1
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Sun J, Yu TT, Mirabediny M, Lee M, Jones A, O'Carroll DM, Manefield MJ, Kumar PV, Pickford R, Ramadhan ZR, Bhattacharyya SK, Åkermark B, Das B, Kumar N. Soluble metal porphyrins - Zero-valent zinc system for effective reductive defluorination of branched per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121803. [PMID: 38795548 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Nano zero-valent metals (nZVMs) have been extensively utilized for decades in the reductive remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds, owing to their robust reducing capabilities, simple application, and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of information regarding the efficient reductive defluorination of linear or branched per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) using nZVMs as reductants, largely due to the absence of appropriate catalysts. In this work, various soluble porphyrin ligands [[meso‑tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinato]cobalt(III)]Cl·7H2O (CoTCPP), [[meso‑tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrinato]cobalt(III)]·9H2O (CoTPPS), and [[meso‑tetra(4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrinato]cobalt(II)](I)4·4H2O (CoTMpyP) have been explored for defluorination of PFASs in the presence of the nZn0 as reductant. Among these, the cationic CoTMpyP showed best defluorination efficiencies for br-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (94%), br-perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (89%), and 3,7-Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) (60%) after 1 day at 70 °C. The defluorination rate constant of this system (CoTMpyP-nZn0) is 88-164 times higher than the VB12-nZn0 system for the investigated br-PFASs. The CoTMpyP-nZn0 also performed effectively at room temperature (55% for br-PFOS, 55% for br-PFOA and 25% for 3,7-PFDA after 1day), demonstrating the great potential of in-situ application. The effect of various solubilizing substituents, electron transfer flow and corresponding PFASs defluorination pathways in the CoTMpyP-nZn0 system were investigated by both experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. SYNOPSIS: Due to the unavailability of active catalysts, available information on reductive remediation of PFAS by zero-valent metals (ZVMs) is still inadequate. This study explores the effective defluorination of various branched PFASs using soluble porphyrin-ZVM systems and offers a systematic approach for designing the next generation of catalysts for PFAS remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tsz Tin Yu
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maryam Mirabediny
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Adele Jones
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Michael J Manefield
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Priyank V Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zeno Rizqi Ramadhan
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Saroj Kumar Bhattacharyya
- Solid State and Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052 Australia
| | - Björn Åkermark
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Biswanath Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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2
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Salazar EX, Menger MFSJ, Faraji S. Ultrafast Photoinduced Dynamics in 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: A Comparison of Trajectory Surface Hopping Schemes†. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38949625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced nonadiabatic processes play a crucial role in a wide range of disciplines, from fundamental steps in biology to modern applications in advanced materials science. A theoretical understanding of these processes is highly desirable, and trajectory surface hopping (TSH) has proven to be a well-suited framework for a wide range of systems. In this work, we present a comprehensive comparison between two TSH algorithms, the conventional Tully's fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) scheme and the Landau-Zener surface hopping (LZSH), to study the photoinduced ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) to 1,3,5-hexatriene at the spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (SF-TDDFT) level of theory. Additionally, we compare our results with a literature study at the extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation theory method (XMS-CASPT2) level of theory. Our results show that the average population and lifetimes estimated with LZSH using SF-TDDFT are closer to the literature (using multireference methods) than those estimated with FSSH using SF-TDDFT. The latter speaks in favor of applying LZSH in combination with the SF-TDDFT method to study larger and more complex systems such as molecular photoswitches where the CHD molecule acts as a backbone. In addition, we present an implementation of Tully's FSSH algorithm as an extension to the PySurf software package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison X Salazar
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian F S J Menger
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Faraji
- Theoretical Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Lu Y, Cao T, Li K, Lin YW, Zhu L, Huang J. Total Synthesis of Brevitaxin. Org Lett 2024; 26:5237-5242. [PMID: 38856036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Brevitaxin was prepared in nine steps from commercially available carnosic acid. The construction of the 1,4-benzodioxin moiety involved an unique stepwise ortho-quinone-engaged [4+2] cycloaddition. Two strategic stages were employed to prepare the highly unsaturated cycloaddition precursor 3: (1) synthesizing the diene moiety (C1-C2 and C10-C20 double bonds) by regioselective ortho-quinone tautomerization, and (2) installing four sp2-hybridized carbon atoms (C3, C5, C6 and C7) in one step using a SeO2-promoted chemo- and regioselective oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Tingting Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Kang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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4
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Huang L, Bertram L, Ma L, Goff N, Crane SW, Odate A, Northey T, Carrascosa AM, Simmermacher M, Muvva SB, Geiser JD, Lueckheide MJ, Phelps Z, Liang M, Cheng X, Forbes R, Robinson JS, Hayes MJ, Allum F, Green AE, Lopata K, Rudenko A, Wolf TJA, Centurion M, Rolles D, Minitti MP, Kirrander A, Weber PM. The Ring-Closing Reaction of Cyclopentadiene Probed with Ultrafast X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4992-4998. [PMID: 38709555 PMCID: PMC11215772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The dynamics of cyclopentadiene (CP) following optical excitation at 243 nm was investigated by time-resolved pump-probe X-ray scattering using 16.2 keV X-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). We present the first ultrafast structural evidence that the reaction leads directly to the formation of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentene (BP), a strained molecule with three- and four-membered rings. The bicyclic compound decays via a thermal backreaction to the vibrationally hot CP with a time constant of 21 ± 3 ps. A minor channel leads to ring-opened structures on a subpicosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lauren Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Lingyu Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nathan Goff
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Stuart W. Crane
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Asami Odate
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Thomas Northey
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Andrés Moreno Carrascosa
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Mats Simmermacher
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Sri Bhavya Muvva
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Joseph D. Geiser
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Matthew J. Lueckheide
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Zane Phelps
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Joseph S. Robinson
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Matthew J. Hayes
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Felix Allum
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alice E. Green
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- European
XFEL, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Artem Rudenko
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Thomas J. A. Wolf
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Daniel Rolles
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Michael P. Minitti
- SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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5
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Alaa Eldin Refat L, Karpinska J, Konda S, Simmie JM, Murphy PV, McArdle P, Erxleben A. Application of Sublimation in the Synthesis and Crystal Growth of Organosulfones. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400672. [PMID: 38623589 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The solvent-free elimination of sulfinic acid and aromatization of 1,6-trans-substituted bis(arylsulfone) trienes is reported. It is shown that sublimation can be used as a 'green' method to combine the thermal transformation of six trienes and the crystal growth of the resulting 4-(phenylsulfonyl)biphenyls. When the sublimation conditions are carefully controlled, high quality single crystals of the 4-(phenylsulfonyl)biphenyls are obtained. Theoretical modelling of the reaction using the simplified triene Ph-(CH)6-SO2H showed that the cyclization is energetically feasible and that the complete conversion is possible during the timescale of the sublimation. At temperatures slightly higher than the optimum sublimation temperature two of the trienes transformed into 1,4-cyclohexadienes that did not eliminate phenylsulfinic acid. A reaction mechanism involving a 1,3-hydrogen shift induced by free PhS• radicals is proposed for the formation of the 1,4-cyclohexadienes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Alaa Eldin Refat
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jolanta Karpinska
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Saidulu Konda
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - John M Simmie
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
