1
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Bargstedt J, Reinschmidt M, Tydecks L, Kolmar T, Hendrich CM, Jäschke A. Photochromic Nucleosides and Oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310797. [PMID: 37966433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Photochromism is a reversible phenomenon wherein a material undergoes a change in color upon exposure to light. In organic photochromes, this effect often results from light-induced isomerization reactions, leading to alterations in either the spatial orientation or electronic properties of the photochrome. The incorporation of photochromic moieties into biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, has become a prevalent approach to render these biomolecules responsive to light stimuli. Utilizing light as a trigger for the manipulation of biomolecular structure and function offers numerous advantages compared to other stimuli, such as chemical or electrical treatments, due to its non-invasive nature. Consequently, light proves particularly advantageous in cellular and tissue applications. In this review, we emphasize recent advancements in the field of photochromic nucleosides and oligonucleotides. We provide an overview of the design principles of different classes of photochromes, synthetic strategies, critical analytical challenges, as well as structure-property relationships. The applications of photochromic nucleic acid derivatives encompass diverse domains, ranging from the precise photoregulation of gene expression to the controlled modulation of the three-dimensional structures of oligonucleotides and the development of DNA-based fluorescence modulators. Moreover, we present a future perspective on potential modifications and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Bargstedt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Reinschmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leon Tydecks
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Kolmar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph M Hendrich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andres Jäschke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Uyar B, Ozsamur NG, Celik FS, Ozbayram I, Erbas-Cakmak S. Downregulation of gene expression in hypoxic cancer cells by an activatable G-quadruplex stabiliser. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2247-2250. [PMID: 36723070 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the research, the modulation of gene expression with a novel G-quadruplex stabiliser was analysed. Activation by the removal of bulky hypoxia-responsive substituent enhances G-quadruplex stabilisation. Hypoxic MCF7 cells incubated with the stabiliser displayed significant downregulation of oncogenes c-myc, bcl-2, and hif-1α. This study presents the first hypoxia-activatable G-quadruplex stabilization and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Uyar
- Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Biotechnology, Konya 42080, Turkey.
| | - Nezahat Gokce Ozsamur
- Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Biotechnology, Konya 42080, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Secer Celik
- Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Biotechnology, Konya 42080, Turkey.
| | - Ilkyaz Ozbayram
- Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Biotechnology, Konya 42080, Turkey.
| | - Sundus Erbas-Cakmak
- Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Biotechnology, Konya 42080, Turkey. .,Konya Food and Agriculture University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Konya 42080, Turkey
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3
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Xu Q, Yang M, Chang Y, Peng S, Wang D, Zhou X, Shao Y. Switching G-quadruplex to parallel duplex by molecular rotor clustering. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:10249-10263. [PMID: 36130267 PMCID: PMC9561263 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Switching of G-quadruplex (G4) structures between variant types of folding has been proved to be a versatile tool for regulation of genomic expression and development of nucleic acid-based constructs. Various specific ligands have been developed to target G4s in K+ solution with therapeutic prospects. Although G4 structures have been reported to be converted by sequence modification or a unimolecular ligand binding event in K+-deficient conditions, switching G4s towards non-G4 folding continues to be a great challenge due to the stability of G4 in physiological K+ conditions. Herein, we first observed the G4 switching towards parallel-stranded duplex (psDNA) by multimolecular ligand binding (namely ligand clustering) to overcome the switching barrier in K+. Purine-rich sequences (e.g. those from the KRAS promoter region) can be converted from G4 structures to dimeric psDNAs using molecular rotors (e.g. thioflavin T and thiazole orange) as initiators. The formed psDNAs provided multiple binding sites for molecular rotor clustering to favor subsequent structures with stability higher than the corresponding G4 folding. Our finding provides a clue to designing ligands with the competency of molecular rotor clustering to implement an efficient G4 switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuda Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Mujing Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yun Chang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Shuzhen Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Xiaoshun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yong Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
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4
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Tavakoli A, Min JH. Photochemical modifications for DNA/RNA oligonucleotides. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6484-6507. [PMID: 35424630 PMCID: PMC8982246 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-triggered chemical reactions can provide excellent tools to investigate the fundamental mechanisms important in biology. Light is easily applicable and orthogonal to most cellular events, and its dose and locality can be controlled in tissues and cells. Light-induced conversion of photochemical groups installed on small molecules, proteins, and oligonucleotides can alter their functional states and thus the ensuing biological events. Recently, photochemical control of DNA/RNA structure and function has garnered attention thanks to the rapidly expanding photochemistry used in diverse biological applications. Photoconvertible groups can be incorporated in the backbone, ribose, and nucleobase of an oligonucleotide to undergo various irreversible and reversible light-induced reactions such as cleavage, crosslinking, isomerization, and intramolecular cyclization reactions. In this review, we gather a list of photoconvertible groups used in oligonucleotides and summarize their reaction characteristics, impacts on DNA/RNA thermal stability and structure, as well as their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirrasoul Tavakoli
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University Waco TX 76706 USA +1-254-710-2095
| | - Jung-Hyun Min
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University Waco TX 76706 USA +1-254-710-2095
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5
