1
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Deraet X, Turek J, Alonso M, Tielens F, Weckhuysen BM, Calatayud M, De Proft F. Understanding the Reactivity of Supported Late Transition Metals on a Bare Anatase (101) Surface: A Periodic Conceptual DFT Investigation. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200785. [PMID: 36401599 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly growing interest for new heterogeneous catalytic systems providing high atomic efficiency along with high stability and reactivity triggered an impressive progress in the field of single-atom catalysis. Nevertheless, unravelling the factors governing the interaction strength between the support and the adsorbed metal atoms remains a major challenge. Based on periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, this paper provides insight into the adsorption of single late transition metals on a defect-free anatase surface. The obtained adsorption energies fluctuate, with the exception of Pd, between -3.11 and -3.80 eV and are indicative of a strong interaction. Depending on the considered transition metal, we could attribute the strength of this interaction with the support to i) an electron transfer towards anatase (Ru, Rh, Ni), ii) s-d orbital hybridisation effects (Pt), or iii) a synergistic effect between both factors (Fe, Co, Os, Ir). The driving forces behind the adsorption were also found to be strongly related to Klechkowsky's rule for orbital filling. In contrast, the deviating behaviour of Pd is most likely associated with the lower dissociation enthalpy of the Pd-O bond. Additionally, the reactivity of these systems was evaluated using the Fermi weighted density of states approach. The resulting softness values can be clearly related to the electron configuration of the catalytic systems as well as with the net charge on the transition metal. Finally, these indices were used to construct a model that predicts the adsorption strength of CO on these anatase-supported d-metal atoms. The values obtained from this regression model show, within a 95 % probability interval, a correlation of 84 % with the explicitly calculated CO adsorption energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Deraet
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Elsene, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Turek
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Elsene, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Elsene, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederik Tielens
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Elsene, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Calatayud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, LCT, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frank De Proft
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Elsene, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Iemhoff A, Vennewald M, Palkovits R. Single-Atom Catalysts on Covalent Triazine Frameworks: at the Crossroad between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212015. [PMID: 36108176 PMCID: PMC10108136 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous single-site and single-atom catalysts potentially enable combining the high catalytic activity and selectivity of molecular catalysts with the easy continuous operation and recycling of solid catalysts. In recent years, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) found increasing attention as support materials for particulate and isolated metal species. Bearing a high fraction of nitrogen sites, they allow coordinating molecular metal species and stabilizing particulate metal species, respectively. Dependent on synthesis method and pretreatment of CTFs, materials resembling well-defined highly crosslinked polymers or materials comparable to structurally ill-defined nitrogen-containing carbons result. Accordingly, CTFs serve as model systems elucidating the interaction of single-site, single-atom and particulate metal species with such supports. Factors influencing the transition between molecular and particulate systems are discussed to allow deriving tailored catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Iemhoff
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maurice Vennewald
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Palkovits
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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3
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Farpón MG, Henao W, Plessow PN, Andrés E, Arenal R, Marini C, Agostini G, Studt F, Prieto G. Rhodium Single-Atom Catalyst Design through Oxide Support Modulation for Selective Gas-Phase Ethylene Hydroformylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214048. [PMID: 36315420 PMCID: PMC10099584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A frontier challenge in single-atom (SA) catalysis is the design of fully inorganic sites capable of emulating the high reaction selectivity traditionally exclusive of organometallic counterparts in homogeneous catalysis. Modulating the direct coordination environment in SA sites, via the exploitation of the oxide support's surface chemistry, stands as a powerful albeit underexplored strategy. We report that isolated Rh atoms stabilized on oxygen-defective SnO2 uniquely unite excellent TOF with essentially full selectivity in the gas-phase hydroformylation of ethylene, inhibiting the thermodynamically favored olefin hydrogenation. Density Functional Theory calculations and surface characterization suggest that substantial depletion of the catalyst surface in lattice oxygen, energetically facile on SnO2 , is key to unlock a high coordination pliability at the mononuclear Rh centers, leading to an exceptional performance which is on par with that of molecular catalysts in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Farpón
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wilson Henao
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Andrés
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlo Marini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Prieto
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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4
