1
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Song J, Zhai T, Hahm HS, Li Y, Mao H, Wang X, Jo J, Chang JW. Development of a Dual-Factor Activatable Covalent Targeted Photoacoustic Imaging Probe for Tumor Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410645. [PMID: 38935405 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging modality in biomedical imaging with superior imaging depth and specificity. However, PAI still has significant limitations, such as the background noise from endogenous chromophores. To overcome these limitations, we developed a covalent activity-based PAI probe, NOx-JS013, targeting NCEH1. NCEH1, a highly expressed and activated serine hydrolase in aggressive cancers, has the potential to be employed for the diagnosis of cancers. We show that NOx-JS013 labels active NCEH1 in live cells with high selectivity relative to other serine hydrolases. NOx-JS013 also presents its efficacy as a hypoxia-responsive imaging probe in live cells. Finally, NOx-JS013 successfully visualizes aggressive prostate cancer tumors in mouse models of PC3, while being negligibly detected in tumors of non-aggressive LNCaP mouse models. These findings show that NOx-JS013 has the potential to be used to develop precision PAI reagents for detecting metastatic progression in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
| | - Tianqu Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Heung Sik Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Janggun Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
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2
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Jo J, Upadhyay T, Woods EC, Park KW, Pedowitz NJ, Jaworek-Korjakowska J, Wang S, Valdez TA, Fellner M, Bogyo M. Development of Oxadiazolone Activity-Based Probes Targeting FphE for Specific Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Infections. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6880-6892. [PMID: 38411555 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major human pathogen that is responsible for a wide range of systemic infections. Since its propensity to form biofilms in vivo poses formidable challenges for both detection and treatment, tools that can be used to specifically image S. aureus biofilms are highly valuable for clinical management. Here, we describe the development of oxadiazolone-based activity-based probes to target the S. aureus-specific serine hydrolase FphE. Because this enzyme lacks homologues in other bacteria, it is an ideal target for selective imaging of S. aureus infections. Using X-ray crystallography, direct cell labeling, and mouse models of infection, we demonstrate that oxadiazolone-based probes enable specific labeling of S. aureus bacteria through the direct covalent modification of the FphE active site serine. These results demonstrate the utility of the oxadizolone electrophile for activity-based probes and validate FphE as a target for the development of imaging contrast agents for the rapid detection of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyun Jo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tulsi Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emily C Woods
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ki Wan Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nichole J Pedowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Sijie Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tulio A Valdez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthias Fellner
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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3
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Jo J, Upadhyay T, Woods EC, Park KW, Pedowitz NJ, Jaworek-Korjakowska J, Wang S, Valdez TA, Fellner M, Bogyo M. Development of Oxadiazolone Activity-Based Probes Targeting FphE for Specific Detection of S. aureus Infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.11.571116. [PMID: 38168396 PMCID: PMC10760020 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.11.571116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen responsible for a wide range of systemic infections. Since its propensity to form biofilms in vivo poses formidable challenges for both detection and treatment, tools that can be used to specifically image S. aureus biofilms are highly valuable for clinical management. Here we describe the development of oxadiazolonebased activity-based probes to target the S. aureus-specific serine hydrolase FphE. Because this enzyme lacks homologs in other bacteria, it is an ideal target for selective imaging of S. aureus infections. Using X-ray crystallography, direct cell labeling and mouse models of infection we demonstrate that oxadiazolone-based probes enable specific labeling of S. aureus bacteria through the direct covalent modification of the FphE active site serine. These results demonstrate the utility of the oxadizolone electrophile for activity-based probes (ABPs) and validate FphE as a target for development of imaging contrast agents for the rapid detection of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyun Jo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tulsi Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily C. Woods
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ki Wan Park
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nichole J. Pedowitz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Sijie Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tulio A. Valdez
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Divisions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthias Fellner
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Swenson CS, Pillai KS, Carlos AJ, Moellering RE. Spatial Chemoproteomics for Mapping the Active Proteome. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200104. [PMID: 38046285 PMCID: PMC10688764 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional regulation of cell signaling through dynamic changes in protein activity state as well as spatial organization represent two dynamic, complex, and conserved phenomena in biology. Seemingly separate areas of -omics method development have focused on building tools that can detect and quantify protein activity states, as well as map sub-cellular and intercellular protein organization. Integration of these efforts, through the development of chemical tools and platforms that enable detection and quantification of protein functional states with spatial resolution provide opportunities to better understand heterogeneity in the proteome within cell organelles, multi-cellular tissues, and whole organisms. This review provides an overview of and considerations for major classes of chemical proteomic probes and technologies that enable protein activity mapping from sub-cellular compartments to live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S Swenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Dr. Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kavya Smitha Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Dr. Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anthony J Carlos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Dr. Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Raymond E Moellering
