1
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Ishibashi H, Rondelli M, Shudo H, Maekawa T, Ito H, Mizukami K, Kimizuka N, Yagi A, Itami K. Noncovalent Modification of Cycloparaphenylene by Catenane Formation Using an Active Metal Template Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310613. [PMID: 37608514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The active metal template (AMT) strategy is a powerful tool for the formation of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as rotaxanes and catenanes, allowing the synthesis of a variety of MIMs, including π-conjugated and multicomponent macrocycles. Cycloparaphenylene (CPP) is an emerging molecule characterized by its cyclic π-conjugated structure and unique properties. Therefore, diverse modifications of CPPs are necessary for its wide application. However, most CPP modifications require early stage functionalization and the direct modification of CPPs is very limited. Herein, we report the synthesis of a catenane consisting of [9]CPP and a 2,2'-bipyridine macrocycle as a new CPP analogue that contains a reliable synthetic scaffold enabling diverse and concise post-modification. Following the AMT strategy, the [9]CPP-bipyridine catenane was successfully synthesized through Ni-mediated aryl-aryl coupling. Catalytic C-H borylation/cross-coupling and metal complexation of the bipyridine macrocycle moiety, an effective post-functionalization method, were also demonstrated with the [9]CPP-bipyridine catenane. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis revealed that the [9]CPP-bipyridine catenane forms a tridentated complex with an Ag ion inside the CPP ring. This interaction significantly enhances the phosphorescence lifetime through improved intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayasu Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Manuel Rondelli
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takehisa Maekawa
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kiichi Mizukami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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2
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Li P, Jia Y, Chen P. Design and Synthesis of New Type of Macrocyclic Architectures Used for Optoelectronic Materials and Supramolecular Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300300. [PMID: 37439485 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry has received much attention for decades. Macrocyclic architectures as representative receptors play a vital role in supramolecular chemistry and are applied in many fields such as supramolecular assembly and host-guest recognition. However, the classical macrocycles generally lack functional groups in the scaffolds, which limit their further applications, especially in optoelectronic materials. Therefore, developing a new design principle is not only essential to better understand macrocyclic chemistry and the supramolecular behaviors, but also further expand their applications in many research fields. In recent years, the doping compounds with main-group heteroatoms (B, N, S, O, P) into the carbon-based π-conjugated macrocycles offered a new strategy to build macrocyclic architectures with unique optoelectronic properties. In particular, the energy gaps and redox behavior can be effectively tuned by incorporating heteroatoms into the macrocyclic scaffolds. In this Minireview, we briefly summarize the design and synthesis of new macrocycles, and further discuss the related applications in optoelectronic materials and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467036, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China
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3
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Kamin AA, Clayton TD, Otteson CE, Gannon PM, Krajewski S, Kaminsky W, Jasti R, Xiao DJ. Synthesis and metalation of polycatechol nanohoops derived from fluorocycloparaphenylenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9724-9732. [PMID: 37736630 PMCID: PMC10510647 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique topology and distinct physical properties, cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) are attractive building blocks for new materials synthesis. While both noncovalent interactions and irreversible covalent bonds have been used to link CPP monomers into extended materials, a coordination chemistry approach remains less explored. Here we show that nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions can be leveraged to rapidly introduce donor groups (-OR, -SR) onto polyfluorinated CPP rings. Demethylation of methoxide-substituted CPPs produces polycatechol nanohoop ligands that are readily metalated to produce well-defined, multimetallic CPP complexes. As catechols are recurring motifs throughout coordination chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, the polycatechol nanohoops reported here open the door to new strategies for the bottom-up synthesis of atomically precise CPP-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn A Kamin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Tara D Clayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Claire E Otteson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Paige M Gannon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Sebastian Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
| | - Dianne J Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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4
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Lingas R, Charistos ND, Muñoz-Castro A. Charge delocalization and aromaticity of doubly reduced double-walled carbon nanohoops. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37448229 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) exhibit selective host capabilities, featuring the ability to incorporate smaller CPPs to form double-walled host-guest complexes. Moreover, CPPs can also be stabilized by global aromaticity under twofold oxidation or reduction, involving electronic conjugation along with the overall structural backbone. Herein we explore the structural modifications, bonding, electron delocalization and magnetic properties of doubly reduced double-walled CPP complexes with DFT methods, in the isolated and aggregate [n + 5]CPP⊃[n]CPP2- (n = 5-8) species. Our results show that the hosts undergo structural, bonding and delocalization deformations towards quinoidal configurations and exhibit global long-ranged shielding cones similar to global aromatic free dianionic CPPs, accounting for charge delocalization on the outer nanohoops, whereas the guests preserve local aromatic benzenoid configurations, resulting in global and local aromatic circuits within the host-guest aggregate. This observation suggests that in multi-layered related species electronic delocalization will be retained at the outer structural surface. The aromaticity of the hosts is manifested in the strong upfield shifts of the guests 1H-NMR signals. Hence, CPP complexes can be extended to doubly reduced species stabilized by global host aromaticity expanding our understanding of doubled-walled nanotubes at the nanoscale regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lingas
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Nickolas D Charistos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54 124, Greece.
