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Barua H, Svärd M, Rasmuson ÅC, Hudson SP, Cookman J. Mesoscale Clusters in the Crystallisation of Organic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312100. [PMID: 38055699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The early stages of the molecular self-assembly pathway leading to crystal nucleation have a significant influence on the properties and purity of organic materials. This mini review collates the work on organic mesoscale clusters and discusses their importance in nucleation processes, with a particular focus on their critical properties and susceptibility to sample treatment parameters. This is accomplished by a review of detection methods, including dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, small angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Considering the challenges associated with crystallisation of flexible and large-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients, the dynamic nature of mesoscale clusters has the potential to expand the discovery of novel crystal forms. By collating literature on mesoscale clusters for organic molecules, a more comprehensive understanding of their role in nucleation will evolve and can guide further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Barua
- Chemical Sciences Department, SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michael Svärd
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke C Rasmuson
- Chemical Sciences Department, SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah P Hudson
- Chemical Sciences Department, SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Cookman
- Chemical Sciences Department, SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
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2
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Xu H, Qi K, Zong C, Deng J, Zhou P, Hu X, Ma X, Wang D, Wang M, Zhang J, King SM, Rogers SE, Lu JR, Yang J, Wang J. Controlling 1D Nanostructures and Handedness by Polar Residue Chirality of Amphiphilic Peptides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304424. [PMID: 37726235 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptide assemblies are promising nanomaterials, with their properties and technological applications being highly hinged on their supramolecular architectures. Here, how changing the chirality of the terminal charged residues of an amphiphilic hexapeptide sequence Ac-I4 K2 -NH2 gives rise to distinct nanostructures and supramolecular handedness is reported. Microscopic imaging and neutron scattering measurements show thin nanofibrils, thick nanofibrils, and wide nanotubes self-assembled from four stereoisomers. Spectroscopic and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses reveal that these isomeric peptides adopt similar anti-parallel β-sheet secondary structures. Further theoretical calculations demonstrate that the chiral alterations of the two C-terminal lysine residues cause the formation of diverse single β-strand conformations, and the final self-assembled nanostructures and handedness are determined by the twisting direction and degree of single β-strands. This work not only lays a useful foundation for the fabrication of diverse peptide nanostructures by manipulating the chirality of specific residues but also provides a framework for predicting the supramolecular structures and handedness of peptide assemblies from single molecule conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Kai Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Cheng Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jing Deng
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xiaoyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Muhan Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Stephen M King
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jun Yang
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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3
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Ten Klooster S, Takeuchi M, Schroën K, Tuinier R, Joosten R, Friedrich H, Berton-Carabin C. Tiny, yet impactful: Detection and oxidative stability of very small oil droplets in surfactant-stabilized emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1994-2004. [PMID: 37690307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The shelf life of multiphase systems, e.g. oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, is severely limited by physical and/or chemical instabilities, which degrade their texture, macroscopic appearance, sensory and (for edible systems) nutritional quality. One prominent chemical instability is lipid oxidation, which is notoriously complex. The complexity arises from the involvement of many physical structures present at several scales (1-10,000 nm), of which the smallest ones are often overlooked during characterization. EXPERIMENTS We used cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) to characterize the coexisting colloidal structures at the nanoscale (10-200 nm) in rapeseed oil-based model emulsions stabilized by different concentrations of a nonionic surfactant. We assessed whether the oxidative and physical instabilities of the smallest colloidal structures in such emulsions may be different from those of larger colloidal structures. FINDINGS By deploying cryo-TEM, we analyzed the size of very small oil droplets and of surfactant micelles, which are typically overlooked by dynamic light scattering when larger structures are concomitantly present. Their size and oil content were shown to be stable over incubation, but lipid oxidation products were overrepresented in these very small droplets. These insights highlight the importance of the fraction of "tiny droplets" for the oxidative stability of O/W emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Ten Klooster
- Laboratory of Food Process engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Machi Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Karin Schroën
- Laboratory of Food Process engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Remco Tuinier
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Rick Joosten
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Claire Berton-Carabin
- Laboratory of Food Process engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; INRAE, BIA, 44000 Nantes, France.
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4
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Bellavita R, Braccia S, Falanga A, Galdiero S. An Overview of Supramolecular Platforms Boosting Drug Delivery. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:8608428. [PMID: 38028018 PMCID: PMC10661875 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8608428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous supramolecular platforms inspired by natural self-assembly are exploited as drug delivery systems. The spontaneous arrangement of single building blocks into inorganic and organic structures is determined and controlled by noncovalent forces such as electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions. This review describes the main structures and characteristics of several building blocks used to obtain stable, self-assembling nanostructures tailored for numerous biological applications. Owing to their versatility, biocompatibility, and controllability, these nanostructures find application in diverse fields ranging from drug/gene delivery, theranostics, tissue engineering, and nanoelectronics. Herein, we described the different approaches used to design and functionalize these nanomaterials to obtain selective drug delivery in a specific disease. In particular, the review highlights the efficiency of these supramolecular structures in applications related to infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bellavita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Simone Braccia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples ‘Federico II', Naples 80131, Italy
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5
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Lin Y, Cheng Q, Wei T. Surface engineering of lipid nanoparticles: targeted nucleic acid delivery and beyond. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2023; 9:255-278. [PMID: 38516300 PMCID: PMC10951480 DOI: 10.52601/bpr.2023.230022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Harnessing surface engineering strategies to functionalize nucleic acid-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for improved performance has been a hot research topic since the approval of the first siRNA drug, patisiran, and two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. Currently, efforts have been mainly made to construct targeted LNPs for organ- or cell-type-specific delivery of nucleic acid drugs by conjugation with various types of ligands. In this review, we describe the surface engineering strategies for nucleic acid-LNPs, considering ligand types, conjugation chemistries, and incorporation methods. We then outline the general purification and characterization techniques that are frequently used following the engineering step and emphasize the specific techniques for certain types of ligands. Next, we comprehensively summarize the currently accessible organs and cell types, as well as the other applications of the engineered LNPs. Finally, we provide considerations for formulating targeted LNPs and discuss the challenges of successfully translating the "proof of concept" from the laboratory into the clinic. We believe that addressing these challenges could accelerate the development of surface-engineered LNPs for targeted nucleic acid delivery and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Ing G, Stewart A, Battaglia G, Ruiz-Perez L. SimpliPyTEM: An open-source Python library and app to simplify transmission electron microscopy and in situ-TEM image analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285691. [PMID: 37796914 PMCID: PMC10553249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducing SimpliPyTEM, a Python library and accompanying GUI that simplifies the post-acquisition evaluation of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, helping streamline the workflow. After an imaging session, a folder of image and/or video files, typically containing low contrast and large file size 32-bit images, can be quickly processed via SimpliPyTEM into high-quality, high-contrast.jpg images with suitably sized scale bars. The app can also generate HTML or PDF files containing the processed images for easy viewing and sharing. Additionally, SimpliPyTEM specifically focuses on in situ TEM videos, an emerging field of EM involving the study of dynamic processes whilst imaging. The package allows fast data processing into preview movies, averages, image series, or motion-corrected averages. The accompanying Python library offers many standard image processing methods, all simplified to a single command, plus a module to analyse particle morphology and population. This latter application is particularly useful for life sciences investigations. User-friendly tutorials and clear documentation are included to help guide users through the processing and analysis. We invite the EM community to contribute to and further develop this open-source package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ing
