1
|
Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Streater DH, Kennehan ER, Wang D, Fiankor C, Chen L, Yang C, Li B, Liu D, Ibrahim F, Hermans I, Kohlstedt KL, Luo L, Zhang J, Huang J. Control over Charge Separation by Imine Structural Isomerization in Covalent Organic Frameworks with Implications on CO 2 Photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4489-4499. [PMID: 38327095 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of photocatalytic materials for solar energy conversion. In this work, we report a pair of structurally isomeric COFs with reversed imine bond directions, which leads to drastic differences in their physical properties, photophysical behaviors, and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance after incorporating a Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl molecular catalyst through bipyridyl units on the COF backbone (Re-COF). Using the combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and theory, we attributed these differences to the polarized nature of the imine bond that imparts a preferential direction to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) upon photoexcitation, where the bipyridyl unit acts as an electron acceptor in the forward imine case (f-COF) and as an electron donor in the reverse imine case (r-COF). These interactions ultimately lead the Re-f-COF isomer to function as an efficient CO2 reduction photocatalyst, while the Re-r-COF isomer shows minimal photocatalytic activity. These findings not only reveal the essential role linker chemistry plays in COF photophysical and photocatalytic properties but also offer a unique opportunity to design photosensitizers that can selectively direct charges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Streater
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Eric R Kennehan
- Magnitude Instruments, 200 Innovation Boulevard Ste. 224, State College, Pennsylvania 16803, United States
| | - Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Christian Fiankor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Liangji Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Chongqing Yang
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Daohua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Faysal Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ive Hermans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin L Kohlstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mudge MN, Bhadbhade M, Ball GE, Colbran SB. Ruthenium(II) Complexes of a Xanthene-Spanned Dicarbene Ligand. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18901-18914. [PMID: 37939015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes of a xanthene-di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ancillary ligand (XdC) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Examples catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of ketones {[Ru(CO)I2(C,O,C'-XdC)] (1) and [Ru(CO)(MeCN)2(C,O,C'-XdC)]2+ (22+)} and the selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO {[Ru(N,N'-bpy)(CO)(C,O,C'-XdC)]2+ (32+) at 0.40 V overpotential in MeCN-H2O (1 M)}. The reaction of 1 with KBEt3H afforded isomers of [(C,C'-XdC)Ru(μ-H)(H)]2 dimers, which are stable to reductive elimination of the XdC ligand, thereby suggesting similar (XdC)Rh(coligand)(H)x species may be viable intermediates in catalyses. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 involves a double reduction of 32+ to 3••, which has been characterized by IR-SEC and DFT calculations. The DFT calculations suggest the Ru-Oxanth bond breaks in 3••, opening a metal site for CO2 binding with selectivity over protons enabled by the diffuse nature of the HOMO delocalized over the metal and the bipyridine and carbonyl coligands. The results point to the promise of metal complexes of flexible and hemilabile xanthene-(NHC)2 ancillary ligands in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Mudge
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Graham E Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen B Colbran
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sulphur vs NH Group: Effects on the CO 2 Electroreduction Capability of Phenylenediamine-Cp Cobalt Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052364. [PMID: 36903610 PMCID: PMC10005266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cobalt complex (I) with cyclopentadienyl and 2-aminothiophenolate ligands was investigated as a homogeneous catalyst for electrochemical CO2 reduction. By comparing its behavior with an analogous complex with the phenylenediamine (II), the effect of sulfur atom as a substituent has been evaluated. As a result, a positive shift of the reduction potential and the reversibility of the corresponding redox process have been observed, also suggesting a higher stability of the compound with sulfur. Under anhydrous conditions, complex I showed a higher current enhancement in the presence of CO2 (9.41) in comparison with II (4.12). Moreover, the presence of only one -NH group in I explained the difference in the observed increases on the catalytic activity toward CO2 due to the presence of water, with current enhancements of 22.73 and 24.40 for I and II, respectively. DFT calculations confirmed the effect of sulfur on the lowering of the energy of the frontier orbitals of I, highlighted by electrochemical measurements. Furthermore, the condensed Fukui function f - values agreed very well with the current enhancement observed in the absence of water.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zoric MR, Chan T, Musgrave CB, Goddard WA, Kubiak CP, Cordones AA. In situ x-ray absorption investigations of a heterogenized molecular catalyst and its interaction with a carbon nanotube support. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:074703. [PMID: 36813711 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly active heterogenized molecular CO2 reduction catalyst on a conductive carbon support is investigated to identify if its improved catalytic activity can be attributed to strong electronic interactions between catalyst and support. The molecular structure and electronic character of a [Re+1(tBu-bpy)(CO)3Cl] (tBu-bpy = 4,4'-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) catalyst deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotubes are characterized using Re L3-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy under electrochemical conditions and compared to the homogeneous catalyst. The Re oxidation state is characterized from the near-edge absorption region, while structural changes of the catalyst are assessed from the extended x-ray absorption fine structure under reducing conditions. Chloride ligand dissociation and a Re-centered reduction are both observed under applied reducing potential. The results confirm weak coupling of [Re(tBu-bpy)(CO)3Cl] with the support, since the supported catalyst exhibits the same oxidation changes as the homogeneous case. However, these results do not preclude strong interactions between a reduced catalyst intermediate and the support, preliminarily investigated here using quantum mechanical calculations. Thus, our results suggest that complicated linkage schemes and strong electronic interactions with the initial catalyst species are not required to improve the activity of heterogenized molecular catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija R Zoric
- Stanford SUNCAT Institute, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Clifford P Kubiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Stanford SUNCAT Institute, Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Larrea C, Avilés-Moreno JR, Ocón P. Strategies to Enhance CO 2 Electrochemical Reduction from Reactive Carbon Solutions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041951. [PMID: 36838939 PMCID: PMC9960053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2 ER) from (bi)carbonate feed presents an opportunity to efficiently couple this process to alkaline-based carbon capture systems. Likewise, while this method of reducing CO2 currently lags behind CO2 gas-fed electrolysers in certain performance metrics, it offers a significant improvement in CO2 utilization which makes the method worth exploring. This paper presents two simple modifications to a bicarbonate-fed CO2 ER system that enhance the selectivity towards CO. Specifically, a modified hydrophilic cathode with Ag catalyst loaded through electrodeposition and the addition of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), a low-cost surfactant, to the catholyte enabled the system to achieve a FECO of 85% and 73% at 100 and 200 mA·cm-2, respectively. The modifications were tested in 4 h long experiments where DTAB helped maintain FECO stable even when the pH of the catholyte became more alkaline, and it improved the CO2 utilization compared to a system without DTAB.