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Dr. Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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5
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Racioppo B, Qiu N, Adibekian A. Serine Hydrolase Activity‐Based Probes for use in Chemical Proteomics. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Racioppo
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 United States
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Nan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 United States
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 United States
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6
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Honeder SE, Tomin T, Schinagl M, Pfleger R, Hoehlschen J, Darnhofer B, Schittmayer M, Birner‐Gruenberger R. Research Advances Through Activity‐Based Lipid Hydrolase Profiling. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Elisabeth Honeder
- Research and Diagnostic Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Stiftingtalstraße 6 8036 Graz Austria
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Maximilian Schinagl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Raphael Pfleger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Julia Hoehlschen
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry Center for Medical Research Medical University of Graz Neue Stiftingtalstraße 24 8036 Graz Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Ruth Birner‐Gruenberger
- Research and Diagnostic Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Stiftingtalstraße 6 8036 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics University of Technology Vienna Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria
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7
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Confinement fluorescence effect (CFE): Lighting up life by enhancing the absorbed photon energy utilization efficiency of fluorophores. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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8
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Borne AL, Brulet JW, Yuan K, Hsu KL. Development and biological applications of sulfur-triazole exchange (SuTEx) chemistry. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:322-337. [PMID: 34095850 PMCID: PMC8174820 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur electrophiles constitute an important class of covalent small molecules that have found widespread applications in synthetic chemistry and chemical biology. Various electrophilic scaffolds, including sulfonyl fluorides and arylfluorosulfates as recent examples, have been applied for protein bioconjugation to probe ligand sites amenable for chemical proteomics and drug discovery. In this review, we describe the development of sulfonyl-triazoles as a new class of electrophiles for sulfur-triazole exchange (SuTEx) chemistry. SuTEx achieves covalent reaction with protein sites through irreversible modification of a residue with an adduct group (AG) upon departure of a leaving group (LG). A principal differentiator of SuTEx from other chemotypes is the selection of a triazole heterocycle as the LG, which introduces additional capabilities for tuning the sulfur electrophile. We describe the opportunities afforded by modifications to the LG and AG alone or in tandem to facilitate nucleophilic substitution reactions at the SO2 center in cell lysates and live cells. As a result of these features, SuTEx serves as an efficient platform for developing chemical probes with tunable bioactivity to study novel nucleophilic sites on established and poorly annotated protein targets. Here, we highlight a suite of biological applications for the SuTEx electrophile and discuss future goals for this enabling covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Borne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Brulet
- Department of Chemistry, University of VirginiaMcCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319CharlottesvilleVirginia 22904USA+1-434-297-4864
| | - Kun Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of VirginiaMcCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319CharlottesvilleVirginia 22904USA+1-434-297-4864
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of VirginiaMcCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319CharlottesvilleVirginia 22904USA+1-434-297-4864
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA 22903USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia 22908USA
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9
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Lu Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Zhang Q. NCEH1 may be a prognostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2746-2752. [PMID: 33284889 PMCID: PMC7716126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutral Cholesterol Ester Hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) is an enzyme involved in ether lipid metabolism, and the NCEH1 gene is overexpressed in a variety of tumors. However, its role in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. Therefore, we compared the gene transcription data of healthy and pancreatic cancer tissues using the Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases. R software (v3.6.1) was used for the differential, clinicopathological correlation, and survival analyses. We found that NCEH1 was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with that in healthy tissues (P = 1.732 e-50), and that its expression level was related to lymph node metastasis. High NCEH1 expression was associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.002). Using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we determined that NCEH1 is an independent risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Gene set enrichment analysis identified that NCEH1 overexpression is prominent in cell-cell adhesion junctions, pancreatic cancer, cancer-associated pathways, prostate cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia. In contrast, low NCEH1 expression correlated to high oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, we conclude that NCEH1 may be a prognostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongyang People's Hospital 60 West Wuning Road, Dongyang 322100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyi Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongyang People's Hospital 60 West Wuning Road, Dongyang 322100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuya Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongyang People's Hospital 60 West Wuning Road, Dongyang 322100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Dongyang People's Hospital 60 West Wuning Road, Dongyang 322100, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Vanhoutte R, van de Plassche MAT, Verhelst SHL. Rapid Solid-Phase Construction of Serine Hydrolase Probes Results in Selective Activity-Based Probes for Acyl Protein Thioesterases-1/2. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11845-11853. [PMID: 32990443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a large, diverse family of enzymes that play various biomedically important roles. Their study has been substantially advanced by activity-based protein profiling, which makes use of covalent chemical probes for labeling the active site and detection by various methodologies. However, highly selective probes for individual SHs are scarce because probe synthesis usually takes place by time-consuming solution phase chemistry. We here report a general solid-phase synthesis toward SH chemical probes, which will speed up probe library synthesis. It involves the construction of a recognition element ending in a secondary amine followed by capping with different electrophiles. We illustrate the power of this approach by the discovery of selective chemical probes for the depalmitoylating enzymes APT-1/2. Overall, this study reports new methodologies to synthesize SH probes, while providing new reagents to study protein depalmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Vanhoutte
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestr. 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Merel A T van de Plassche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestr. 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, KU Leuven, Herestr. 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Chang JW, Bhuiyan M, Tsai H, Zhang HJ, Li G, Fathi S, McCutcheon DC, Leoni L, Freifelder R, Chen C, Moellering RE. In Vivo Imaging of the Tumor‐Associated Enzyme NCEH1 with a Covalent PET Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago 929 E. 57th St. Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Hematology and Medical Oncology Winship Cancer Institute Emory University 1510 Clifton Rd NE Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Mohammed Bhuiyan
- Department of Radiology The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Hsiu‐Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Department of Radiology The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago 929 E. 57th St. Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Shaghayegh Fathi
- Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago 929 E. 57th St. Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - David C. McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago 929 E. 57th St. Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Richard Freifelder
- Department of Radiology The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Chin‐Tu Chen
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
- Department of Radiology The University of Chicago 5735 S. Ellis Ave Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Raymond E. Moellering
- Department of Chemistry The University of Chicago 929 E. 57th St. Chicago IL 60637 USA
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12
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Chang JW, Bhuiyan M, Tsai HM, Zhang HJ, Li G, Fathi S, McCutcheon DC, Leoni L, Freifelder R, Chen CT, Moellering RE. In Vivo Imaging of the Tumor-Associated Enzyme NCEH1 with a Covalent PET Probe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15161-15165. [PMID: 32415874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of an 18 F-labeled, activity-based small-molecule probe targeting the cancer-associated serine hydrolase NCEH1. We undertook a focused medicinal chemistry campaign to simultaneously preserve potent and specific NCEH1 labeling in live cells and animals, while permitting facile 18 F radionuclide incorporation required for PET imaging. The resulting molecule, [18 F]JW199, labels active NCEH1 in live cells at nanomolar concentrations and greater than 1000-fold selectivity relative to other serine hydrolases. [18 F]JW199 displays rapid, NCEH1-dependent accumulation in mouse tissues. Finally, we demonstrate that [18 F]JW199 labels aggressive cancer tumor cells in vivo, which uncovered localized NCEH1 activity at the leading edge of triple-negative breast cancer tumors, suggesting roles for NCEH1 in tumor aggressiveness and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Current address: Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mohammed Bhuiyan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J Zhang
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Shaghayegh Fathi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - David C McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Richard Freifelder
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, 5735 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Raymond E Moellering
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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13
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Deng H, Lei Q, Wu Y, He Y, Li W. Activity-based protein profiling: Recent advances in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112151. [PMID: 32109778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has become an emerging chemical proteomic approach to illustrate the interaction mechanisms between compounds and proteins. This approach has combined organic synthesis, biochemistry, cell biology, biophysics and bioinformatics to accelerate the process of drug discovery in target identification and validation, as well as in the stage of lead discovery and optimization. This review will summarize new developments and applications of ABPP in medicinal chemistry. Here, we mainly described the design principles of activity-base probes (ABPs) and general workflows of ABPP approach. Moreover, we discussed various basic and advanced ABPP strategies and their applications in medicinal chemistry, including competitive and comparative ABPP, two-step ABPP, fluorescence polarization ABPP (FluoPol-ABPP) and ABPs for visualization. In conclusion, this review will give a general overview of the applications of ABPP as a powerful and efficient technique in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yangping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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14