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista 7, Santiago, 8420524, Chile.
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5
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Sidler E, Zwick P, Kress C, Reznikova K, Fuhr O, Fenske D, Mayor M. Intense Molar Circular Dichroism in Fully Conjugated All-Carbon Macrocyclic 1,3-Butadiyne Linked pseudo-meta [2.2]Paracyclophanes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201764. [PMID: 35781897 PMCID: PMC9805063 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic access to macrocyclic molecular topologies with interesting photophysical properties has greatly improved thanks to the successful implementation of organic and inorganic corner units. Based on recent reports, we realized that pseudo-meta [2.2]paracyclophanes (PCPs) might serve as optimal corner units for constructing 3D functional materials, owing to their efficient electronic communication, angled substituents and planar chirality. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and optical properties of four novel all-carbon enantiopure macrocycles bearing three to six pseudo-meta PCPs linked by 1,3-butadiyne units. The macrocycles were obtained by a single step from enantiopure, literature-known dialkyne pseudo-meta PCP and were unambiguously identified and characterized by state of the art spectroscopic methods and in part even by x-ray crystallography. By comparing the optical properties to relevant reference compounds, it is shown that the pseudo-meta PCP subunit effectively elongates the conjugated system throughout the macrocyclic backbone, such that already the smallest macrocycle consisting of only three subunits reaches a polymer-like conjugation length. Additionally, it is shown that the chiral pseudo-meta PCPs induce a remarkable chiroptical response in the respective macrocycles, reaching unprecedented high molar circular dichroism values for all-carbon macrocycles of up to 1307 L mol-1 cm-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sidler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Kress
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Ksenia Reznikova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Dieter Fenske
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland,Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P. O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)School of ChemistrySun Yat-Sen University (SYSU)510275GuangzhouP. R. China
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6
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Shudo H, Kuwayama M, Shimasaki M, Nishihara T, Takeda Y, Mitoma N, Kuwabara T, Yagi A, Segawa Y, Itami K. Perfluorocycloparaphenylenes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3713. [PMID: 35764634 PMCID: PMC9240036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated aromatic compounds, the so-called perfluoroarenes, are widely used in materials science owing to their high electron affinity and characteristic intermolecular interactions. However, methods to synthesize highly strained perfluoroarenes are limited, which greatly limits their structural diversity. Herein, we report the synthesis and isolation of perfluorocycloparaphenylenes (PFCPPs) as a class of ring-shaped perfluoroarenes. Using macrocyclic nickel complexes, we succeeded in synthesizing PF[n]CPPs (n = 10, 12, 14, 16) in one-pot without noble metals. The molecular structures of PF[n]CPPs (n = 10, 12, 14) were determined by X-ray crystallography to confirm their tubular alignment. Photophysical and electrochemical measurements revealed that PF[n]CPPs (n = 10, 12, 14) exhibited wide HOMO–LUMO gaps, high reduction potentials, and strong phosphorescence at low temperature. PFCPPs are not only useful as electron-accepting organic materials but can also be used for accelerating the creation of topologically unique molecular nanocarbon materials. Synthetic methods for the preparation of perfluorinated aromatic compounds are desirable in materials science. Here, the authors synthesize perfluorocycloparaphenylenes, fully fluorinated carbon nanorings, through a nickel-mediated one-pot method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Shudo
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Motonobu Kuwayama
- JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Taishi Nishihara
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Mitoma
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan. .,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan. .,Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan. .,Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan. .,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan. .,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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7
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Planar π-extended cycloparaphenylenes featuring an all-armchair edge topology. Nat Chem 2022; 14:871-876. [PMID: 35760960 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs)-n para-linked phenylenes that form a closed-loop-have attracted substantial attention due to their unique cyclic structure and highly effective para-conjugation leading to a myriad of fascinating electronic and optoelectronic properties. However, their strained topology prevents the π-extension of CPPs to convert them either into armchair nanobelts or planarized CPP macrocycles. Here we successfully tackle this long-standing challenge and present the bottom-up synthesis and characterization of atomically precise in-plane π-extended [12]CPP on Au(111) by low-temperature scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy combined with density functional theory. The planar π-extended CPP is a nanographene with an all-armchair edge topology. The exclusive para-conjugation at the periphery yields delocalized electronic states and the planarization maximizes the overlap of p orbitals, which both reduce the bandgap compared to conventional CPPs. Calculations predict ring currents and global aromaticity in the doubly charged system. The intriguing planar ring topology and unique electronic properties make planar π-extended CPPs promising quantum materials.