Collapse
|
7
|
Müller AV, Faustino LA, de Oliveira KT, Patrocinio AOT, Polo AS. Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction by Re(I) Photocatalysts with N-Heterocyclic Substituents. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa V. Müller
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC─UFABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, 09210-580Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. Faustino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia─UFU, Av. João Naves de Ávila 212, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos─UFSCar, Rodovia Washington Luís km 235, 13565-905São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio O. T. Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia─UFU, Av. João Naves de Ávila 212, 38400-902Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André S. Polo
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC─UFABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, 09210-580Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reid AG, Hooe SL, Moreno JJ, Dickie DA, Machan CW. Homogeneous Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 by a CrN 3O Complex: Electronic Coupling with a Redox-Active Terpyridine Fragment Favors Selectivity for CO. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16963-16970. [PMID: 36260749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrocatalyst design and optimization strategies continue to be an active area of research interest for the applied use of renewable energy resources. The electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an attractive approach in this context because of the added potential benefit of addressing its rising atmospheric concentrations. In previous experimental and computational studies, we have described the mechanism of the first molecular Cr complex capable of electrocatalytically reducing CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of an added proton donor, which contained a redox-active 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) fragment, CrN2O2. The high selectivity for CO in the bpy-based system was dependent on a delocalized CrII(bpy•-) active state. Subsequently, we became interested in exploring how expanding the polypyridyl ligand core would impact the selectivity and activity during electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here, we report a new CrN3O catalyst, Cr(tpytbupho)Cl2 (1), where 2-(2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-6-yl)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenolate = [tpytbupho]-, which reduces CO2 to CO with almost quantitative selectivity via a different mechanism than our previously reported Cr(tbudhbpy)Cl(H2O) catalyst. Computational analyses indicate that, although the stoichiometry of both reactions is identical, changes in the observed rate law are the combined result of a decrease in the intrinsic ligand charge (L3X vs L2X2) and an increase in the ligand redox activity, which result in increased electronic coupling between the doubly reduced tpy fragment of the ligand and the CrII center. The strong electronic coupling enhances the rate of protonation and subsequent C-OH bond cleavage, resulting in CO2 binding becoming the rate-determining step, which is an uncommon mechanism during protic CO2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bunjes O, Hedman D, Rittmeier A, Paul LA, Siewert I, Ding F, Wenderoth M. Making and breaking of chemical bonds in single nanoconfined molecules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7776. [PMID: 36083910 PMCID: PMC9462694 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement of catalytically active molecules is a powerful strategy to control their chemical activity; however, the atomic-scale mechanisms are challenging to identify. In the present study, the site-specific reactivity of a model rhenium catalyst is studied on the subnanometer scale for complexes confined within quasi-one-dimensional molecular chains on the Ag(001) surface by scanning tunneling microscopy. Injection of tunneling electrons causes ligand dissociation in single molecules. Unexpectedly, while half of the complexes show only the dissociation, the confined molecules show also the reverse reaction. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, this drastic difference can be attributed to the limited space in confinement. That is, the split-off ligand adsorbs closer to the molecule and the dissociation causes less structural disruption. Both of these facilitate the reverse reaction. We demonstrate formation and disruption of single chemical bonds of nanoconfined molecules with potential application in molecular data storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole Bunjes
- IV. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hedman
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexandra Rittmeier
- IV. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucas A. Paul
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Wenderoth
- IV. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Capulín Flores L, Paul LA, Siewert I, Havenith R, Zúñiga-Villarreal N, Otten E. Neutral Formazan Ligands Bound to the fac-(CO) 3Re(I) Fragment: Structural, Spectroscopic, and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13532-13542. [PMID: 35969867 PMCID: PMC9438031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes with ligands that coordinate via the nitrogen atom of azo (N═N) or imino (C═N) groups are of interest due to their π-acceptor properties and redox-active nature, which leads to interesting (opto)electronic properties and reactivity. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes with neutral N,N-bidentate formazans, which possess both N═N and C═N fragments within the ligand backbone (Ar1-NH-N═C(R3)-N═N-Ar5). The compounds were synthesized by reacting equimolar amounts of [ReBr(CO)5] and the corresponding neutral formazan. X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic (IR, NMR) characterization confirmed the generation of formazan-type species with the structure fac-[ReBr(CO)3(κ2-N2,N4(Ar1-N1H-N2═C(R3)-N3═N4-Ar5))]. The formazan ligand coordinates the metal center in the 'open' form, generating a five-membered chelate ring with a pendant NH arm. The electronic absorption and emission properties of these complexes are governed by the presence of low-lying π*-orbitals on the ligand as shown by DFT calculations. The high orbital mixing between the metal and ligand results in photophysical properties that contrast to those observed in fac-[ReBr(CO)3(L,L)] species with α-diimine ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Capulín Flores