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Ramos-Soriano J, Galan MC. Photoresponsive Control of G-Quadruplex DNA Systems. JACS AU 2021; 1:1516-1526. [PMID: 34723256 PMCID: PMC8549047 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4) oligonucleotide secondary structures have recently attracted significant attention as therapeutic targets owing to their occurrence in human oncogene promoter sequences and the genome of pathogenic organisms. G4s also demonstrate interesting catalytic activities in their own right, as well as the ability to act as scaffolds for the development of DNA-based materials and nanodevices. Owing to this diverse range of opportunities to exploit G4 in a variety of applications, several strategies to control G4 structure and function have emerged. Interrogating the role of G4s in biology requires the delivery of small-molecule ligands that promote its formation under physiological conditions, while exploiting G4 in the development of responsive nanodevices is normally achieved by the addition and sequestration of the metal ions required for the stabilization of the folded structure. Although these strategies prove successful, neither allows the system in question to be controlled externally. Meanwhile, light has proven to be an attractive means for the control of DNA-based systems as it is noninvasive, can be delivered with high spatiotemporal precision, and is orthogonal to many chemical and biological processes. A plethora of photoresponsive DNA systems have been reported to date; however, the vast majority deploy photoreactive moieties to control the stability and assembly of duplex DNA hybrids. Despite the unique opportunities afforded by the regulation of G-quadruplex formation in biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology, comparatively little attention has been devoted to the design of photoresponsive G4-based systems. In this Perspective, we consider the potential of photoresponsive G4 assemblies and examine the strategies that may be used to engineer these systems toward a variety of applications. Through an overview of the main developments in the field to date, we highlight recent progress made toward this exciting goal and the emerging opportunities that remain ripe for further exploration in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramos-Soriano
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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6
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Li C, Chen H, Yang X, Wang K, Liu J. An ion transport switch based on light-responsive conformation-dependent G-quadruplex transmembrane channels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8214-8217. [PMID: 34308935 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A light-responsive ion transport switch has been developed based on conformation-dependent azobenzene-incorporated lipophilic G-quadruplex channels, which provides a new smart approach for the selective transport of K+ ions across the lipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China.
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7
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Gholamjani Moghaddam K, Giudetti G, Sipma W, Faraji S. Theoretical insights into the effect of size and substitution patterns of azobenzene derivatives on the DNA G-quadruplex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26944-26954. [PMID: 33206064 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04392c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Introducing photoswitches into the DNA G-quadruplex provides excellent opportunities to control folding and unfolding of these assemblies, demonstrating their potential in the development of novel nanodevices with medical and nanotechnology applications. Using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) scheme, we carried out a series of simulations to identify the effect of the size and substitution patterns of three azobenzene derivatives (AZ1, AZ2 and AZ3) on the excitation energies of the two lowest excited states of the smallest photoswitchable G-quadruplex reported to date. We demonstrated that the size and the substitution pattern do not affect the ultrafast cis-trans photoiomerization mechanism of the azobenzene derivatives significantly, in agreement with the experiment. However, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that while AZ2 and AZ3 G-quadruplexes are structurally stable during the simulations, the AZ1 G-quadruplex undergoes larger structural changes and shows two ground state populations that differ in the azobenzene backbone adopting two different conformations. AZ1, with para-para substitution pattern, provides more flexibility to the whole G-quadruplex structure compared to AZ2 and AZ3, and can thus facilitate the photoisomerization reaction between a nonpolymorphic, stacked, tetramolecular G-quadruplex and an unstructured state after trans-cis isomerization occurring in a longer time dynamics, in agreement with the experimental findings. The QM/MM simulations of the absorption spectra indicated that the thermal fluctuation plays a more crucial role in the main absorption band of the azobenzene derivatives than the inclusion of the G-quadruplex, implying that the influence of the G-quadruplex environment is minimal. We propose that the latter is attributed to the position of the azobenzene linkers in the G-quadruplexes, i.e. the edgewise loops containing the azobenzene moieties that are located above the G-quartets, not being fully embedded inside or involved in the stacked structure. Our theoretical findings provide support to a recent study of the photoresponsive formation of photoswitchable G-quadruplex motifs.
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8
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Xiao CD, He ZY, Guo CX, Shen XC, Xu Y. Conformation of G-quadruplex Controlled by Click Reaction. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184339. [PMID: 32971833 PMCID: PMC7570587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are non-canonical four stranded secondary structures possessing great biological importance. Controlling G-quadruplex conformation for further regulating biological processes is both exciting and challenging. In this study, we described a method for regulating G-quadruplex conformation by click chemistry for the first time. 8-ethynyl-2'-deoxyguanosine was synthesized and incorporated into a 12-nt telomere DNA sequence. Such a sequence, at first, formed mixed parallel/anti-parallel G-quadruplexes, while it changed to anti-parallel after reaction with azidobenzene. Meanwhile, the click reaction can give the sequence intense fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Da Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: (C.-D.X.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-0851-88416160 (C.-D.X.); +81-985-85-0993 (Y.X.)
| | - Zhi-Yong He
- Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyo-take, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan;
| | - Chuan-Xin Guo
- Nucleic Acid Division, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Co. Ltd., Jiading, Shanghai 201805, China;
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Yan Xu
- Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyo-take, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan;
- Correspondence: (C.-D.X.); (Y.X.); Tel.: +86-0851-88416160 (C.-D.X.); +81-985-85-0993 (Y.X.)
