1
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Fiorentini F, Eisenhardt KHS, Deacy AC, Williams CK. Synergic Catalysis: the Importance of Intermetallic Separation in Co(III)K(I) Catalysts for Ring Opening Copolymerizations. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39120158 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Dinuclear polymerization catalysts can show high activity and control. Understanding how to design for synergy between the metals is important to improving catalytic performances. Three heterodinuclear Co(III)K(I) catalysts, featuring very similar coordination chemistries, are prepared with different intermetallic separations. The catalysts are compared for the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of propene oxide (PO) with CO2 or with phthalic anhydride (PA). The catalyst with a fixed, wide intermetallic separation, LwideCoK(OAc)2 (Co-K = 8.06 Å), shows very high activity for PO/PA ROCOP, but is inactive for PO/CO2 ROCOP. On the other hand, the catalyst with a fixed, narrow intermetallic separation, LshortCoK(OAc)2 (Co-K, 3.59 Å), shows high activity for PO/CO2 ROCOP, but is much less active for PO/PA ROCOP. A bicomponent catalyst system, comprising a monometallic complex LmonoCoOAc used with an equivalent of KOAc[18-crown-6], shows high activity for both PO/CO2 and PO/PA ROCOP, provided the catalyst concentration is sufficiently high, but underperforms at low catalyst loadings. It is proposed that the two lead catalysts, LwideCoK(OAc)2 and LshortCoK(OAc)2, operate by different mechanisms for PO/PA and PO/CO2 ROCOP. The new wide separation catalyst, LwideCoK(OAc)2, shows some of the best performances yet reported for PO/PA ROCOP, and suggests other catalysts featuring larger intermetallic separations should be targeted for epoxide/anhydride copolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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2
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Eisenhardt KS, Fiorentini F, Lindeboom W, Williams CK. Quantifying CO 2 Insertion Equilibria for Low-Pressure Propene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10451-10464. [PMID: 38589774 PMCID: PMC11027146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
While outstanding catalysts are known for the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 and propene oxide (PO), few are reported at low CO2 pressure. Here, a new series of Co(III)M(I) heterodinuclear catalysts are compared. The Co(III)K(I) complex shows the best activity (TOF = 1728 h-1) and selectivity (>90% polymer, >99% CO2) and is highly effective at low pressures (<10 bar). CO2 insertion is a prerate determining chemical equilibrium step. At low pressures, the concentration of the active catalyst depends on CO2 pressure; above 12 bar, its concentration is saturated, and rates are independent of pressure, allowing the equilibrium constant to be quantified for the first time (Keq = 1.27 M-1). A unified rate law, applicable under all operating conditions, is presented. As proof of potential, published data for leading literature catalysts are reinterpreted and the CO2 equilibrium constants estimated, showing that this unified rate law applies to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina
H. S. Eisenhardt
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Francesca Fiorentini
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Wouter Lindeboom
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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3
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Rosetto G, Vidal F, McGuire TM, Kerr RWF, Williams CK. High Molar Mass Polycarbonates as Closed-Loop Recyclable Thermoplastics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8381-8393. [PMID: 38484170 PMCID: PMC10979403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Using carbon dioxide (CO2) to make recyclable thermoplastics could reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with polymer manufacturing. CO2/cyclic epoxide ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) allows for >30 wt % of the polycarbonate to derive from CO2; so far, the field has largely focused on oligocarbonates. In contrast, efficient catalysts for high molar mass polycarbonates are underinvestigated, and the resulting thermoplastic structure-property relationships, processing, and recycling need to be elucidated. This work describes a new organometallic Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst that combines high productivity, low loading tolerance, and the highest polymerization control to yield polycarbonates with number average molecular weight (Mn) values from 4 to 130 kg mol-1, with narrow, monomodal distributions. It is used in the ROCOP of CO2 with bicyclic epoxides to produce a series of samples, each with Mn > 100 kg mol-1, of poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC), poly(vinyl-cyclohexene carbonate) (PvCHC), poly(ethyl-cyclohexene carbonate) (PeCHC, by hydrogenation of PvCHC), and poly(cyclopentene carbonate) (PCPC). All these materials are amorphous thermoplastics, with high glass transition temperatures (85 < Tg < 126 °C, by differential scanning calorimetry) and high thermal stability (Td > 260 °C). The cyclic ring substituents mediate the materials' chain entanglements, viscosity, and glass transition temperatures. Specifically, PCPC was found to have 10× lower entanglement molecular weight (Me)n and 100× lower zero-shear viscosity compared to those of PCHC, showing potential as a future thermoplastic. All these high molecular weight polymers are fully recyclable, either by reprocessing or by using the Mg(II)Co(II) catalyst for highly selective depolymerizations to epoxides and CO2. PCPC shows the fastest depolymerization rates, achieving an activity of 2500 h-1 and >99% selectivity for cyclopentene oxide and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ryan W. F. Kerr
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University
of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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4