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Lucas A Paul
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Remco Havenith
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Noé Zúñiga-Villarreal
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, 04510 México, D.F., México
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels and chemicals is one of the most attractive routes for CO2 utilization. However, low efficiency and poor stability restrict the practical application of most conventional electrocatalysts. Here, a silver hollow fiber electrode is presented as a novel self-supported gas diffusion electrode for efficient and stable CO2 electroreduction to CO. A CO faradaic efficiency of over 92% at current densities of above 150 mA∙cm−2 is achieved in 0.5 M KHCO3 for over 100 h, which is comparable to the most outstanding Ag-based electrocatalysts. The electrochemical results suggest the excellent electrocatalytic performance of silver hollow fiber electrode is attributed to the unique pore structures providing abundant active sites and favorable mass transport, which not only suppresses the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) but also facilitates the CO2 reduction kinetics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li X, Panetier JA. Mechanistic Study of Tungsten Bipyridyl Tetracarbonyl Electrocatalysts for CO 2 Fixation: Exploring the Roles of Explicit Proton Sources and Substituent Effects. Top Catal 2022; 65:325-340. [PMID: 37645456 PMCID: PMC10465121 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten bipyridyl tetracarbonyl complexes were shown to reduce CO2 to CO in acetonitrile [Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 1894-1900]. Here, we employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the electronic structure and reactivity of a series of tungsten electrocatalysts, [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (where R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN), for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Our proposed mechanism suggests that initial reduction of the starting material by two electrons is required to access the active catalyst upon CO dissociation, which is slightly endergonic, consistent with the slow product release observed experimentally. The doubly reduced species, which has a closed-shell singlet ground state, can bind CO2 via an η2-CO2 binding mode to yield the metallocarboxylate intermediate. Based on the energy span model, CO2 addition is the TOF-determining transition state (TDTS) in the presence of water as the proton source. Different substituents at the 4,4'-positions of the bipyridine ligand in [W(bpy-R)(CO)4] (R = H, CH3, tBu, OCH3, CF3, and CN) were considered to comprehend the substituent effects for CO2RR. DFT results show that electron-withdrawing substituents, such as CN and CF3, do not yield efficient CO2 reduction catalysts due to the necessity of forming high energy intermediates for the protonation steps, resulting in low TOFs and high overpotentials. Among electron-donating groups, the parent compound and tert-butyl substituted complex are the most active catalysts for CO2RR due to higher TOFs at low overpotentials. Overall, based on the energy span model and theoretical Tafel plots, our computational approach provides quantitative information for designing CO2 reduction electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Julien A. Panetier
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dubrawski ZS, Chang CY, Carr CR, Gelfand BS, Piers WE. Electrocatalyst decomposition pathways: torsional strain in a second sphere proton relay shuts off CO 2RR in a Re(2,2′-bipyridyl)(CO) 3X type electrocatalyst. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:17381-17390. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02876j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Group 7 tris(carbonyl) bipyridine complexes have been well explored as important CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) electrocatalysts and now represent an excellent platform for catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Dubrawski
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chia Yun Chang
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Cody R. Carr
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S. Gelfand
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Warren E. Piers
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tarrago M, Ye S, Neese F. Electronic structure analysis of electrochemical CO2 reduction by iron-porphyrins reveals basic requirements to design catalysts bearing non-innocent ligands. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10029-10047. [PMID: 36128248 PMCID: PMC9430493 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01863b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is a possible solution to the increasing CO2 concentration in the earth atmosphere, because it enables storage of energy while using the harmful CO2 feedstock as starting...