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6
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Wang EB, Fan Q, Lu X, Sun B, Zhang FL. Visible light-induced reductive aza-6π electrocyclization access to phenanthridines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4968-4972. [PMID: 38825973 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00656a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Visible light-induced aza-6π electrocyclization was developed for the synthesis of aza-arenes from nitroarenes with diverse aldehydes. This protocol allows the reduction of nitroarenes by B2nep2 and subsequent 6π-electrocyclization of the in situ formed imine under visible light. An array of 6- and multi-substituted phenanthridines were constructed in moderate to good yields under purple LEDs at room temperature. A wide scope of substrates with diverse functional groups were well tolerated. In addition, the synthetic utility of this methodology was further demonstrated in the late-stage functionalization of celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Qingtian Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Xuelian Lu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University of Technology, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Fang-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
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7
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Asai D, Tahara K. Synthesis and Reactivity of an X-Shaped Molecule: Reversible Formation and Cleavage of a Four-Membered Ring in Response to External Stimuli. Org Lett 2024; 26:4898-4903. [PMID: 38836760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and reactivity of an X-shaped molecule featuring three four-membered rings (4MRs) arranged in a ladder configuration. This molecule exhibits a reversible opening and closure of the central 4MR upon exposure to light irradiation and thermal treatment. The central 4MR of this molecule is also cleaved via electrochemical and chemical reductions. The stimuli-responsiveness of the X-shaped molecule is attributed to the small energy gap difference between its open and closed states, stemming from the antiaromatic character of its precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Asai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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8
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Hou SY, Yan BC, Sun HD, Puno PT. Recent advances in the application of [2 + 2] cycloaddition in the chemical synthesis of cyclobutane-containing natural products. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:37. [PMID: 38861197 PMCID: PMC11166626 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cyclobutanes are distributed widely in a large class of natural products featuring diverse pharmaceutical activities and intricate structural frameworks. The [2 + 2] cycloaddition is unequivocally the primary and most commonly used method for synthesizing cyclobutanes. In this review, we have summarized the application of the [2 + 2] cycloaddition with different reaction mechanisms in the chemical synthesis of selected cyclobutane-containing natural products over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Chao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Tian D, Shi W, Sun X, Zhao X, Yin Y, Jiang Z. Catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] dearomative photocycloadditions of anthracene and its derivatives with alkenylazaarenes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4563. [PMID: 38811663 PMCID: PMC11137010 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis through energy transfer has been investigated for the facilitation of [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. However, the high reactivity of radical species poses a challenging obstacle to achieving enantiocontrol with chiral catalysts, as no enantioselective examples have been reported thus far. Here, we present the development of catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] dearomative photocycloaddition involving anthracene and its derivatives with alkenylazaarenes. This accomplishment is achieved by utilizing a cooperative photosensitizer and chiral Brønsted acid catalysis platform. Importantly, this process enables the activation of anthracene substrates through energy transfer from triplet DPZ, thereby initiating a precise and stereoselective sequential transformation. The significance of our work is highlighted by the synthesis of a diverse range of pharmaceutical valuable cycloadducts incorporating attractive azaarenes, all obtained with high yields, ees, and drs. The broad substrate scope is further underscored by successful construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters and diverse adjacent stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Wenshuo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province, Henan University, Jinming Campus, Kaifeng, Henan, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
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10
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Femina C, Sajith PK, Remya K, Thomas R, Solomon RV. Theoretical Insights into the Structural and Optical Properties of D-π-A-based Cyanostilbene Systems of α and β Variants. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22764-22776. [PMID: 38826558 PMCID: PMC11137715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The π-conjugated organic molecules containing cyanostilbene motifs have been extensively investigated due to their great potential applications in several optoelectronic and biological fields. Developing efficient molecules in this respect requires strategic structural engineering and a deep understanding of the structure-property relationship at the molecular level. In this context, understanding the impact of positional isomerism in cyanostilbene systems is a fundamental aspect of designing desired materials with improved photophysical properties. Herein, we designed ten donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type cyanostilbene derivatives (P1 - P10) with different π linkers and compared their structural and optoelectronic properties arising from the positional variations of the -CN group (α and β- variations) through the utilization of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods. The topological analyses of the electron density are used to explain the relatively high stability of α isomer compared to that of β. Frontier molecular orbital analysis reveals that 17 molecules tend to show a reduced highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap, and most of them showed a greater nonlinear optical (NLO) character compared to the parent molecule. TDDFT calculations indicate that β isomers show higher absorption maxima compared to their α counterparts. Among all the scrutinized molecules, the absorption maximum extended up to 602 nm for P9 and it possesses the highest first-order hyperpolarizability. This study sheds light on positional isomers and their reactivity, absorption spectra, and NLO properties of D-π-A type architecture that can be suitably tuned by appropriating the π-bridge for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherumannil Femina
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Pookkottu K. Sajith
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Karunakaran Remya
- Government
Women’s Polytechnic College, Kozhikode 673009, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Farook College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Calicut), Kozhikode 673632, Kerala, India
| | - Rajadurai Vijay Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry, Madras Christian College (Autonomous),
(Affiliated to the University of Madras), Chennai 600059, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Tian Y, Liu L, Zeng T, Wu Q, Li B. Skeletal Rearrangement of Oxazole to Azepine and Pyrrole through Dynamic 8π Electrocyclizations. Org Lett 2024; 26:4183-4188. [PMID: 38742794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for the skeletal rearrangement of an oxazole into an azepine and pyrrole through a dynamic electrocyclization process, showing an innovative, unconventional reaction sequence. This method enables precise control of regioselectivity in competitive 6π and 8π electrocyclization reactions, rendering the final products rich in functional groups that can be further developed for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing scaffolds. This is an unprecedented example of the selective synthesis of seven- and five-member heterocycles via dynamic electrocyclization ring opening or closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tu Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Baosheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, 400044, China
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12
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Viesser RV, Donald CP, May JA, Wu JI. Can Twisted Double Bonds Facilitate Stepwise [2 + 2] Cycloadditions? Org Lett 2024; 26:3778-3783. [PMID: 38684005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Computational studies for a series of low to high strain anti-Bredt alkenes suggest that those with highly twisted bridgehead double bonds and a small singlet-triplet energy gap may undergo facile stepwise [2 + 2] cycloadditions to furnish four membered rings. A selection of reaction substrates, including ethylene, acetylene, perfluoroethylene, and cyclooctyne are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V Viesser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Clayton P Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeremy A May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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13
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Sakamoto T, Toh K, Matsui K, Hatano M, Ishihara K. Effect of the U-Shaped Cavity of Conformationally Flexible Chiral Lewis-Acidic Boron-Based Catalysts in Multiselective Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2024; 26:3607-3611. [PMID: 38634522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The effect of the U-shaped cavity of conformationally flexible chiral Lewis acidic boron-based catalysts in multiselective Diels-Alder reactions was investigated. The U-shaped catalysts can recognize substituents at the terminal acetylene moiety of propynal based on steric factors and can also recognize alkyne and alkene substrates based on the match/mismatch between the catalysts and substrates. Moreover, even in a mixture of different catalysts and substrates, the desired competitive reactions can proceed multiselectively. This proof-of-concept study should contribute to the development of artificial enzyme-like catalysis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kohei Toh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kai Matsui