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Vafaeezadeh M, Thiel WR. Task-Specific Janus Materials in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206403. [PMID: 35670287 PMCID: PMC9804448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Janus materials are anisotropic nano- and microarchitectures with two different faces consisting of distinguishable or opposite physicochemical properties. In parallel with the discovery of new methods for the fabrication of these materials, decisive progress has been made in their application, for example, in biological science, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, and, more recently, in battery technology. This Minireview systematically covers recent and significant achievements in the application of task-specific Janus nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts in various types of chemical reactions, including reduction, oxidative desulfurization and dye degradation, asymmetric catalysis, biomass transformation, cascade reactions, oxidation, transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, electro- and photocatalytic reactions, as well as gas-phase reactions. Finally, an outlook on possible future applications is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Vafaeezadeh
- Fachbereich ChemieTechnische Universität KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 5467663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Werner R. Thiel
- Fachbereich ChemieTechnische Universität KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 5467663KaiserslauternGermany
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5
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Vafaeezadeh M, Thiel WR. Task‐Specific Janus Materials in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Vafaeezadeh
- Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern Chemistry Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 54 67663 Kaiserslautern GERMANY
| | - Werner R. Thiel
- Kaiserslautern University of Technology: Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern Chemistry Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 54 67663 Kaiserslautern GERMANY
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6
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Zhang X, Shang L, Yang Z, Zhang T. A Rhenium Single-Atom Catalyst for the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1635-1639. [PMID: 34921594 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Single atom catalysts (SACs) have received a great deal of attention due to their extremely high active site utilization and superior activities. The exploration of metal SACs has been carried out by screening the elemental periodic table from first-row to second-row, and even third-row transition metals. However, Re SACs have not been reported, even if Re metal sites also play essential roles in catalyzing many important reactions. The construction of Re SACs may maximize Re catalytic sites and provide new Re active sites for higher activity. Herein, we used 1,10-phenanthroline to complex Re cations on carbon black, followed by heat treatment to obtain Re SAC. The Re SAC exhibited an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) half-wave potential of 0.72 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.1 M KOH, superior to Re nanoparticles catalyst (0.67 V vs. RHE). Re SAC exhibited better stability at 0.5 V vs. RHE than Pt/C, showing potential as a new electrocatalyst for ORR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Saadun AJ, Mitchell S, Bonchev H, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Carbon‐Supported Bimetallic Ruthenium‐Iridium Catalysts for Selective and Stable Hydrodebromination of Dibromomethane. ChemCatChem 2021; 14:e202101494. [PMID: 35874462 PMCID: PMC9300165 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali J. Saadun
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hristo Bonchev
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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8
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Kim Y, Collinge G, Lee M, Khivantsev K, Cho SJ, Glezakou V, Rousseau R, Szanyi J, Kwak JH. Surface Density Dependent Catalytic Activity of Single Palladium Atoms Supported on Ceria**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Greg Collinge
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Mal‐Soon Lee
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Konstantin Khivantsev
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Sung June Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering Chonnam National University 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Vassiliki‐Alexandra Glezakou
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Janos Szanyi
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99354 USA
| | - Ja Hun Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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9
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Kim JH, Shin D, Kim J, Lim JS, Paidi VK, Shin TJ, Jeong HY, Lee K, Kim H, Joo SH. Reversible Ligand Exchange in Atomically Dispersed Catalysts for Modulating the Activity and Selectivity of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyup Shin
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-Ro Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Kim
- Department of Chemistry UNIST 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - June Sung Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod K. Paidi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory 80 Jigok-ro Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, UNIST 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, UNIST 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Kug‐Seung Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory 80 Jigok-ro Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak-Ro Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry UNIST 50 UNIST-gil Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim JH, Shin D, Kim J, Lim JS, Paidi VK, Shin TJ, Jeong HY, Lee KS, Kim H, Joo SH. Reversible Ligand Exchange in Atomically Dispersed Catalysts for Modulating the Activity and Selectivity of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20528-20534. [PMID: 34263519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rational control of the coordination environment of atomically dispersed catalysts is pivotal to achieve desirable catalytic reactivity. We report the reversible