xiamen University 361102 Xiamen China
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
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18
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Zhou Y, Huo S, Loznik M, Göstl R, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Controlling Optical and Catalytic Activity of Genetically Engineered Proteins by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1493-1497. [PMID: 33104261 PMCID: PMC7839785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) produces cavitation-induced mechanical forces stretching and breaking polymer chains in solution. This type of polymer mechanochemistry is widely used for synthetic polymers, but not biomacromolecules, even though US is biocompatible and commonly used for medical therapy as well as in vivo imaging. The ability to control protein activity by US would thus be a major stepping-stone for these disciplines. Here, we provide the first examples of selective protein activation and deactivation by means of US. Using GFP as a model system, we engineer US sensitivity into proteins by design. The incorporation of long and highly charged domains enables the efficient transfer of force to the protein structure. We then use this principle to activate the catalytic activity of trypsin by inducing the release of its inhibitor. We expect that this concept to switch "on" and "off" protein activity by US will serve as a blueprint to remotely control other bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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19
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Kouznetsova TB, Sha Y, Xu E, Shannahan L, Fermen-Coker M, Lin Y, Tang C, Craig SL. Distal conformational locks on ferrocene mechanophores guide reaction pathways for increased mechanochemical reactivity. Nat Chem 2020; 13:56-62. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Tian Y, Wang C, Xiang S, Boulatov R, Weng W. A Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Controlling Load-Strengthening of a Mechanochromic Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21980-21985. [PMID: 32827332 PMCID: PMC7756483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an intermolecular reaction cascade to control the force which triggers crosslinking of a mechanochromic polymer of spirothiopyran (STP). Mechanochromism arises from rapid reversible force-sensitive isomerization of STP to a merocyanine, which reacts rapidly with activated C=C bonds. The concentration of such bonds, and hence the crosslinking rate, is controlled by force-dependent dissociation of a Diels-Alder adduct of anthracene and maleimide. Because the adduct requires ca. 1 nN higher force to dissociate at the same rate as that of STP isomerization, the cascade limits crosslinking to overstressed regions of the material, which are at the highest rate of material damage. Using comb polymers decreased the minimum concentration of mechanophores required to crosslinking by about 100-fold compared to previous examples of load-strengthening materials. The approach described has potential for controlling a broad range of reaction sequences triggered by mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Piaoxue Xu
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Shishuai Xiang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
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21
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Wu Q, Yuan Y, Chen F, Sun C, Xu H, Chen Y. Diselenide-Linked Polymers under Sonication. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1547-1551. [PMID: 35617081 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A series of Se-Se-linked polystyrenes have been synthesized and subjected to pulse sonication. Comprehensive investigations based on GPC measurements, derivatization experiments, and EPR spectroscopy verify the sonication-induced bond scission and metathesis of these polymeric diselenides. The metathesis kinetics and energy conversion efficiency by different stimuli including heating, light, and sonication are compared, which demonstrate that sonication can offer an alternative way to break the Se-Se bond and realize selective metathesis reactions between diselenide-linked polymers and small molecules. This fundamental study on sonochemistry of diselenide-centered polymers expands our knowledge of diselenide chemistry and mechanochemistry of dynamic covalent mechanophores, which may greatly advance the applications of diselenide-containing polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Feiyi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
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22
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Tian Y, Wang C, Xiang S, Boulatov R, Weng W. A Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Controlling Load‐Strengthening of a Mechanochromic Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Piaoxue Xu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Shishuai Xiang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
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23
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Lee J, Lee W, Kim D, Kim M, Kim J. Independent Multi-states of Photo-responsive Polymer/Quantum Dot Nanocomposite Induced via Different Wavelengths of Light. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12458. [PMID: 31462674 PMCID: PMC6713758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive systems are attractive since their properties can be controlled by external stimuli and/or surrounding environment. Recently, more than one stimulus is utilized in order to enhance the performance of systems, or to bypass undesired effects. However, most of previous research on multi-stimuli has been focused on enhancing or inducing changes in one type of response. Herein, we developed a nanocomposite material with independent multi-states composed of photo-responsive polymer and quantum dots (QDs), in which its properties can independently be controlled by different wavelengths of light. More specifically, azobenzene-incorporated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (AzoPDMS) triggers photobending (PB) by 365 nm light and uniformly dispersed methylammonium lead bromide perovskite (MAPbBr3) QDs show photoluminescence (PL) by light below 500 nm. The PB and PL could be simultaneously and independently controlled by the wavelength of applied light creating multi-states. Our approach is novel in that it creates multiple independent states which can further be used to transfer information such as logic gates (00(2), 01(2), 10(2), 11(2)) and possibly widen its application to flexible and transparent opto-electric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- School of Integrate Technology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Integrate Technology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- School of Integrate Technology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjun Kim