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guiseppe Battaglia
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz-Perez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Heil C, Ma Y, Bharti B, Jayaraman A. Computational Reverse-Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments for Form Factor and Structure Factor Determination (" P( q) and S( q) CREASE"). JACS AU 2023; 3:889-904. [PMID: 37006757 PMCID: PMC10052275 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an open-source machine learning (ML)-accelerated computational method to analyze small-angle scattering profiles [I(q) vs q] from concentrated macromolecular solutions to simultaneously obtain the form factor P(q) (e.g., dimensions of a micelle) and the structure factor S(q) (e.g., spatial arrangement of the micelles) without relying on analytical models. This method builds on our recent work on Computational Reverse-Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments (CREASE) that has either been applied to obtain P(q) from dilute macromolecular solutions (where S(q) ∼1) or to obtain S(q) from concentrated particle solutions when P(q) is known (e.g., sphere form factor). This paper's newly developed CREASE that calculates P(q) and S(q), termed as "P(q) and S(q) CREASE", is validated by taking as input I(q) vs q from in silico structures of known polydisperse core(A)-shell(B) micelles in solutions at varying concentrations and micelle-micelle aggregation. We demonstrate how "P(q) and S(q) CREASE" performs if given two or three of the relevant scattering profiles-I total(q), I A(q), and I B(q)-as inputs; this demonstration is meant to guide experimentalists who may choose to do small-angle X-ray scattering (for total scattering from the micelles) and/or small-angle neutron scattering with appropriate contrast matching to get scattering solely from one or the other component (A or B). After validation of "P(q) and S(q) CREASE" on in silico structures, we present our results analyzing small-angle neutron scattering profiles from a solution of core-shell type surfactant-coated nanoparticles with varying extents of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
M. Heil
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yingzhen Ma
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, 3307 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, 3307 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, 201 DuPont
Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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8
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Jabbari V, Sawczyk M, Amiri A, Král P, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Unveiling growth and dynamics of liposomes by graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5011-5022. [PMID: 36790028 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liposome is a model system for biotechnological and biomedical purposes spanning from targeted drug delivery to modern vaccine research. Yet, the growth mechanism of liposomes is largely unknown. In this work, the formation and evolution of phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes are studied in real-time by graphene liquid cell-transmission electron microscopy (GLC-TEM). We reveal important steps in the growth, fusion and denaturation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes. We show that initially complex lipid aggregates resembling micelles start to form. These aggregates randomly merge while capturing water and forming small proto-liposomes. The nanoscopic containers continue sucking water until their membrane becomes convex and free of redundant phospholipids, giving stabilized PC liposomes of different sizes. In the initial stage, proto-liposomes grow at a rate of 10-15 nm s-1, which is followed by their growth rate of 2-5 nm s-1, limited by the lipid availability in the solution. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to understand the structure of micellar clusters, their evolution, and merging. The liposomes are also found to fuse through lipid bilayers docking followed by the formation of a hemifusion diaphragm and fusion pore opening. The liposomes denaturation can be described by initial structural destabilization and deformation of the membrane followed by the leakage of the encapsulated liquid. This study offers new insights on the formation and growth of lipid-based molecular assemblies which is applicable to a wide range of amphiphilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jabbari
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. rsyassar@uic
| | - Michal Sawczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Azadeh Amiri
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. rsyassar@uic
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Physics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA. rsyassar@uic
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9
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Kasagi N, Doi I, Nakabayashi J, Saito K, Tadakuma A, Muraki N, Hori R, Kimura T, Okada K, Yamada N, Makita-Suzuki K, Tanisaka H, Shimoyama S, Mori M. Optimization of dihydrosphingomyelin/cholesterol mol ratio in topotecan-loaded liposomes to enhance drug retention and plasma half-life by understanding physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of the lipid membrane. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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10
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Exploiting terminal charged residue shift for wide bilayer nanotube assembly. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Poirier A, Le Griel P, Perez J, Baccile N. Cation-Induced Fibrillation of Microbial Glycolipid Biosurfactant Probed by Ion-Resolved In Situ SAXS. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10528-10542. [PMID: 36475558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological amphiphiles are molecules with a rich phase behavior. Micellar, vesicular, and even fibrillar phases can be found for the same molecule by applying a change in pH or by selecting the appropriate metal ion. The rich phase behavior paves the way toward a broad class of soft materials, from carriers to hydrogels. The present work contributes to understanding the fibrillation of a microbial glycolipid, glucolipid G-C18:1, produced by Starmerella bombicola ΔugtB1 and characterized by a micellar phase at alkaline pH and a vesicular phase at acidic pH. Fibrillation and prompt hydrogelation is triggered by adding either alkaline earth, Ca2+, or transition metal, Ag+, Fe2+, Al3+, ions to a G-C18:1 micellar solution. A specifically designed apparatus coupled to a synchrotron SAXS beamline allows the performing of simultaneous cation- and pH-resolved in situ monitoring of the morphological evolution from spheroidal micelles to crystalline fibers, when Ca2+ is employed, or to wormlike aggregates, when Fe2+ or Al3+ solutions are employed. The fast reactivity of Ag+ and the crystallinity of Ca2+-induced fibers suggest that fibrillation is driven by direct metal-ligand interactions, while the shape transition from spheroidal to elongated micelles with Fe2+ or Al3+ rather suggest charge screening between the lipid and the hydroxylated cation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Poirier
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), UMR CNRS 7574, 4 place Jussieu, ParisF-75005, France
| | - Patrick Le Griel
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), UMR CNRS 7574, 4 place Jussieu, ParisF-75005, France
| | - Javier Perez
- SWING Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Niki Baccile
- Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), UMR CNRS 7574, 4 place Jussieu, ParisF-75005, France
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12
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Wu Z, Jayaraman A. Machine Learning-Enhanced Computational Reverse-Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments (CREASE) for Analyzing Fibrillar Structures in Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
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13