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8
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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9
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Peterson E, Maust RL, Jasti R, Kertesz M, Tovar JD. Splitting the Ring: Impact of Ortho and Meta Pi Conjugation Pathways through Disjointed [8]Cycloparaphenylene Electronic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4611-4622. [PMID: 35245032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the synthesis and electronic properties of small-molecule and polymeric [8]cycloparaphenylenes ([8]CPPs) with disjointed pi-conjugated substituents. Arylene-ethynylene linkers were installed on opposite sides of the [8]CPP nanohoop as separated by three phenyl units on either side such that the monomer systems have syn (C2 symmetry) and anti (C1 symmetry) conformers with a small energy gap (0.1-0.6 kcal/mol). This disjoined substitution pattern necessarily forces delocalization through and around the CPP radial structure. We demonstrate new electronic states from this radial/linear mixing in both the small molecules and the pi extended polymers. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that these electronic processes arise from multiple operative radial/linear conjugation pathways, as the disjoint pattern results in both ortho and meta connections to the CPP ring. These results affirm the unique nature of hybrid radial and linear pi electron delocalization operative in these new conjugation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ruth L Maust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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10
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He H, Li JA, Zhang Y, Idrees S, Cai J, Li Y, Osuka A, Xu B, Jiang HW. Synthesis, Structures and Fluorescence Properties of gem-Linked Cyclic Tetraphenylethylenes and Cyclic hexaphenylethylenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rigid cyclic molecules are of great interest due to their intriguing structures and unique properties. Here, we report the facile synthesis of gem-linked cyclic tetraphenylethylenes and cyclic hexaphenylethylenes, namely [n]CTPEs...
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11
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Lewis TN, Tonnelé C, Shuler WG, Kasun ZA, Sato H, Berges AJ, Rodriguez JR, Krische MJ, Casanova D, Bardeen CJ. Chemical Tuning of Exciton versus Charge-Transfer Excited States in Conformationally Restricted Arylene Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18548-18558. [PMID: 34709810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covalent assemblies of conjugated organic chromophores provide the opportunity to engineer new excited states with novel properties. In this work, a newly developed triple-stranded cage architecture, in which meta-substituted aromatic caps serve as covalent linking groups that attach to both top and bottom of the conjugated molecule walls, is used to tune the properties of thiophene oligomer assemblies. Benzene-capped and triazine-capped 5,5'-(2,2-bithiophene)-containing arylene cages are synthesized and characterized using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic methods. The conformational freedom and electronic states are analyzed using time-dependent density functional theory. The benzene cap acts as a passive spacer whose electronic states do not mix with those of the chromophore walls. The excited state properties are dominated by through-space interactions between the chromophore subunits, generating a neutral Frenkel H-type exciton state. This excitonic state undergoes intersystem crossing on a 200 ps time scale while the fluorescence output is suppressed by a factor of 2 due to a decreased radiative rate. Switching to a triazine cap enables electron transfer from the chromophore-linker after the initial excitation to the exciton state, leading to the formation of a charge-transfer state within 10 ps. This state can avoid intersystem crossing and exhibits red-shifted fluorescence with enhanced quantum yield. The ability to interchange structural modules with different electronic properties while retaining the overall cage morphology provides a new approach for tuning the properties of discrete chromophore assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N Lewis
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Claire Tonnelé
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - William G Shuler
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachary A Kasun
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hiroki Sato
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Adam J Berges
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jacob R Rodriguez
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi Spain.,IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi Spain
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- University of California, Riverside, Department of Chemistry, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,University of California, Riverside, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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12
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Yang Y, Huangfu S, Sato S, Juríček M. Cycloparaphenylene Double Nanohoop: Structure, Lamellar Packing, and Encapsulation of C 60 in the Solid State. Org Lett 2021; 23:7943-7948. [PMID: 34558903 PMCID: PMC8524662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new member of the cycloparaphenylene double-nanohoop family was synthesized. Its π-framework features two oval cavities that display different shapes depending on the crystallization conditions. Incorporation of the peropyrene bridge within the nanoring cycles via bay-regions alleviates steric effects and thus allows 1:1 complexation with C60 in the solid state. This nanocarbon adopts a lamellar packing motif, and our results suggest that the structural adjustment of this double nanohoop could enable its use in supramolecular and semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shangxiong Huangfu
