1
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Hassan Z, Bräse S. Stacking Cyclophanes into Chiral Microvessels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214996. [PMID: 36727268 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering novel micro-/nanoscale systems and devices based on supramolecular assembly has tremendous potential from diverse applications perspective. However, controlling the size, shape, spatial arrangements, and hierarchical transcription by a dimensional organizing principle (1D-3D arrangement) without the help of templates remains a challenging task. In this vein, a recent study by Oki and colleagues reporting the stacking of chiral cyclophanes via intermolecular non-covalent interactions for crafting synchronous microcrystalline 3D chiral vessels with controlled conformational arrangements represents a truly remarkable illustration of molecular engineering. The microvessels bear stereocontrolled skeletal morphology, recognize stereoisomers and serve as containers to accommodate microcrystals, polymer particles, and fluorescent dyes. The full application scope of this fascinating research is far beyond non-covalent interactions, supramolecular self-assembly, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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2
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Liao XJ, Pu D, Yuan L, Tong J, Xing S, Tu ZL, Zuo JL, Zheng WH, Zheng YX. Planar Chiral Multiple Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials for Efficient Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217045. [PMID: 36517419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chiral boron/nitrogen doped multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters are promising for highly efficient and color-pure circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs). Herein, we report two pairs of MR-TADF materials (Czp-tBuCzB, Czp-POAB) based on planar chiral paracyclophane with photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 98 %. The enantiomers showed symmetric circularly polarized photoluminescence spectra with dissymmetry factors |gPL | of up to 1.6×10-3 in doped films. Meanwhile, the sky-blue CP-OLEDs with (R/S)-Czp-tBuCzB showed an external quantum efficiency of 32.1 % with the narrowest full-width at half-maximum of 24 nm among the reported CP-OLEDs, while the devices with (R/S)-Czp-POAB displayed the first nearly pure green CP electroluminescence with |gEL | factors at the 10-3 level. These results demonstrate the incorporation of planar chirality into MR-TADF emitter is a reliable strategy for constructing of efficient CP-OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ji Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dongdong Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shuai Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Long Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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3
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Morisaki A, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Synthesis of Two Novel Optically Active #-Shaped Cyclic Tetramers Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 29:e202203533. [PMID: 36585383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of optically active cyclic tetramers comprising four stacked π-electron systems from two enantiomerically pure [2.2]paracyclophane compounds (bis-(para)-pseudo-ortho- and bis-(para)-pseudo-meta-tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane compounds). Depending on the combination of the absolute configurations of the planar chiral pseudo-ortho- and pseudo-meta-[2.2]paracyclophane units, the cyclic tetramers formed either parallel-#- or weave-#-structures. The optical and chiroptical properties of both structures were investigated experimentally and theoretically. In particular, the weave-#-shaped cyclic tetramer exhibited good chiroptical properties and emitted circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with a high anisotropy factor (|glum | value of the order of 10-3 ) and a CPL brightness (BCPL ) higher than 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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4
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Haensch VG, Görls H, Hertweck C. A Photochemical Macrocyclization Route to Asymmetric Strained [3.2] Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202577. [PMID: 36094023 PMCID: PMC10092696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intricate frameworks of paracyclophanes are an important target for synthesis since they are found in various chiral auxiliaries, solar cells, high-performance plastics, pharmaceuticals, and molecular machines. Whereas numerous methods exist for the preparation of symmetric paracyclophanes, protocols for the efficient synthesis of strained asymmetric scaffolds are limited. Here we report a remarkably simple photochemical route to strained [3.2]paracyclophanes starting from readily available educts. By way of NMR and X-ray analyses, we discovered that UV-irradiation of an aromatic carboxylic ester tethered to a toluene moiety leads to the intramolecular formation of a new C-C bond, with loss of an alcohol. A systematic evaluation of the reaction conditions and substituents, as well as radical starter and triplet quenching experiments, point to a reaction mechanism involving an excited triplet state and hydrogen atom transfer. The new method proved to be robust and versatile enabling the synthesis of a range of cyclophanes with different substitutions, including an unusual diastereoisomer with two planar chiral centers, and thus proved to be a valuable addition to the synthetic toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit G Haensch
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
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5
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Borosky GL, Laali KK. A DFT Computational and Synthetic Study of New Curcuminoidpropargyl Adducts with Pseudo‐Cofacial Aryl Rings. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L. Borosky
- INFIQC CONICET and Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria Córdoba 5000 Argentina
| | - Kenneth K. Laali
- Department of Chemistry University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive Jacksonville Florida 32224 USA
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6
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Kumar SV, Guiry PJ. Zinc‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Using Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Imidazoline N,O‐ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205516. [PMID: 35603757 PMCID: PMC9543521 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sundaravel Vivek Kumar
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB) School of Chemistry University College Dublin (UCD) Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB) School of Chemistry University College Dublin (UCD) Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