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Hamilton BR, Marshall DL, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Blanksby SJ, Undheim EAB. Mapping Enzyme Activity on Tissue by Functional Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3855-3858. [PMID: 31854493 PMCID: PMC7106485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are central components of most physiological processes, and are consequently implicated in various pathologies. High‐resolution maps of enzyme activity within tissues therefore represent powerful tools for elucidating enzymatic functions in health and disease. Here, we present a novel mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) method for assaying the spatial distribution of enzymatic activity directly from tissue. MSI analysis of tissue sections exposed to phospholipid substrates produced high‐resolution maps of phospholipase activity and specificity, which could subsequently be compared to histological images of the same section. Functional MSI thus represents a new and generalisable method for imaging biological activity in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Robert A Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Bioscience, The University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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15
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Hamilton BR, Marshall DL, Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Blanksby SJ, Undheim EAB. Mapping Enzyme Activity on Tissue by Functional Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David L. Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Nicholas R. Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK
| | - Robert A. Harrison
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis Department of Bioscience The University of Oslo 0316 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, and Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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16
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Abstract
Ongoing advances in chemical proteomic methods have facilitated detection and quantification of enzymatic activity, a highly informative parameter that is not captured in protein abundance measurements. However, some biological questions remain unanswered, since current gel- or LC-MS/MS-based detection methods suffer from limitations stemming from sample homogenization, signal-averaging, and an inherent bias toward abundant proteins. To address these shortcomings, we recently developed an activity-based proximity ligation (ADPL) platform to capture and quantify enzyme activity on the level of single cells, with high intra- and intercellular spatial resolution. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the rationale behind the ADPL platform, the design transition from the initial "sandwich-complex" workflow to the optimized, "direct conjugate" ADPL method, and conclude with detailed protocols for each. We also describe our novel use of the homo-bifunctional linker, disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), to conjugate proteins and oligonucleotides, thus generating the necessary antibody-oligonucleotide recognition reagents for ADPL. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of ADPL to characterize enzyme activity from cytosol to nucleus, and specifically detect enzyme activity using "direct conjugate" ADPL.
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17
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Opportunities for Lipid-Based Probes in the Field of Immunology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:283-319. [PMID: 30242513 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipids perform a wide range of functions inside the cell, ranging from structural building block of membranes and energy storage to cell signaling. The mode of action of many signaling lipids has remained elusive due to their low abundance, high lipophilicity, and inherent instability. Various chemical biology approaches, such as photoaffinity or activity-based protein profiling methods, have been employed to shed light on the biological role of lipids and the lipid-protein interaction profile. In this review, we will summarize the recent developments in the field of chemical probes to study lipid biology, especially in immunology, and indicate potential avenues for future research.
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18
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An activity-dependent proximity ligation platform for spatially resolved quantification of active enzymes in single cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1775. [PMID: 29176560 PMCID: PMC5701173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of chemical probes into proteomic workflows enables the interrogation of protein activity, rather than abundance. Current methods limit the biological contexts that can be addressed due to sample homogenization, signal-averaging, and bias toward abundant proteins. Here we report a platform that integrates family-wide chemical probes with proximity-dependent oligonucleotide amplification and imaging to quantify enzyme activity in native contexts with high spatial resolution. Application of this method, activity-dependent proximity ligation (ADPL), to serine hydrolase and cysteine protease enzymes enables quantification of differential enzyme activity resulting from endogenous changes in localization and expression. In a competitive format, small-molecule target engagement with endogenous proteins in live cells can be quantified. Finally, retention of sample architecture enables interrogation of complex environments such as cellular co-culture and patient samples. ADPL should be amenable to diverse probe and protein families to detect active enzymes at scale and resolution out of reach with current methods. The interrogation of enzyme activity involves the ensemble averaging of many cells, loss of spatial relationships and is often biased to abundant proteins. Here the authors develop activity-dependent proximity ligation to quantify enzyme activity at the cellular and sub-cellular level in relevant biological contexts.