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kou Y, Nabetani Y, Nakazato R, Pratheesh NV, Sato T, Nozawa S, Adachi SI, Tachibana H, Inoue H. Mechanism of the photoreduction of carbon dioxide catalyzed by the benchmarking rhenium dimethylbipyridine complexes; operando measurements by XAFS and FT-IR. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Koenig JDB, Dubrawski ZS, Rao KR, Willkomm J, Gelfand BS, Risko C, Piers WE, Welch GC. Lowering Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Overpotential Using N-Annulated Perylene Diimide Rhenium Bipyridine Dyads with Variable Tether Length. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16849-16864. [PMID: 34597040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and characterization of four N-annulated perylene diimide (NPDI) functionalized rhenium bipyridine [Re(bpy)] supramolecular dyads. The Re(bpy) scaffold was connected to the NPDI chromophore either directly [Re(py-C0-NPDI)] or via an ethyl [Re(bpy-C2-NPDI)], butyl [Re(bpy-C4-NPDI)], or hexyl [Re(bpy-C6-NPDI)] alkyl-chain spacer. Upon electrochemical reduction in the presence of CO2 and a proton source, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all exhibited significant current enhancement effects, while Re(py-C0-NPDI) did not. During controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments at Eappl = -1.8 V vs Fc+/0, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all achieved comparable activity (TONco ∼ 25) and Faradaic efficiency (FEco ∼ 94%). Under identical CPE conditions, the standard catalyst Re(dmbpy) was inactive for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction; only at Eappl = -2.1 V vs Fc+/0 could Re(dmbpy) achieve the same catalytic performance, representing a 300 mV lowering in overpotential for Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI). At higher overpotentials, Re(bpy-C4/6-NPDI) both outperformed Re(bpy-C2-NPDI), indicating the possibility of coinciding electrocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanisms that are dictated by tether-length and overpotential. Using UV-vis-nearIR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), FTIR SEC, and chemical reduction experiments, it was shown that the NPDI-moiety served as an electron-reservoir for Re(bpy), thereby allowing catalytic activity at lower overpotentials. Density functional theory studies probing the optimized geometries and frontier molecular orbitals of various catalytic intermediates revealed that the geometric configuration of NPDI relative to the Re(bpy)-moiety plays a critical role in accessing electrons from the electron-reservoir. The improved performance of Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI)dyads at lower overpotentials, relative to Re(dmbpy), highlights the utility of chromophore electron-reservoirs as a method for lowering the overpotential for CO2 conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh D B Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zachary S Dubrawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Panetier JA. Computational Study for CO 2-to-CO Conversion over Proton Reduction Using [Re[bpyMe(Im-R)](CO) 3Cl] + (R = Me, Me 2, and Me 4) Electrocatalysts and Comparison with Manganese Analogues. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Julien A. Panetier
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi NN, Yin XM, Gao WS, Wang JM, Zhang SF, Fan YH, Wang M. Competition between electrocatalytic CO2 reduction and H+ reduction by Cu(II), Co(II) complexes containing redox-active ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Mechanistic insight into electrocatalytic CO2 reduction using Lewis acid-base pairs. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
20
|
Shee J, Loipersberger M, Hait D, Lee J, Head-Gordon M. Revealing the nature of electron correlation in transition metal complexes with symmetry breaking and chemical intuition. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194109. [PMID: 34240907 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we provide a nuanced view of electron correlation in the context of transition metal complexes, reconciling computational characterization via spin and spatial symmetry breaking in single-reference methods with qualitative concepts from ligand-field and molecular orbital theories. These insights provide the tools to reliably diagnose the multi-reference character, and our analysis reveals that while strong (i.e., static) correlation can be found in linear molecules (e.g., diatomics) and weakly bound and antiferromagnetically coupled (monometal-noninnocent ligand or multi-metal) complexes, it is rarely found in the ground-states of mono-transition-metal complexes. This leads to a picture of static correlation that is no more complex for transition metals than it is, e.g., for organic biradicaloids. In contrast, the ability of organometallic species to form more complex interactions, involving both ligand-to-metal σ-donation and metal-to-ligand π-backdonation, places a larger burden on a theory's treatment of dynamic correlation. We hypothesize that chemical bonds in which inter-electron pair correlation is non-negligible cannot be adequately described by theories using MP2 correlation energies and indeed find large errors vs experiment for carbonyl-dissociation energies from double-hybrid density functionals. A theory's description of dynamic correlation (and to a less important extent, delocalization error), which affects relative spin-state energetics and thus spin symmetry breaking, is found to govern the efficacy of its use to diagnose static correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Shee
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthias Loipersberger
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Diptarka Hait
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moreno JJ, Hooe SL, Machan CW. DFT Study on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2 to CO by a Molecular Chromium Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3635-3650. [PMID: 33657314 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A variety of molecular transition metal-based electrocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) have been developed to explore the viability of utilization strategies for addressing its rising atmospheric concentrations and the corresponding effects of global warming. Concomitantly, this approach could also meet steadily increasing global energy demands for value-added carbon-based chemical feedstocks as nonrenewable petrochemical resources are consumed. Reports on the molecular electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 mediated by chromium (Cr) complexes are scarce relative to other earth-abundant transition metals. Recently, our group reported a Cr complex that can efficiently catalyze the reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) at low overpotentials. Here, we present new mechanistic insight through a computational (density functional theory) study, exploring the origin of kinetic selectivity, relative energetic positioning of the intermediates, speciation with respect to solvent coordination and spin state, as well as the role of the redox-active bipyridine moiety. Importantly, these studies suggest that under certain reducing conditions, the formation of bicarbonate could become a competitive reaction pathway, informing new areas of interest for future experimental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Shelby L Hooe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barrett JA, Miller CJ, Kubiak CP. Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 Using Group VII Metal Catalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