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7
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Liang H, Guo W, Li J, Jiang J, Wang J. Chiral Arene Ligand as Stereocontroller for Asymmetric C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204926. [PMID: 35445516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of chiral ligands is the most fundamental task in metal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis. In the last 60 years, various kinds of ligands have been sophisticatedly developed. However, it remains a long-standing challenge to develop practically useful chiral η6 -arene ligands, thereby seriously hampering the asymmetric synthesis promoted by arene-metal catalysts. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a class of readily tunable, C2 -symmetric chiral arene ligands derived from [2.2]paracyclophane. Its ruthenium(II) complexes have been prepared and successfully applied in the enantioselective C-H activation to afford a series of axially chiral isoquinolones (up to 99 % yield and 96 % ee). This study not only lays chemists' longstanding doubts about whether it is possible to use chiral arene ligands to stereocontrol ruthenium(II)-catalyzed asymmetric C-H activation, but also opens up a new avenue to achieve asymmetric C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Weicong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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8
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Kumar SV, Guiry PJ. Zinc‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Using Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane‐Imidazoline N,O‐ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sundaravel Vivek Kumar
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB) School of Chemistry University College Dublin (UCD) Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Guiry
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB) School of Chemistry University College Dublin (UCD) Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
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9
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Tsuchiya M, Inoue R, Tanaka K, Morisaki Y. Synthesis of Twisted Anthracenes: Induction of Twist Chirality by the Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200418. [PMID: 35603977 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane was employed as chiral scaffolds to twist an anthracene ring by tethering at its 1- and 8positions; thus, twist chirality was induced in the anthracene moiety. The chiroptical properties of the resulting molecule, including circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), were found to be derived from the twist chirality. An analogous molecule bearing long alkyl chains was a viscous liquid, and its liquid film exhibited good CD and CPL profiles. The theoretical studies are carried out to determine the origin of these properties in the ground and excited states, which reproduced well the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Tsuchiya
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, 669-1330, Sanda, JAPAN
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10
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Liang H, Guo W, Li J, Jiang J, Wang J. Chiral Arene Ligand as Stereocontroller for Asymmetric C−H Activation**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Weicong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Junxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jijun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education School of Chemistry Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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11
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López R, Palomo C. Planar Chirality: A Mine for Catalysis and Structure Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
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12
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He J, Yu M, Pang M, Fan Y, Lian Z, Wang Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Jiang H. Nanosized Carbon Macrocycles Based on a Planar Chiral Pseudo Meta- [2.2]Paracyclophane. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103832. [PMID: 34962000 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Structural designs combining cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) backbone with planar chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane ([2.2]PCP) lead to optical-active chiral macrocycles with intriguing properties. X-ray crystal analysis revealed aesthetic necklace-shaped structures and size-dependent packages with long-range channels. The macrocycles exhibit unique photophysical properties with high fluorescence quantum yield of up to 82%, and the fluorescent color varies with ring size. In addition, size-dependent chiroptical properties with moderately large CPL dissymmetry factor of 10 -3 and CPL brightness in the range of 30 - 40 M -1 cm -1 were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Mohan Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Maofu Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 252100, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Lian
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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13
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Miki N, Maeda H, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Syntheses and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active V‐Shaped Molecules Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Miki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hazuki Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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14
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Tanaka K, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Optically Active Cyclic Oligomers Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101267. [PMID: 34845839 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Optically active cyclic dimer, trimer, and tetramer, in which the p-arylene-ethynylenes were stacked, were prepared using enantiopure 4,7,12,15-tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophane as the chiral building block. All molecules exhibited clear Cotton effects in their absorption bands with mirror image spectra, and the signals of the longest wavelengths of the (Rp )- and (Sp )-isomers were positive and negative, respectively. Their circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signs corresponded with the those of the first Cotton effect. For all molecules, molecular orbitals were localized in one of the stacked p-arylene-ethynylenes in the excited states, resulting in a similar photoluminescence behavior. Although the cyclic dimer did not emit CPL, the cyclic trimer and tetramer exhibited intense CPL emissions with a relatively high dissymmetry factor in the order of 10-3 . Their optical and chiroptical properties were reproduced by time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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15