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Liu L, Yu W, Seitsonen J, Xu W, Lehto VP. Correct Identification of the Core-Shell Structure of Cell Membrane-Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200947. [PMID: 36116117 PMCID: PMC10091812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of negatively stained cell membrane (CM)-coated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) reveal a characteristic core-shell structure. However, negative staining agents can create artifacts that complicate the determination of the actual NP structure. Herein, it is demonstrated with various bare polymeric core NPs, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-PLGA, and poly(caprolactone), that certain observed core-shell structures are actually artifacts caused by the staining process. To address this issue, fluorescence quenching was applied to quantify the proportion of fully coated NPs and statistical TEM analysis was used to identify and differentiate whether the observed core-shell structures of CM-coated PLGA (CM-PLGA) NPs are due to artifacts or to the CM coating. Integrated shells in TEM images of negatively stained CM-PLGA NPs are identified as artifacts. The present results challenge current understanding of the structure of CM-coated polymeric NPs and encourage researchers to use the proposed characterization approach to avoid misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Wei Yu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy Center Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University PO BOX 11000, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wujun Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
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14
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Zhou P, Hu X, Li J, Wang Y, Yu H, Chen Z, Wang D, Zhao Y, King SM, Rogers SE, Wang J, Lu JR, Xu H. Peptide Self-Assemblies from Unusual α-Sheet Conformations Based on Alternation of d/ l Amino Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21544-21554. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Henghao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zhaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Stephen M. King
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Rogers
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron & Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Jiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao 266580, China
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15
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Xing H, Rodger A, Comer J, Picco AS, Huck-Iriart C, Ezell EL, Conda-Sheridan M. Urea-Modified Self-Assembling Peptide Amphiphiles That Form Well-Defined Nanostructures and Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4599-4610. [PMID: 35653507 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the self-assembly of peptide amphiphiles (PAs). Herein, we studied the effect of replacing the amide linkage between the peptide and lipid portions of the PA with a urea group, which possesses an additional hydrogen bond donor. We prepared three PAs with the peptide sequence Phe-Phe-Glu-Glu (FFEE): two are amide-linked with hydrophobic tails of different lengths and the other possesses an alkylated urea group. The differences in the self-assembled structures formed by these PAs were assessed using diverse microscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and dichroism techniques. We found that the urea group influences the morphology and internal arrangement of the assemblies. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that there are about 50% more hydrogen bonds in nanostructures assembled from the urea-PA than those assembled from the other PAs. Furthermore, in silico studies suggest the presence of urea-π stacking interactions with the phenyl group of Phe, which results in distinct peptide conformations in comparison to the amide-linked PAs. We then studied the effect of the urea modification on the mechanical properties of PA hydrogels. We found that the hydrogel made of the urea-PA exhibits increased stability and self-healing ability. In addition, it allows cell adhesion, spreading, and growth as a matrix. This study reveals that the inclusion of urea bonds might be useful in controlling the morphology, mechanical, and biological properties of self-assembled nanostructures and hydrogels formed by the PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Xing
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Alison Rodger
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Agustín S Picco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, INIFTA-CONICET-UNLP, Diagonal 113 and Calle 64, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Cristián Huck-Iriart
- Instituto de Tecnologías Emergentes y Ciencias Aplicadas (ITECA), UNSAM-CONICET, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología (ECyT), Laboratorio de Cristalografía Aplicada (LCA), Campus Miguelete, San Martín, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Edward L Ezell
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Martin Conda-Sheridan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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16
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Faisal KS, Clulow AJ, Krasowska M, Gillam T, Miklavcic SJ, Williamson NH, Blencowe A. Interrogating the relationship between the microstructure of amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol-b-caprolactone) copolymers and their colloidal assemblies using non-interfering techniques. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1140-1152. [PMID: 34492457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the microstructural parameters of amphiphilic copolymers that control the formation and structure of aggregated colloids (e.g., micelles) is essential for the rational design of hierarchically structured systems for applications in nanomedicine, personal care and food formulations. Although many analytical techniques have been employed to study such systems, in this investigation we adopted an integrated approach using non-interfering techniques - diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) - to probe the relationship between the microstructure of poly(ethylene glycol-b-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) copolymers [e.g., block molecular weight (MW) and the mass fraction of PCL (fPCL)] and the structure of their aggregates. Systematic trends in the self-assembly behaviour were determined using a large family of well-defined block copolymers with variable PEG and PCL block lengths (number-average molecular weights (Mn) between 2 and 10 and 0.5-15 kDa, respectively) and narrow dispersity (Ð < 1.12). For all of the copolymers, a clear transition in the aggregate structure was observed when the hydrophobic fPCL was increased at a constant PEG block Mn, although the nature of this transition is also dependent on the PEG block Mn. Copolymers with low Mn PEG blocks (2 kDa) were observed to transition from unimers and loosely associated unimers to metastable aggregates and finally, to cylindrical micelles as the fPCL was increased. In comparison, copolymers with PEG block Mn of between 5 and 10 kDa transitioned from heterogenous metastable aggregates to cylindrical micelles and finally, well-defined ellipsoidal micelles (of decreasing aspect ratios) as the fPCL was increased. In all cases, the diffusion NMR spectroscopy, DLS and synchrotron SAXS results provided complementary information and the grounds for a phase diagram relating copolymer microstructure to aggregation behaviour and structure. Importantly, the absence of commonly depicted spherical micelles has implications for applications where properties may be governed by shape, such as, cellular uptake of nanomedicine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandokar Sadique Faisal
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Todd Gillam
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; Surface Interactions and Soft Matter (SISM) Group, Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Stanley J Miklavcic
- Phenomics and Bioinformatics Research Centre, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nathan H Williamson
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials (ACTB) Group, UniSA CHS, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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17
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Ong Q, Mao T, Iranpour Anaraki N, Richter Ł, Malinverni C, Xu X, Olgiati F, Silva PHJ, Murello A, Neels A, Demurtas D, Shimizu S, Stellacci F. Cryogenic electron tomography to determine thermodynamic quantities for nanoparticle dispersions. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:303-311. [PMID: 34739025 PMCID: PMC8725794 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01461g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a method to extract thermodynamic quantities for nanoparticle dispersions in solvents. The method is based on the study of tomograms obtained from cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET). The approach is demonstrated for gold nanoparticles (diameter < 5 nm). Tomograms are reconstructed from tilt-series 2D images. Once the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates for the centres of mass of all of the particles in the sample are determined, we calculate the pair distribution function g(r) and the potential of mean force U(r) without any assumption. Importantly, we show that further quantitative information from 3D tomograms is readily available as the spatial fluctuation in the particles' position can be efficiently determined. This in turn allows for the prompt derivation of the Kirkwood-Buff integrals with all their associated quantities such as the second virial coefficient. Finally, the structure factor and the agglomeration states of the particles are evaluated directly. These thermodynamic quantities provide key insights into the dispersion properties of the particles. The method works well both for dispersed systems containing isolated particles and for systems with varying degrees of agglomerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Ong
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ting Mao
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Neda Iranpour Anaraki
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Richter
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Carla Malinverni
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Xufeng Xu
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Olgiati
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Anna Murello
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Davide Demurtas