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9
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Grebenovsky N, Hermanns V, Heckel A. Photoswitchable 2‐Phenyldiazenyl‐Purines and their Influence on DNA Hybridization. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Grebenovsky
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe-University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Volker Hermanns
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe-University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Goethe-University Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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10
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Pieraccini S, Campitiello M, Carducci F, Davis JT, Mariani P, Masiero S. Playing supramolecular dominoes with light: building and breaking a photoreversible G-quadruplex made from guanosine, boric acid and an azobenzene. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:2759-2769. [PMID: 30785179 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Addition of azobenzene-derivative 1 in its E configuration to an aqueous solution containing various guanosine borate esters induces a helical G-quartet based self-organization, stabilized by intercalation of the dye. The process is driven, in a domino fashion, by the initial host-guest interaction between the dye and a specific guanosine borate diester, whose structure can be thus assigned. This inclusion complex templates the formation of G-quartets. The quartets, in turn, pile up to form a supramolecular G-quadruplex structure, in which other G species present in solution are progressively included. The G-quadruplex can be reversibly broken and reformed by photoisomerization of the dye. This hierarchical and photosensitive self-assembly is unprecedented for simple guanosine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pieraccini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, v. S. Giacomo, 11-40126 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Wu Z, Zhang L. Photoregulation between small DNAs and reversible photochromic molecules. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4944-4962. [PMID: 31650136 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are widely used biological materials in the fields of biomedicine, nanotechnology, and materials science. Due to the demands for the photoregulation of DNA activities, scientists are placing more and more research interest in the interactions between reversible photochromic molecules and DNAs. Photochromic molecules can work as switches for regulating the DNAs' behavior under light irradiation; meanwhile, DNAs also exert influence over the photochromic molecules. The photochromic molecules can be attached to DNAs either by covalent bonds or by noncovalent forces, which results in different regulative functions. Azobenzenes, spiropyrans, diarylethenes, and stilbene-like compounds are important photochromic molecules working as photoswitches. By summarizing their interactions with oligonucleotides, this review intends to facilitate the relevant research on oligonucleotides/photochromic molecules in the biological and medicinal fields and in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Rd, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53 Zhengzhou Rd, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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12
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O'Hagan MP, Morales JC, Galan MC. Binding and Beyond: What Else Can G-Quadruplex Ligands Do? European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan C. Morales
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); PTS Granada; Avenida del Conocimiento 17 18016 Armilla, Granada Spain
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
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13
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Zhou L, Retailleau P, Morel M, Rudiuk S, Baigl D. Photoswitchable Fluorescent Crystals Obtained by the Photoreversible Coassembly of a Nucleobase and an Azobenzene Intercalator. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9321-9329. [PMID: 31117648 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled nucleobases, such as G-quartets or quadruplexes, have numerous applications, but light-responsive structures are limited to small, noncrystalline motifs. In addition, the assembly of the widely exploited azobenzene photochromic compounds can produce fluorescent crystals of extended dimensions but at the prize of sacrificing their photoswitchability. Here, we overcome inherent limitations of self-assembly with a new concept of supramolecular coassembly leading to materials with unprecedented properties. We show that the coassembly of guanosine monophosphate (GMP) with an azobenzene-containing DNA intercalator produces supramolecular crystals arranged through a combination of π-π, electrostatic, and hydrogen-bond interactions. The resulting crystals are 100 μm long, pH-sensitive, fluorescent, and can be photoreversibly disassembled/reassembled upon UV/blue irradiation. This allows us to perform operations such as dynamic photocontrol of a single-crystal growth, light-gated permeability in membrane-like materials, and photoswitchable fluorescence. We believe this concept critically expands the breadth of multifunctional materials attainable by self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry , Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , 1 av. de la Terrasse , Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 , France
| | - Mathieu Morel
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry , Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
| | - Sergii Rudiuk
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry , Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
| | - Damien Baigl
- PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry , Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , Paris 75005 , France
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14
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O'Hagan MP, Haldar S, Duchi M, Oliver TAA, Mulholland AJ, Morales JC, Galan MC. A Photoresponsive Stiff-Stilbene Ligand Fuels the Reversible Unfolding of G-Quadruplex DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4334-4338. [PMID: 30682233 PMCID: PMC6563076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphic nature of G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures points to a range of potential applications in nanodevices and an opportunity to control G4 in biological settings. Light is an attractive means for the regulation of oligonucleotide structure as it can be delivered with high spatiotemporal precision. However, surprisingly little attention has been devoted towards the development of ligands for G4 that allow photoregulation of G4 folding. We report a novel G4-binding chemotype derived from stiff-stilbene. Surprisingly however, whilst the ligand induces high stabilization in the potassium form of human telomeric DNA, it causes the unfolding of the same G4 sequence in sodium buffer. This effect can be reversed on demand by irradiation with 400 nm light through deactivation of the ligand by photo-oxidation. By fuelling the system with the photolabile ligand, the conformation of G4 DNA was switched five times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanta Haldar