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Physics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sota Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Qiu ZL, Chen D, Deng Z, Chu KS, Tan YZ, Zhu J. Isolation of a carbon nanohoop with Möbius topology. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-9981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Rogachev AY, Zhou Z, Liu S, Wei Z, Schaub TA, Jasti R, Petrukhina MA. Stretching [8]cycloparaphenylene with encapsulated potassium cations: structural and theoretical insights into core perturbation upon four-fold reduction and complexation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6526-6535. [PMID: 34040728 PMCID: PMC8132928 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences of four-electron addition to [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP, 1) have been evaluated crystallographically, revealing a significant core deformation. The structural analysis exposes an elliptical distortion observed upon electron transfer, with the deformation parameter (D.P.) increased by 28% in comparison with neutral [8]CPP. The C-C bond length alteration pattern also indicates a quinoidal structural rearrangement upon four-fold reduction. The large internal cavity of [8]CPP4- allows the encapsulation of two {K+(THF)2} cationic moieties with two additional cations bound externally in the solid-state structure of [{K+(THF)2}4([8]CPP4-)]. The experimental structural data have been used as a benchmark for the comprehensive theoretical description of the geometric changes and electronic properties of the highly-charged [8]CPP4- nanohoop in comparison with its neutral parent. While neutral [8]CPP and the [8]CPP2- anion clearly show aromatic behavior of all six-membered rings, subsequent addition of two more electrons completely reverses their aromatic character to afford the highly-antiaromatic [8]CPP4- anion, as evidenced by structural, topological, and magnetic descriptors. The disentanglement of electron transfer from metal binding effects allowed their contributions to the overall core perturbation of the negatively-charged [8]CPP to be revealed. Consequently, the internal coordination of potassium cations is identified as the main driving force for drastic elliptic distortion of the macrocyclic framework upon reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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15
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Qiu Z, Tang C, Wang X, Ju Y, Chu K, Deng Z, Hou H, Liu Y, Tan Y. Tetra‐benzothiadiazole‐based [12]Cycloparaphenylene with Bright Emission and Its Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20868-20872. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xin‐Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yang‐Yang Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Shan Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ze‐Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yu‐Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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16
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Qiu Z, Tang C, Wang X, Ju Y, Chu K, Deng Z, Hou H, Liu Y, Tan Y. Tetra‐benzothiadiazole‐based [12]Cycloparaphenylene with Bright Emission and Its Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐Lin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xin‐Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yang‐Yang Ju
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ke‐Shan Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ze‐Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yu‐Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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17
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Pérez‐Jiménez ÁJ, Sancho‐García JC. Theoretical Insights for Materials Properties of Cyclic Organic Nanorings. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Luo Z, Yang X, Cai K, Fu X, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao D. Toward Möbius and Tubular Cyclopolyarene Nanorings via Arylbutadiyne Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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19
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Schaub TA, Jasti R, Petrukhina MA. Structural deformation and host-guest properties of doubly-reduced cycloparaphenylenes, [ n]CPPs 2- ( n = 6, 8, 10, and 12). Chem Sci 2020; 11:9395-9401. [PMID: 34094205 PMCID: PMC8161678 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reduction of several cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) ranging in size from [8]CPP to [12]CPP has been investigated with potassium metal in THF. The X-ray diffraction characterization of the resulting doubly-reduced [n]CPPs provided a unique series of carbon nanohoops with increasing dimensions and core flexibility for the first comprehensive structural analysis. The consequences of electron acquisition by a [n]CPP core have been analyzed in comparison with the neutral parents. The addition of two electrons to the cyclic carbon framework of [n]CPPs leads to the characteristic elliptic core distortion and facilitates the internal encapsulation of sizable cationic guests. Molecular and solid-state structure changes, alkali metal binding and unique size-dependent host abilities of the [n]CPP2- series with n = 6-12 are discussed. This in-depth analysis opens new perspectives in supramolecular chemistry of [n]CPPs and promotes their applications in size-selective guest encapsulation and chemical separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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20
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Rodríguez-Hernández B, Oldani N, Martínez-Mesa A, Uranga-Piña L, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Photoexcited energy relaxation and vibronic couplings in π-conjugated carbon nanorings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15321-15332. [PMID: 32628225 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01452d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated carbon nanorings exhibit unique photophysical properties that, combined with their tunable sizes and conformations, make them suitable for a variety of practical applications. These properties are intimately associated to their strained, bent and sterically hindered cyclic structures. Herein we perform a comparative analysis of the photoinduced dynamics in carbon nanorings composed of nine phenyl units([9]CPP) and nine naphthyl units ([9]CN) respectively. The sterically demanding naphthyl units lead to large dihedral angles between neighboring units. Nevertheless, the ultrafast electronic and vibrational energy relaxation and redistribution is found to be similar for both systems. We observe that vibronic couplings, introduced by nonadiabatic energy transfer between electronic excited states, ensure the intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution through specific vibrational modes. The comparative impact of the internal conversion process on the exciton spatial localization and intra-ring migration indicates that naphthyl units in [9]CN achieve more efficient but less dynamical self-trapping compared to that of phenyl units in [9]CPP. That is, during the photoinduced process, the exciton in [9]CN is more static and localized than the exciton in [9]CPP. The internal conversion processes take place through a specific set of middle- to high-frequency normal modes, which directly influence the spatial exciton redistribution during the internal conversion, self-trapping and intra-ring migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rodríguez-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina.