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Lindeboom W, Deacy AC, Phanopoulos A, Buchard A, Williams CK. Correlating Metal Redox Potentials to Co(III)K(I) Catalyst Performances in Carbon Dioxide and Propene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308378. [PMID: 37409487 PMCID: PMC10952574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide copolymerization is a front-runner CO2 utilization strategy but its viability depends on improving the catalysis. So far, catalyst structure-performance correlations have not been straightforward, limiting the ability to predict how to improve both catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, a simple measure of a catalyst ground-state parameter, metal reduction potential, directly correlates with both polymerization activity and selectivity. It is applied to compare performances of 6 new heterodinuclear Co(III)K(I) catalysts for propene oxide (PO)/CO2 ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) producing poly(propene carbonate) (PPC). The best catalyst shows an excellent turnover frequency of 389 h-1 and high PPC selectivity of >99 % (50 °C, 20 bar, 0.025 mol% catalyst). As demonstration of its utility, neither DFT calculations nor ligand Hammett parameter analyses are viable predictors. It is proposed that the cobalt redox potential informs upon the active site electron density with a more electron rich cobalt centre showing better performances. The method may be widely applicable and is recommended to guide future catalyst discovery for other (co)polymerizations and carbon dioxide utilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Lindeboom
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Arron C. Deacy
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 OBZUK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for SustainabilityUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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5
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Kuang Q, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Liao C, Liu S, Chen X, Wang X. A Supported Catalyst that Enables the Synthesis of Colorless CO 2 -Polyols with Ultra-Low Molecular Weight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305186. [PMID: 37157011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low molecular weight (ULMW) CO2 -polyols with well-defined hydroxyl end groups represent useful soft segments for the preparation of high-performance polyurethane foams. However, owing to the poor proton tolerance of catalysts towards CO2 /epoxide telomerization, it remains challenging to synthesize ULMW yet colorless CO2 -polyols. Herein, we propose an immobilization strategy of constructing supported catalysts by chemical anchoring of aluminum porphyrin on Merrifield resin. The resulting supported catalyst displays both extremely high proton tolerance (≈8000 times the equivalents of metal centers) and independence of cocatalyst, affording CO2 -polyols with ULMW (580 g mol-1 ) and high polymer selectivity (>99 %). Moreover, the ULMW CO2 -polyols with various architectures (tri-, quadra-, and hexa-arm) can be obtained, suggesting the wide proton universality of supported catalysts. Notably, benefiting from the heterogeneous nature of the supported catalyst, colorless products can be facilely achieved by simple filtration. The present strategy provides a platform for the synthesis of colorless ULMW polyols derived from not only CO2 /epoxides, but also lactone, anhydrides etc. or their combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxian Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Can Liao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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6
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Fornacon-Wood C, Manjunatha BR, Stühler MR, Gallizioli C, Müller C, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ. Precise cooperative sulfur placement leads to semi-crystallinity and selective depolymerisability in CS 2/oxetane copolymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4525. [PMID: 37500621 PMCID: PMC10374558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CS2 promises easy access to degradable sulfur-rich polymers and insights into how main-group derivatisation affects polymer formation and properties, though its ring-opening copolymerisation is plagued by low linkage selectivity and small-molecule by-products. We demonstrate that a cooperative Cr(III)/K catalyst selectively delivers poly(dithiocarbonates) from CS2 and oxetanes while state-of-the-art strategies produce linkage scrambled polymers and heterocyclic by-products. The formal introduction of sulfur centres into the parent polycarbonates results in a net shift of the polymerisation equilibrium towards, and therefore facilitating, depolymerisation. During copolymerisation however, the catalyst enables near quantitative generation of the metastable polymers in high sequence selectivity by limiting the lifetime of alkoxide intermediates. Furthermore, linkage selectivity is key to obtain semi-crystalline materials that can be moulded into self-standing objects as well as to enable chemoselective depolymerisation into cyclic dithiocarbonates which can themselves serve as monomers in ring-opening polymerisation. Our report demonstrates the potential of cooperative catalysis to produce previously inaccessible main-group rich materials with beneficial chemical and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fornacon-Wood
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bhargav R Manjunatha
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin R Stühler
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cesare Gallizioli
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Liu Y, Lu XB. Current Challenges and Perspectives in CO 2-Based Polymers. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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8
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Capacchione C, Grisi F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M, Milani B, Milione S, Pappalardo D, Zuccaccia C, Pellecchia C. Metal Catalyzed Polymerization: From Stereoregular Poly(α‐olefins) to Tailor‐Made Biodegradable/Biorenewable Polymers and Copolymers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Fabia Grisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Stefano Milione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Daniela Pappalardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Università del Sannio Via de Sanctis snc 82100 Benevento Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cristiano Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06132 Perugia Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Claudio Pellecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano (SA) Italy