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSUK
| | - Marta Duchi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSUK
| | | | | | - Juan C. Morales
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PTS GranadaAvenida del Conocimiento 1718016ArmillaGranadaSpain
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSUK
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15
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O'Hagan MP, Haldar S, Duchi M, Oliver TAA, Mulholland AJ, Morales JC, Galan MC. A Photoresponsive Stiff‐Stilbene Ligand Fuels the Reversible Unfolding of G‐Quadruplex DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanta Haldar
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Marta Duchi
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | | | | | - Juan C. Morales
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)PTS Granada Avenida del Conocimiento 17 18016 Armilla Granada Spain
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
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16
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Mo M, Kong D, Ji H, Lin D, Tang X, Yang Z, He Y, Wu L. Reversible Photocontrol of Thrombin Activity by Replacing Loops of Thrombin Binding Aptamer using Azobenzene Derivatives. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:231-241. [PMID: 30582682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The photoisomerization of azobenzenes provides a general means for the photocontrol of many important biomolecular structures and organismal functions. For temporal and spatial control activity of thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) by light, azobenzene derivatives were carefully selected as light-triggered molecular switches to replace TT loops and the TGT loop of TBA to reversibly control enzyme activity. These molecules interconverted between the trans and cis states under alternate UV and visible light irradiation, which consequently triggered reversible formation of G-quadruplex morphology. In addition, we investigated the impact of three azobenzene derivatives on stability, thrombin binding ability, and anticoagulant properties. The result showed that 4,4'-bis(hydroxymethyl)azobenzene at the TGT loop position significantly photoregulated affinity to thrombin and blood clotting in human plasma, which provided a successful strategy to control blood clotting in human plasma and a further evidence for design of TBA analogues with pivotal positions of modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwu Mo
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dejia Kong
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Heming Ji
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dao Lin
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
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17
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Ogasawara S. Transcription Driven by Reversible Photocontrol of Hyperstable G-Quadruplexes. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2507-2513. [PMID: 30350586 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes occur in promoter regions, 5'-untranslated regions of mRNA and telomeric regions, and they function as regulatory elements for various key biological events, such as transcription, translation, and telomere elongation. As the stability of G-quadruplexes dramatically impacts these biological processes, controlling G-quadruplex stability via external stimuli such as light enables regulation of important biological phenomena with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we report a method for reversible photoregulation of transcription by controlling the stability of G-quadruplexes via cis- trans photoisomerization of photochromic nucleobase (PCN). Transcription was effectively inhibited when the PCN-modified G-quadruplex was in a hyperstable state, whereas transcription activity recovered markedly when the G-quadruplex changed to an unstable state induced by trans to cis PCN photoisomerization. Moreover, a reversibly photoactivatable plasmid was constructed by introducing PCN-modified G-quadruplexes downstream of the cytomegalovirus promoter of the pCS2 plasmid, which was used to demonstrate photoregulation of gene expression in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinzi Ogasawara
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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18
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Satpathi S, Singh RK, Mukherjee A, Hazra P. Controlling anticancer drug mediated G-quadruplex formation and stabilization by a molecular container. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:7808-7818. [PMID: 29504620 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00325d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Controlling of ligand mediated G-quadruplex DNA (GQ-DNA) formation and stabilization is an important and challenging aspect due to its active involvement in many biologically important processes such as DNA replication, transcription, etc. Here, we have demonstrated that topotecan (TPT), a potential anticancer drug, can instigate the formation and stabilization of GQ-DNA (H24 → GQ-DNA) in the absence of Na+/K+ ions via circular dichroism, fluorescence, NMR, UV melting and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The primary binding mode of TPT to GQ was found to be stacking at the terminal rather than binding to the groove. We have also reverted this conformational transition (GQ-DNA → H24) using a molecular container, cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), by means of the translocation of the drug (TPT) from GQ-DNA to its nanocavity. Importantly, we have carried out the detection of these conformational transitions using the fluorescence color switch of the drug, which is more direct and simple than some of the other methods that involve sophisticated and complex detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Satpathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
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19
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Wang R, Jin C, Zhu X, Zhou L, Xuan W, Liu Y, Liu Q, Tan W. Artificial Base zT as Functional "Element" for Constructing Photoresponsive DNA Nanomolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9104-9107. [PMID: 28585836 PMCID: PMC5877792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to small molecules, DNA and RNA macromolecules can be accurately formulated with base "elements" abbreviated as A, T, U, C, and G. However, the development of functionally artificial bases can result in the generation of new biomaterials with unique properties and applications. Therefore, we herein report the design and synthesis of a photoresponsive base as a new functional or molecular "element" for constructing DNA nanomolecules. The new base is made by fusion of an azobenzene with a natural T base (zT). zT, a new molecular element, is not only the most size-expanded T analogue but also a photoresponsive base capable of specific self-assembly through hydrogen bonding. Our results showed that stable and selective self-assembly of double-stranded DNAs occurred through zT-A base pairing, but it could still be efficiently dissociated by light irradiation. The photoresponsive DNA bases will provide the versatility required for constructing desired DNA nanomolecules and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Wang