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21
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Freixas VM, Oldani N, Franklin-Mergarejo R, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Electronic Energy Relaxation in a Photoexcited Fully Fused Edge-Sharing Carbon Nanobelt. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4711-4719. [PMID: 32464064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanobelts are cylindrical molecules composed of fully fused edge-sharing arene rings. Because of their aesthetically appealing structures, they acquire unusual optoelectronic properties that are potentially suitable for a range of applications in nanoelectronics and photonics. Nevertheless, the very limited success of their synthesis has led to their photophysical properties remaining largely unknown. Compared to that of carbon nanorings (arenes linked by single bonds), the strong structural rigidity of nanobelts prevents significant deformations away from the original high-symmetry conformation and, therefore, impacts their photophysical properties. Herein, we study the photoinduced dynamics of a successfully synthesized belt segment of (6,6)CNT (carbon nanotube). Modeling this process with nonadiabatic excited state molecular dynamics simulations uncovers the critical role played by the changes in excited state wave function localization on the different types of carbon atoms. This allows a detailed description of the excited state dynamics and spatial exciton evolution throughout the nanobelt scaffold. Our results provide detailed information about the excited state electronic properties and internal conversion rates that is potentially useful for designing nanobelts for nanoelectronic and photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Freixas
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - N Oldani
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - R Franklin-Mergarejo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - S Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - S Fernandez-Alberti
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
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22
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Luo Z, Yang X, Cai K, Fu X, Zhang D, Ma Y, Zhao D. Toward Möbius and Tubular Cyclopolyarene Nanorings via Arylbutadiyne Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14854-14860. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Kang Cai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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23
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Schaub TA, Prantl EA, Kohn J, Bursch M, Marshall CR, Leonhardt EJ, Lovell TC, Zakharov LN, Brozek CK, Waldvogel SR, Grimme S, Jasti R. Exploration of the Solid-State Sorption Properties of Shape-Persistent Macrocyclic Nanocarbons as Bulk Materials and Small Aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8763-8775. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ephraim A. Prantl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Julia Kohn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Checkers R. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Erik J. Leonhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Terri C. Lovell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Carl K. Brozek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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24
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Esteve F, Altava B, Bolte M, Burguete MI, García-Verdugo E, Luis SV. Highly Selective Anion Template Effect in the Synthesis of Constrained Pseudopeptidic Macrocyclic Cyclophanes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1138-1145. [PMID: 31858803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel family of constrained pseudopeptidic macrocyclic compounds containing the hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-f]isoindolocyclophane scaffold and involving four coupled substitution reactions in the macrocyclization process. Although the increase in the number of steps involved in the macrocyclization could lead to a larger number of possible side products, the optimization of the methodology and the study of the driving forces have made it possible to obtain the desired macrocycles in excellent yields. A thorough computational study has been carried out to understand the macrocyclization process, and the results obtained nicely agree with experimental data. Moreover, the bromide anion had a clear catalytic template effect in the macrocyclization reaction, and surprisingly, the chloride anion had a negative template effect in opposition to the results obtained for analogous macrocycles. The parameters responsible for the specific kinetic template effect observed have been studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Esteve
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Belen Altava
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut fur Anorganische Chemie , J. W. Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - M Isabel Burguete
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
| | - Santiago V Luis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica , Universitat JaumeI , Av. Sos Baynat s/n , 12071 Castellón , Spain
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25
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Kawanishi T, Ishida K, Kayahara E, Yamago S. Selective and Gram-Scale Synthesis of [8]Cycloparaphenylene. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2082-2091. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kawanishi
- Oji R&D Center, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., LTD., Toshima, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0003, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishida
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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27
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28
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Van Raden JM, Leonhardt EJ, Zakharov LN, Pérez-Guardiola A, Pérez-Jiménez AJ, Marshall CR, Brozek CK, Sancho-García JC, Jasti R. Precision Nanotube Mimics via Self-Assembly of Programmed Carbon Nanohoops. J Org Chem 2019; 85:129-141. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Erik J. Leonhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR − Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - A. Pérez-Guardiola
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - A. J. Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Checkers R. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Carl K. Brozek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - J. C. Sancho-García
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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29
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Linear, Non-Conjugated Cyclic and Conjugated Cyclic Paraphenylene under Pressure. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193496. [PMID: 31561548 PMCID: PMC6803999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-paraphenylene family comprises chains of phenylene units linked together by C-C bonds that are between single- and double-bonded, and where n corresponds to the number of phenylene units. In this work, we compare the response of the optical properties of different phenylene arrangements. We study linear chains (LPP), cyclic systems (CPPs), and non-conjugated cyclic systems with two hydrogenated phenylenes (H4[n]CPP). Particularly, the systems of interest in this work are [6]LPP, [12]- and [6]CPP and H4[6]CPP. This work combines Raman and infrared spectroscopies with absorption and fluorescence (one- and two-photon excitations) measured as a function of pressure up to maximum of about 25 GPa. Unprecedented crystallographic pressure-dependent results are shown on H4[n]CPP, revealing intramolecular π-π interactions upon compression. These intramolecular interactions justify the H4[n]CPP singular optical properties with increasing fluorescence lifetime as a function of pressure.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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31
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Xu Y, von Delius M. The Supramolecular Chemistry of Strained Carbon Nanohoops. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:559-573. [PMID: 31190449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since 1996, a growing number of strained macrocycles, comprising only sp2 - or sp-hybridized carbon atoms within the ring, have become synthetically accessible, with the [n]cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes (CPPAs) and the [n]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) being the most prominent examples. Now that robust and relatively general synthetic routes toward a diverse range of nanohoop structures have become available, the research focus is beginning to shift towards the exploration of their properties and applications. From a supramolecular chemistry perspective, these macrocycles offer unique opportunities as a result of their near-perfect circular shape, the unusually high degree of shape-persistence, and the presence of both convex and concave π-faces. In this Minireview, we give an overview on the use of strained carbon-rich nanohoops in host-guest chemistry, the preparation of mechanically interlocked architectures, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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32
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Inference-assisted intelligent crystallography based on preliminary data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11886. [PMID: 31439863 PMCID: PMC6706436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structure analysis is routinely used to determine atomically resolved molecular structures and structure-property relationships. The accumulation of reliable structural characteristics obtained by crystal structure analysis has forged a robust basis that is frequently used in molecular and materials sciences. However, experimental techniques remain hampered by time-consuming ‘blind’ measurement-analysis iterations, which are sometimes required to find appropriate crystals and experimental conditions. Herein, we present a method that uses a small preliminary data set to evaluate the to-be-observed structures and the to-be-collected data. Moreover, we demonstrate the practical utility of this method to improve the efficiency of crystal structure analysis. This method will help selecting suitable crystals and choosing favorable experimental conditions to generate results that satisfy the level of precision required for specific research objectives.