- School of Integrate Technology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- School of Integrate Technology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea. .,Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Park J, Lee Y, Barbee MH, Cho S, Cho S, Shanker R, Kim J, Myoung J, Kim MP, Baig C, Craig SL, Ko H. A Hierarchical Nanoparticle-in-Micropore Architecture for Enhanced Mechanosensitivity and Stretchability in Mechanochromic Electronic Skins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808148. [PMID: 31070272 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological tissues are multiresponsive and functional, and similar properties might be possible in synthetic systems by merging responsive polymers with hierarchical soft architectures. For example, mechanochromic polymers have applications in force-responsive colorimetric sensors and soft robotics, but their integration into sensitive, multifunctional devices remains challenging. Herein, a hierarchical nanoparticle-in-micropore (NP-MP) architecture in porous mechanochromic polymers, which enhances the mechanosensitivity and stretchability of mechanochromic electronic skins (e-skins), is reported. The hierarchical NP-MP structure results in stress-concentration-induced mechanochemical activation of mechanophores, significantly improving the mechanochromic sensitivity to both tensile strain and normal force (critical tensile strain: 50% and normal force: 1 N). Furthermore, the porous mechanochromic composites exhibit a reversible mechanochromism under a strain of 250%. This architecture enables a dual-mode mechanochromic e-skin for detecting static/dynamic forces via mechanochromism and triboelectricity. The hierarchical NP-MP architecture provides a general platform to develop mechanochromic composites with high sensitivity and stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soowon Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Shanker
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Myoung
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo P Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunggi Baig
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 689-798, Republic of Korea
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25
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Kida J, Imato K, Goseki R, Aoki D, Morimoto M, Otsuka H. The photoregulation of a mechanochemical polymer scission. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3504. [PMID: 30158595 PMCID: PMC6115466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Control over mechanochemical polymer scission by another external stimulus may offer an avenue to further advance the fields of polymer chemistry, mechanochemistry, and materials science. Herein, we demonstrate that light can regulate the mechanochemical behavior of a diarylethene-conjugated Diels-Alder adduct (DAE/DA) that reversibly isomerizes from a weaker open form to a stronger closed form under photoirradiation. Pulsed ultrasonication experiments, spectroscopic analyses, and density functional theory calculations support the successful photoregulation of the reactivity of this DAE/DA mechanophore, which is incorporated at the mid-chain of a polymer, and indicate that higher force and energy are required to cleave the closed form of the DAE/DA mechanophore relative to the open form. The present photoregulation concept provides an attractive approach toward the generation of new mechanofunctional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Kida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
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26
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Yang H, Sun Z, Lv C, Qile M, Wang K, Gao H, Zou B, Song Q, Zhang Y. Ratiometric Piezochromism of Electrospun Polymer Films: Intermolecular Interactions for Enhanced Sensitivity and Color Difference. Chempluschem 2018; 83:132-139. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heyi Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Caowang Road No. 18 Hangzhou 310000 P. R. China
- Department of Materials Chemistry; Huzhou University; East 2nd Ring Rd. No.759 Huzhou 313000 P. R. China
| | - Zhanghua Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Caowang Road No. 18 Hangzhou 310000 P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Lv
- Department of Materials Chemistry; Huzhou University; East 2nd Ring Rd. No.759 Huzhou 313000 P. R. China
| | - Moge Qile
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Caowang Road No. 18 Hangzhou 310000 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Super-hard Materials; Jilin University; Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Huiwen Gao
- Department of Materials Chemistry; Huzhou University; East 2nd Ring Rd. No.759 Huzhou 313000 P. R. China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Super-hard Materials; Jilin University; Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Song
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Caowang Road No. 18 Hangzhou 310000 P. R. China
| | - Yujian Zhang
- Department of Materials Chemistry; Huzhou University; East 2nd Ring Rd. No.759 Huzhou 313000 P. R. China
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27
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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28
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Boulatov R. The Challenges and Opportunities of Contemporary Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1419-1421. [PMID: 28323365 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Boulatov
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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29
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Li J, Hu B, Yang K, Zhao B, Moore JS. Effect of Polymer Grafting Density on Mechanophore Activation at Heterointerfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:819-822. [PMID: 35614770 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles grafted with poly(methyl acrylate) chains whose anchor points are maleimide-anthracene cycloadducts were prepared at various grafting densities to demonstrate fundamental characteristics of mechanophore activation at heterointerfaces. The monotonically decreasing correlation between polymer grafting density and surface-bound maleimide-anthracene mechanophore activation was quantitatively elucidated and discussed. Presumably as a result of polymer-polymer interactions, polymer grafting density plays a significant role in heterogeneous mechanophore activation. The findings are a valuable guide in the design of efficient force-sensitive, damage-reporting polymer composites, where damage is often localized to the interface between the matrix and the reinforcing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ke Yang
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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