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Manabu Hatano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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14
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Xiao J, Wu H, Liang JR, Wu P, Guo C, Wang YW, Wang ZY, Peng Y. Photocatalytic Tandem Radical Cyclization Enables Expeditious Total Synthesis of Epoxyhinokiol Analogues for Anticancer Activity Evaluation. Org Lett 2024; 26:3481-3486. [PMID: 38240748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic radical cascade with an unusual endo-trig cyclization was developed, which enables the efficient assembly of divergent tricyclic diterpenoid frameworks. The first total synthesis of abietane 10-epi-epoxyhinoliol was thus achieved in six steps by a subsequent reductive coupling of i-PrBr under photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. Inhibitory tests of chiral 10-epi-epoxyhinoliol and its analogues in 4T1 cancer cells demonstrated the critical role of the C12 hydroxyl group, leading to a discovery of the simplified analogue with better activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Rong Liang
- Spin-X Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511422, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wu
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Chen Guo
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yi Wang
- Spin-X Institute, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511422, P. R. China
| | - Yu Peng
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, P. R. China
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15
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Martyka M, Jankowska J. New insights into the photocyclization reaction of a popular diarylethene switch: a nonadiabatic molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13383-13394. [PMID: 38646878 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06256b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) molecular switches have continued to attract the attention of researchers for over 20 years. Their remarkable photophysical properties endow them with countless applications in photonics and molecular technologies. However, despite extensive experimental and theoretical research, the mechanism of DAE photoswitching is not yet fully rationalized. In this work, we investigate the ring closure dynamics of a popular DAE switch, 1,2-bis(3-methyl-5-phenyl-2 thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (PT), using nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) simulations. Employing the fewest switches surface hopping protocol, along with the semi-empirical multireference ODM2/MRCI-SD method, we investigate possible reaction pathways for this photoprocess, as well as their timescales and resulting photoproducts. Furthermore, using a dynamic configuration-space sampling procedure, we elucidate the role of triplet states in the photocyclization of PT, supporting available experimental data for the closely related DMPT molecule, which indicate an ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) transition competing with the singlet-driven photoswitching reaction. Our findings not only corroborate experimental studies on DAE switches, but also provide new mechanistic insights into the potential use in the rational design of DAE switches tailored for specific technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Martyka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, University of Warsaw, Dobra 56/66, Warsaw, 00-312, Poland
| | - Joanna Jankowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.
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17
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M. Revealing the Critical Role of Global Electron Density Transfer in the Reaction Rate of Polar Organic Reactions within Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2024; 29:1870. [PMID: 38675690 PMCID: PMC11053847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The critical role of global electron density transfer (GEDT) in increasing the reaction rate of polar organic reactions has been studied within the framework of Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). To this end, the series of the polar Diels-Alder (P-DA) reactions of cyclopentadiene with cyanoethylene derivatives, for which experimental kinetic data are available, have been chosen. A complete linear correlation between the computed activation Gibbs free energies and the GEDT taking place at the polar transition state structures (TSs) is found; the higher the GEDT at the TS, the lower the activation Gibbs free energy. An interacting quantum atoms energy partitioning analysis allows for establishing a complete linear correlation between the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic ethylene frameworks and the GEDT taking place at the polar TSs. This finding supports Parr's proposal for the definition of the electrophilicity ω index. The present MEDT study establishes the critical role of the GEDT in the acceleration of polar reactions, since the electronic stabilization of the electrophilic framework with the electron density gain is greater than the destabilization of the nucleophilic one, making a net favorable electronic contribution to the decrease in the activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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18
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Mando M, Grellepois F, Blanc A, Hénon E, Riguet E. Toward Efficient and Stereoselective Aromatic and Dearomative Cope Rearrangements: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of α-Allyl-α'-Aromatic γ-Lactone Derivatives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304138. [PMID: 38284279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The aromatic Cope rearrangement is an elusive transformation that has been the subject of a limited number of investigations compared to those seemingly close analogues, namely the Cope and aromatic Claisen rearrangement. Herein we report our investigations inspired by moderate success observed in the course of pioneering works. By careful experimental and theoretical investigations, we demonstrate that key substitutions on 1,5-hexadiene scaffold allow fruitful transformations. Especially, efficient functionalisation of the heteroaromatic rings results from the aromatic Cope rearrangement, while highly stereoselective interrupted aromatic Cope rearrangements highlight the formation of chiral compounds through a dearomative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Mando
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Fabienne Grellepois
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Aurélien Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS90032, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
| | - Emmanuel Riguet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, 51097, Reims, France
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19
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Zhao D, Zhao Y, Xu T, He X, Hu S, Ayers PW, Liu S. Chiral Jahn-Teller Distortion in Quasi-Planar Boron Clusters. Molecules 2024; 29:1624. [PMID: 38611903 PMCID: PMC11013085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have observed that some chiral boron clusters (B16-, B20-, B24-, and B28-) can simultaneously have helical molecular orbitals and helical spin densities; these seem to be the first compounds discovered to have this intriguing property. We show that chiral Jahn-Teller distortion of quasi-planar boron clusters drives the formation of the helical molecular spin densities in these clusters and show that elongation/enhancement in helical molecular orbitals can be achieved by simply adding more building blocks via a linker. Aromaticity of these boron clusters is discussed. Chiral boron clusters may find potential applications in spintronics, such as molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Tianlv Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xin He
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shankai Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Paul W. Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3420, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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20
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Reichenauer T, Böckmann M, Ziegler K, Kumar V, Ravoo BJ, Doltsinis NL, Schlücker S. Photoswitching of arylazopyrazoles upon S 1 (nπ*) excitation studied by transient absorption spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10832-10840. [PMID: 38525498 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Arylazopyrazoles (AAPs) are an important class of molecular photoswitches with high photostationary states (PSS) and long thermal lifetimes. The ultrafast photoisomerization of four water-soluble arylazopyrazoles, all of them featuring an ortho-dimethylated pyrazole ring, is studied by narrowband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Upon S1 (nπ*) photoexcitation of the planar E-isomers (E-AAPs), excited-state bi-exponential decays with time constants τ1 in the 220-440 fs range and τ2 in the 1.4-1.8 ps range are observed, comparable to those reported for azobenzene (AB). This is indicative of the same photoisomerization mechanism as has been reported for ABs. In contrast to the planar E-AAPs, a twisted E-AAP with two methyl groups in ortho-position of the phenyl ring displays faster initial photoswitching with τ1 = 170 ± 10 fs and τ2 = 1.6 ± 0.1 ps. Our static DFT calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of E-AAPs on the S0 and S1 potential energy surfaces suggest that twisted E-isomer azo photoswitches exhibit faster initial photoisomerization dynamics out of the Franck-Condon region due to a weaker π-coordination of the central CNNC unit to the aromatic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Reichenauer
- Physical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute of Solid-State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Katharina Ziegler
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Universität Münster, 48148 Münster, Germany.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Physical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Universität Münster, 48148 Münster, Germany.