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seishi Shimizu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Francesco Stellacci
- Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Bioengineering Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Ye Z, Wu Z, Jayaraman A. Computational Reverse Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments (CREASE) on Vesicles Assembled from Amphiphilic Macromolecular Solutions. JACS AU 2021; 1:1925-1936. [PMID: 34841410 PMCID: PMC8611670 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present the development and validation of the "Computational Reverse-Engineering Analysis for Scattering Experiments" (CREASE) method for analyzing scattering results from vesicle structures that are commonly found upon assembly of synthetic, biomimetic, or bioderived amphiphilic copolymers in solution. The two-step CREASE method takes the amphiphilic polymer chemistry and small-angle scattering intensity profile, I exp(q), as input and determines the vesicles' structural features on multiple length scales ranging from assembled vesicle wall's individual layer thicknesses to the monomer-level packing and distribution of polymer conformations. In the first step of CREASE, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the relevant vesicle dimensions from the input macromolecular solution information and I exp(q) by identifying the structure whose computed scattering profile best matches the input I exp(q). Then in the second step, the GA-determined dimensions are used for molecular reconstruction of the vesicle structure. To validate CREASE for vesicles, we test CREASE on input scattering intensity profiles generated mathematically (termed as in silico I exp(q) vs q) from a variety of vesicle sizes with known dimensions. We also test CREASE on in silico I exp(q) vs q generated from vesicles with dispersity in all relevant dimensions, resembling real experiments. After successful validation of CREASE, we compare the CREASE-determined dimensions against those obtained from the traditional approach of fitting the scattering intensity profile to relevant analytical model in SASVIEW package. We show that CREASE performs better than or as well as the core-multishell analytical model's fitting in SASVIEW in determining vesicle dimensions with dispersity. We also show that CREASE provides structural information beyond those possible from traditional scattering analysis using the core-multishell model, such as the distribution of solvophilic monomers between the vesicle wall's inner and outer layers in the vesicle wall and the chain-level packing within each vesicle layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Colburn
Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Zijie Wu
- Colburn
Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Colburn
Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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19
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Zhang F, Cai X, Cheng F, Yu JM, Wang B, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Immobilization of Sucrose Isomerase from Erwinia sp. with Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Synthesizing Isomaltulose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:709-724. [PMID: 34519920 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose isomerase (SIase) is a key enzyme used for the production of isomaltulose from sucrose. In this study, an SIase gene from Erwinia sp. Ejp617 (ErSIase) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant ErSIase was served as biocatalyst combined with the graphene oxide (GO) as carrier for ErSIase immobilization. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and confocal laser microscopy analyses showed that ErSIase was successfully immobilized on the surface of GO to form ErSIase-GO. The loading capacity of ErSIase on GO reached up to 460 mg/g with a specific activity of 727.04 U/mg protein when the optimal immobilization time of 12 h and the ErSIase/GO ratio of 7.4:4 (w/w) were applied. A high conversion rate of 95.3% was reached from sucrose to isomaltulose using ErSIase-GO as biocatalyst with 600 g/L sucrose as substrate, after 180 min at 40 °C and pH 6.0. Moreover, stabilities of the immobilized ErSIase-GO in the aspects of thermal, pH, and storage were improved, and its activity after 10 batches still remained around 80% under the optimal conditions. The Km value of ErSIase-GO was 29.32 mM, and the kcat/Km was increased to 27.34 s-1 mM-1 when 0.1% (w/v) detergent NP40 was added. These results indicated that the ErSIase was well immobilized onto GO, and the ErSIase-GO is a promising biocatalyst with high operational stability and catalytic activity for industrial production of isomaltulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xue Cai
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jia-Ming Yu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Bin Wang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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20
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Polymerized small molecular acceptor based all-polymer solar cells with an efficiency of 16.16% via tuning polymer blend morphology by molecular design. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5264. [PMID: 34489439 PMCID: PMC8421507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on polymerized small molecular acceptors (PSMAs) have made significant progress recently. Here, we synthesize two A-DA’D-A small molecule acceptor based PSMAs of PS-Se with benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole A’-core and PN-Se with benzotriazole A’-core, for the studies of the effect of molecular structure on the photovoltaic performance of the PSMAs. The two PSMAs possess broad absorption with PN-Se showing more red-shifted absorption than PS-Se and suitable electronic energy levels for the application as polymer acceptors in the all-PSCs with PBDB-T as polymer donor. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy visualizes the aggregation behavior of the PBDB-T donor and the PSMA in their solutions. In addition, a bicontinuous-interpenetrating network in the PBDB-T:PN-Se blend film with aggregation size of 10~20 nm is clearly observed by the photoinduced force microscopy. The desirable morphology of the PBDB-T:PN-Se active layer leads its all-PSC showing higher power conversion efficiency of 16.16%. Through development of non-fullerene acceptors, OPVs have reached efficiencies of 18%, yet the inadequate operational lifetime still poses a challenge for the commercialisation. Here, the authors investigate the origin of instability of NFA solar cells, and propose some strategies to mitigate this issue.
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21
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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22
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Van Driessche AES, Van Gerven N, Joosten RRM, Ling WL, Bacia M, Sommerdijk N, Sleutel M. Nucleation of protein mesocrystals via oriented attachment. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3902. [PMID: 34162863 PMCID: PMC8222410 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of proteins holds great promise for the bottom-up design and production of synthetic biomaterials. In conventional approaches, designer proteins are pre-programmed with specific recognition sites that drive the association process towards a desired organized state. Although proven effective, this approach poses restrictions on the complexity and material properties of the end-state. An alternative, hierarchical approach that has found wide adoption for inorganic systems, relies on the production of crystalline nanoparticles that become the building blocks of a next-level assembly process driven by oriented attachment (OA). As it stands, OA has not yet been observed for protein systems. Here we employ cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoEM) in the high nucleation rate limit of protein crystals and map the self-assembly route at molecular resolution. We observe the initial formation of facetted nanocrystals that merge lattices by means of OA alignment well before contact is made, satisfying non-trivial symmetry rules in the process. As these nanocrystalline assemblies grow larger we witness imperfect docking events leading to oriented aggregation into mesocrystalline assemblies. These observations highlight the underappreciated role of the interaction between crystalline nuclei, and the impact of OA on the crystallization process of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nani Van Gerven
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rick R. M. Joosten
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wai Li Ling
- grid.450307.5Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Maria Bacia
- grid.450307.5Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Sleutel
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Kubota R, Tanaka W, Hamachi I. Microscopic Imaging Techniques for Molecular Assemblies: Electron, Atomic Force, and Confocal Microscopies. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14281-14347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Kubota
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Hamachi Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
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24