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33
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Della Sala P, Talotta C, De Rosa M, Soriente A, Geremia S, Hickey N, Neri P, Gaeta C. Synthesis, Characterization, and Solid-State Structure of [8]Cycloparaphenylenes with Inherent Chirality. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9489-9496. [PMID: 31271287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of two [8]cycloparaphenylenes ([8]CPP) derivatives, 1 and 2, bearing a monosubstituted benzene moiety. The presence of the substituent implies a planar chirality for the monosubstituted [8]CPP 1 and 2, whose configuration is here described by applying the chirality descriptors pR and pS. Experimental evidence of this planar chirality has been obtained through 1H VT NMR studies and by addition of Pirkle's reagent. This was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure of 2, which represents an interesting example of solid-state structure of a monosubstituted [8]CPP derivative. Derivative 2 crystallizes in two monoclinic crystal forms (α and β), which show a herringbone motif. The [8]CPP ring of the α form encapsulates two dichloromethane molecules, held through C-H···π interactions, while in the β form, open channels are partially filled by highly disordered solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Della Sala
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , I-84084 Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , I-84084 Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Margherita De Rosa
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , I-84084 Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Annunziata Soriente
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , I-84084 Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste , via L. Giorgieri 1 , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Neal Hickey
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste , via L. Giorgieri 1 , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , I-84084 Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , I-84084 Fisciano , Salerno , Italy
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34
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Sato H, Blemker MA, Hellinghausen G, Armstrong DW, Nafie JW, Roberts ST, Krische MJ. Triple Helical Ir(ppy) 3 Phenylene Cage Prepared by Diol-Mediated Benzannulation: Synthesis, Resolution, Absolute Stereochemistry and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:8719-8724. [PMID: 31070822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalation of a triple helical N-doped phenylene cage prepared by ruthenium(0)-catalyzed diol-diene benzannulation delivers a chiral, conformationally constrained Ir(ppy)3 analogue. Like the parent complex, fac-Ir(ppy)3 , the iridium-containing PAH-cage is phosphorescent, but displays enhanced resistance to oxygen quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Michelle A Blemker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Garrett Hellinghausen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA
| | - Jordan W Nafie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA.,BioTools Inc., 17546 Bee Line Highway, Jupiter, FL, 33478, USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. (A5300, Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
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35
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Canola S, Graham C, Pérez-Jiménez ÁJ, Sancho-García JC, Negri F. Charge transport parameters for carbon based nanohoops and donor-acceptor derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:2057-2068. [PMID: 30638227 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of donor-acceptor (D-A) moieties on magnitudes such as reorganization energies and electronic couplings in cycloparaphenylene (CPP) carbon based nanohoops (i.e. conjugated organic molecules with cyclic topology) is highlighted via model computations and analysis of the available crystalline structure of N,N-dimethylaza[8]CPP. For the sake of comparison, intra-molecular and inter-molecular charge transport parameters are concomitantly modelled for the recently determined herringbone polymorph of [6]CPP, along with [8]CPP and [12]CPP. The peculiar contribution of low frequency vibrations to intramolecular reorganization energies is also disclosed by computing the Huang-Rhys factors for the investigated [n]CPPs and the N,N-dimethylaza derivative. In contrast with most planar organic semiconductors where the layer in which molecules are herringbone arranged identifies the high-mobility plane, nanohoops disclose inter-layer electronic couplings larger than the intra-layer counterparts. Charge transfer rate constants modelled with three different approaches (Marcus, Marcus-Levich-Jortner and spectral overlap) suggest that D-A nanohoops, owing to orbital localization, may be more efficient for charge transport than [n]CPPs for suitable solid phase arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Canola
- Dipartimento di Chimica 'G. Ciamician', Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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36
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Abstract
Cycloparaphenylenes are important compounds for their photophysical and electronic properties. The curved structure of these compounds induces an alteration of the aromatic character of these compounds. D values have been used to describe the aromatic character of compounds from [5]- to [10]cycloparaphenylene. D values are compared with HOMED and with the strain energy are obtained by using an homodesmotic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Auria
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, V.le dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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37
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Nakagawa Y, Sekiguchi R, Kawakami J, Ito S. Preparation of a large-sized highly flexible carbon nanohoop. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6843-6853. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly flexible carbon nanohoop composed of HBC panels was prepared by connection together with biphenylene spacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki
- Japan
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto
- Japan
| | - Jun Kawakami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki
- Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki
- Japan
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38