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute of Solid-State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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21
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Ribó JM, Hochberg D. Physical Chemistry Models for Chemical Research in the XXth and XXIst Centuries. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:122-134. [PMID: 38560750 PMCID: PMC10979499 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Thermodynamic hypotheses and models are the touchstone for chemical results, but the actual models based on time-invariance, which have performed efficiently in the development of chemistry, are nowadays invalid for the interpretation of the behavior of complex systems exhibiting nonlinear kinetics and with matter and energy exchange flows with the surroundings. Such fields of research will necessarily foment and drive the use of thermodynamic models based on the description of irreversibility at the macroscopic level, instead of the current models which are strongly anchored in microreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M. Ribó
- Department
of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University
of Barcelona, c. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute
of Cosmos Science (IEEC-UB), c. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Hochberg
- Department
of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología
(CSIC-INTA), E-28850 Torrejón de Ardóz, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Medhi B, Sarma M. Deciphering the Internal Conversion Processes Involved in the Photochemical Ring-Opening of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene by Symmetric sp 2-Carbon Substitutions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2025-2037. [PMID: 38426433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chemical substituents hold the potential to markedly influence the photochemical behavior in molecular systems and assist in gaining a comprehensive understanding of nonadiabatic phenomena. In this study, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the influence of chemical substituents on the photochemical ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD), considering four systems: CHD, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexadiene (CHD-Me2-1), 1,4-dimethylcyclohexadiene (CHD-Me2-2), and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclohexadiene (CHD-Me4), using electronic structure theory calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. Employing extended multistate complete active space second-order perturbation (XMS-CASPT2) theory, we optimized reactants, S1 states, conical intersections (CIns), and products, revealing structural and energetic variations consistent with prior research. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation was used to gain insights into photochemical dynamics at state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) theory. CHD-Me4 exhibited reduced carbon-carbon single bond rupture rates, responsible for ring-opening, due to substituent proximity. Further, CHD-Me2-2 and CHD-Me4 displayed prolonged excited-state relaxation times, highlighting notable substituents' impact. Analysis of kinetic energy profiles of specific carbon atoms also revealed restrained atomic displacements, particularly in CHD-Me2-2 and CHD-Me4. These findings advance our understanding of how substituents modulate photochemical reactions in cyclohexadiene derivatives, guiding new molecular design and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biman Medhi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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23
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Saha J, Banerjee S, Malo S, Das AK, Das I. A Torquoselective Thermal 6π-Electrocyclization Approach to 1,4-Cyclohexadienes via Solvent-Aided Proton Transfer: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304009. [PMID: 38179806 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The thermal 6π-electrocyclization of hexatriene typically delivers 1,3-cyclohexadiene (1,3-CHD). However, there is only limited success in directly synthesizing 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD) using such an approach, probably due to the difficulty in realizing thermally-forbidden 1,3-hydride shift after electrocyclic ring closure. The present study shows that by heating (2E,4E,6E)-hexatrienes bearing ester or ketone substituents at the C1-position in a mixture of toluene/MeOH or EtOH (2 : 1) solvents at 90-100 °C, 1,4-CHDs can be selectively synthesized. This is achieved through a torquoselective disrotatory 6π-electrocyclic ring closure followed by a proton-transfer process. The success of this method depends on the polar protic solvent-assisted intramolecular proton transfer from 1,3-CHD to 1,4-CHD, which has been confirmed by deuterium-labeling experiments. There are no reports to date for such a solvent-assisted isomerization. Density functional theory (DFT) studies have suggested that forming 1,3-CHD and subsequent isomerization is a thermodynamically feasible process, regardless of the functional groups involved. Two possible successive polar solvent-assisted proton-transfer pathways have been identified for isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Saha
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyJadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Soumadip Banerjee
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sidhartha Malo
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyJadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhijit Kumar Das
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Indrajit Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical BiologyJadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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24
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Harada S, Takenaka H, Ito T, Kanda H, Nemoto T. Valence-isomer selective cycloaddition reaction of cycloheptatrienes-norcaradienes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2309. [PMID: 38485991 PMCID: PMC10940685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid and precise creation of complex molecules while controlling multiple selectivities is the principal objective in synthetic chemistry. Combining data science and organic synthesis to achieve this goal is an emerging trend, but few examples of successful reaction designs are reported. We develop an artificial neural network regression model using bond orbital data to predict chemical reactivities. Actual experimental verification confirms cycloheptatriene-selective [6 + 2]-cycloaddition utilizing nitroso compounds and norcaradiene-selective [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions employing benzynes. Additionally, a one-pot asymmetric synthesis is achieved by telescoping the enantioselective dearomatization of non-activated benzenes and cycloadditions. Computational studies provide a rational explanation for the seemingly anomalous occurrence of thermally prohibited suprafacial [6 + 2]-cycloaddition without photoirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Takenaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Haruki Kanda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan.