24
|
Rotundo L, Grills DC, Gobetto R, Priola E, Nervi C, Polyansky DE, Fujita E. Photochemical CO
2
Reduction Using Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes with Bipyridyl‐Type Ligands with and without Second Coordination Sphere Effects. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotundo
- Chemistry Department University of Torino Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
- CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari Italy
| | - David C. Grills
- Chemistry Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973–5000 USA
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Chemistry Department University of Torino Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
- CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Emanuele Priola
- Chemistry Department University of Torino Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
- CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Chemistry Department University of Torino Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
- CIRCC Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari Italy
| | | | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973–5000 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Loipersberger M, Cabral DGA, Chu DBK, Head-Gordon M. Mechanistic Insights into Co and Fe Quaterpyridine-Based CO 2 Reduction Catalysts: Metal-Ligand Orbital Interaction as the Key Driving Force for Distinct Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:744-763. [PMID: 33400528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both [CoII(qpy)(H2O)2]2+ and [FeII(qpy)(H2O)2]2+ (with qpy = 2,2':6',2″:6'',2‴-quaterpyridine) are efficient homogeneous electrocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to CO. The Co catalyst is more efficient in the electrochemical reduction, while the Fe catalyst is an excellent photoelectrocatalyst ( ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 3411-3417). This work uses density functional theory to shed light on the contrasting catalytic pathways. While both catalysts experience primarily ligand-based reductions, the second reduction in the Co catalyst is delocalized onto the metal via a metal-ligand bonding interaction, causing a spin transition and a distorted ligand framework. This orbital interaction explains the experimentally observed mild reduction potential and slow kinetics of the second reduction. The decreased hardness and doubly occupied dz2-orbital facilitate a σ-bond with the CO2-π* in an η1-κC binding mode. CO2 binding is only possible after two reductions resulting in an EEC mechanism (E = electron transfer, C = chemical reaction), and the second protonation is rate-limiting. In contrast, the Fe catalyst maintains a Lewis acidic metal center throughout the reduction process because the metal orbitals do not strongly mix with the qpy-π* orbitals. This allows binding of the activated CO2 in an η2-binding mode. This interaction stabilizes the activated CO2 via a π-type interaction of a Fe-t2g orbital and the CO2-π* and a dative bond of the oxygen lone pair. This facilitates CO2 binding to a singly reduced catalyst resulting in an ECE mechanism. The barrier for CO2 addition and the second protonation are higher than those for the Co catalyst and rate-limiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delmar G A Cabral
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel B K Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang F, Neumann R, de Graaf C, Poblet JM. Photoreduction Mechanism of CO 2 to CO Catalyzed by a Three-Component Hybrid Construct with a Bimetallic Rhenium Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Department de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Loipersberger M, Cabral DGA, Chu DBK, Head-Gordon M. Mechanistic Insights into Co and Fe Quaterpyridine-Based CO 2 Reduction Catalysts: Metal–Ligand Orbital Interaction as the Key Driving Force for Distinct Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09380 and 21=21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delmar G. A. Cabral
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel B. K. Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Giereth R, Lang P, McQueen E, Meißner X, Braun-Cula B, Marchfelder C, Obermeier M, Schwalbe M, Tschierlei S. Elucidation of Cooperativity in CO2 Reduction Using a Xanthene-Bridged Bimetallic Rhenium(I) Complex. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Giereth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Lang
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewan McQueen
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xenia Meißner
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Braun-Cula
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Marchfelder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Obermeier
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwalbe
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sconyers DJ, Shaughnessy CI, Lee HJ, Subramaniam B, Leonard KC, Blakemore JD. Enhancing Molecular Electrocatalysis of CO 2 Reduction with Pressure-Tunable CO 2 -Expanded Electrolytes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:6338-6345. [PMID: 32196939 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical studies of CO2 conversion by molecular catalysts are typically carried out in a narrow range of near-ambient CO2 pressures wherein low CO2 solubilities in the liquid phase can limit the rate of CO2 reduction. In this study, five-fold rate enhancements are enabled by pairing CO2 -expanded electrolytes (CXEs), a class of media that accommodate multimolar concentrations of CO2 in organic solvents at modest pressures, with a homogeneous molecular electrocatalyst, [Re(CO)3 (bpy)Cl] (1, bpy=2,2'-bipyridyl). Analysis of cyclic voltammetry data reveals pressure-tunable rate behavior, with first-order kinetics at moderate CO2 pressures giving way to zero-order kinetics at higher pressures. The significant enhancement in the space-time yield of CO demonstrates that CXEs offer a simple yet powerful strategy for unlocking the intrinsic potential of molecular catalysts by mitigating CO2 solubility limitations commonly encountered in conventional liquid electrolytes. Moreover, our findings reveal that 1, a workhorse molecular catalyst, performs with intrinsic kinetic behavior, which is competitive with fast enzymes under optimal conditions in CXEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Sconyers
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Charles I Shaughnessy
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Hyun-Jin Lee
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
| | - Bala Subramaniam
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| | - James D Blakemore
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Derrick JS, Loipersberger M, Chatterjee R, Iovan DA, Smith PT, Chakarawet K, Yano J, Long JR, Head-Gordon M, Chang CJ. Metal–Ligand Cooperativity via Exchange Coupling Promotes Iron- Catalyzed Electrochemical CO2 Reduction at Low Overpotentials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20489-20501. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Derrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias Loipersberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Khetpakorn Chakarawet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Williams CK, Lashgari A, Tomb JA, Chai J, Jiang JJ. Atropisomeric Effects of Second Coordination Spheres on Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jenny A. Tomb