- Consorzio per la Reattività Chimica e la Catalisi (CIRCC) Via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
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9
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Chen C, Gnanou Y, Feng X. Ultra-Productive Upcycling CO 2 into Polycarbonate Polyols via Borinane-Based Bifunctional Organocatalysts. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoshuang Feng
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Ma Y, Jiang X, Yin J, Weder C, Berrocal JA, Shi Z. Chemical Upcycling of Conventional Polyureas into Dynamic Covalent Poly(aminoketoenamide)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212870. [PMID: 36394348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemical upcycling of polymers is an emerging strategy to transform post-consumer waste into higher-value chemicals and materials. However, on account of the high stability of the chemical bonds that constitute their main chains, the chemical modification of many polymers proves to be difficult. Here, we report a versatile approach for the upcycling of linear and cross-linked polyureas, which are widely used because of their high chemical stability. The treatment of these polymers or their composites with acetylacetone affords di-vinylogous amide-terminated compounds in good yield. These products can be reacted with aromatic isocyanates, and the resulting aminoketoenamide bonds are highly dynamic at elevated temperatures. We show here that this conversion scheme can be exploited for the preparation of dynamic covalent poly(aminoketoenamide) networks, which are healable and reprocessable through thermal treatment without any catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China.,Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Zixing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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11
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Fazekas E, Lowy PA, Abdul Rahman M, Lykkeberg A, Zhou Y, Chambenahalli R, Garden JA. Main group metal polymerisation catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8793-8814. [PMID: 36214205 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00048b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With sustainability at the forefront of current polymerisation research, the typically earth-abundant, inexpensive and low-toxicity main group metals are attractive candidates for catalysis. Main group metals have been exploited in a broad range of polymerisations, ranging from classical alkene polymerisation to the synthesis of new bio-derived and degradable polyesters and polycarbonates via ring-opening polymerisation and ring-opening copolymerisation. This tutorial review highlights efficient polymerisation catalysts based on Group 1, Group 2, Zn and Group 13 metals. Key mechanistic pathways and catalyst developments are discussed, including tailored ligand design, heterometallic cooperativity, bicomponent systems and careful selection of the polymerisation conditions, all of which can be used to fine-tune the metal Lewis acidity and the metal-alkyl bond polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fazekas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Phoebe A Lowy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | | | - Anna Lykkeberg
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Yali Zhou
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Raju Chambenahalli
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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12
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Zhang YY, Yang GW, Xie R, Zhu XF, Wu GP. Sequence-Reversible Construction of Oxygen-Rich Block Copolymers from Epoxide Mixtures by Organoboron Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19896-19909. [PMID: 36256447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Switchable catalysis, in combination with epoxide-involved ring-opening (co)polymerization, is a powerful technique that can be used to synthesize various oxygen-rich block copolymers. Despite intense research in this field, the sequence-controlled polymerization from epoxide congeners has never been realized due to their similar ring-strain which exerts a decisive influence on the reaction process. Recently, quaternary ammonium (or phosphonium)-containing bifunctional organoboron catalysts have been developed by our group, showing high efficiency for various epoxide conversions. Herein, we, for the first time, report an operationally simple pathway to access well-defined polyether-block-polycarbonate copolymers from mixtures of epoxides by switchable catalysis, which was enabled through thermodynamically and kinetically preferential ring-opening of terminal epoxides or internal epoxides under different atmospheres (CO2 or N2) using one representative bifunctional organoboron catalyst. This strategy shows a broad substrate scope as it is suitable for various combinations of terminal epoxides and internal epoxides, delivering corresponding well-defined block copolymers. NMR, MALDI-TOF, and gel permeation chromatography analyses confirmed the successful construction of polyether-block-polycarbonate copolymers. Kinetic studies and density functional theory calculations elucidate the reversible selectivity between different epoxides in the presence/absence of CO2. Moreover, by replacing comonomer CO2 with cyclic anhydride, the well-defined polyether-block-polyester copolymers can also be synthesized. This work provides a rare example of sequence-controlled polymerization from epoxide mixtures, broadening the arsenal of switchable catalysis that can produce oxygen-rich polymers in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rui Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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13
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Ghosh S, Schulte Y, Wölper C, Tjaberings A, Gröschel AH, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Cooperative Effect in Binuclear Zinc Catalysts in the ROP of Lactide. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Ghosh