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Hasegawa M, Ishida Y, Sasaki H, Ishioka S, Usui K, Hara N, Kitahara M, Imai Y, Mazaki Y. Helical Oligophenylene Linked with [2.2]Paracyclophane: Stereogenic π-Conjugated Dye for Highly Emissive Chiroptical Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:16225-16231. [PMID: 34549839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A stereogenic π-system based on dimer (2) and trimer (3) of [2.2]paracyclophane (PC) and biphenyl was prepared and its structural, photophysical, and chiroptical properties were investigated. X-ray analysis revealed that the quaterphenyl moieties in 2 adopt a double helical structure anchoring [2.2]PC from both sides. Furthermore, 3 forms a isosceles triangle structure with a large chiral cavity. A homodesmotic reaction using DFT calculations revealed that 2 has a larger strain energy than 3 owing to its highly twisted phenylene linkers. Electronic and circular dichroic (CD) spectra were recorded in CH2 Cl2 solution. The spectra of both 2 and 3 are similar, and their longest absorption band accompanying a remarkable Cotton effect is attributed to the transition from HOMO to LUMO, which is delocalized to the quaterphenyl moiety. These compounds exhibit fairly high fluorescence quantum yields (ϕ=0.70-0.83) and moderate dissymmetry factor (|gCPL |=1.6×10-3 ) in circularly polarized luminescence (CPL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishida
- Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Sumire Ishioka
- Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Usui
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Maho Kitahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Mazaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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16
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Stahlberger M, Schwarz N, Zippel C, Hohmann J, Nieger M, Hassan Z, Bräse S. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of [2.2]Paracyclophane-derived Fused Imidazo[1,2-a]heterocycles by Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé Reaction: Accessing Cyclophanyl Imidazole Ligands Library. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103511. [PMID: 34792822 PMCID: PMC9300155 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis of a [2.2]paracyclophane‐derived annulated 3‐amino‐imidazole ligand library through a Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé three‐component reaction (GBB‐3CR) approach employing formyl‐cyclophanes in combination with diverse aliphatic and aromatic isocyanides and heteroaromatic amidines. The GBB‐3CR process gives access to skeletally‐diverse cyclophanyl imidazole ligands, namely 3‐amino‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazines. Additionally, a one‐pot protocol for the GBB‐3CR by an in situ generation of cyclophanyl isocyanide is demonstrated. The products were analyzed by detailed spectroscopic techniques, and the cyclophanyl imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine was confirmed unambiguously by single‐crystal X‐Ray crystallography. The cyclophanyl imidazole ligands can be readily transformed to showcase their useful utility in preparing N,C‐palladacycles through regioselective ortho‐palladation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Stahlberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Noah Schwarz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens Hohmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55, 00014 University of, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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17
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Asakawa R, Tabata D, Miki N, Tsuchiya M, Inoue R, Morisaki Y. Syntheses of Optically Active V‐Shaped Molecules: Relationship Between their Chiroptical Properties and the Orientation of the Stacked π‐Electron System. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Asakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) Osaka University 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Daiki Tabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Nanami Miki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Motoki Tsuchiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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18
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Zippel C, Israil R, Schüssler L, Hassan Z, Schneider EK, Weis P, Nieger M, Bizzarri C, Kappes MM, Riehn C, Diller R, Bräse S. Metal-to-Metal Distance Modulated Au(I)/Ru(II) Cyclophanyl Complexes: Cooperative Effects in Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:15187-15200. [PMID: 34655123 PMCID: PMC8596992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The modular synthesis of Au(I)/Ru(II) decorated mono- and heterobimetallic complexes with π-conjugated [2.2]paracyclophane is described. [2.2]Paracyclophane serves as a rigid spacer which holds the metal centers in precise spatial orientations and allows metal-to-metal distance modulation. A broad set of architectural arrangements of pseudo -geminal, -ortho, -meta, and -para substitution patterns were employed. Metal-to-metal distance modulation of Au(I)/Ru(II) heterobimetallic complexes and the innate transannular π-communication of the cyclophanyl scaffold provides a promising platform for the investigations of structure-activity relationship and cooperative effects. The Au(I)/Ru(II) heterobimetallic cyclophanyl complexes are stable, easily accessible, and exhibit promising catalytic activity in the visible-light promoted arylative Meyer-Schuster rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Roumany Israil
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Lars Schüssler
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 55Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHerman-von Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
- Research Center OPTIMASErwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Rolf Diller
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK)Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical SystemsFunctional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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19