control of coordination structure in atomically dispersed electrocatalysts via ligand exchange reactions to reversibly modulate their reactivity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The CO-ligated atomically dispersed Rh catalyst exhibited ca. 30-fold higher ORR activity than the NHx -ligated catalyst, whereas the latter showed three times higher H2 O2 selectivity than the former. Post-treatments of the catalysts with CO or NH3 allowed the reversible exchange of CO and NHx ligands, which reversibly tuned oxidation state of metal centers and their ORR activity and selectivity. DFT calculations revealed that more reduced oxidation state of CO-ligated Rh site could further stabilize the *OOH intermediate, facilitating the two- and four-electron pathway ORR. The reversible ligand exchange reactions were generalized to Ir- and Pt-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyup Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - June Sung Lim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod K Paidi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- UNIST Central Research Facilities, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kug-Seung Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigok-ro, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-Ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, UNIST, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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11
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Kim Y, Collinge G, Lee MS, Khivantsev K, Cho SJ, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Szanyi J, Kwak JH. Surface Density Dependent Catalytic Activity of Single Palladium Atoms Supported on Ceria*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22769-22775. [PMID: 34180114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The analogy between single-atom catalysts (SACs) and molecular catalysts predicts that the specific catalytic activity of these systems is constant. We provide evidence that this prediction is not necessarily true. As a case in point, we show that the specific activity over ceria-supported single Pd atoms linearly increases with metal atom density, originating from the cumulative enhancement of CeO2 reducibility. The long-range electrostatic footprints (≈1.5 nm) around each Pd site overlap with each other as surface Pd density increases, resulting in an observed deviation from constant specific activity. These cooperative effects exhaust previously active O atoms above a certain Pd density, leading to their permanent removal and a consequent drop in reaction rate. The findings of our combined experimental and computational study show that the specific catalytic activity of reducible oxide-supported single-atom catalysts can be tuned by varying the surface density of single metal atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Greg Collinge
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Konstantin Khivantsev
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Sung June Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate and Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Janos Szanyi
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Ja Hun Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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12
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Faust Akl D, Ruiz‐Ferrando A, Fako E, Hauert R, Safonova O, Mitchell S, López N, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Precursor Nuclearity and Ligand Effects in Atomically‐Dispersed Heterogeneous Iron Catalysts for Alkyne Semi‐Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Faust Akl
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Andrea Ruiz‐Ferrando
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Edvin Fako
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Roland Hauert
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Olga Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Chen Y, Gao R, Ji S, Li H, Tang K, Jiang P, Hu H, Zhang Z, Hao H, Qu Q, Liang X, Chen W, Dong J, Wang D, Li Y. Atomic‐Level Modulation of Electronic Density at Cobalt Single‐Atom Sites Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks: Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haijing Li
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kun Tang
- School of Physics and Materials Science Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haibo Hu
- School of Physics and Materials Science Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Zedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haigang Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Qingyun Qu
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Materials and Green Applications School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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14
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Chen Y, Gao R, Ji S, Li H, Tang K, Jiang P, Hu H, Zhang Z, Hao H, Qu Q, Liang X, Chen W, Dong J, Wang D, Li Y. Atomic‐Level Modulation of Electronic Density at Cobalt Single‐Atom Sites Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks: Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3212-3221. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haijing Li
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Kun Tang
- School of Physics and Materials Science Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haibo Hu
- School of Physics and Materials Science Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Zedong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haigang Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021 China
| | - Qingyun Qu
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Materials and Green Applications School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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15