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Zhao P, Li Y. Modeling and Experimental Validation of Microbial Transfer via Surface Touch. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4148-4161. [PMID: 33378200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface touch spreads disease-causing microbes, but the measured rates of microbial transfer vary significantly. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying microbial transfer via surface touch are unknown. In this study, a new physical model was proposed to accurately evaluate the microbial transfer rate in a finger-surface touch, based on the mechanistic effects of important physical factors, including surface roughness, surface wetness, touch force, and microbial transfer direction. Four surface-touch modes were distinguished, namely, a single touch, sequential touches (by different recipients), repeated touches (by the same recipient), and a touch with rubbing. The tested transfer rates collated from 26 prior studies were compared with the model predictions based on their experimental parameters, and studies in which the transfer rates were more consistent with our model predictions were identified. New validation experiments were performed by accurately controlling the parameters involved in the model. Four types of microbes were used to transfer between the naked finger and metal surface with the assistance of a purpose-made touch machine. The measured microbial transfer rate data in our new experiments had a smaller standard deviation than those reported from prior studies and were closer to the model prediction. Our novel predictive model sheds light on possible future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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25
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Parent LR, Gnanasekaran K, Korpanty J, Gianneschi NC. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Polymeric Materials by In Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:14-38. [PMID: 35548998 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A century ago, Hermann Staudinger proposed the macromolecular theory of polymers, and now, as we enter the second century of polymer science, we face a different set of opportunities and challenges for the development of functional soft matter. Indeed, many fundamental questions remain open, relating to physical structures and mechanisms of phase transformations at the molecular and nanoscale. In this Viewpoint, we describe efforts to develop a dynamic, in situ microscopy tool suited to the study of polymeric materials at the nanoscale that allows for direct observation of discrete structures and processes in solution, as a complement to light, neutron, and X-ray scattering methods. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LPTEM) is a nascent in situ imaging technique for characterizing and examining solvated nanomaterials in real time. Though still under development, LPTEM has been shown to be capable of several modes of imaging: (1) imaging static solvated materials analogous to cryo-TEM, (2) videography of nanomaterials in motion, (3) observing solutions or nanomaterials undergoing physical and chemical transformations, including synthesis, assembly, and phase transitions, and (4) observing electron beam-induced chemical-materials processes. Herein, we describe opportunities and limitations of LPTEM for polymer science. We review the basic experimental platform of LPTEM and describe the origin of electron beam effects that go hand in hand with the imaging process. These electron beam effects cause perturbation and damage to the sample and solvent that can manifest as artefacts in images and videos. We describe sample-specific experimental guidelines and outline approaches to mitigate, characterize, and quantify beam damaging effects. Altogether, we seek to provide an overview of this nascent field in the context of its potential to contribute to the advancement of polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Parent
- Innovation Partnership Building, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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26
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Xu Y, Nudelman F, Eren ED, Wirix MJM, Cantaert B, Nijhuis WH, Hermida-Merino D, Portale G, Bomans PHH, Ottmann C, Friedrich H, Bras W, Akiva A, Orgel JPRO, Meldrum FC, Sommerdijk N. Intermolecular channels direct crystal orientation in mineralized collagen. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5068. [PMID: 33033251 PMCID: PMC7545172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mineralized collagen fibril is the basic building block of bone, and is commonly pictured as a parallel array of ultrathin carbonated hydroxyapatite (HAp) platelets distributed throughout the collagen. This orientation is often attributed to an epitaxial relationship between the HAp and collagen molecules inside 2D voids within the fibril. Although recent studies have questioned this model, the structural relationship between the collagen matrix and HAp, and the mechanisms by which collagen directs mineralization remain unclear. Here, we use XRD to reveal that the voids in the collagen are in fact cylindrical pores with diameters of ~2 nm, while electron microscopy shows that the HAp crystals in bone are only uniaxially oriented with respect to the collagen. From in vitro mineralization studies with HAp, CaCO3 and γ-FeOOH we conclude that confinement within these pores, together with the anisotropic growth of HAp, dictates the orientation of HAp crystals within the collagen fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiFei Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - E Deniz Eren
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J M Wirix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Cantaert
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Wouter H Nijhuis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hermida-Merino
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France.,Macromolecular Science and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijemborg 4, 9747, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bras
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), DUBBLE@ESRF, BP220, F38043, Grenoble, France.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Anat Akiva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P R O Orgel
- Departments of Biology, Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Lafleur RPM, Herziger S, Schoenmakers SMC, Keizer ADA, Jahzerah J, Thota BNS, Su L, Bomans PHH, Sommerdijk NAJM, Palmans ARA, Haag R, Friedrich H, Böttcher C, Meijer EW. Supramolecular Double Helices from Small C 3-Symmetrical Molecules Aggregated in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17644-17652. [PMID: 32935541 PMCID: PMC7564094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Supramolecular fibers
in water, micrometers long and several nanometers
in width, are among the most studied nanostructures for biomedical
applications. These supramolecular polymers are formed through a spontaneous
self-assembly process of small amphiphilic molecules by specific secondary
interactions. Although many compounds do not possess a stereocenter,
recent studies suggest the (co)existence of helical structures, albeit
in racemic form. Here, we disclose a series of supramolecular (co)polymers
based on water-soluble benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides (BTAs) that form
double helices, fibers that were long thought to be chains of single
molecules stacked in one dimension (1D). Detailed cryogenic transmission
electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) studies and subsequent three-dimensional-volume
reconstructions unveiled helical repeats, ranging from 15 to 30 nm.
Most remarkable, the pitch can be tuned through the composition of
the copolymers, where two different monomers with the same core but
different peripheries are mixed in various ratios. Like in lipid bilayers,
the hydrophobic shielding in the aggregates of these disc-shaped molecules
is proposed to be best obtained by dimer formation, promoting supramolecular
double helices. It is anticipated that many of the supramolecular
polymers in water will have a thermodynamic stable structure, such
as a double helix, although small structural changes can yield single
stacks as well. Hence, it is essential to perform detailed analyses
prior to sketching a molecular picture of these 1D fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- René P M Lafleur
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Svenja Herziger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Research Center of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraβe 36a, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Sandra M C Schoenmakers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur D A Keizer
- Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jahaziel Jahzerah
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Bala N S Thota
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Lu Su
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.,Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.,Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands.,Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraβe 36a, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
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28
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Lebedeva M, Palmieri E, Kukura P, Fletcher SP. Emergence and Rearrangement of Dynamic Supramolecular Aggregates Visualized by Interferometric Scattering Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11160-11168. [PMID: 32790332 PMCID: PMC7513470 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studying dynamic self-assembling systems in their native environment is essential for understanding the mechanisms of self-assembly and thereby exerting full control over these processes. Traditional ensemble-based analysis methods often struggle to reveal critical features of the self-assembly that occur at the single particle level. Here, we describe a label-free single-particle assay to visualize real-time self-assembly in aqueous solutions by interferometric scattering microscopy. We demonstrate how the assay can be applied to biphasic reactions yielding micellar or vesicular aggregates, detecting the onset of aggregate formation, quantifying the kinetics at the single particle level, and distinguishing sigmoidal and exponential growth of aggregate populations. Furthermore, we can follow the evolution in aggregate size in real time, visualizing the nucleation stages of the self-assembly processes and record phenomena such as incorporation of oily components into the micelle or vesicle lumen.