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19
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Bumpus T, Baskin JM. Clickable Substrate Mimics Enable Imaging of Phospholipase D Activity. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:1070-1077. [PMID: 29104923 PMCID: PMC5658752 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical imaging techniques have played instrumental roles in dissecting the spatiotemporal regulation of signal transduction pathways. Phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes affect cell signaling by producing the pleiotropic lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid via hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. It remains a mystery how this one lipid signal can cause such diverse physiological and pathological signaling outcomes, due in large part to a lack of suitable tools for visualizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of its production within cells. Here, we report a chemical method for imaging phosphatidic acid synthesis by PLD enzymes in live cells. Our approach capitalizes upon the enzymatic promiscuity of PLDs, which we show can accept azidoalcohols as reporters in a transphosphatidylation reaction. The resultant azidolipids are then fluorescently tagged using the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, enabling visualization of cellular membranes bearing active PLD enzymes. Our method, termed IMPACT (Imaging Phospholipase D Activity with Clickable Alcohols via Transphosphatidylation), reveals pools of basal and stimulated PLD activities in expected and unexpected locations. As well, we reveal a striking heterogeneity in PLD activities at both the cellular and subcellular levels. Collectively, our studies highlight the importance of using chemical tools to directly visualize, with high spatial and temporal resolution, the subset of signaling enzymes that are active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
W. Bumpus
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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20
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Fan J, Guo S, Wang S, Kang Y, Yao Q, Wang J, Gao X, Wang H, Du J, Peng X. Lighting-up breast cancer cells by a near-infrared fluorescent probe based on KIAA1363 enzyme-targeting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4857-4860. [PMID: 28421217 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NB-AX, the first NIR KIAA1363-targeting fluorescent probe, could be used for the ultrafast lighting up of breast cancer cells and detection of tissues and tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Shigang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Suzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Qichao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Pathology
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Hongjiang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
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21
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Roberts AM, Ward CC, Nomura DK. Activity-based protein profiling for mapping and pharmacologically interrogating proteome-wide ligandable hotspots. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 43:25-33. [PMID: 27568596 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the completion of human genome sequencing efforts nearly 15 years ago that brought with it the promise of genome-based discoveries that would cure human diseases, most protein targets that control human diseases have remained largely untranslated, in-part because they represent difficult protein targets to drug. In addition, many of these protein targets lack screening assays or accessible binding pockets, making the development of small-molecule modulators very challenging. Here, we discuss modern methods for activity-based protein profiling-based chemoproteomic strategies to map 'ligandable' hotspots in proteomes using activity and reactivity-based chemical probes to allow for pharmacological interrogation of these previously difficult targets. We will showcase several recent examples of how these technologies have been used to develop highly selective small-molecule inhibitors against disease-related protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Roberts
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Carl C Ward
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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22
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Chen B, Ge SS, Zhao YC, Chen C, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling: an efficient approach to study serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the identification of serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yuan-Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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23
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Moriyama A, Katagiri N, Nishimura S, Takahashi N, Kakeya H. In Vivo Linking of Membrane Lipids and the Anion Transporter Band 3 with Thiourea-modified Amphiphilic Lipid Probes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17427. [PMID: 26616474 PMCID: PMC4663539 DOI: 10.1038/srep17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins interact with membrane lipids for their structural stability and proper function. However, lipid–protein interactions are poorly understood at a molecular level especially in the live cell membrane, due to current limitations in methodology. Here, we report that amphiphilic lipid probes can be used to link membrane lipids and membrane proteins in vivo. Cholesterol and a phospholipid were both conjugated to a fluorescent tag through a linker containing thiourea. In the erythrocyte, the cholesterol probe fluorescently tagged the anion transporter band 3 via thiourea. Tagging by the cholesterol probe, but not by the phospholipid probe, was competitive with an anion transporter inhibitor, implying the presence of a specific binding pocket for cholesterol in this ~100 kDa protein. This method could prove an effective strategy for analyzing lipid–protein interactions in vivo in the live cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Moriyama
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naohiro Katagiri
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nishimura
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takahashi
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Division of Bioinformatics and Chemical Genomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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24