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Vidal-Vidal Á, Cabaleiro-Lago EM, Silva López C, Faza ON. Rational Design of Efficient Environmental Sensors: Ring-Shaped Nanostructures Can Capture Quat Herbicides. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16976-16988. [PMID: 31458320 PMCID: PMC6643635 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The viability of using [n]-cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) of different sizes to encapsulate diquat (DQ) pesticide molecules has been tested analyzing the origin of the host-guest interactions stabilizing the complex. This analysis provides rational design capabilities to construct ad hoc capturing systems tailored to the desired pollutant. All CPPs considered (n = 7-12) are capable of forming remarkably stable complexes with DQ, though [9]-CPP is the best candidate, where a fine balance is established between the energy penalty due to the deformation + repulsion of the pesticide molecule inside the cavity (larger in smaller CPPs) and the maximization of the favorable dispersion, electrostatic and induction contributions (which also decrease in larger rings). These encouraging results prompted us to evaluate the potential of using Resonance Raman spectroscopy on nanohoop complexes as a tool for DQ sensing. The shifts observed in the vibrational frequencies of DQ upon complexation allow us to determine whether complexation has been achieved. Additionally, a large enhancement of the signals permits a selective identification of the vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Vidal-Vidal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Enrique M Cabaleiro-Lago
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Campus de Lugo, Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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39
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Lin JB, Darzi ER, Jasti R, Yavuz I, Houk KN. Solid-State Order and Charge Mobility in [5]- to [12]Cycloparaphenylenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:952-960. [PMID: 30543112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a computational study of mesoscale morphology and charge-transport properties of radially π-conjugated cycloparaphenylenes ([ n]CPPs) of various ring sizes ( n = 5-12, where n is the number of repeating phenyl units). These molecules are considered structural constituents of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. [ n]CPP molecules are nested in a unique fashion in the solid state. Molecular dynamics simulations show that while intramolecular structural stability (order) increases with system size, intermolecular structural stability decreases. Density functional calculations reveal that reorganization energy, an important parameter in charge transfer, decreases as n is increased. Intermolecular charge-transfer electronic couplings in the solid state are relatively weak (due to curved π-conjugation and loose intermolecular contacts) and are on the same order of magnitude (∼10 meV) for each system. Intrinsic charge-carrier mobilities were simulated from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations; hole mobilities increased with system size and scaled as ∼ n4. We predict that disordered [ n]CPPs exhibit hole mobilities as high as 2 cm2/(V·s). Our computations show a strong correlation between reorganization energy and hole mobility (μ ∼ λ-4). Quantum mechanical calculations were performed on cofacially stacked molecular pairs for varying phenyl units and reveal that orbital delocalization is responsible for both decreasing reorganization energies and electronic couplings as n is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice B Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Evan R Darzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403-1253 , United States
| | - Ilhan Yavuz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,Department of Physics , Marmara University , 34722 Ziverbey , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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40
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Leonhardt EJ, Van Raden JM, Miller D, Zakharov LN, Alemán B, Jasti R. A Bottom-Up Approach to Solution-Processed, Atomically Precise Graphitic Cylinders on Graphite. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:7991-7997. [PMID: 30480454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extended carbon nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), exhibit remarkable properties but are difficult to synthesize uniformly. Herein, we present a new class of carbon nanomaterials constructed via the bottom-up self-assembly of cylindrical, atomically precise small molecules. Guided by supramolecular design principles and circle packing theory, we have designed and synthesized a fluorinated nanohoop that, in the solid state, self-assembles into nanotube-like arrays with channel diameters of precisely 1.63 nm. A mild solution-casting technique is then used to construct vertical "forests" of these arrays on a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface through epitaxial growth. Furthermore, we show that a basic property of nanohoops, fluorescence, is readily transferred to the bulk phase, implying that the properties of these materials can be directly altered via precise functionalization of their nanohoop building blocks. The strategy presented is expected to have broader applications in the development of new graphitic nanomaterials with π-rich cavities reminiscent of CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Leonhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Jeff M Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - David Miller
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR - Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Benjamín Alemán
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Institute, Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
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41
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Wu D, Cheng W, Ban X, Xia J. Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs): An Overview of Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Wei Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Xiangtao Ban
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing; Wuhan University of Technology; No. 122 Luoshi Road Wuhan 430070 China
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42
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Guo L, Yang X, Cong H. Synthesis of Macrocyclic Oligoparaphenylenes Derived from Anthracene Photodimer. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Huan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yao Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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44
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Ball ML, Zhang B, Xu Q, Paley DW, Ritter VC, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Influence of Molecular Conformation on Electron Transport in Giant, Conjugated Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10135-10139. [PMID: 30063344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the direct connection between the molecular conformation of a conjugated macrocycle and its macroscopic charge transport properties. We incorporate chiral, helical perylene diimide ribbons into the two separate macrocycles as the n-type, electron transporting material. As the macrocycles' films and electronic structures are analogous, the important finding is that the macrocycles' molecular structures and their associated dynamics determine device performance in organic field effect transistors. We show the more flexible macrocycle has a 4-fold increase in electron mobility in field effect transistor devices. Using a combination of spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we find that the origin of the difference in device performance is the ability of more flexible isomer to make intermolecular contacts relative to the more rigid counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Ball