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29
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McCluskey AR, Hung KSW, Marzec B, Sindt JO, Sommerdijk NAJM, Camp PJ, Nudelman F. Disordered Filaments Mediate the Fibrillogenesis of Type I Collagen in Solution. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3631-3643. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. McCluskey
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Kennes S. W. Hung
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Bartosz Marzec
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Julien O. Sindt
- EPCC, University of Edinburgh, Bayes Centre, 47 Potterrow, Edinburgh EH8 9BT, U.K
| | - Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip J. Camp
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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30
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Rizvi A, Patel U, Ianiro A, Hurst PJ, Merham JG, Patterson JP. Nonionic Block Copolymer Coacervates. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Urja Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jovany G. Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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31
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Egorova E, van Rijt MMJ, Sommerdijk N, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA, Boyle AL, Kros A. One Peptide for Them All: Gold Nanoparticles of Different Sizes Are Stabilized by a Common Peptide Amphiphile. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5874-5886. [PMID: 32348119 PMCID: PMC7254838 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with peptidic moieties can prevent their aggregation and facilitate their use for applications both in vitro and in vivo. To date, no peptide-based coating has been shown to stabilize GNPs larger than 30 nm in diameter; such particles are of interest for applications including vaccine development, drug delivery, and sensing. Here, GNPs with diameters of 20, 40, and 100 nm are functionalized with peptide amphiphiles. Using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering, we show that GNPs up to 100 nm in size can be stabilized by these molecules. Moreover, we demonstrate that these peptide amphiphiles form curvature-dependent, ordered structures on the surface of the GNPs and that the GNPs remain disperse at high-salt concentrations and in the presence of competing thiol-containing molecules. These results represent the development of a peptide amphiphile-based coating system for GNPs which has the potential to be beneficial for a wide range of biological applications, in addition to image enhancement and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena
A. Egorova
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark M. J. van Rijt
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and the Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The
Netherlands
| | - Nico Sommerdijk
- Radboud
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud
University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Gert S. Gooris
- Division
of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division
of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Aimee L. Boyle
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department
of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of
Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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32
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Dual asymmetric centrifugation as a novel method to prepare highly concentrated dispersions of PEG-b-PCL polymersomes as drug carriers. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Haidar I, Harding IH, Bowater IC, McDowall AW. Physical characterisation of drug encapsulated soybean oil nano-emulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Guidetti G, Pogna EAA, Lombardi L, Tomarchio F, Polishchuk I, Joosten RRM, Ianiro A, Soavi G, Sommerdijk NAJM, Friedrich H, Pokroy B, Ott AK, Goisis M, Zerbetto F, Falini G, Calvaresi M, Ferrari AC, Cerullo G, Montalti M. Photocatalytic activity of exfoliated graphite-TiO 2 nanoparticle composites. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19301-19314. [PMID: 31626253 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06760d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the photocatalytic performance of composites prepared in a one-step process by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) at atmospheric pressure and in water, without heating or adding any surfactant, and starting from low-cost commercial reagents. These show enhanced photocatalytic activity, degrading up to 40% more pollutants with respect to the starting TiO2-NPs, in the case of a model dye target, and up to 70% more pollutants in the case of nitrogen oxides. In order to understand the photo-physical mechanisms underlying this enhancement, we investigate the photo-generation of reactive species (trapped holes and electrons) by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. We observe an electron transfer process from TiO2 to the graphite flakes within the first picoseconds of the relaxation dynamics, which causes the decrease of the charge recombination rate, and increases the efficiency of the reactive species photo-production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Guidetti
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Eva A A Pogna
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy and NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. zza S. Silvestro 12, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ianiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK and Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Anna K Ott
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Marco Goisis
- Global Product Innovation Department, Italcementi Heidelberg Cement Group, Bergamo, 24126, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
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35
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Controlling the size and shape of liposomal ciprofloxacin nanocrystals by varying the lipid bilayer composition and drug to lipid ratio. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:361-372. [PMID: 31398564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals precipitated inside liposomes are of increasing interest in liposomal drug delivery. For liposomal nanocrystal formulations, the size and shape of the drug nanocrystals can influence the apparent drug release properties, providing opportunities for developing tailored liposomal drug release systems. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to analyse the size distributions of the nanoparticles. In this study, by changing the fluidity of the membrane through the use of different membrane phospholipids with varying cholesterol content, the impact of lipid phase, fluidity and permeability on the size distribution of ciprofloxacin nanocrystals were investigated using standard TEM and SAXS as orthogonal techniques. The results show that the phospholipid phase behaviour has a direct effect on the nanocrystal size distribution, where shorter and thinner nanocrystals were formed in liposomes made from hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) phospholipids with higher phase transition temperatures than 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) with lower transition temperatures. This is mainly due to the phase behaviour of the liposome during nanocrystal formation. The addition of cholesterol that reduces fluidity and permeability of the DOPC liposomes was also shown to restrict the growth of the ciprofloxacin nanocrystals. Moreover, increasing the drug loading of the liposomes made from HSPC and DPPC produced longer and wider nanocrystals. The findings open new opportunities to tailor nanocrystal size distributions, as well as the aspect ratio of the enclosing liposomes with potential to alter drug release and in vivo behaviour.
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36
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Low-dose (S)TEM elemental analysis of water and oxygen uptake in beam sensitive materials. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 208:112855. [PMID: 31634656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance stability of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is largely determined by their nanoscale morphology and composition and is highly dependent on the interaction with oxygen and water from air. Low-dose cryo-(S)TEM techniques, in combination with OPV donor-acceptor model systems, can be used to assess oxygen- and water-uptake in the donor, acceptor and their interface. By determining a materials dependent critical electron dose from the decay of the oxygen K-edge intensity in Electron Energy Loss Spectra, we reliably measured oxygen- and water-uptake minimizing and correcting electron beam effects. With measurements below the dose limit the capability of STEM-EDX, EFTEM and STEM-EELS techniques are compared to qualitatively and quantitatively measure oxygen and water uptake in these OPV model systems. Here we demonstrate that oxygen and water is mainly taken up in acceptor-rich regions, and that specific oxygen uptake at the donor-acceptor interphase does not occur. STEM-EELS is shown to be the best suitable technique, enabling quantification of the local oxygen concentration in OPV model systems.