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Boutin E, Merakeb L, Ma B, Boudy B, Wang M, Bonin J, Anxolabéhère-Mallart E, Robert M. Molecular catalysis of CO 2 reduction: recent advances and perspectives in electrochemical and light-driven processes with selected Fe, Ni and Co aza macrocyclic and polypyridine complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5772-5809. [PMID: 32697210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Earth-abundant Fe, Ni, and Co aza macrocyclic and polypyridine complexes have been thoroughly investigated for CO2 electrochemical and visible-light-driven reduction. Since the first reports in the 1970s, an enormous body of work has been accumulated regarding the two-electron two-proton reduction of the gas, along with mechanistic and spectroscopic efforts to rationalize the reactivity and establish guidelines for structure-reactivity relationships. The ability to fine tune the ligand structure and the almost unlimited possibilities of designing new complexes have led to highly selective and efficient catalysts. Recent efforts toward developing hybrid systems upon combining molecular catalysts with conductive or semi-conductive materials have converged to high catalytic performances in water solutions, to the inclusion of these catalysts into CO2 electrolyzers and photo-electrochemical devices, and to the discovery of catalytic pathways beyond two electrons. Combined with the continuous mechanistic efforts and new developments for in situ and in operando spectroscopic studies, molecular catalysis of CO2 reduction remains a highly creative approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Boutin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - L Merakeb
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - B Ma
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - B Boudy
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - M Wang
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - J Bonin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - E Anxolabéhère-Mallart
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - M Robert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006 Paris, France. and Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Salsi F, Neville M, Drance M, Hagenbach A, Chan C, Figueroa JS, Abram U. A closed-shell monomeric rhenium(1-) anion provided by m-terphenyl isocyanide ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7009-7012. [PMID: 32441735 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mixed isocyanide/carbonyl complexes cis- and trans-[Re(CO)3Br(CNArDipp2)2] (ArDipp2 = 2,6-(2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3)2C6H3) can be synthesized from reactions of [Re(CO)5Br] and CNArDipp2 depending on the conditions applied. Reduction of the neutral Re(i) species gives the monoanionic complex [Re(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2]- or the neutral [Re(CO)3(CNArDipp2)2], which contain rhenium in the formal oxidation states "-1" and "0", respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salsi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Smith PT, Weng S, Chang CJ. An NADH-Inspired Redox Mediator Strategy to Promote Second-Sphere Electron and Proton Transfer for Cooperative Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Catalyzed by Iron Porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9270-9278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Christopher J. Chang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Loipersberger M, Zee DZ, Panetier JA, Chang CJ, Long JR, Head-Gordon M. Computational Study of an Iron(II) Polypyridine Electrocatalyst for CO2 Reduction: Key Roles for Intramolecular Interactions in CO2 Binding and Proton Transfer. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8146-8160. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Loipersberger
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David Z. Zee
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julien A. Panetier
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Talukdar K, Sinha Roy S, Amatya E, Sleeper EA, Le Magueres P, Jurss JW. Enhanced Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction by a Series of Molecular Rhenium Catalysts Decorated with Second-Sphere Hydrogen-Bond Donors. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6087-6099. [PMID: 32309933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of rhenium(I) fac-tricarbonyl complexes containing pendent arylamine functionality in the second coordination sphere have been developed and studied as electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction. Aniline moieties were appended at the 6 position of a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) donor in which the primary amine was positioned at the ortho- (1-Re), meta- (2-Re), and para- (3-Re) sites of the aniline substituent to generate a family of isomers. The relationship between the catalyst structure and activity was explored across the series, and the catalytic performance was compared to that of the benchmark catalyst Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (ReBpy). Catalysts 1-Re, 2-Re, and 3-Re outperform the benchmark catalyst both in anhydrous acetonitrile and with added trifluoroethanol (TFE) as an external proton source. In the presence of TFE, the aniline-substituted catalysts convert CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) with high Faradaic efficiencies (≥89%) and have superior turnover frequencies (TOFs) relative to ReBpy (72.9 s-1), with 2-Re having the highest TOF of the series at 239 s-1, a value that is twice that of the next most active catalyst. TOFs of 123 and 109 s-1 were observed for the ortho- and para-substituted aniline complexes (1-Re and 3-Re), respectively. Indeed, catalytic activities vary widely across the series, showing a high sensitivity to the position of the amine functionality relative to the rhenium active site. IR and UV-vis spectroelectrochemical experiments were conducted on the aniline-substituted systems, revealing important differences between the catalysts and mechanistic insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Sayontani Sinha Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Eva Amatya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Sleeper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | | | - Jonah W Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wu HL, Li XB, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Semiconductor Quantum Dots: An Emerging Candidate for CO 2 Photoreduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900709. [PMID: 31271262 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most critical approaches to resolve the energy crisis and environmental concerns, carbon dioxide (CO2 ) photoreduction into value-added chemicals and solar fuels (for example, CO, HCOOH, CH3 OH, CH4 ) has attracted more and more attention. In nature, photosynthetic organisms effectively convert CO2 and H2 O to carbohydrates and oxygen (O2 ) using sunlight, which has inspired the development of low-cost, stable, and effective artificial photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction. Due to their low cost, facile synthesis, excellent light harvesting, multiple exciton generation, feasible charge-carrier regulation, and abundant surface sites, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have recently been identified as one of the most promising