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25
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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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26
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Yoshida S, Morikawa S, Ueda K, Kaneko K, Hanasaki T, Akagi K. Helicity Control of Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Aromatic Conjugated Copolymers and Their Mixture Using Reversibly Photoinvertible Chiral Liquid Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:3991-4002. [PMID: 38183275 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized cyclic chiral compounds [(R)/(S)-D2s] by linking a photoresponsive bisbenzothienylethene (BTE) moiety with an axially chiral binaphthyl moiety. Chiral nematic liquid crystals (N*-LCs) were prepared by adding chiral compounds as dopants to host N-LCs. These N*-LCs exhibited reversible chirality inversion upon photoisomerization between the open and closed forms of the BTE moiety. Here, the mechanism underlying chirality inversion in photoresponsive N*-LCs was investigated by comparing the helical twisting powers (HTPs) of (R)-D2s with those of analogous compounds. It was found that the helical inversion of N*-LCs containing (R)-D2s is governed by a delicate balance between two types of opposite helicity, i.e., the right-handed helicity of the inherently chiral binaphthyl moiety and the left-handed helicity of the BTE moiety bearing intramolecularly induced chirality. Namely, (R)-D2s induced chirality of the BTE moiety, which is attributed to intramolecular chirality transfer from the axially chiral binaphthyl moiety to the BTE moiety. Thus, (R)-D2s are chiral compounds with double chirality consisting of an intrinsically chiral moiety and an intramolecularly induced chiral moiety. Photocontrol of the helical senses and reversible photoinversion of the N*-LCs are achieved by utilizing UV and visible light irradiation and the steric effects of the substituents at the binaphthyl rings in (R)-D2s. In addition, photocontrol of the induced circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) was achieved using the photoinvertible N*-LC. The achiral aromatic conjugated copolymers that exhibited red, green, and blue fluorescence were dissolved and mixed in the present N*-LC, and they exhibited left- and right-handed white CPL with large dissymmetry factors (|glum|) ranging from 0.2 to 1.0. The CPLs were reversibly photoswitched due to photoisomerization between the open and PSS forms of the chiral compounds through UV and visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Santa Morikawa
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Ueda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hanasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuo Akagi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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27
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Krishnapriya KC, Thayyil A, Kumari M, Parambil PC. Bond-alternated and bond-equalized hexazine derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3569-3577. [PMID: 38214527 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05546a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Planar cyclic conjugated molecules satisfying the Hückel rule are generally classified as aromatics and π delocalization is the key feature of aromatic compounds. It was shown that the π system of benzene prefers bond-alternation and that the delocalization observed is a consequence of bond-equalization, which is a σ effect. For systems wherein the π bonds are strong, such as those between N atoms, the π-distortivity may outweigh the σ preference for bond-equalization. Thus, one anticipates a bond-alternated structure for N6; however, neither the bond-equalized structure (D6h) nor the bond-alternated one (D3h) is a minimum as evident from the previous literature; calculations have shown that cyclic N6 is non-planar. Herein we show that a Lewis acid coordination strategy can be employed to stabilize the planar structure of N6. We show that the structure can be bond-alternated or bond-equalized depending on the strength of the Lewis acid. Kinetic stability with respect to concerted decomposition to three N-N triple bonded systems was assessed, and a few bond-equalized N6 systems were found to be potential candidates for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashith Thayyil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad 678 557, India
| | - Mithu Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Palakkad 678 557, India
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28
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Zhou Q, Kukier G, Gordiy I, Hoffmann R, Seeman JI, Houk KN. A 21st Century View of Allowed and Forbidden Electrocyclic Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1018-1034. [PMID: 38153322 PMCID: PMC10804416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In 1965, Woodward and Hoffmann proposed a theory to predict the stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions, which, after expansion and generalization, became known as the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules. Subsequently, Longuet-Higgins and Abrahamson used correlation diagrams to propose that the stereoselectivity of electrocyclizations could be explained by the correlation of reactant and product orbitals with the same symmetry. Immediately thereafter, Hoffmann and Woodward applied correlation diagrams to explain the mechanism of cycloadditions. We describe these discoveries and their evolution. We now report an investigation of various electrocyclic reactions using DFT and CASSCF. We track the frontier molecular orbitals along the intrinsic reaction coordinate and modeled trajectories and examine the correlation between HOMO and LUMO for thermally forbidden systems. We also investigate the electrocyclizations of several highly polarized systems for which the Houk group had predicted that donor-acceptor substitution can induce zwitterionic character, thereby providing low-energy pathways for formally forbidden reactions. We conclude with perspectives on the field of pericyclic reactions, including a refinement as the meaning of Woodward and Hoffmann's "Violations. There are none!" Lastly, we comment on the burgeoning influence of computations on all fields of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Garrett Kukier
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Igor Gordiy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Jeffrey I. Seeman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California90095-1569. United States
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29
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Inunnguaq Jessen N, Izzo JA, Modlinski MS, Bertuzzi G, Anker Jørgensen K. On the Number of π-Electrons Involved in Stepwise Cycloaddition Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303299. [PMID: 37851861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of higher-order cycloadditions has mainly been restricted by the requisite usage of highly conjugated and reactive π-systems. Recent years have witnessed organocatalysis as a potent mediator for several of the challenges associated herein, rendering higher-order cycloadditions a legitimate option for achieving the selective construction of specific molecular scaffolds. These developments reinvigorate the efforts to try to understand the underlying principles for cycloadditions involving a higher number of π-electrons than the "classical" cycloadditions; how do we properly address the impact which the addition of further π-electrons have on the reactivity of a system? Herein, computational investigations of two model higher-order cycloaddition systems have been performed to try to provide insights on changes in energetic barriers induced by the presence of benzofusions in a position which is unobstructive to the reactivity. With experimental substantiation as support, these studies might open up for a discussion on whether the π-electrons of benzofused systems simply act as spectator electrons, or play a tangible role on the observed reactivity to an extent where a distinct nomenclature is meritable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marek S Modlinski
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karl Anker Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Valloli LK, Manal K, Lewis B, Jockusch S, Sivaguru J. Chemoselective light-induced reactivity of β-enaminones. Photochem Photobiol 2023. [PMID: 38009436 DOI: 10.1111/php.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The irradiation of β-enaminones, generated in situ from cyclic 1,3-diketones and activated alkenes leads to polyheterocyclic skeletons. The photoproduct chemoselectivity depends on the type of cyclic 1,3-diketones employed viz., 2-acetylcyclopentanone and 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The observed chemoselectivity was rationalized based on the Dieckmann-Kon rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmy Kannadi Valloli
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Kavyasree Manal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Brieanna Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
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31
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Shao H, Liu W, Liu M, He H, Zhou QL, Zhu SF, Gao S. Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclopamine, a Hedgehog (Hh) Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25086-25092. [PMID: 37948601 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopamine is a teratogenic steroidal alkaloid, which inhibits the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by targeting the Smoothened (Smo) receptor. Suppression of Hh signaling with synthetic small molecules has been pursued as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. We report herein the asymmetric synthesis of cyclopamine based on a two-stage relay strategy. Stage-I: total synthesis of veratramine through a convergent approach, wherein a crucial photoinduced excited-state Nazarov reaction was applied to construct the basic [6-6-5-6] skeleton of C-nor-D-homo-steroid. Stage-II: conversion of veratramine to cyclopamine was achieved through a sequence of chemo-selective redox manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Muhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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32
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Qin H, Guo T, Lin K, Li G, Lu H. Synthesis of dienes from pyrrolidines using skeletal modification. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7307. [PMID: 37951966 PMCID: PMC10640553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocyclic pyrrolidines are common in natural products, medicinal compounds and agrochemicals. However, reconstruction of their skeletal structures creating new chemical space is a challenging task, and limited methods exist for this purpose. In this study, we report a skeletal modification strategy for conversion of polar cyclic pyrrolidines into nonpolar linear dienes through a N-atom removal and deconstruction process. This involves N-sulfonylazidonation followed by rearrangement of the resulting sulfamoyl azide intermediates. This can be an energetically unfavorable process, which involves the formation of active C-C π bonds, the consumption of inert C-N and C-C σ bonds and the destruction of stable five-membered rings, but we have used it here to produce versatile conjugated and nonconjugated dienes with links of varying lengths. We also studied the application of this method in late-stage skeletal modification of bioactive compounds, formal traceless C(sp2)-H functionalization and formal N-atom deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Qin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ken Lin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, China.