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37
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Fan P, Wang Y, Shen J, Jiang L, Zhuang W, Han Y, Zhang H. Self-assembly behaviors of C18 fatty acids in arginine aqueous solution affected by external conditions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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38
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Messmer D, Böttcher C, Yu H, Halperin A, Binder K, Kröger M, Schlüter AD. 3D Conformations of Thick Synthetic Polymer Chains Observed by Cryogenic Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3466-3473. [PMID: 30835993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The backbone conformations of individual, unperturbed synthetic macromolecules have so far not been observed directly in spite of their fundamental importance to polymer physics. Here we report the dilute solution conformations of two types of linear dendronized polymers, obtained by cryogenic transmission electron stereography and tomography. The three-dimensional trajectories show that the wormlike chain model fails to adequately describe the scaling of these thick macromolecules already beyond a few nanometers in chain length, in spite of large apparent persistence lengths and long before a signature of self-avoidance appears. This insight is essential for understanding the limitations of polymer physical models, and it motivated us to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this approach in comparison to the commonly applied scattering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Messmer
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie und Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstr. 36a , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Hao Yu
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Avraham Halperin
- Laboratoire de Spectrometrie Physique , CNRS University Joseph Fourier , BP 87, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères cedex , France
| | - Kurt Binder
- Institute of Physics , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 9 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
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39
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Li T, Nowell CJ, Cipolla D, Rades T, Boyd BJ. Direct Comparison of Standard Transmission Electron Microscopy and Cryogenic-TEM in Imaging Nanocrystals Inside Liposomes. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1775-1781. [PMID: 30810323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of electron microscopy techniques in the understanding of shape and size of nanoparticles are commonly applied to drug nanotechnology, but the type of microscopy and suitability for the particles of interest can have a significant impact on the result. The size and shape of the nanoparticles are crucial in clinical applications; however, direct comparison of the results from standard transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-TEM have rarely been reported. As a useful case for comparison, liposomal drug nanocrystals are studied here. In this study, the effect of thawing temperature on the size and shape of the ciprofloxacin nanocrystals was determined. A quantitative standard TEM assay was developed to allow for high-throughput particle size analysis. These results were compared to size and shape information obtained using the cryo-TEM method. The results showed broad agreement between the two TEM methods and that ciprofloxacin nanocrystals formed shorter and thinner crystals inside the liposomes at higher thawing temperatures. The results provide confidence in the use of standard TEM to determine the size and shape distribution of solid nanoparticles (in this case, encapsulated inside liposomes) from aqueous media without fear of sample preparation altering the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Drug Delivery, Disposition, and Dynamics , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - David Cipolla
- Insmed Inc. , 10 Finderne Ave., Building 10 , Bridgewater , New Jersey 08807 , United States
| | - Thomas Rades
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Copenhagen , 1165 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ben J Boyd
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Drug Delivery, Disposition, and Dynamics , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
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40
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Oriana S, Fracassi A, Archer C, Yamakoshi Y. Covalent Surface Modification of Lipid Nanoparticles by Rapid Potassium Acyltrifluoroborate Amide Ligation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13244-13251. [PMID: 30343580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recent increasing demand for the synthetic biomimetic nanoparticles as in vivo carriers of drugs and imaging probes, it is very important to develop reliable, stable, and orthogonal methods for surface functionalization of the particles. To address these issues, in this study, a recently reported chemoselective amide-forming ligation reaction [potassium acyltrifluoroborate (KAT) ligation] was employed for the first time, as a mean to provide the surface functionalization of particles for creating covalent attachments of bioactive molecules. A KAT derivative of oleic acid (OA-KAT, 1) was added to a mixture of three lipid components (triolein, phosphatidyl choline, and cholesteryl oleate), which have been commonly used as substrates for lipid nanoparticles. After sonication and extrusion in a buffer, successfully obtained lipid nanoparticles containing OA-KAT (NP-KAT) resulted to be well-dispersed with mean diameters of about 40-70 nm by dynamic light scattering. After preliminary confirmation of the fast and efficient KAT ligation in a solution phase using the identical reaction substrates, the "on-surface (on-particle)" KAT ligation on the NP-KAT was tested with an N-hydroxylamine derivative of fluorescein 2. The ligation was carried out in a phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 5.2) at room temperature with reactant concentration ranges of 250 μM. Reaction efficiency was evaluated based on the amount of boron (determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and fluorescein (determined by fluorescence emission) in the particles before and after the reaction. As a result, the reaction proceeded in a significantly efficient way with ca. 40-50% conversion of the OA-KAT incorporated in the particles. Taken together with the fact that KAT ligation does not require any additional coupling reagents, these results indicated that the "on-surface" chemical functionalization of nanoparticles by KAT ligation is a useful method and represents a powerful and potentially versatile tool for the production of nanoparticles with a variety of covalently functionalized biomolecules and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Oriana
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Corey Archer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , CH8093 Zürich , Switzerland
- Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie , ETH Zürich , Clausiusstrasse 25 , CH8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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41
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Nile red-doped fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots as a highly sensitive hydrophobicity probe: protein conformational changes detection and plasma membrane imaging. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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Tian Y, Polzer FB, Zhang HV, Kiick KL, Saven JG, Pochan DJ. Nanotubes, Plates, and Needles: Pathway-Dependent Self-Assembly of Computationally Designed Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4286-4298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Frank B. Polzer
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Huixi Violet Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jeffery G. Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Darrin J. Pochan
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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43
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Tsarfati Y, Rosenne S, Weissman H, Shimon LJW, Gur D, Palmer BA, Rybtchinski B. Crystallization of Organic Molecules: Nonclassical Mechanism Revealed by Direct Imaging. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1031-1036. [PMID: 30159400 PMCID: PMC6107864 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic crystals are of primary importance in pharmaceuticals, functional materials, and biological systems; however, organic crystallization mechanisms are not well-understood. It has been recognized that "nonclassical" organic crystallization from solution involving transient amorphous precursors is ubiquitous. Understanding how these precursors evolve into crystals is a key challenge. Here, we uncover the crystallization mechanisms of two simple aromatic compounds (perylene diimides), employing direct structural imaging by cryogenic electron microscopy. We reveal the continuous evolution of density, morphology, and order during the crystallization of very different amorphous precursors (well-defined aggregates and diffuse dense liquid phase). Crystallization starts from initial densification of the precursors. Subsequent evolution of crystalline order is gradual, involving further densification concurrent with optimization of molecular ordering and morphology. These findings may have implications for the rational design of organic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Tsarfati
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shaked Rosenne
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Haim Weissman
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Linda J. W. Shimon
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dvir Gur
- Departments
of Physics of Complex Systems and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Palmer
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- E-mail:
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44
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Liu Y, Liu J. Cu 2+-Directed Liposome Membrane Fusion, Positive-Stain Electron Microscopy, and Oxidation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7545-7553. [PMID: 29804456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural lipid headgroups contain a few types of metal ligands, such as phosphate, amine, and serine, which interact with metal ions differently. Herein, we studied the binding between Cu2+ and liposomes with four types of headgroups: phosphocholine (PC), phosphoglycerol (PG), phosphoserine (PS), and cholinephosphate (CP). Using fluorescently headgroup-labeled liposomes, Cu2+ strongly quenched the CP and PS liposomes, whereas quenching of PC and PG was weaker. Dynamic light scattering indicated that all of the four liposomes aggregated at high Cu2+ concentrations, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) only restored the original size of the PC liposome, implying fusion of the other three types of liposomes. The leakage tests revealed that the integrity of PC liposomes was not affected by Cu2+, but the other three liposomes leaked. Under TEM, all of the liposomes show a positive-stain feature in the presence of Cu2+ and Cu2+-stained individual liposomes with a short incubation time (<1 min). The oxidative catalytic property of Cu2+ was also tested, and a tight binding by the PS liposome inhibited the activity of Cu2+. Finally, a model of interaction for each liposome was proposed, and each one has a different metal-binding and interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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45