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Li X, Surkus A, Rabeah J, Anwar M, Dastigir S, Junge H, Brückner A, Beller M. Cobalt Single-Atom Catalysts with High Stability for Selective Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15849-15854. [PMID: 32458555 PMCID: PMC7540455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived Co-N-C catalysts with isolated single cobalt atoms have been synthesized and compared with cobalt nanoparticles for formic acid dehydrogenation. The atomically dispersed Co-N-C catalyst achieves superior activity, better acid resistance, and improved long-term stability compared with nanoparticles synthesized by a similar route. High-angle annular dark-field-scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption fine structure characterizations reveal the formation of CoII Nx centers as active sites. The optimal low-cost catalyst is a promising candidate for liquid H2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Space and EnvironmentBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | | | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Qatar Environment & Energy Research InstituteResearchery, Education City34110DohaQatar
| | - Sarim Dastigir
- Qatar Environment & Energy Research InstituteResearchery, Education City34110DohaQatar
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für KatalyseAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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16
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Jeong H, Shin D, Kim BS, Bae J, Shin S, Choe C, Han JW, Lee H. Controlling the Oxidation State of Pt Single Atoms for Maximizing Catalytic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20691-20696. [PMID: 32720448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as promising materials in heterogeneous catalysis. Previous studies reported controversial results about the relative level in activity for SACs and nanoparticles (NPs). These works have focused on the effect of metal atom arrangement, without considering the oxidation state of the SACs. Here, we immobilized Pt single atoms on defective ceria and controlled the oxidation state of Pt SACs, from highly oxidized (Pt0 : 16.6 at %) to highly metallic states (Pt0 : 83.8 at %). The Pt SACs with controlled oxidation states were then employed for oxidation of CO, CH4 , or NO, and their activities compared with those of Pt NPs. The highly oxidized Pt SACs presented poorer activities than Pt NPs, whereas metallic Pt SACs showed higher activities. The Pt SAC reduced at 300 °C showed the highest activity for all the oxidations. The Pt SACs with controlled oxidation states revealed a crucial missing link between activity and SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjae Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junemin Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyeong Choe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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17
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Jeong H, Shin D, Kim B, Bae J, Shin S, Choe C, Han JW, Lee H. Controlling the Oxidation State of Pt Single Atoms for Maximizing Catalytic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjae Shin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Beom‐Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Junemin Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyeong Choe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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18
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Lei Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Song C, Li Q, Wang D, Li Y. Designing Atomic Active Centers for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20794-20812. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Chengye Song
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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19
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Lei Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Song C, Li Q, Wang D, Li Y. Design aktiver atomarer Zentren für HER‐Elektrokatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Chengye Song
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Peking 100084 China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Peking 100084 China
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20
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Xu SL, Shen SC, Zhao S, Ding YW, Chu SQ, Chen P, Lin Y, Liang HW. Synthesis of carbon-supported sub-2 nanometer bimetallic catalysts by strong metal-sulfur interaction. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7933-7939. [PMID: 34094162 PMCID: PMC8163286 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-sized bimetallic nanoparticles that integrate the advantages of efficient exposure of the active metal surface and optimal geometric/electronic effects are of immense interest in the field of catalysis, yet there are few universal strategies for synthesizing such unique structures. Here, we report a novel method to synthesize sub-2 nm bimetallic nanoparticles (Pt-Co, Rh-Co, and Ir-Co) on mesoporous sulfur-doped carbon (S-C) supports. The approach is based on the strong chemical interaction between metals and sulfur atoms that are doped in the carbon matrix, which suppresses the metal aggregation at high temperature and thus ensures the formation of small-sized and well alloyed bimetallic nanoparticles. We also demonstrate the enhanced catalytic performance of the small-sized bimetallic Pt-Co nanoparticle catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Long Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shan-Cheng Shen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yan-Wei Ding
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Sheng-Qi Chu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University Hefei Anhui 230601 China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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21
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Li X, Surkus A, Rabeah J, Anwar M, Dastigir S, Junge H, Brückner A, Beller M. Cobalt Single‐Atom Catalysts with High Stability for Selective Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Space and Environment Beihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | | | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute Researchery, Education City 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Sarim Dastigir
- Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute Researchery, Education City 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Henrik Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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22