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Qizhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Wuhan University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Virginia Cary Ritter
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States.,Wuhan University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , People's Republic of China
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45
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Kayahara E, Hayashi T, Takeuchi K, Ozawa F, Ashida K, Ogoshi S, Yamago S. Strain-Induced Double Carbon-Carbon Bond Activations of Cycloparaphenylenes by a Platinum Complex: Application to the Synthesis of Cyclic Diketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11418-11421. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Toshiki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | | | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Keita Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
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46
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Kayahara E, Hayashi T, Takeuchi K, Ozawa F, Ashida K, Ogoshi S, Yamago S. Strain-Induced Double Carbon-Carbon Bond Activations of Cycloparaphenylenes by a Platinum Complex: Application to the Synthesis of Cyclic Diketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Toshiki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | | | - Fumiyuki Ozawa
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
| | - Keita Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji 611-0011 Japan
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47
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Cui S, Zhuang G, Lu D, Huang Q, Jia H, Wang Y, Yang S, Du P. A Three-Dimensional Capsule-like Carbon Nanocage as a Segment Model of Capped Zigzag [12,0] Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation with C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Ya Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
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48
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Cui S, Zhuang G, Lu D, Huang Q, Jia H, Wang Y, Yang S, Du P. A Three-Dimensional Capsule-like Carbon Nanocage as a Segment Model of Capped Zigzag [12,0] Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complexation with C70. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9330-9335. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; 18, Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Dapeng Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Ya Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale; CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials ( i ChEM); University of Science and Technology of China (USTC); Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
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49
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Zhang B, Hernández Sánchez R, Zhong Y, Ball M, Terban MW, Paley D, Billinge SJL, Ng F, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Hollow organic capsules assemble into cellular semiconductors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1957. [PMID: 29769520 PMCID: PMC5956104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of electroactive molecules is a promising route to new types of functional semiconductors. Here we report a capsule-shaped molecule that assembles itself into a cellular semiconducting material. The interior space of the capsule with a volume of ~415 Å3 is a nanoenvironment that can accommodate a guest. To self-assemble these capsules into electronic materials, we functionalize the thiophene rings with bromines, which encode self-assembly into two-dimensional layers held together through halogen bonding interactions. In the solid state and in films, these two-dimensional layers assemble into the three-dimensional crystalline structure. This hollow material is able to form the active layer in field effect transistor devices. We find that the current of these devices has strong response to the guest’s interaction within the hollow spaces in the film. These devices are remarkable in their ability to distinguish, through their electrical response, between small differences in the guest. Perylene diimide-bithiophene macrocycles are electroactive and shape-persistent hosts. Here, the authors describe their self-assembly into a cellular organic semiconducting film whose voids are electrically sensitive to different guests, and which can function as the active layer in a field-effect transistor device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Melissa Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Daniel Paley
- Columbia Nano Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Simon J L Billinge
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Fay Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | | | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA. .,The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China.
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50
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Vidal Vidal Á, López CS, Nieto Faza O. Nitrogen doped nanohoops as promising CO 2 capturing devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:8607-8615. [PMID: 29451279 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of climate change in the face of steady or increasing emissions has made the capture and storage of CO2 a priority issue. Supramolecular chemistry is one of the tools that can be used for this task, due to the possibility of tuning intermolecular interactions for the capture of this gas in a selective and efficient way. In this context, this work presents a novel approach for the capture of CO2 based on n-cycloparaphenylenes ([n]-CPPs) doped with nitrogen atoms. This is the first time that the potential of these structures for the capture of polluting gases has been evaluated. Among all the structures analysed, the one yielding the best results (complexation energy of -32.80 kJ mol-1) contains 4 nitrogen atoms per monomer. The topology of the electron density of the host-guest complex and the nature of its non-covalent interactions have been analyzed in this work in order to explain this high binding energy and identify potential structural modifications to improve it. The capability of this system to be used as a sensing device for CO2 using vibrational spectroscopy is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Vidal Vidal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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