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33
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Im S, Jung Y. Substituent-Induced Hyperconjugation: Origin of the Structural Effects on the Efficiency of Photochemical Ring Opening. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9236-9243. [PMID: 37905965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical ring-opening reactions are among the most extensively employed chemical reactions in the field of chemistry. Owing to their significance, molecular-level studies of these reactions have been widely conducted. One of the major considerations in investigating the ring-opening dynamics of complex molecules on the molecular scale is the differences in dynamics between different conformers because the number of conformers arising from a specific substrate rapidly increases with the complexity of the substrate. However, to date, studies dealing with this problem have been limited to specific individual cases. That is, a rule applicable to arbitrary conformers to estimate and explain the effects of the molecular structure, such as substituents and conformations, on photochemical ring opening has not been established. Herein, we propose the concept of substituent-induced electron density leakage via hyperconjugation as a candidate for this general rule. Based on our hypothesis, we present an indicator that can predict the efficiency of the photochemical ring-opening reactions of various conformers. The relative error between the ring-opening efficiency as obtained from the indicator and that obtained from the nonadiabatic simulations was less than 25% in 56 of the 66 conformers arising from 1,3-cyclohexadiene and 12 distinct analogues. This approach offers the possibility of accurately and quickly predicting the photochemical ring-opening efficiency of arbitrary molecules in arbitrary conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Im
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - YounJoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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34
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Palai A, Rai P, Maji B. Rejuvenation of dearomative cycloaddition reactions via visible light energy transfer catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12004-12025. [PMID: 37969572 PMCID: PMC10631258 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dearomative cycloaddition is a powerful technique to access sp3-rich three-dimensional structural motifs from simple flat, aromatic feedstock. The building-up of unprecedentedly diverse polycyclic scaffolds with increased saturation and stereochemical information having various applications ranging from pharmaceutical to material sciences, is an essential goal in organic chemistry. However, the requirement of large energy inputs to disrupt the aromaticity of an arene moiety necessitates harsh reaction conditions for ground state dearomative cycloaddition. The photochemical requirement encompasses use of ultraviolet (UV) light to enable the reaction on an excited potential energy surface. The microscopic reversibility under thermal conditions and the use of high energy harmful UV irradiation in photochemical manoeuvres, however, constrain their widespread use from a synthetic point of view. In this context, the recent renaissance of visible light energy transfer (EnT) catalysis has become a powerful tool to initiate dearomative cycloaddition as a greener and more sustainable approach. The excited triplet state population is achieved by triplet energy transfer from the appropriate photosensitizer to the substrate. While employing mild visible light energy as fuel, the process leverages an enormous potential of excited state reactivity. The discovery of an impressive portfolio of organic and inorganic photosensitizers with a range of triplet energies facilitates visible light photosensitized dearomative cycloaddition of various substrates to form sp3-rich fused polycyclic architectures with diverse applications. The tutorial review comprehensively surveys the reawakening of dearomative cycloadditions via visible light-mediated energy transfer catalysis in the past five years. The progress ranges from intra- and intermolecular [2π + 2π] to [4π + 2π], and ends at intermolecular [2π + 2σ] cycloadditions. Furthermore, the review provides potential possibilities for future growth in the growing field of visible light energy transfer catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Palai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Rai
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur 741246 West Bengal India
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35
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Bro-Jørgensen W, Solomon GC. Understanding Current Density in Molecules Using Molecular Orbitals. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9003-9012. [PMID: 37856785 PMCID: PMC10627148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
While the use of molecular orbitals (MOs) and their isosurfaces to explain physical phenomena in chemical systems is a time-honored tool, we show that the nodes are an equally important component for understanding the current density through single-molecule junctions. We investigate three different model systems consisting of an alkane, alkene, and even [n]cumulene and show that we can explain the form of the current density using the MOs of the molecule. Essentially, the MOs define the region in which current can flow and their gradients define the direction in which current flows within that region. We also show that it is possible to simplify the current density for improved understanding by either partitioning the current density into more chemically intuitive parts, such as σ- and π-systems, or by filtering out MOs with negligible contributions to the overall current density. Our work highlights that it is possible to infer a non-equilibrium property (current density) given only equilibrium properties (MOs and their gradients), and this, in turn, grants deeper insight into coherent electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bro-Jørgensen
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gemma C. Solomon
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University
of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken
5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF
Quantum Computing Programme, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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de Cózar A, Arrieta A, Arrastia I, Cossío FP. Higher-Order Electrocyclizations in Biological and Synthetic Processes. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300482. [PMID: 37753849 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In general, electrocyclizations follow the Woodward-Hoffmann's rules of conservation of orbital symmetry. These rules have been extensively verified in low-order processes, both in thermal and photochemical reactions, up to eight π-electrons. However, when the number of π-electrons in the system increases, some deviations of that general rules can be found. This focused review highlights the main features of reported higher-order electrocyclizations involving 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 π-electrons. Some of these examples constitute useful intermediates in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. When computational studies were not included in the reported examples, DFT calculations have been performed to be included in this review. Analysis of the respective pericyclic topologies shows the importance of computational tools for understanding the selectivity observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel de Cózar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20018, San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Arrieta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20018, San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
| | - Iosune Arrastia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20018, San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
| | - Fernando P Cossío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20018, San Sebastián-Donostia, Spain
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37
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Hayashi H, Maeda S, Mita T. Quantum chemical calculations for reaction prediction in the development of synthetic methodologies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11601-11616. [PMID: 37920348 PMCID: PMC10619630 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03319h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been used in the development of synthetic methodologies to analyze the reaction mechanisms of the developed reactions. Their ability to estimate chemical reaction pathways, including transition state energies and connected equilibria, has led researchers to embrace their use in predicting unknown reactions. This perspective highlights strategies that leverage quantum chemical calculations for the prediction of reactions in the discovery of new methodologies. Selected examples demonstrate how computation has driven the development of unknown reactions, catalyst design, and the exploration of synthetic routes to complex molecules prior to often laborious, costly, and time-consuming experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
- JST-ERATO, Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
- JST-ERATO, Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
- JST-ERATO, Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
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38
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Sun Q, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Kehr G, Erker G. Molecular pyramids - from tetrahedranes to [6]pyramidanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:732-746. [PMID: 37612459 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of 3D architectures at a molecular scale has fascinated chemists for generations. This includes molecular pyramids with all-carbon frameworks, such as trigonal, tetragonal and pentagonal pyramidal geometries. A small number of substituted tetrahedranes and all-carbon [4]-[5]pyramidanes have been experimentally generated and studied. Although the hypothetical unsubstituted parent [3]-[6]pyramidanes have only been explored computationally, the formal replacement of carbon vertices with isolobal main group element fragments has provided a number of examples of stable hetero[m]pyramidanes, which have been isolated and amply characterized. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and chemical properties of [3]-[6]pyramidanes and summarize the progress in the development of chemistry of pyramid-shaped molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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39
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Acheson K, Kirrander A. Automatic Clustering of Excited-State Trajectories: Application to Photoexcited Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6126-6138. [PMID: 37703098 PMCID: PMC10536988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce automatic clustering as a computationally efficient tool for classifying and interpreting trajectories from simulations of photo-excited dynamics. Trajectories are treated as time-series data, with the features for clustering selected by variance mapping of normalized data. The L2-norm and dynamic time warping are proposed as suitable similarity measures for calculating the distance matrices, and these are clustered using the unsupervised density-based DBSCAN algorithm. The silhouette coefficient and the number of trajectories classified as noise are used as quality measures for the clustering. The ability of clustering to provide rapid overview of large and complex trajectory data sets, and its utility for extracting chemical and physical insight, is demonstrated on trajectories corresponding to the photochemical ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene, noting that the clustering can be used to generate reduced dimensionality representations in an unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Acheson
- EaStCHEM,
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K.