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Cheng Jin
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Liyi Zhou
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wenjing Xuan
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Departments of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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20
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Doi T, Kawai H, Murayama K, Kashida H, Asanuma H. Visible-Light-Triggered Cross-Linking of DNA Duplexes by Reversible [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Styrylpyrene. Chemistry 2016; 22:10533-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Doi
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hayato Kawai
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Keiji Murayama
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiromu Kashida
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency; 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asanuma
- Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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21
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Reversible Photoregulation of Gene Expression and Translation. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26965115 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3512-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Several methods for controlling gene expression by light illumination have been reported. Most of these methods control transcription by regulating the interaction between DNA and transcription factors. The use of a photolabile protecting compound (cage compound) is another promising approach for controlling gene expression, although typically in an irreversible manner. We here describe a new approach for reversibly controlling translation using a photoresponsive 8-styryl cap (8ST-cap) that can be reversibly isomerized by illumination with light of a specific wavelength.
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22
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Thevarpadam J, Bessi I, Binas O, Gonçalves DPN, Slavov C, Jonker HRA, Richter C, Wachtveitl J, Schwalbe H, Heckel A. Photoresponsive Formation of an Intermolecular Minimal G-Quadruplex Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2738-42. [PMID: 26805928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of three different bifunctional azobenzene linkers to enable the photoreversible formation of a defined intermolecular two-tetrad G-quadruplex upon UV/Vis irradiation was investigated. Circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopic data showed the formation of G-quadruplexes with K(+) ions at room temperature in all three cases with the corresponding azobenzene linker in an E conformation. However, only the para-para-substituted azobenzene derivative enables photoswitching between a nonpolymorphic, stacked, tetramolecular G-quadruplex and an unstructured state after E-Z isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Thevarpadam
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irene Bessi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Binas
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Diana P N Gonçalves
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hendrik R A Jonker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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23
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Thevarpadam J, Bessi I, Binas O, Gonçalves DPN, Slavov C, Jonker HRA, Richter C, Wachtveitl J, Schwalbe H, Heckel A. Photoresponsive Formation of an Intermolecular Minimal G-Quadruplex Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Thevarpadam
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Irene Bessi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Oliver Binas
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Diana P. N. Gonçalves
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Hendrik R. A. Jonker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Christian Richter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ); Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt Germany
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24
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Goldau T, Murayama K, Brieke C, Asanuma H, Heckel A. Azobenzene C-Nucleosides for Photocontrolled Hybridization of DNA at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2015; 21:17870-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Assessment of selectivity of G-quadruplex ligands via an optimised FRET melting assay. Biochimie 2015; 115:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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27
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Blanchard DJM, Cservenyi TZ, Manderville RA. Dual fluorescent deoxyguanosine mimics for FRET detection of G-quadruplex folding. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16829-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07154b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of deoxyguanosine (dG) nucleobases within G-tetrads of G-quadruplex folding oligonucleotides with donor (D)/acceptor (A) fluorescent 8aryldG residues provides diagnostic FRET signalling for G-quadruplex detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Z. Cservenyi
- Departments of Chemistry & Toxicology
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- Canada N1G 2w1
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28
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Kamiya Y, Asanuma H. Light-driven DNA nanomachine with a photoresponsive molecular engine. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:1663-72. [PMID: 24617966 DOI: 10.1021/ar400308f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: DNA is regarded as an excellent nanomaterial due to its supramolecular property of duplex formation through A-T and G-C complementary pairs. By simply designing sequences, we can create any desired 2D or 3D nanoarchitecture with DNA. Based on these nanoarchitectures, motional DNA-based nanomachines have also been developed. Most of the nanomachines require molecular fuels to drive them. Typically, a toehold exchange reaction is applied with a complementary DNA strand as a fuel. However, repetitive operation of the machines accumulates waste DNA duplexes in the solution that gradually deteriorate the motional efficiency. Hence, we are facing an "environmental problem" even in the nanoworld. One of the direct solutions to this problem is to use clean energy, such as light. Since light does not contaminate the reaction system, a DNA nanomachine run by a photon engine can overcome the drawback of waste that is a problem with molecular-fueled engines. There are several photoresponsive molecules that convert light energy to mechanical motion through the change of geometry of the molecules; these include spiropyran, diarylethene, stilbene, and azobenzene. Although each molecule has both advantages and drawbacks, azobenzene derivatives are widely used as "molecular photon engines". In this Account, we review light-driven DNA nanomachines mainly focusing on the photoresponsive DNAs that we have developed for the past decade. The basis of our method is installation of an azobenzene into a DNA sequence through a d-threoninol scaffold. Reversible hybridization of the DNA duplex, triggered by trans-cis isomerization of azobenzene in the DNA sequences by irradiation with light, induces mechanical motion of the DNA nanomachine. Moreover we have successfully developed azobenzene derivatives that improve its photoisomerizaition properties. Use of these derivatives and techniques have allowed us to design various DNA machines that demonstrate sophisticated motion in response to lights of different wavelengths without a drop in photoregulatory efficiency. In this Account, we emphasize the advantages of our methods including (1) ease of preparation, (2) comprehensive sequence design of azobenzene-tethered DNA, (3) efficient photoisomerization, and (4) reversible photocontrol of hybridization by irradiation with appropriate wavelengths of light. We believe that photon-fueled DNA nanomachines driven by azobenzene-derivative molecular photon-fueled engines will be soon science rather than "science fiction".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kamiya
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- Ecotopia
Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asanuma
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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29
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Sproviero M, Rankin KM, Witham AA, Manderville RA. Utility of 5'-O-2,7-dimethylpixyl for solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides containing acid-sensitive 8-aryl-guanine adducts. J Org Chem 2014; 79:692-9. [PMID: 24392939 DOI: 10.1021/jo4024842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To study the structural and biological impact of 8-aryl-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts, an efficient protocol is required to incorporate them site-specifically into oligonucleotide substrates. Traditional phosphoramidite chemistry using 5'-O-DMT protection can be limiting because 8-aryl-dG adducts suffer from greater rates of acid-catalyzed depurination than dG and are sensitive to the acidic deblock conditions required to remove the DMT group. Herein we show that the 5'-O-2,7-dimethylpixyl (DMPx) protecting group can be used to limit acid exposure and improve DNA synthesis efficiency for DNA substrates containing 8-aryl-dG adducts. Our studies focus on 8-aryl-dG adducts with 8-substituents consisting of furyl ((Fur)dG), phenyl ((Ph)dG), 4-cyanophenyl ((CNPh)dG), and quinolyl ((Q)dG). These adducts differ in ring size and sensitivity to acid-promoted deglycosylation. A kinetic study for adduct hydrolysis in 0.1 M aqueous HCl determined that (Fur)dG was the most acid-sensitive (55.2-fold > dG), while (Q)dG was the most resistant (5.6-fold > dG). The most acid-sensitive (Fur)dG was chosen for optimization of solid-phase DNA synthesis. Our studies show that the 5'-O-DMPx group can provide a 4-fold increase in yield compared to 5'-O-DMT for incorporation of (Fur)dG into DNA substrates critical for determining adduct impact on DNA synthesis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sproviero
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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30
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Szymański W, Beierle JM, Kistemaker HAV, Velema WA, Feringa BL. Reversible Photocontrol of Biological Systems by the Incorporation of Molecular Photoswitches. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6114-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 847] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Szymański
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - John M. Beierle
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Hans A. V. Kistemaker
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Willem A. Velema
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute
for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The
Netherlands
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31
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Cahová H, Jäschke A. Nucleoside-Based Diarylethene Photoswitches and Their Facile Incorporation into Photoswitchable DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Cahová H, Jäschke A. Nucleoside-based diarylethene photoswitches and their facile incorporation into photoswitchable DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3186-90. [PMID: 23404740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cahová
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Doluca O, Withers JM, Filichev VV. Molecular engineering of guanine-rich sequences: Z-DNA, DNA triplexes, and G-quadruplexes. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3044-83. [PMID: 23391174 DOI: 10.1021/cr300225q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Doluca
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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34
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Gómez-Pinto I, Vengut-Climent E, Lucas R, Aviñó A, Eritja R, González C, Morales JC. Carbohydrate-DNA interactions at G-quadruplexes: folding and stability changes by attaching sugars at the 5'-end. Chemistry 2013; 19:1920-7. [PMID: 23315826 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quadruplex DNA structures are attracting an enormous interest in many areas of chemistry, ranging from chemical biology, supramolecular chemistry to nanoscience. We have prepared carbohydrate-DNA conjugates containing the oligonucleotide sequences of G-quadruplexes (thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) and human telomere (TEL)), measured their thermal stability and studied their structure in solution by using NMR and molecular dynamics. The solution structure of a fucose-TBA conjugate shows stacking interactions between the carbohydrate and the DNA G-tetrad in addition to hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. We have also shown that attaching carbohydrates at the 5'-end of a quadruplex telomeric sequence can alter its folding topology. These results suggest the possibility of modulating the folding of the G-quadruplex by linking carbohydrates and have clear implications in molecular recognition and the design of new G-quadruplex ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gómez-Pinto