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Ross MK, Pluta K, Bittles V, Borazjani A, Allen Crow J. Interaction of the serine hydrolase KIAA1363 with organophosphorus agents: Evaluation of potency and kinetics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 590:72-81. [PMID: 26617293 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxons are bioactive metabolites of organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) that covalently inactivate serine hydrolases. KIAA1363 is one of the most abundant serine hydrolases in mouse brain. Although the physiological consequences related to the inhibition of KIAA1363 due to environmental exposures to OPs are poorly understood, the enzyme was previously shown to have a role in the detoxification of oxons. Here, we overexpressed human KIAA1363 and CES1 in COS7 cells and compared the potency of inhibition (IC50s, 15 min) of KIAA1363 and CES1 by chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), paraoxon (PO), and methyl paraoxon (MPO). The order of potency was CPO > PO >> MPO for both enzymes. We also determined the bimolecular rate constants (kinact/Ki) for reactions of CPO and PO with KIAA1363 and CES1. KIAA1363 and CES1 were inactivated by CPO at comparable rates (4.4 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1) and 6.7 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1), respectively), whereas PO inactivated both enzymes at slower rates (0.4 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1) and 1.5 × 10(6) s(-1) M(-1), respectively). Finally, the reactivation rate of KIAA1363 following inhibition by CPO was evaluated. Together, the results define the kinetics of inhibition of KIAA1363 by active metabolites of agrochemicals and indicate that KIAA1363 is highly sensitive to inhibition by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Kim Pluta
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Victoria Bittles
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - J Allen Crow
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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25
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Nandakumar M, Hsu YL, Lin JCY, Lo C, Lo LC, Lin CH. Detection of Human α-L-Fucosidases by a Quinone Methide-Generating Probe: Enhanced Activities in Response toHelicobacter pyloriInfection. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1555-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhou L, Pan L, Cui Z, Fei Q, Luo S, Pan D, Huang Q, Wang R, Zhao C, Tian H, Fan C. Fluorescent In Situ Targeting Probes for Rapid Imaging of Ovarian-Cancer-Specific γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7349-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Wang F, Zhu Y, Zhou L, Pan L, Cui Z, Fei Q, Luo S, Pan D, Huang Q, Wang R, Zhao C, Tian H, Fan C. Fluorescent In Situ Targeting Probes for Rapid Imaging of Ovarian-Cancer-Specific γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Abstract
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms possess huge numbers of uncharacterized enzymes. Selective inhibitors offer powerful probes for assigning functions to enzymes in native biological systems. Here, we discuss how the chemical proteomic platform activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can be implemented to discover selective and in vivo-active inhibitors for enzymes. We further describe how these inhibitors have been used to delineate the biochemical and cellular functions of enzymes, leading to the discovery of metabolic and signaling pathways that make important contributions to human physiology and disease. These studies demonstrate the value of selective chemical probes as drivers of biological inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037;
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29
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LDAI-Based Chemical Labeling of Intact Membrane Proteins and Its Pulse-Chase Analysis under Live Cell Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1013-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Mertens MD, Schmitz J, Horn M, Furtmann N, Bajorath J, Mareš M, Gütschow M. A coumarin-labeled vinyl sulfone as tripeptidomimetic activity-based probe for cysteine cathepsins. Chembiochem 2014; 15:955-9. [PMID: 24648212 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A coumarin-tetrahydroquinoline hydride 8 was synthesized as a chemical tool for fluorescent labeling. The rigidified tricyclic coumarin structure was chosen for its suitable fluorescence properties. The connection of 8 with a vinyl sulfone building block was accomplished by convergent synthesis thereby leading to the coumarin-based, tripeptidomimetic activity-based probe 10, containing a Gly-Phe-Gly motif. Probe 10 was evaluated as inactivator of the therapeutically relevant human cysteine cathepsins S, L, K, and B: it showed particularly strong inactivation of cathepsin S. The detection of recombinant and native cathepsin S was demonstrated by applying 10 to in-gel fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D Mertens
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn (Germany)
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31
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Hunerdosse D, Nomura DK. Activity-based proteomic and metabolomic approaches for understanding metabolism. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 28:116-26. [PMID: 24594637 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are an increasing number of human pathologies that have been associated with altered metabolism, including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Most attention on metabolism has been focused on well-understood metabolic pathways and has largely ignored most of the biochemical pathways that operate in (patho)physiological settings, in part because of the vast landscape of uncharacterized and undiscovered metabolic pathways. One technology that has arisen to meet this challenge is activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) that uses activity-based chemical probes to broadly assess the functional states of both characterized and uncharacterized enzymes. This review will focus on how ABPP, coupled with inhibitor discovery platforms and functional metabolomic technologies, have led to discoveries that have expanded our knowledge of metabolism in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Hunerdosse
- Program in Metabolic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Program in Metabolic Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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32