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40
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Seeman JI. Revolutions in Chemistry: Assessment of Six 20th Century Candidates (The Instrumental Revolution; Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory; Hückel's 4 n + 2 Rule; the Woodward-Hoffmann Rules; Quantum Chemistry; and Retrosynthetic Analysis). JACS AU 2023; 3:2378-2401. [PMID: 37772184 PMCID: PMC10523497 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Six 20th century candidates for revolutions in chemistry are examined, using a definitional scheme published recently by the author. Six groupings of 13 characteristics of revolutions in science are considered: causes and birthings of revolutions, relationships between the old and the new, conceptual qualities of the candidate revolutions, instrumental and methodological functions, social construction of knowledge and practical considerations, and testimonials. The Instrumental Revolution was judged to be a revolution in chemistry because of the enormous increase in community-wide knowledge provided by the new instruments and the intentionality in the identification of specific target instruments, in the mindfulness in their design, manufacture, testing, use, and ultimately commercialization. The Woodward-Hoffmann rules were judged to precipitate the Quantum Chemistry Revolution because of theoretical, practical, and social construction of knowledge characteristics. Neither Hückel molecular orbital theory nor Hückel's 4n + 2 rule was considered an initiator of a revolution in chemistry but rather participants in the Quantum Chemistry Revolution. Retrosynthetic analysis was not judged to initiate a revolution in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I. Seeman
- Department of Chemistry University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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41
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Hamatani S, Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Diarylethene Photoswitches Undergoing 6π Azaelectrocyclic Reaction: Disrotatory Thermal Cycloreversion of the Closed-Ring Isomer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8277-8280. [PMID: 37676689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into the dynamics of electrocyclic reactions is very important from both fundamental and application perspectives. In this study, we developed novel diarylethene photoswitches that undergo 6π azaelectrocyclic reaction. We found that they exhibit fast thermally reversible type (T-type) photochromism, in contrast to the fact that common diarylethenes exhibit photochemically reversible type (P-type) photochromism. The quantum chemical calculations revealed that the fast T-type photochromism originates from the unprecedented disrotatory thermal cycloreversion of the closed-ring isomer. Our results provide useful information not only for the dynamics of the 6π azaelectrocyclic reaction but also for the further development of diarylethene photoswitches utilizing the 6π azaelectrocyclic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Hamatani
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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42
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Bartonek A, Klapötke TM, Krumm B. Sensitive 1,4-Disubstituted Nitro-Containing Cubanes: Structures and Properties. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12884-12890. [PMID: 37616479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cubane cage system is characteristic and well known for its high strain energy, qualifying it as a promising precursor for energetic materials. 1,4-Disubstituted cubanes are the easiest accessible derivatives. A further developed laboratory-scale procedure for cubane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester is presented. From this central precursor, the bis-trinitroethyl and bis-nitromethyl esters as well as the bis-methylcarbamate and bis-methylnitrocarbamate were synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. In addition, their physical and energetic properties were determined and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bartonek
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13(D), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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43
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Han J, Yang Y, Gong Y, Tang X, Tian Y, Li B. Divergent access to 5,6,7-perifused cycles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5148. [PMID: 37620317 PMCID: PMC10449863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are the key components in many pharmaceuticals and functional materials. In this study, we report a transition metal-catalyzed high-order reaction sequence for synthesizing a structurally unique N-center 5,6,7-perifused cycle (NCPC). The key characteristics include the formation of a seven-membered ring by the 8π electrocyclization of various alkenes and aromatic heterocycles as π-components, in which metal carbene species are generated that further induce the cleavage of the α-C-H or -C-C bond. Specifically, the latter can react with various nucleophilic reagents containing -O, -S, -N, and -C. The stereo-controlled late-stage modification of some complicated pharmaceuticals indicates the versatility of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yingjian Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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44
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Martínez ÁM, Puet A, Domínguez G, Alonso I, Castro-Biondo R, Pérez-Castells J. Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclopropenyl Vinylarenes: Access to Benzonorcarane Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:5923-5928. [PMID: 37560932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular Diels-Alder vinylarene reaction (IMDAV) is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition that employs styrene derivatives as conjugated dienes, whose poor reactivity arises from the required loss of aromaticity, which is recovered by a subsequent [1,3]-H shift. Herein, we describe the use of cyclopropene as a dienophile, harnessing its strain energy to drive the IMDAV reaction. Benzonorcarane scaffolds form in good yields, excellent stereoselectivity, and broad functional tolerance. Theoretical calculations and NMR studies have revealed significant mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Manu Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Puet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Castro-Biondo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Guo R, Brown MK. Lewis Acid-Promoted [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Allenes and Ketenes: Versatile Methods for Natural Product Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2253-2264. [PMID: 37540783 PMCID: PMC11041672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCycloaddition reactions are an effective method to quickly build molecular complexity. As predicted by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules, concerted cycloadditions with alkenes allow for the constructions of all possible stereoisomers of product by use of either the Z or E geometry. While this feature of cycloadditions is widely used in, for example, [4 + 2] cycloadditions, translation to [2 + 2] cycloadditions is challenging because of the often stepwise and therefore stereoconvergent nature of these processes. Over the past decade, our lab has explored Lewis acid-promoted [2 + 2] cycloadditions of electron-deficient allenes or ketenes with alkenes. The concerted, asynchronous cycloadditions allow for the synthesis of various cyclobutanes with control of stereochemistry.Our lab developed the first examples of Lewis acid-promoted ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions. Compared with traditional thermal conditions, Lewis acid-promoted conditions have several advantages, such as increased reactivity, increased yield, improved diastereoselectivity, and, for certain cases, inverse diastereoselectivity. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that the diastereoselectivity was controlled by the size of the substituent and the barrier of a deconjugation event. However, these reactions required the use of stoichiometric amounts of EtAlCl2 because of the product inhibition, which led us to investigate catalytic enantioselective [2 + 2] cycloadditions of allenoates with alkenes. Through the use of chiral oxazaborolidines, a broad range of cyclobutanes can be prepared with the control of enantioselectivity. Mechanistic experiments, including 2D-labled alkenes and Hammett analysis, illuminate likely transition state models for the cycloadditions. Additional studies led to the development of Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular stereoselective [2 + 2] cycloadditions of chiral allenic ketones/esters with alkenes.The methods we developed have been instrumental in the synthesis of several families of natural products. Specifically, one key lactone motif in (±)-gracilioether F was constructed by a ketene-alkene [2 + 2] cycloaddition and subsequent regioselective Baeyer-Villiger oxidation sequence. Enantioselective allenoate-alkene [2 + 2] cycloadditions allowed for the synthesis of (-)-hebelophyllene E. Another attempt of applying this method in the synthesis of (+)-[5]-ladderanoic acid failed to deliver the desired cyclobutane because of an unexpected rearrangement. The key cyclobutane was later assembled by a stepwise carboboration/Zweifel olefination process. Finally, the stereoselective [2 + 2] cycloadditions of allenic ketones and alkenes was applied in the syntheses of (-)-[3]-ladderanol, (+)-hippolide J, and (-)-cajanusine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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46