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Li T, Chen F, Lang R, Wang H, Su Y, Qiao B, Wang A, Zhang T. Styrene Hydroformylation with In Situ Hydrogen: Regioselectivity Control by Coupling with the Low‐Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fang Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Rui Lang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Hua Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yang Su
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Botao Qiao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
- State Key Laboratory of CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
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23
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Li T, Chen F, Lang R, Wang H, Su Y, Qiao B, Wang A, Zhang T. Styrene Hydroformylation with In Situ Hydrogen: Regioselectivity Control by Coupling with the Low‐Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7430-7434. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fang Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Rui Lang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Hua Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Yang Su
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Botao Qiao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
- State Key Laboratory of CatalysisDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
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24
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Sarma BB, Kim J, Amsler J, Agostini G, Weidenthaler C, Pfänder N, Arenal R, Concepción P, Plessow P, Studt F, Prieto G. One-Pot Cooperation of Single-Atom Rh and Ru Solid Catalysts for a Selective Tandem Olefin Isomerization-Hydrosilylation Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5806-5815. [PMID: 31903674 PMCID: PMC7154713 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Realizing the full potential of oxide‐supported single‐atom metal catalysts (SACs) is key to successfully bridge the gap between the fields of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Here we show that the one‐pot combination of Ru1/CeO2 and Rh1/CeO2 SACs enables a highly selective olefin isomerization‐hydrosilylation tandem process, hitherto restricted to molecular catalysts in solution. Individually, monoatomic Ru and Rh sites show a remarkable reaction specificity for olefin double‐bond migration and anti‐Markovnikov α‐olefin hydrosilylation, respectively. First‐principles DFT calculations ascribe such selectivity to differences in the binding strength of the olefin substrate to the monoatomic metal centers. The single‐pot cooperation of the two SACs allows the production of terminal organosilane compounds with high regio‐selectivity (>95 %) even from industrially‐relevant complex mixtures of terminal and internal olefins, alongside a straightforward catalyst recycling and reuse. These results demonstrate the significance of oxide‐supported single‐atom metal catalysts in tandem catalytic reactions, which are central for the intensification of chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut B Sarma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jonglack Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jonas Amsler
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfänder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragon, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philipp Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Prieto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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25
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Sarma BB, Kim J, Amsler J, Agostini G, Weidenthaler C, Pfänder N, Arenal R, Concepción P, Plessow P, Studt F, Prieto G. One‐Pot Cooperation of Single‐Atom Rh and Ru Solid Catalysts for a Selective Tandem Olefin Isomerization‐Hydrosilylation Process. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut B. Sarma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jonglack Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jonas Amsler
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Carrer de la Llum 2–26, Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona Spain
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Norbert Pfänder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA) Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA) Universidad de Zaragoza Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragon CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- ARAID Foundation 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC) Av. Los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Philipp Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Gonzalo Prieto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC) Av. Los Naranjos s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
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26
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Beranek R. Selectivity of Chemical Conversions: Do Light‐Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Processes Hold Special Promise? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
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27
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Beranek R. Selectivity of Chemical Conversions: Do Light‐Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Processes Hold Special Promise? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16724-16729. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89081 Ulm Germany
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28
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Yao X, Ni L, Yu C, Zhang M, Wei Q, Huang H, Guo W, Huang H, Chang J, Qiu J. Low-Temperature Fast Production of Carbon and Acetic Acid Dual-Promoted Pd/C Catalysts. Chemistry 2019; 25:13683-13687. [PMID: 31402521 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Pd/C catalysts are widely used in synthesis of fine chemicals in industry, but their production suffers from a complicated two-step process involving impregnation and reduction, and requires large amounts of solvents and reductant, which would lead to a series of issues such as time consumption, resource waste and environmental pollution. Herein, ultra-small Pd nanoparticles uniformly anchored on carbon nanotubes (Pd/CNTs) were synthesized by using a one-pot and low-temperature reduction strategy. The present process/technology is very sensitive to and controlled by the supports and solvents, and the carbon support and acetic acid synergistically play crucial and decisive roles in the fast production of Pd/C catalysts. Also, the used solvents can be recycled and reutilized, which meets the requirements of sustainable chemistry and green economy. When the as-obtained Pd/CNTs catalyst was used to catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, it achieved a conversion efficiency as high as 99.3 % and a high selectivity up to >99.9 %. The simple, scalable and environmentally friendly strategy can be extended to anchor Pd nanoparticles on various carbon substrates, which sheds a new light on the synthesis of Pd/C catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchao Yao