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La Sorella G, Sperni L, Canton P, Coletti L, Fabris F, Strukul G, Scarso A. Selective Hydrogenations and Dechlorinations in Water Mediated by Anionic Surfactant-Stabilized Pd Nanoparticles. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7438-7446. [PMID: 29775307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a facile, inexpensive, and green method for the preparation of Pd nanoparticles in aqueous medium stabilized by anionic sulfonated surfactants sodium 1-dodecanesulfonate 1a, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 1b, dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt 1c, and poly(ethylene glycol) 4-nonylphenyl-3-sulfopropyl ether potassium salt 1d simply obtained by stirring aqueous solutions of Pd(OAc)2 with the commercial anionic surfactants further treated under hydrogen atmosphere for variable amounts of time. The aqueous Pd nanoparticle solutions were tested in the selective hydrogenation reactions of aryl-alcohols, -aldehydes, and -ketones, leading to complete conversion to the deoxygenated products even in the absence of strong Brønsted acids in the reduction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, in the controlled semihydrogenation of alkynes leading to alkenes, and in the efficient hydrodechlorination of aromatic substrates. In all cases, the micellar media were crucial for stabilizing the metal nanoparticles, dissolving substrates, steering product selectivity, and enabling recycling. What is interesting is also that a benchmark catalyst like Pd/C can often be surpassed in activity and/or selectivity in the reactions tested by simply switching to the appropriate commercially available surfactant, thereby providing an easy to use, flexible, and practical catalytic system capable of efficiently addressing a variety of synthetically significant hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio La Sorella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
| | - Laura Sperni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
| | - Patrizia Canton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
| | - Lisa Coletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
| | - Giorgio Strukul
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , via Torino 155 , Mestre Venezia , Italy
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46
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Van Driessche AES, Van Gerven N, Bomans PHH, Joosten RRM, Friedrich H, Gil-Carton D, Sommerdijk NAJM, Sleutel M. Molecular nucleation mechanisms and control strategies for crystal polymorph selection. Nature 2018; 556:89-94. [PMID: 29620730 DOI: 10.1038/nature25971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation of condensed (compacted) protein phases is associated with a wide range of human disorders, such as eye cataracts, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sickle cell anaemia and Alzheimer's disease. However, condensed protein phases have their uses: as crystals, they are harnessed by structural biologists to elucidate protein structures, or are used as delivery vehicles for pharmaceutical applications. The physiochemical properties of crystals can vary substantially between different forms or structures ('polymorphs') of the same macromolecule, and dictate their usability in a scientific or industrial context. To gain control over an emerging polymorph, one needs a molecular-level understanding of the pathways that lead to the various macroscopic states and of the mechanisms that govern pathway selection. However, it is still not clear how the embryonic seeds of a macromolecular phase are formed, or how these nuclei affect polymorph selection. Here we use time-resolved cryo-transmission electron microscopy to image the nucleation of crystals of the protein glucose isomerase, and to uncover at molecular resolution the nucleation pathways that lead to two crystalline states and one gelled state. We show that polymorph selection takes place at the earliest stages of structure formation and is based on specific building blocks for each space group. Moreover, we demonstrate control over the system by selectively forming desired polymorphs through site-directed mutagenesis, specifically tuning intermolecular bonding or gel seeding. Our results differ from the present picture of protein nucleation, in that we do not identify a metastable dense liquid as the precursor to the crystalline state. Rather, we observe nucleation events that are driven by oriented attachments between subcritical clusters that already exhibit a degree of crystallinity. These insights suggest ways of controlling macromolecular phase transitions, aiding the development of protein-based drug-delivery systems and macromolecular crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E S Van Driessche
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nani Van Gerven
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul H H Bomans
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rick R M Joosten
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - David Gil-Carton
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center of Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Sleutel
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Structural and Molecular Microbiology, Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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47
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Gnanasekaran K, de With G, Friedrich H. Quantification and optimization of ADF-STEM image contrast for beam-sensitive materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171838. [PMID: 29892376 PMCID: PMC5990820 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many functional materials are difficult to analyse by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) on account of their beam sensitivity and low contrast between different phases. The problem becomes even more severe when thick specimens need to be investigated, a situation that is common for materials that are ordered from the nanometre to micrometre length scales or when performing dynamic experiments in a TEM liquid cell. Here we report a method to optimize annular dark-field (ADF) STEM imaging conditions and detector geometries for a thick and beam-sensitive low-contrast specimen using the example of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite. We carried out Monte Carlo simulations as well as quantitative ADF-STEM imaging experiments to predict and verify optimum contrast conditions. The presented method is general, can be easily adapted to other beam-sensitive and/or low-contrast materials, as shown for a polymer vesicle within a TEM liquid cell, and can act as an expert guide on whether an experiment is feasible and to determine the best imaging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Gnanasekaran
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex and Molecular System, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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48
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Kang C, Honciuc A. Self-Assembly of Janus Nanoparticles into Transformable Suprastructures. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1415-1421. [PMID: 29509022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in colloidal self-assembly is to obtain multiple distinct but transformable suprastructures from the same particles in monophasic solvent. Here, we combined deformable and rigid lobes in snowman-shaped amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles (JNPs). These JNPs exhibited excellent ability to self-assemble into micelles, worms, mini-capsules, giant- and elongated-vesicles. This rich suprastructural diversity was obtained by kinetic manipulation of the self-assembly conditions. The suprastructures consist of four to thousands of highly oriented JNPs with dimensions ranging from 500-nanometer to 30-μm. Moreover, the suprastructures can be transformed into one another or dissembled into individual particles. These features make colloidal assembly highly comparable to that of amphiphilic molecules, however, key differences were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Kang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Zurich University of Applied Sciences , Einsiedlerstrasse 31 , 8820 Waedenswil , Switzerland
| | - Andrei Honciuc
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Zurich University of Applied Sciences , Einsiedlerstrasse 31 , 8820 Waedenswil , Switzerland
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49
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Zhao Y, Yang W, Wang D, Wang J, Li Z, Hu X, King S, Rogers S, Lu JR, Xu H. Controlling the Diameters of Nanotubes Self-Assembled from Designed Peptide Bolaphiles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703216. [PMID: 29430820 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the diameters of nanotubes represents a major challenge in nanostructures self-assembled from templating molecules. Here, two series of bolaform hexapeptides are designed, with Set I consisting of Ac-KI4 K-NH2 , Ac-KI3 NleK-NH2 , Ac-KI3 LK-NH2 and Ac-KI3 TleK-NH2 , and Set II consisting of Ac-KI3 VK-NH2 , Ac-KI2 V2 K-NH2 , Ac-KIV3 K-NH2 and Ac-KV4 K-NH2 . In Set I, substitution for Ile in the C-terminal alters its side-chain branching, but the hydrophobicity is retained. In Set II, the substitution of Val for Ile leads to the decrease of hydrophobicity, but the side-chain β-branching is retained. The peptide bolaphiles tend to form long nanotubes, with the tube shell being composed of a peptide monolayer. Variation in core side-chain branching and hydrophobicity causes a steady shift of peptide nanotube diameters from more than one hundred to several nanometers, thereby achieving a reliable control over the underlying molecular self-assembling processes. Given the structural and functional roles of peptide tubes with varying dimensions in nature and in technological applications, this study exemplifies the predictive templating of nanostructures from short peptide self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jiqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen King
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Sarah Rogers
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Jian R Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
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50
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Abstract
TEM is an important method for the characterization of size and shape of nanoparticles as it can directly visualize single particles and even their inner architecture. Imaging of metal particles in the electron microscope is quite straightforward due to their high density and stable structure, but the structure of soft material nanoparticles, such as liposomes, needs to be preserved for the electron microscope. The best method to visualize liposomes close to their native structure is cryo-electron microscopy, where thin films of suspensions are plunge frozen to create vitrified ice films that can be imaged directly in the electron microscope under liquid nitrogen temperature. Although subject to artifacts, negative staining TEM can also be a useful method to image liposomes, as it is faster and simpler than cryo-EM, and requires less advanced equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Baxa
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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