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Bertram L, Weber PM, Kirrander A. Mapping the photochemistry of cyclopentadiene: from theory to ultrafast X-ray scattering. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:269-293. [PMID: 37132432 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-conversion reaction when cyclopentadiene (CP) is excited at 5.10 eV is simulated using surface-hopping semiclassical trajectories with XMS(3)-CASPT2(4,4)/cc-pVDZ electronic structure theory. In addition, PBE0/def2-SV(P) is employed for ground state propagation of the trajectories. The dynamics is propagated for 10 ps, mapping both the nonadiabatic short-time dynamics (<300 fs) and the increasingly statistical dynamics on the electronic ground state. The short-time dynamics yields a mixture of hot CP and bicyclo[2.1.0]pentene (BP), with the two products reached via different regions of the same conical intersection seam. On the ground state, we observe slow conversion from BP to CP which is modelled by RRKM theory with a transition state determined using PBE0/def2-TZVP. The CP products are furthermore associated with ground state hydrogen shifts and some H-atom dissociation. Finally, the prospects for detailed experimental mapping using novel ultrafast X-ray scattering experiments are discussed and observables for such experiments are predicted. In particular, we assess the possibility of retrieving electronic states and their populations alongside the structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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47
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Kermani MM, Li H, Ottochian A, Crescenzi O, Janesko BG, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ, Ciofini I, Adamo C, Truhlar DG. Barrier Heights for Diels-Alder Transition States Leading to Pentacyclic Adducts: A Benchmark Study of Crowded, Strained Transition States of Large Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6522-6531. [PMID: 37449565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical characterization of reactions of complex molecules depends on providing consistent accuracy for the relative energies of intermediates and transition states. Here we employ the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method with core-valence correlation, large basis sets, and extrapolation to the CBS limit to provide benchmark values for Diels-Alder transition states leading to competitive strained pentacyclic adducts. We then used those benchmarks to test a diverse set of wave function and density functional methods for the absolute and relative barrier heights of these transition states. Our results show that only a few of the tested density functionals can predict the absolute barrier heights satisfactorily, although relative barrier heights are more accurate. The most accurate functionals tested are ωB97M-V, M11plus, ωB97X-V, PBE-D3(0), M11, and MN15 with MUDs from best estimates less than 3.0 kcal. These findings can guide selection of density functionals for future studies of crowded, strained transition states of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mansoori Kermani
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Hanwei Li
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alistar Ottochian
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Orlando Crescenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Benjamin G Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | | | | | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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48
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Höthker S, Gansäuer A. Formal Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Water to Olefins by Titanocene-Catalyzed Epoxide Hydrosilylation: From Stoichiometric to Sustainable Catalytic Reactions. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200240. [PMID: 37483422 PMCID: PMC10362118 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, the evolution of the titanocene-catalyzed hydrosilylation of epoxides that yields the corresponding anti-Markovnikov alcohols is summarized. The study focuses on aspects of sustainability, efficient catalyst activation, and stereoselectivity. The latest variant of the reaction employs polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), a waste product of the Müller-Rochow process as terminal reductant, features an efficient catalyst activation with benzylMgBr and the use of the bench stable Cp2TiCl2 as precatalyst. The combination of olefin epoxidation and epoxide hydrosilylation provides a uniquely efficient approach to the formal anti-Markovnikov addition of H2O to olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höthker
- Kekulé‐Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 153121BonnGermany
| | - Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé‐Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität BonnGerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 153121BonnGermany
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49
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Molteni G, Ponti A. Is DFT Accurate Enough to Calculate Regioselectivity? The Case of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azide to Alkynes and Alkenes. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300114. [PMID: 36896728 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of regioselectivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions (DCs) makes it surprising that no benchmarking study on this problem has appeared. We investigated whether DFT calculations are an accurate tool to predict the regioselectivity of uncatalyzed thermal azide 1,3-DCs. We considered the reaction between HN3 and 12 dipolarophiles, comprising ethynes HC≡C-R and ethenes H2 C=CH-R (R=F, OH, NH2 , Me, CN, CHO), which cover a broad range of electron demand and conjugation ability. We established benchmark data by the W3X protocol [complete-basis-set-extrapolated CCSD(T)-F12 energy with T-(T) and (Q) corrections and MP2-calculated core/valence and relativistic effects] and showed that core/valence effects and high-order excitations are important for accurate regioselectivity. Regioselectivities calculated using an extensive set of density functional approximations (DFAs) were compared with benchmark data. Range-separated and meta-GGA hybrids gave the best results. Good treatment of self-interaction and electron exchange are the key features for accurate regioselectivity. Dispersion correction slightly improves agreement with W3X results. The best DFAs provide the isomeric TS energy difference with an expected error ≈0.7 mh and errors ≈2 mh can occur. The isomer yield provided by the best DFA has an expected error of ±5 %, though errors up to 20 % are not rare. At present, an accuracy of 1-2 % is unfeasible but it seems that we are not far from achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Molteni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ponti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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50
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Sanchez A, Gurajapu A, Guo W, Kong WY, Laconsay CJ, Settineri NS, Tantillo DJ, Maimone TJ. A Shapeshifting Roadmap for Polycyclic Skeletal Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37279177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic ring systems are ubiquitous three-dimensional (3D) structural motifs central to the function of many biologically active small molecules and organic materials. Indeed, subtle changes to the overall molecular shape and connectivity of atoms in a polycyclic framework (i.e., isomerism) can drastically alter its function and properties. Unfortunately, direct evaluation of these structure-function relationships typically requires the development of distinct synthetic strategies toward a specific isomer. Dynamic, "shapeshifting" carbon cages present a promising approach for sampling isomeric chemical space but are often difficult to control and are largely limited to thermodynamic mixtures of positional isomers about a single core scaffold. Here, we describe the development of a new shapeshifting C9-chemotype and a chemical blueprint for its evolution into structurally and energetically diverse isomeric ring systems. By leveraging the unique molecular topology of π-orbitals interacting through-space (homoconjugation), a common skeletal ancestor evolved into a complex network of valence isomers. This unusual system represents an exceedingly rare small molecule capable of undergoing controllable and continuous isomerization processes through the iterative use of just two chemical steps (light and organic base). Computational and photophysical studies of the isomer network provide fundamental insight into the reactivity, mechanism, and role of homoconjugative interactions. Importantly, these insights may inform the rational design and synthesis of new dynamic, shapeshifting systems. We anticipate this process could be a powerful tool for the synthesis of structurally diverse, isomeric polycycles central to many bioactive small molecules and functional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anjali Gurajapu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wentao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Wang-Yeuk Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Croix J Laconsay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, 826 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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