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ni
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Qianbing Wei
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Huang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Huang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Chang
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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29
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Yakukhnov SA, Ananikov VP. Catalytic Transfer Hydrodebenzylation with Low Palladium Loading. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Yakukhnov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy prospect 47 Moscow 119334 Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy prospect 47 Moscow 119334 Russia
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30
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Frei MS, Mondelli C, García-Muelas R, Kley KS, Puértolas B, López N, Safonova OV, Stewart JA, Curulla Ferré D, Pérez-Ramírez J. Atomic-scale engineering of indium oxide promotion by palladium for methanol production via CO 2 hydrogenation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3377. [PMID: 31358766 PMCID: PMC6662860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal promotion is broadly applied to enhance the performance of heterogeneous catalysts to fulfill industrial requirements. Still, generating and quantifying the effect of the promoter speciation that exclusively introduces desired properties and ensures proximity to or accommodation within the active site and durability upon reaction is very challenging. Recently, In2O3 was discovered as a highly selective and stable catalyst for green methanol production from CO2. Activity boosting by promotion with palladium, an efficient H2-splitter, was partially successful since palladium nanoparticles mediate the parasitic reverse water-gas shift reaction, reducing selectivity, and sinter or alloy with indium, limiting metal utilization and robustness. Here, we show that the precise palladium atoms architecture reached by controlled co-precipitation eliminates these limitations. Palladium atoms replacing indium atoms in the active In3O5 ensemble attract additional palladium atoms deposited onto the surface forming low-nuclearity clusters, which foster H2 activation and remain unaltered, enabling record productivities for 500 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias S Frei
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo García-Muelas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Klara S Kley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Begoña Puértolas
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Olga V Safonova
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Joseph A Stewart
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Daniel Curulla Ferré
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Vorobyeva E, Fako E, Chen Z, Collins SM, Johnstone D, Midgley PA, Hauert R, Safonova OV, Vilé G, López N, Mitchell S, Pérez-Ramírez J. Atom-by-Atom Resolution of Structure-Function Relations over Low-Nuclearity Metal Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8724-8729. [PMID: 31050138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the structure sensitivity of catalyzed reactions over metals is central to developing atom-efficient chemical processes. Approaching the minimum ensemble size, the properties enter a non-scalable regime in which each atom counts. Almost all trends in this ultra-small frontier derive from surface science approaches using model systems, because of both synthetic and analytical challenges. Exploiting the unique coordination chemistry of carbon nitride, we discriminate through experiments and simulations the interplay between the geometry, electronic structure, and reactivity of palladium atoms, dimers, and trimers. Catalytic tests evidence application-dependent requirements of the active ensemble. In the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes, the nuclearity primarily impacts activity, whereas the selectivity and stability are affected in Suzuki coupling. This powerful approach will provide practical insights into the design of heterogeneous catalysts comprising well-defined numbers of atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Vorobyeva
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edvin Fako
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sean M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Duncan Johnstone
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Roland Hauert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Gianvito Vilé
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Vorobyeva E, Fako E, Chen Z, Collins SM, Johnstone D, Midgley PA, Hauert R, Safonova OV, Vilé G, López N, Mitchell S, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Atom‐by‐Atom Resolution of Structure–Function Relations over Low‐Nuclearity Metal Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Vorobyeva
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Edvin Fako
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sean M. Collins
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Duncan Johnstone
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Paul A. Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and MetallurgyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS UK
| | - Roland Hauert
- EmpaSwiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | | | - Gianvito Vilé
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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