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, S07S03C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Yannick Schulte
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, S07S03C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, S07S03C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Tjaberings
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, S07S05C39, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, S07S03C30, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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14
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Preparation of carbon dioxide, propylene oxide, and norbornene dianhydride terpolymers catalyzed via dinuclear cobalt complexes: Effective improvement of thermal, mechanical, and degradation properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Jia Y, Sun Z, Hu C, Pang X. Switchable Polymerization: A Practicable Strategy to Produce Biodegradable Block Copolymers with Diverse Properties. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200220. [PMID: 36071346 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the global demand for sustainable development, there has been an increasing interest in using natural biomass as raw resources to produce sustainable polymers as an alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Because monocomponent biodegradable polymers are often insufficient in performance, copolymers with well-engineered block structures are synthesized to reach wide tunability. Switchable polymerization is such a practical strategy to produce biodegradable block copolymers with diverse performance. This review focus on the performance of block copolymers bearing biodegradable polymer segments produced by diverse switchable polymerization. We highlight two main segments that are critical for biodegradable block copolymers, i. e., polyester and polycarbonate, summarize the multiple characters of materials from switchable polymerization such as antibacterial, shape memory, adhesives, etc. The state-of-the-art research on biodegradable block copolymers, as well as an outlook on the preparation and application of novel materials, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang Z, Yang YF, She YB. Computational Exploration of Dinuclear MgCo Complex-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide and CO 2. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Bin She
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
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17
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Yao Q, Wang Y, Zhao B, Zhu X, Luo Y, Yuan D, Yao Y. Syntheses of Heterometallic Neodymium-Zinc Complexes and Their Performance in the Copolymerization of CO 2 and Cyclohexene Oxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10373-10382. [PMID: 35770739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of Nd-Zn heterometallic complexes bearing o-phenylenediamine-bridged tris(phenolato) ligands (L) were synthesized and characterized. By tuning the backbones of ancillary tris(phenolato) ligands and initiating benzyloxy groups, a Nd-Zn heterometallic complex 12 (ClLNdZnOBnCF3) was found to be highly active for the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) to produce perfect alternating poly(cyclohexene carbonate) with a high turnover frequency up to 5640 h-1 under the polymerization of 90 °C and 20 bar CO2 pressure. The kinetics study showed that CO2/CHO copolymerization catalyzed by 12 was the first order dependence of 12 and CHO concentration and the zero-order dependence of CO2 pressure. The reaction of 12 with CO2 generated a carbonate-coordinated [NdZnNd] trinuclear complex 13, which was believed to be the key intermediate to initiate CO2/CHO copolymerization. On the basis of some experiments, a plausible synergistic polymerization mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyou Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaorong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjie Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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18
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Rupf S, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ. Lithium achieves sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP) of ternary monomer mixtures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6355-6365. [PMID: 35733883 PMCID: PMC9159086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-containing degradable polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemically derived materials. However, to accelerate and broaden their uptake greater structural diversity and new synthetic methodologies are required. Here we report a sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP), in which three monomers (A, B, C) are selectively enchained into an (ABA'C) n sequence by a simple lithium catalyst. Degradable poly(ester-alt-ester-alt-trithiocarbonate)s are obtained in a M n range from 2.35 to 111.20 kDa which are not easily accessible via other polymerisation methodologies. The choice of alkali metal is key to achieve high activity and to control the terpolymer sequence. ROTERP is mechanistically compatible with ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) allowing switchable catalysis for blockpolymer synthesis. The ROTERP demonstrated in this study could be the first example of an entirely new family of sequence selective terpolymerisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rupf
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
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19
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Tang J, Li M, Wang X, Tao Y. Switchable Polymerization Organocatalysis: From Monomer Mixtures to Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115465. [PMID: 35107197 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One-pot production of sequence-controlled block copolymer from mixed monomers is a crucial but rarely reached goal. Using a switchable Lewis-pair organocatalyst, we have accomplished sequence-selective polymerization from a mixture of O-carboxyanhydride (OCA) and epoxide. Polymerization of the OCA monomer occurs first and exclusively because of its exceedingly high polymerizability. When OCA is fully consumed, alternating copolymerization of epoxide and CO2 liberated in OCA polymerization is triggered from the termini of the first block. The two polymerizations thus occur in tandem, both in chemoselective fashion, so that a sequence-controlled block polymer with up to 99 % CO2 conversion is furnished in this one-pot protocol. Calculations and experimental results demonstrate a chemoselective and cooperative mechanism, where the high polymerizability of the OCA monomers guarantees exquisite sequence selectivity and the cooperative decarboxylation partly arose from the stabilization effect by triethylborane, which facilitates the smooth transformation of the chain end from carbonate to alkoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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20