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Hassan Z, Bräse S. Metal-to-Metal Distance Modulation by Ligand Design: A Case Study of Structure-Property Correlation in Planar Chiral Cyclophanyl Metal Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15020-15026. [PMID: 34449116 PMCID: PMC8597128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multinuclear metal complexes have seen tremendous progress in synthetic advances, their versatile structural features, and emerging applications. Here, we conceptualize Metal-to-Metal distance modulation in cyclophanyl metal complexes by bridging ligand design employing the co-facially stacked cyclophanyl-derived pseudo-geminal, -ortho, -meta, and -para constitutional isomers grafted with N-, O-, and P- containing chelates that allow the installation of diverse (hetero)metallic moieties in a distance-defined and spatially-oriented relation to one another. Metal-to-Metal distance modulation and innate transannular "through-space" π-π electronic interactions via the co-facially stacked benzene rings in cyclophanyl-derived complexes as well as their specific stereochemical structural features (element of planar chirality) are crucial factors that contribute to the tuning of structure-property relationships, which stand at the very center from the perspective of cooperative effects in catalysis as well as emerging material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical SystemsFunctional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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20
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Lopez R, Palomo C. Planar Chirality: A mine for catalysis and structure discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113504. [PMID: 34717037 PMCID: PMC9304569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Planar chirality is one of the most fascinating expressions of chirality, exploited by Nature to lock three-dimensional chiral conformations and, more recently, by chemists to create new chiral reagents, catalysts and functional organic materials. Nevertheless, the shortage of protocols able to induce and secure asymmetry during the generation of these unique chiral entities has dissuaded chemists to exploit their structural properties. This Minireview intends to illustrate the limited but remarkable catalytic methodologies reported for the production of planar chirality in strained molecules and serve as source of inspiration for the development of new unconventional protocols that are expected to come in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lopez
- University of the Basque Country, Dept. of Organic Chemistry I, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20009, San Sebastán, SPAIN
| | - Claudio Palomo
- University of the Basque Country: Universidad del Pais Vasco, Department of Organic Chemistry I, SPAIN
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21
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Zippel C, Bartholomeyzik T, Friedmann C, Nieger M, Hassan Z, Bräse S. Regioselective
ortho
‐Palladation of [2.2]Paracyclophane Scaffolds: Accessing Planar and Central Chiral N,C‐Palladacycles. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Teresa Bartholomeyzik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christian Friedmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry University of Helsinki P. O. Box 55 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems – Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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22
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Biliz F, Cakici M. Regioselective Synthesis of 4,7,12,15‐Tetrasubstituted [2.2]Paracyclophanes: A Modular Route Involving Optical Resolution. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatmanur Biliz
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Ataturk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
| | - Murat Cakici
- Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Ataturk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey
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23
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Wang CS, Wei YC, Pan ML, Wu CH, Chou PT, Wu YT. New [2,2]Fluorenophanes Give Insights into Asymmetric Charge Transfer-Mediated Exciton Delocalization along the π-π Packing Direction. Chemistry 2021; 27:8678-8683. [PMID: 33860557 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of new [2,2]fluorenophanes has been synthesized and characterized; among them, molecules of crystallographically asymmetric anti-[2.2](1,4)(4,1)fluorenophane (K2C-2) aggregate to form one-dimensional supramolecular chain structures through effective intermolecular π-π overlapping. This, in combination with the synergistic intramolecular π-π interaction, leads to prominent dual emission mediated by charge transfer (CT) exciton delocalization. Support of this new insight is given by mapping the transition density along the π-π packing direction where the intramolecular excitation and intermolecular CT coexist in K2C-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ham Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
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24
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Zippel C, Spuling E, Hassan Z, Polamo M, Nieger M, Bräse S. Controlling Regioselectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Aryl-Aryl Coupling of 4-Phenylamino[2.2]paracyclophane. Chemistry 2020; 26:13771-13775. [PMID: 33245570 PMCID: PMC7693239 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective activation/functionalization of C-H bonds has emerged as an atom- and step-economical process at the forefront of modern synthetic chemistry. This work reports palladium-catalyzed exclusively para-selective C-H activation/aryl-aryl bond formation with a preference over N-arylation under the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction of 4-phenylamino[2.2]paracyclophane. This innovative synthetic strategy allows a facile preparation of [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives featuring disparate para-substitutions at C-4 and C-7 positions in a highly selective manner, gives access to a series of potential candidates for [2.2]paracyclophane-derived new planar chiral ligands. The unprecedented behavior in reactivity and preferential selectivity of C-C coupling over C-N bond formation via C-H activation is unique to the [2.2]paracyclophane scaffold compared to the non-cyclophane analogue under the same reaction conditions. Selective C-H activation/aryl-aryl bond formation and sequential C-N coupling product formation is evidenced unambiguously by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zippel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Eduard Spuling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Zahid Hassan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- 3D Matter Made To Order—Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1–390761711)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Mika Polamo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP. O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- 3D Matter Made To Order—Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1–390761711)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical SystemsFunctional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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