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Novartis Chemistry Lectureship 2013-2014 / Novartis Early Career Award in Organic Chemistry 2013. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Novartis Chemistry Lectureship 2013-2014 / Novartis Early Career Award in organischer Chemie 2013. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Zhang L, Duan D, Liu Y, Ge C, Cui X, Sun J, Fang J. Highly Selective Off–On Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Thioredoxin Reductase in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:226-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408792k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Dongzhu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xuemei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied
Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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35
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Niphakis MJ, Cognetta AB, Chang JW, Buczynski MW, Parsons LH, Byrne F, Burston JJ, Chapman V, Cravatt BF. Evaluation of NHS carbamates as a potent and selective class of endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1322-32. [PMID: 23731016 DOI: 10.1021/cn400116z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a principal metabolic enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Selective inhibitors of MAGL offer valuable probes to further understand the enzyme's function in biological systems and may lead to drugs for treating a variety of diseases, including psychiatric disorders, neuroinflammation, and pain. N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) carbamates have recently been identified as a promising class of serine hydrolase inhibitors that shows minimal cross-reactivity with other proteins in the proteome. Here, we explore NHS carbamates more broadly and demonstrate their potential as inhibitors of endocannabinoid hydrolases and additional enzymes from the serine hydrolase class. We extensively characterize an NHS carbamate 1a (MJN110) as a potent, selective, and in-vivo-active MAGL inhibitor. Finally, we demonstrate that MJN110 alleviates mechanical allodynia in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy, marking NHS carbamates as a promising class of MAGL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical
Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Armand B. Cognetta
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical
Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jae Won Chang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical
Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew W. Buczynski
- Committee of Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Loren H. Parsons
- Committee of Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Frederika Byrne
- Arthritis
Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham
NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Burston
- Arthritis
Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham
NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Chapman
- Arthritis
Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham
NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical
Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Chang JW, Cognetta AB, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF. Proteome-wide reactivity profiling identifies diverse carbamate chemotypes tuned for serine hydrolase inhibition. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1590-9. [PMID: 23701408 DOI: 10.1021/cb400261h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases are one of the largest and most diverse enzyme classes in Nature. Inhibitors of serine hydrolases are used to treat many diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cognitive dementia, and bacterial and viral infections. Nonetheless, the majority of the 200+ serine hydrolases in mammals still lack selective inhibitors for their functional characterization. We and others have shown that activated carbamates, through covalent reaction with the conserved serine nucleophile of serine hydrolases, can serve as useful inhibitors for members of this enzyme family. The extent to which carbamates, however, cross-react with other protein classes remains mostly unexplored. Here, we address this problem by investigating the proteome-wide reactivity of a diverse set of activated carbamates in vitro and in vivo, using a combination of competitive and click chemistry (CC)-activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). We identify multiple classes of carbamates, including O-aryl, O-hexafluoroisopropyl (HFIP), and O-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) carbamates that react selectively with serine hydrolases across entire mouse tissue proteomes in vivo. We exploit the proteome-wide specificity of HFIP carbamates to create in situ imaging probes for the endocannabinoid hydrolases monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and α-β hydrolase-6 (ABHD6). These findings, taken together, designate the carbamate as a privileged reactive group for serine hydrolases that can accommodate diverse structural modifications to produce inhibitors that display exceptional potency and selectivity across the mammalian proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, The United States of America
| | - Armand B. Cognetta
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, The United States of America
| | - Micah J. Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, The United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, The United States of America
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37
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Chemical approaches to study metabolic networks. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:427-40. [PMID: 23296751 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the more provocative realizations that have come out of the genome sequencing projects is that organisms possess a large number of uncharacterized or poorly characterized enzymes. This finding belies the commonly held notion that our knowledge of cell metabolism is nearly complete, underscoring the vast landscape of unannotated metabolic and signaling networks that operate under normal physiological conditions, let alone in disease states where metabolic networks may be rewired, dysregulated, or altered to drive disease progression. Consequently, the functional annotation of enzymatic pathways represents a grand challenge for researchers in the post-genomic era. This review will highlight the chemical technologies that have been successfully used to characterize metabolism, and put forth some of the challenges we face as we expand our map of metabolic pathways.