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Reis NV, Deacy AC, Rosetto G, Durr CB, Williams CK. Heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) (M=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) Complexes for the Ring Opening Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide/Epoxide and Anhydride/Epoxide. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104198. [PMID: 35114048 PMCID: PMC9306976 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The catalysed ring opening copolymerizations (ROCOP) of carbon dioxide/epoxide or anhydride/epoxide are controlled polymerizations that access useful polycarbonates and polyesters. Here, a systematic investigation of a series of heterodinuclear Mg(II)M(II) complexes reveals which metal combinations are most effective. The complexes combine different first row transition metals (M(II)) from Cr(II) to Zn(II), with Mg(II); all complexes are coordinated by the same macrocyclic ancillary ligand and by two acetate co-ligands. The complex syntheses and characterization data, as well as the polymerization data, for both carbon dioxide/cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and endo-norbornene anhydride (NA)/cyclohexene oxide, are reported. The fastest catalyst for both polymerizations is Mg(II)Co(II) which shows propagation rate constants (kp ) of 34.7 mM-1 s-1 (CO2 ) and 75.3 mM-1 s-1 (NA) (100 °C). The Mg(II)Fe(II) catalyst also shows excellent performances with equivalent rates for CO2 /CHO ROCOP (kp =34.7 mM-1 s-1 ) and may be preferable in terms of metallic abundance, low cost and low toxicity. Polymerization kinetics analyses reveal that the two lead catalysts show overall second order rate laws, with zeroth order dependencies in CO2 or anhydride concentrations and first order dependencies in both catalyst and epoxide concentrations. Compared to the homodinuclear Mg(II)Mg(II) complex, nearly all the transition metal heterodinuclear complexes show synergic rate enhancements whilst maintaining high selectivity and polymerization control. These findings are relevant to the future design and optimization of copolymerization catalysts and should stimulate broader investigations of synergic heterodinuclear main group/transition metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Reis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Arron C Deacy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Gloria Rosetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher B Durr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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21
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Tang J, Li M, Wang X, Tao Y. Switchable Polymerization Organocatalysis: From Monomer Mixtures to Block Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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22
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Zhang J, Wang L, Liu S, Li Z. Synthesis of Diverse Polycarbonates by Organocatalytic Copolymerization of CO
2
and Epoxides: From High Pressure and Temperature to Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Lebin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials College of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
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23
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring‐Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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24
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Chen C, Gnanou Y, Feng X. Borinane-based organoboron catalysts for alternating copolymerization of CO 2 with cyclic ethers: improved productivity and facile recovery. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01161a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organoboron catalysts including an ammonium salt separated by a few carbon–carbon bonds to a boron center were designed and synthesized. Borinane-based organoboron catalysts exhibited highest activity for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yves Gnanou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoshuang Feng
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Liao X, Cui FC, He JH, Ren WM, Lu XB, Zhang YT. Sustainable Approach for Synthesis and Completely Recycle of Cyclic CO 2-based Polycarbonates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6283-6290. [PMID: 35733884 PMCID: PMC9159078 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics. Polycarbonates derived from the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides have attracted much attention since they can enable CO2-fixation and furnish biorenewable and degradable polymeric materials. So far, only linear CO2-based polycarbonates have been reported and typically degraded to cyclic carbonates. Here we synthesize a homogeneous dinuclear methyl zinc catalyst ((BDI-ZnMe)2, 1) to rapidly copolymerize meso-CHO and CO2 into poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with an unprecedentedly cyclic structure. Moreover, in the presence of trace amounts of water, a heterogeneous multi-nuclear zinc catalyst ((BDI-(ZnMe2·xH2O))n, 2) is prepared and shows up to 99% selectivity towards the degradation of PCHC back to meso-CHO and CO2. This strategy not only achieves the first case of cyclic CO2-based polycarbonate but also realizes the complete chemical recycling of PCHC back to its monomers, representing closed-loop recycling of CO2-based polycarbonates. It is highly desirable to reduce the environmental pollution related to the disposal of end-of-life plastics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Feng-Chao Cui