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Nagatoishi S, Sugimoto N. Interaction of water with the G-quadruplex loop contributes to the binding energy of G-quadruplex to protein. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 8:2766-70. [PMID: 22851057 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike DNA duplexes that release water upon interaction with protein, the binding of DNA G-quadruplex of the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) to thrombin takes up water. Here, to reveal the mechanism of water uptake, we designed four mutants of TBA (ΔT3, ΔT7, ΔT9, ΔT12), in which thymine residues (T3, T7, T9 and T12) were deleted from the loop regions of TBA G-quadruplex. For the mutants the thermodynamics and the osmolyte effects on the interactions with thrombin were investigated. The mutants ΔT3, ΔT9 and ΔT12 decreased the binding constants of the G-quadruplex to thrombin. Furthermore, an osmotic stress analysis indicated that the number of water molecules binding to the complex decreased in the mutants ΔT3 and ΔT9. The decrease in the binding affinity was related to loss of binding of the loop nucleotides to water molecules. Therefore, the interaction between loops of the G-quadruplex and water molecules contributed to the binding energy of G-quadruplex to protein. Our study suggests that water binding is essential for the binding of G-quadruplex to protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nagatoishi
- Frontier Institute for Biomolecular Engineering Research (FIBER), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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36
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Brieke C, Rohrbach F, Gottschalk A, Mayer G, Heckel A. Light-controlled tools. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8446-76. [PMID: 22829531 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal control over chemical and biological processes plays a key role in life, where the whole is often much more than the sum of its parts. Quite trivially, the molecules of a cell do not form a living system if they are only arranged in a random fashion. If we want to understand these relationships and especially the problems arising from malfunction, tools are necessary that allow us to design sophisticated experiments that address these questions. Highly valuable in this respect are external triggers that enable us to precisely determine where, when, and to what extent a process is started or stopped. Light is an ideal external trigger: It is highly selective and if applied correctly also harmless. It can be generated and manipulated with well-established techniques, and many ways exist to apply light to living systems--from cells to higher organisms. This Review will focus on developments over the last six years and includes discussions on the underlying technologies as well as their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Brieke C, Rohrbach F, Gottschalk A, Mayer G, Heckel A. Lichtgesteuerte Werkzeuge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brieke
- Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
| | - Falk Rohrbach
- Universität Bonn, LIMES‐Institut, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, 53121 Bonn (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Gottschalk
- Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Institut für Biochemie, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
| | - Günter Mayer
- Universität Bonn, LIMES‐Institut, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Straße 1, 53121 Bonn (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Heckel
- Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Organische Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Buchmann‐Institut für Molekulare Lebenswissenschaften, Max‐von‐Laue‐Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main (Deutschland)
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Manchester J, Bassani DM, Duprey JLHA, Giordano L, Vyle JS, Zhao ZY, Tucker JHR. Photocontrolled binding and binding-controlled photochromism within anthracene-modified DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10791-4. [PMID: 22694485 PMCID: PMC3614019 DOI: 10.1021/ja304205m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modified DNA strands undergo a reversible light-induced reaction involving the intramolecular photodimerization of two appended anthracene tags. The photodimers exhibit markedly different binding behavior toward a complementary strand that depends on the number of bases between the modified positions. By preforming the duplex, photochromism can be suppressed, illustrating dual-mode gated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Manchester
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Xing X, Wang X, Wang X, Xu L, Tai Y, Dai L, Zheng X, Mao W, Xu X, Zhou X. Light-driven conformational regulation of human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA in physiological conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6639-45. [PMID: 21850352 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05939d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human telomeric G-quadruplexes have raised broad interest not just due to their involvement in the regulation of gene expressions and telomerase activities but also because of their application in nanoarchitectures. Herein, three azobenzene derivatives 1-3 were synthesized with different substituent groups and their photo-isomerization properties were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Then circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), fluorescence experiments and native-gel electrophoresis were performed to evaluate their capabilities of conformational photo-regulation both in the absence and presence of metal ions. The results suggested that the compounds synthesized can successfully regulate the conformation of human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA in K(+) conditions to some extent. This work will initiate the possibility for the design and intriguing application of light-induced switching to photoregulate the conformation of G-quadruplex DNA under physiological conditions, providing a possible pathway to control G-quadruplex conformation in biological applications and also expanding the potential use of G-quadruplexes in nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Xing
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Ogasawara S, Maeda M. Photoresponsive 5'-cap for the reversible photoregulation of gene expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5457-9. [PMID: 21783365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive 5'-caps that can be reversibly cis-trans isomerized by light irradiation were developed for the reversible photoregulation of gene expression. The 8-naphthylvinyl cap (8NV-cap) in the trans form completely inhibited translation of mRNA, whereas the cis form yielded protein with the same efficiency as mRNA capped with the normal-cap, a 26-fold higher efficiency than that of the trans form. The 8NV-capped mRNA could be switched between a translating state (ON state) and a non-translating state (OFF state) in a reversible fashion by alternately irradiating with monochromatic 410 nm or 310 nm light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinzi Ogasawara
- Innovative use of Light and Materials/Life, JST-PRESTO, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan.