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Wu Y, Zhang W, Li J, Zhang Y. Optical imaging of tumor microenvironment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 3:1-15. [PMID: 23342297 PMCID: PMC3545362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment plays important roles in tumor development and metastasis. Features of the tumor microenvironment that are significantly different from normal tissues include acidity, hypoxia, overexpressed proteases and so on. Therefore, these features can serve as not only biomarkers for tumor diagnosis but also theraputic targets for tumor treatment. Imaging modalities such as optical, positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been intensively applied to investigate tumor microenvironment. Various imaging probes targeting pH, hypoxia and proteases in tumor microenvironment were thus well developed. In this review, we will focus on recent examples on fluorescent probes for optical imaging of tumor microenvironment. Construction of these fluorescent probes were based on characteristic feature of pH, hypoxia and proteases in tumor microenvironment. Strategies for development of these fluorescent probes and applications of these probes in optical imaging of tumor cells or tissues will be discussed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University Nanjing, China
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39
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Benjamin DI, Cravatt BF, Nomura DK. Global profiling strategies for mapping dysregulated metabolic pathways in cancer. Cell Metab 2012; 16:565-77. [PMID: 23063552 PMCID: PMC3539740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells possess fundamentally altered metabolism that provides a foundation to support tumorigenicity and malignancy. Our understanding of the biochemical underpinnings of cancer has benefited from the integrated utilization of large-scale profiling platforms (e.g., genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics), which, together, can provide a global assessment of how enzymes and their parent metabolic networks become altered in cancer to fuel tumor growth. This review presents several examples of how these integrated platforms have yielded fundamental insights into dysregulated metabolism in cancer. We will also discuss questions and challenges that must be addressed to more completely describe, and eventually control, the diverse metabolic pathways that support tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Benjamin
- Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, 127 Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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40
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Chemical Probes for the Recognition of Cannabinoid Receptors in Native Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6896-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Martín-Couce L, Martín-Fontecha M, Palomares Ó, Mestre L, Cordomí A, Hernangomez M, Palma S, Pardo L, Guaza C, López-Rodríguez ML, Ortega-Gutiérrez S. Chemical Probes for the Recognition of Cannabinoid Receptors in Native Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Shreder KR, Lin ECK, Wu J, Cajica J, Amantea CM, Hu Y, Okerberg E, Brown HE, Pham LM, Chung DM, Fraser AS, McGee E, Rosenblum JS, Kozarich JW. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of (1-halo-2-naphthyl) carbamate-based inhibitors of KIAA1363 (NCEH1/AADACL1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5748-51. [PMID: 22877630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
KIAA1363 is a serine hydrolase whose activity has been shown to be positively associated with tumor cell invasiveness. Thus, inhibitors of KIAA1363 represent a novel targeted therapy approach towards cancer. AX11890 ((1-bromo-2-naphthyl) N,N-dimethylcarbamate) was identified as a KIAA1363 inhibitor with an IC(50) value of 1.2 μM and was shown using ESI-MS to carbamylate the catalytic residue Ser(191). SAR studies explored both substitution of the 1-bromo group and derivatization of the 6-position. Activity-based protein profiling demonstrated AX13057 inhibited tumor-localized KIAA1363 in SK-OV-3 xenograft-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Shreder
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., 11025 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Ross MK, Borazjani A, Wang R, Crow JA, Xie S. Examination of the carboxylesterase phenotype in human liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:44-56. [PMID: 22525521 PMCID: PMC3569858 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES) metabolize esters. Two CES isoforms are expressed in human liver (CES1 and CES2) and liver extracts are used in reaction phenotyping studies to discern interindividual metabolic variation. We tested the hypothesis that an individual's CES phenotype can be characterized by reporter substrates/probes that interrogate native CES1 and CES2 activities in liver and immunoblotting methods. We obtained 25 livers and found that CES1 is the main hydrolytic enzyme. Moreover, although CES1 protein levels were similar, we observed large interindividual variation in bioresmethrin hydrolysis rates (17-fold), a pyrethroid metabolized by CES1 but not CES2. Bioresmethrin hydrolysis rates did not correlate with CES1 protein levels. In contrast, procaine hydrolysis rates, a drug metabolized by CES2 but not CES1, were much less variant (3-fold). Using activity-based fluorophosphonate probes (FP-biotin), which covalently reacts with active serine hydrolases, CES1 protein was the most active enzyme in the livers. Finally, using bioorthogonal probes and click chemistry methodology, the half-life of CES 1 and 2 in cultured HepG2 cells was estimated at 96 h. The cause of the differential CES1 activities is unknown, but the underlying factors will be important to understand because several carboxylic acid ester drugs and environmental toxicants are metabolized by this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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