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University 130024 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yue-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 130012 Changchun P. R. China
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26
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Cao H, Zhang R, Zhou Z, Liu S, Tao Y, Wang F, Wang X. On-Demand Transformation of Carbon Dioxide into Polymers Enabled by a Comb-Shaped Metallic Oligomer Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Shunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Fosong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China
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27
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Zhang J, Wang L, Liu S, Li Z. Synthesis of Diverse Polycarbonates by Organocatalytic Copolymerization of CO 2 and Epoxides: From High Pressure and Temperature to Ambient Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111197. [PMID: 34734673 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphazenes combined with triethylborane (TEB) were selected as binary organocatalyts for the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides. Both the activity and selectivity were highly dependent on the nature of phosphazenes. 2,4,6-Tris[tri(1-pyrrolidinyl)-iminophosphorane]-1,3,5-triazine (C3 N3 -Py-P3 ) with a relatively low basicity (pKa =26.5 in CD3 CN) and a bulky molecular size (φ=1.3 nm) exhibited an unprecedented efficiency (TON up to 12240) and selectivity (>99 % polymer selectivity and >99 % carbonate linkages) toward copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO), and produced CO2 -based polycarbonates (CO2 -PCs) with high molar masses (Mn up to 275.5 kDa) at 1 MPa of CO2 and 80 °C. Surprisingly, this binary catalytic system achieved efficient CO2 /CHO copolymerization with TOF up to 95 h-1 at 1 atm pressure and room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lebin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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28
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Deacy A, Gregory GL, Sulley GS, Chen TTD, Williams CK. Sequence Control from Mixtures: Switchable Polymerization Catalysis and Future Materials Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10021-10040. [PMID: 34190553 PMCID: PMC8297863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing demand for higher-performing polymeric materials counterbalanced by the need for sustainability throughout the life cycle. Copolymers comprising ester, carbonate, or ether linkages could fulfill some of this demand as their monomer-polymer chemistry is closer to equilibrium, facilitating (bio)degradation and recycling; many monomers are or could be sourced from renewables or waste. Here, an efficient and broadly applicable route to make such copolymers is discussed, a form of switchable polymerization catalysis which exploits a single catalyst, switched between different catalytic cycles, to prepare block sequence selective copolymers from monomer mixtures. This perspective presents the principles of this catalysis, catalyst design criteria, the selectivity and structural copolymer characterization tools, and the properties of the resulting copolymers. Uses as thermoplastic elastomers, toughened plastics, adhesives, and self-assembled nanostructures, and for programmed degradation, among others, are discussed. The state-of-the-art research into both catalysis and products, as well as future challenges and directions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory S. Sulley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Thomas T. D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
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29
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Yao Q, Chen Y, Wang Y, Yuan D, You H, Yao Y. Alternating copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide initiated by rare-earth metal complexes stabilized by o-phenylenediamine-bridged tris(phenolate) ligand. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Gruszka W, Garden JA. Advances in heterometallic ring-opening (co)polymerisation catalysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3252. [PMID: 34059676 PMCID: PMC8167082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Truly sustainable plastics require renewable feedstocks coupled with efficient production and end-of-life degradation/recycling processes. Some of the most useful degradable materials are aliphatic polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides, which are often prepared via ring-opening (co)polymerisation (RO(CO)P) using an organometallic catalyst. While there has been extensive research into ligand development, heterometallic cooperativity offers an equally promising yet underexplored strategy to improve catalyst performance, as heterometallic catalysts often exhibit significant activity and selectivity enhancements compared to their homometallic counterparts. This review describes advances in heterometallic RO(CO)P catalyst design, highlighting the overarching structure-activity trends and reactivity patterns to inform future catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gruszka
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer A Garden
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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31
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Plajer AJ, Williams CK. Heterocycle/Heteroallene Ring-Opening Copolymerization: Selective Catalysis Delivering Alternating Copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202104495. [PMID: 34015162 PMCID: PMC9298364 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom‐containing polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemicals, show controllable monomer–polymer equilibria and properties spanning plastics, elastomers, fibres, resins, foams, coatings, adhesives, and self‐assembled nanostructures. Their current and future applications span packaging, house‐hold goods, clothing, automotive components, electronics, optical materials, sensors, and medical products. An interesting route to these polymers is the catalysed ring‐opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of heterocycles and heteroallenes. It is a living polymerization, occurs with high atom economy, and creates precise, new polymer structures inaccessible by traditional methods. In the last decade there has been a renaissance in research and increasing examples of commercial products made using ROCOP. It is better known in the production of polycarbonates and polyesters, but is also a powerful route to make N‐, S‐, and other heteroatom‐containing polymers, including polyamides, polycarbamates, and polythioesters. This Review presents an overview of the different catalysts, monomer combinations, and polymer classes that can be accessed by heterocycle/heteroallene ROCOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Plajer