materials for establishing highly efficient artificial photosystems. Recent advances in CO2 photoreduction using semiconductor QDs are highlighted. First, the unique photophysical and structural properties of semiconductor QDs, which enable their versatile applications in solar energy conversion, are analyzed. Recent applications of QDs in photocatalytic CO2 reduction are then introduced in three categories: binary II-VI semiconductor QDs (e.g., CdSe, CdS, and ZnSe), ternary I-III-VI semiconductor QDs (e.g., CuInS2 and CuAlS2 ), and perovskite-type QDs (e.g., CsPbBr3 , CH3 NH3 PbBr3 , and Cs2 AgBiBr6 ). Finally, the challenges and prospects in solar CO2 reduction with QDs in the future are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nichols AW, Machan CW. Secondary-Sphere Effects in Molecular Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Front Chem 2019; 7:397. [PMID: 31263689 PMCID: PMC6584898 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of fuels and value-added chemicals from carbon dioxide (CO2) using electrocatalysis is a promising approach to the eventual large-scale utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources. To mediate kinetically and thermodynamically challenging transformations of CO2, early reports of molecular catalysts focused primarily on precious metal centers. However, through careful ligand design, earth-abundant first-row transition metals have also demonstrated activity and selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. A particularly effective and promising approach for enhancement of reaction rates and efficiencies of molecular electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction is the modulation of the secondary coordination sphere of the active site. In practice, this has been achieved through the mimicry of enzyme structures: incorporating pendent Brønsted acid/base sites, charged residues, sterically hindered environments, and bimetallic active sites have all proved to be valid strategies for iterative optimization. Herein, the development of secondary-sphere strategies to facilitate rapid and selective CO2 reduction is reviewed with an in-depth examination of the classic [Fe(tetraphenylporphyrin)]+, [Ni(cyclam)]2+, Mn(bpy)(CO)3X, and Re(bpy)(CO)3X (X = solvent or halide) systems, including relevant highlights from other recently developed ligand platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles W. Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Matson BD, McLoughlin EA, Armstrong KC, Waymouth RM, Sarangi R. Effect of Redox Active Ligands on the Electrochemical Properties of Manganese Tricarbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7453-7465. [PMID: 31117629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical behavior of the neutral Mn(azpy)(CO)3(Br) 4 (azpy = 2-phenylazopyridine) complex is reported and compared with its structural analogue Mn(bipy)(CO)3(Br) 1 (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). 4 exhibits reversible two-electron reduction at a mild potential (-0.93 V vs Fc+/0 in acetonitrile) in contrast to 1, which exhibits two sequential one-electron reductions at -1.68 V and -1.89 V vs Fc+/0 in acetonitrile. The key electronic structure differences between 1 and 4 that lead to disparate electrochemical properties are investigated using a combination of Mn-K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), Mn-Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES), and density functional theory (DFT) on 1, 4, their debrominated analogues, [Mn(L)(CO)3(CH3CN)][CF3SO3] (L = bipy 2, azpy 5), and two-electron reduced counterparts [Mn(bipy)(CO)3][K(18-crown-6)] 3 and [Mn(azpy)(CO)3][Cp2Co] 6. The results reveal differences in the distribution of electrons about the CO and bidentate ligands (bipy and azpy), particularly upon formation of the highly reduced, formally Mn(-1) species. The data show that the degree of ligand noninnocence and resulting redox-activity in Mn(L)(CO)3 type complexes impacts not only the reducing power of such systems, but the speciation of the reduced complexes via perturbation of the monomer-dimer equilibrium in the singly reduced Mn(0) state. This study highlights the role of redox-active ligands in tuning the reactivity of metal centers involved in electrocatalytic transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Matson
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California , United States
| | - Elizabeth A McLoughlin
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Keith C Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Ritimukta Sarangi
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park , California , United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Wei Q, Zhou D, Wu G, Cai K, Yuan K, Bian H. Understanding the intramolecular vibrational energy transfer and structural dynamics of anionic ligands in a photo-catalytic CO 2reduction catalyst. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23026-23035. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) and structural dynamics of rhenium photo-catalysts is essential for understanding the mechanism of the photo-catalytic process of CO2reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianchen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Qianshun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Dexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Guorong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Kaicong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Kaijun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian
- China
| | - Hongtao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an
- China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jiang C, Nichols AW, Machan CW. A look at periodic trends in d-block molecular electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9454-9468. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodic trends in the electronic structure of the transition metal centers can be used to explain the observed CO2 reduction activities in molecular electrocatalysts for CO2 reductions. Research activities concerning both horizontal and vertical trends have been summarized with mononuclear complexes from Group 6 to Group 10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asa W. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Virginia
- Charlottesville
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Popov DA, Luna JM, Orchanian NM, Haiges R, Downes CA, Marinescu SC. A 2,2'-bipyridine-containing covalent organic framework bearing rhenium(i) tricarbonyl moieties for CO 2 reduction. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:17450-17460. [PMID: 30499569 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00125a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of CO2 into higher energy products such as carbon-based fuels and feedstocks is an attractive strategy for mitigating the continuous rise in CO2 emissions associated with the growing global energy demand. Rhenium tricarbonyl complexes bearing 2,2'-bipyridine (2,2'-bpy) ligands are well-established molecular electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO. Construction of efficient devices for this electrochemical process requires the immobilization of electrocatalysts to electrode surfaces. To integrate Re(2,2'-bpy)(CO)3 fragments into a covalent organic framework (COF), Re(5,5'-diamine-2,2'-bpy)(CO)3Cl (1) was synthesized and electrochemically investigated. Complex 1 is an active and selective electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO with excellent faradaic efficiency (99%). The presence of the amine substituents leads to a destabilization of the π* orbital of the 5,5'-diamine-2,2'-bpy ligand with respect to the metal center. Therefore, 1 requires more negative potentials (-2.47 V vs. Fc+/0) to reach the doubly reduced catalytically active species. DFT studies were conducted to understand the electronic structure of 1, and support the destabilizing effect of the amine substituents. The Re-2,2'-bpy fragments were successfully integrated into a COF containing 2,2'-bpy moieties (COF-2,2'-bpy) via a post-metallation synthetic route to generate COF-2,2'-bpy-Re. A composite of COF-2,2'-bpy-Re, carbon black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was readily immobilized onto glassy carbon electrodes and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO was observed at -2.8 V vs. Fc0/+, with a faradaic efficiency of 81% for CO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damir A Popov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schaugaard RN, Raghavachari K, Li LS. Redox "Innocence" of Re(I) in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Catalyzed by Nanographene-Re Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10548-10556. [PMID: 30124041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Improving energy efficiency of electrocatalytic CO2 conversion to useful chemicals poses a significant scientific challenge. Recently we reported on using a colloidal nanographene as the diimine ligand to form a molecular complex Re(diimine)(CO)3Cl to tackle this challenge, leading to significantly improved CO2 reduction potential. In this work, we use theoretical computations to investigate the roles of the nanographene ligand in the reduction and the reaction pathways. Remarkably, our results show that the metal center merely provides a binding site for CO2 and a conduit for electron transfer between the nanographene ligand and the substrate instead of changing its own oxidation state in the processes. Thus, despite its multiple oxidation states, the Re is redox "innocent" in the CO2 reduction catalyzed by the nanographene complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Schaugaard
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Liang-Shi Li
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mukhopadhyay TK, MacLean NL, Flores M, Groy TL, Trovitch RJ. Isolation of Mn(I) Compounds Featuring a Reduced Bis(imino)pyridine Chelate and Their Relevance to Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6065-6075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tufan K. Mukhopadhyay
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Nicholas L. MacLean
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Marco Flores
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Thomas L. Groy
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ryan J. Trovitch
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Elgrishi N, Chambers MB, Wang X, Fontecave M. Molecular polypyridine-based metal complexes as catalysts for the reduction of CO 2. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:761-796. [PMID: 28084485 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polypyridyl transition metal complexes represent one of the more thoroughly studied classes of molecular catalysts towards CO2 reduction to date. Initial reports in the 1980s began with an emphasis on 2nd and 3rd row late transition metals, but more recently the focus has shifted towards earlier metals and base metals. Polypyridyl platforms have proven quite versatile and amenable to studying various parameters that govern product distribution for CO2 reduction. However, open questions remain regarding the key mechanistic steps that govern product selectivity and efficiency. Polypyridyl complexes have also been immobilized through a variety of methods to afford active catalytic materials for CO2 reductions. While still an emerging field, materials incorporating molecular catalysts represent a promising strategy for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical devices capable of CO2 reduction. In general, this class of compounds remains the most promising for the continued development of molecular systems for CO2 reduction and an inspiration for the design of related non-polypyridyl catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Elgrishi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Matthew B Chambers
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Xia Wang
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 8229, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nie W, McCrory CCL. Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction by a cobalt bis(pyridylmonoimine) complex: effect of acid concentration on catalyst activity and stability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1579-1582. [PMID: 29367966 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08546j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A Co complex with a redox-active bis(pyridylmonoimine) ligand has been prepared and shows catalytic activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction in acetonitrile. Addition of a proton source such as water or trifluoroethanol dramatically improves the activity and stability of the molecular catalyst. The Co complex reduces CO2 to CO selectively at -1.95 V vs. Fc+/0 in the presence of high concentrations of water. The activity of the Co complex for CO2 reduction compares favorably to other molecular Co-based catalysts in acetonitrile solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Nie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Clark ML, Cheung PL, Lessio M, Carter EA, Kubiak CP. Kinetic and Mechanistic Effects of Bipyridine (bpy) Substituent, Labile Ligand, and Brønsted Acid on Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Re(bpy) Complexes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Po Ling Cheung
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | | | - Clifford P. Kubiak
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Machan CW, Kubiak CP. Interrogating heterobimetallic co-catalytic responses for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 using supramolecular assembly. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:15942-15950. [PMID: 27389806 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01956k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of hydrogen-bonding interactions to direct the non-covalent assembly of a heterobimetallic supramolecular system with Re and Mn bipyridine-based electrocatalysts is reported. Under catalytic conditions, the formation of hydrogen bonds generates a catalyst system which passes ∼10% more current than the individual current responses of the respective Re and Mn complexes for the reduction of CO2 to CO and H2O. Infrared spectroelectrochemical studies indicate that the Re and Mn metal centers interact during the reduction mechanism, even forming heterobimetallic bonds under reducing conditions in the absence of substrate. These findings demonstrate that non-covalent assembly is a powerful method for generating new co-catalyst systems with greater reactivity and efficiency for transformations of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Machan
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 9500 Gilman Drive 0358, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA.
| | - Clifford P Kubiak
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 9500 Gilman Drive 0358, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA.
| |
Collapse
|