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Wang C, Pu F, Lin Y, Ren J, Dohn C, Nakatani K, Qu X. Molecular-glue-triggered DNA assembly to form a robust and photoresponsive nano-network. Chemistry 2011; 17:8189-94. [PMID: 21633979 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A robust and photoresponsive DNA network has been designed and constructed from branched DNA and molecular glue. The molecular glue is photoswitchable and can specifically bind to G-G mismatched double-stranded DNA. The assembly process can be reversibly controlled by manipulating the wavelength of light. The approach is flexible, allowing tuning of the size, morphology as well as the cavity of the network by variation of the molar ratio and the isotropic/anisotropic character of the branched building blocks. The assembled architectures are versatile and heat tolerant. These properties should allow the use of the network in further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- State Key laboratory of Rare Earth Resources Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 PR China
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Dumas A, Luedtke NW. Highly fluorescent guanosine mimics for folding and energy transfer studies. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:6825-34. [PMID: 21551219 PMCID: PMC3159459 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosines with substituents at the 8-position can provide useful fluorescent probes that effectively mimic guanine residues even in highly demanding model systems such as polymorphic G-quadruplexes and duplex DNA. Here, we report the synthesis and photophysical properties of a small family of 8-substituted-2′-deoxyguanosines that have been incorporated into the human telomeric repeat sequence using phosphoramidite chemistry. These include 8-(2-pyridyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine (2PyG), 8-(2-phenylethenyl)-2′-deoxyguanosine (StG) and 8-[2-(pyrid-4-yl)-ethenyl]-2′-deoxyguanosine (4PVG). On DNA folding and stability, 8-substituted guanosines can exhibit context-dependent effects but were better tolerated by G-quadruplex and duplex structures than pyrimidine mismatches. In contrast to previously reported fluorescent guanine analogs, 8-substituted guanosines exhibit similar or even higher quantum yields upon their incorporation into nucleic acids (Φ = 0.02–0.45). We have used these highly emissive probes to quantify energy transfer efficiencies from unmodified DNA nucleobases to 8-substituted guanosines. The resulting DNA-to-probe energy transfer efficiencies (ηt) are highly structure selective, with ηt(duplex) < ηt(single-strand) < ηt(G-quadruplex). These trends were independent of the exact structural features and thermal stabilities of the G-quadruplexes or duplexes containing them. The combination of efficient energy transfer, high probe quantum yield, and high molar extinction coefficient of the DNA provides a highly sensitive and reliable readout of G-quadruplex formation even in highly diluted sample solutions of 0.25 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Dumas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Singer M, Jäschke A. Reversibly photoswitchable nucleosides: synthesis and photochromic properties of diarylethene-functionalized 7-deazaadenosine derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8372-7. [PMID: 20481531 DOI: 10.1021/ja1024782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photochromic nucleosides were designed that combine the structural features and molecular recognition properties of nucleic acids with the light-sensitivity of diarylethenes. Target compounds 1a-c consist of a 7-deazaadenosine unit that is linked to a thiophene as the second aryl functionality via a 1,2-cyclopentenyl linker. These nucleoside analogues undergo a reversible electrocyclic rearrangement, generating strongly colored closed-ring isomers upon irradiation with UV-light, while exposure to light in the visible range triggers the cycloreversion to the colorless opened-ring form. UV-vis spectroscopy, HPLC, and (1)H NMR measurements revealed recognition of complementary thymidine and up to 97% conversion to the thermally stable closed-ring isomers after illumination with UV-light. The required wavelength for ring closure was found to vary depending on the substituents attached to the thiophene moiety. In a first design step, we used this important feature of diarylethenes to shift the switching wavelength from initially 300 nm (1a) to 405 nm (1cH(+)). In a second step, we generated a pair of orthogonal switches, differing enough in their respective switching wavelengths to be controlled independently in the same sample. Finally, a molecular switch was developed that showed both photochromism and acidichromism, thereby illustrating the possibility to gate the spectral properties to multiple stimuli. These new photochromic nucleosides represent useful building blocks for the generation of light-sensitive nucleic acids either by inducing conformational changes upon isomerization or by exploring the different spectral properties of the closed and opened isomers, for example, for use as reversible fluorescence quenchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Singer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Ogasawara S, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Maeda M. Photochromic Nucleobase Photoisomerized by Visible Light. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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Wang X, Huang J, Zhou Y, Yan S, Weng X, Wu X, Deng M, Zhou X. Conformational Switching of G-Quadruplex DNA by Photoregulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5305-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Wang X, Huang J, Zhou Y, Yan S, Weng X, Wu X, Deng M, Zhou X. Conformational Switching of G-Quadruplex DNA by Photoregulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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48
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Lena S, Neviani P, Masiero S, Pieraccini S, Spada G. Triggering of Guanosine Self-Assembly by Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3657-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Lena S, Neviani P, Masiero S, Pieraccini S, Spada G. Triggering of Guanosine Self-Assembly by Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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