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Oxford Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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32
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Paradiso V, Della Monica F, Lamparelli DH, D'Aniello S, Rieger B, Capacchione C. Dinuclear [OSSO]-Fe complexes for the reaction of CO 2 with epoxides. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00622c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of new dinuclear iron complexes for the coupling of CO2 with epoxides. A bimetallic cooperative reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of kinetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Paradiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
| | - Francesco Della Monica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
| | - David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
| | - Sara D'Aniello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie
- Zentralinstitut für Katalyseforschung (CRC)
- Technische Universitat München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli”
- Università degli Studi di Salerno
- 84084 Fisciano
- Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis
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33
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A New Dinuclear Cobalt Complex for Copolymerization of CO 2 and Propylene Oxide: High Activity and Selectivity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184095. [PMID: 32911616 PMCID: PMC7571228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the ligand H4Salen-8tBu (salen-4), a new dinuclear cobalt complex (salen-4)[Co(III)TFA]2 (salen-4 = 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde-3,3′-diaminobiphenylamine; TFA = trifluoroacetic acid) has been firstly synthesized and characterized. It shows high catalytic activity for the copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), yielding regioregular poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with little generation of propylene carbonate (PC) by-product. It has been found that (salen-4)[Co(III)TFA]2 shows higher activity at milder conditions, generating a polymer with maximum Mn of 293 kg/mol and a narrow molecular weight distribution PDI of 1.35. The influences of reaction time, CO2 pressure, reaction temperature, nature of the cocatalyst, catalyst dosage and substrate concentration on the molecular weight, yield and selectivity of the polymer were explored in detail. The results showed that the (salen-4)[Co(III)TFA]2/[PPN]TFA catalyst system demonstrated a remarkable TOF as high as 735 h–1. In addition, a hypothetical catalytic reaction mechanism was proposed based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the catalytic reaction results of the (salen-4)[Co(III)TFA]2.
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34
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Yang GW, Zhang YY, Xie R, Wu GP. Scalable Bifunctional Organoboron Catalysts for Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides with Unprecedented Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12245-12255. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rui Xie
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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35
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Deng J, Ratanasak M, Sako Y, Tokuda H, Maeda C, Hasegawa JY, Nozaki K, Ema T. Aluminum porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides as catalysts for copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and CO 2: metal-ligand cooperative catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5669-5675. [PMID: 32864082 PMCID: PMC7425082 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifunctional Al porphyrins worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2.
Bifunctional AlIII porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides, 2-Cl and 2-Br, worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO2 at 120 °C. Turnover frequency (TOF) and turnover number (TON) reached 10 000 h–1 and 55 000, respectively, and poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with molecular weight of up to 281 000 was obtained with a catalyst loading of 0.001 mol%. In contrast, bifunctional MgII and ZnII counterparts, 3-Cl and 4-Cl, as well as a binary catalyst system, 1-Cl with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride (PPNCl), showed poor catalytic performances. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction rate was first-order in [CHO] and [2-Br] and zero-order in [CO2], and the activation parameters were determined: ΔH‡ = 12.4 kcal mol–1, ΔS‡ = –26.1 cal mol–1 K–1, and ΔG‡ = 21.6 kcal mol–1 at 80 °C. Comparative DFT calculations on two model catalysts, AlIII complex 2′ and MgII complex 3′, allowed us to extract key factors in the catalytic behavior of the bifunctional AlIII catalyst. The high polymerization activity and carbonate-linkage selectivity originate from the cooperative actions of the metal center and the quaternary ammonium cation, both of which facilitate the epoxide-ring opening by the carbonate anion to form the carbonate linkage in the key transition state such as TS3b (ΔH‡ = 13.3 kcal mol–1, ΔS‡ = –3.1 cal mol–1 K–1, and ΔG‡ = 14.4 kcal mol–1 at 80 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Manussada Ratanasak
- Institute for Catalysis , Hokkaido University , Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo , Hokkaido 001-0021 , Japan .
| | - Yuma Sako
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
| | - Hideki Tokuda
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
| | - Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
| | - Jun-Ya Hasegawa
- Institute for Catalysis , Hokkaido University , Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo , Hokkaido 001-0021 , Japan .
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology , Graduate School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan .
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , Tsushima , Okayama 700-8530 , Japan .
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36
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Della Monica F, Paradiso V, Grassi A, Milione S, Cavallo L, Capacchione C. A Novel [OSSO]-Type Chromium(III) Complex as a Versatile Catalyst for Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide with Epoxides. Chemistry 2020; 26:5347-5353. [PMID: 31999359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new chromium(III) complex, bearing a bis-thioether-diphenolate [OSSO]-type ligand, was found to be an efficient catalyst in the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides to achieve poly(propylene carbonate), poly(cyclohexene carbonate), poly(hexene carbonate) and poly(styrene carbonate), as well as poly(propylene carbonate)(cyclohexene carbonate) and poly(propylene carbonate)(hexene carbonate) terpolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Monica
- "A. Zambelli" Department of Chemistry and Biology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.,Current address: Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Veronica Paradiso
- "A. Zambelli" Department of Chemistry and Biology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alfonso Grassi
- "A. Zambelli" Department of Chemistry and Biology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Stefano Milione
- "A. Zambelli" Department of Chemistry and Biology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- "A. Zambelli" Department of Chemistry and Biology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- "A. Zambelli" Department of Chemistry and Biology, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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37
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Soobrattee S, Zhai X, Nyamayaro K, Diaz C, Kelley P, Ebrahimi T, Mehrkhodavandi P. Dinucleating Amino-Phenolate Platform for Zinc Catalysts: Impact on Lactide Polymerization. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5546-5557. [PMID: 32223228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report imine- and amine-based dinucleating ligands bearing a bisphenol backbone and explore their coordination chemistry with zinc to form zinc alkyl, alkoxide, acetate, and amide complexes. Full characterization of the complexes shows that this ligand framework can support dinuclear and trinuclear complexes. We explore the reactivity of the zinc alkyl and alkoxide complexes as catalysts for the ring opening polymerization of lactide and compared this reactivity to analogous mononuclear complexes. We show that 1) The amine-based complexes are more reactive than the imine-based analogues; 2) The trinuclear zinc alkyl species show unusual control and reproducibility for lactide polymerization; and 3) The extent of bimetallic cooperation is hampered by the ability of the ligand framework to form trinuclear clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Soobrattee
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiaofang Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carlos Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Paul Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tannaz Ebrahimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Parisa Mehrkhodavandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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38
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Huang J, Jehanno C, Worch JC, Ruipérez F, Sardon H, Dove AP, Coulembier O. Selective Organocatalytic Preparation of Trimethylene Carbonate from Oxetane and Carbon Dioxide. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Centre of Innovation of Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Coralie Jehanno
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Joshua C. Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Centre of Innovation of Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Place du Parc, 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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39
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Cozzolino M, Melchionno F, Santulli F, Mazzeo M, Lamberti M. Aldimine‐Thioether‐Phenolate Based Mono‐ and Bimetallic Zinc Complexes as Catalysts for the Reaction of CO
2
with Cyclohexene Oxide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Flavia Melchionno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Federica Santulli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambell” University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano SA Italy
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40
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Kretschmer R. Ligands with Two Monoanionic N,N-Binding Sites: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:2099-2119. [PMID: 31755598 PMCID: PMC7064907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polytopic ligands have become ubiquitous in coordination chemistry because they grant access to a variety of mono- and polynuclear complexes of transition metals as well as rare-earth and main-group elements. Nitrogen-based ditopic ligands, in which two monoanionic N,N-binding sites are framed within one molecule, are of particular importance and are therefore the primary focus of this review. In detail, bis(amidine)s, bis(guanidine)s, bis(β-diimine)s, bis(aminotroponimine)s, bis(pyrrolimine)s, and miscellaneous bis(N,N-chelating) ligands are reviewed. In addition to the general synthetic protocols, the application of these ligands is discussed along with their coordination chemistry, the multifarious binding modes, and the ability of these ligands to bridge two (or more) metal(loids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kretschmer
- Junior Professorship Inorganic Chemistry of Catalysis, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstrasse 807743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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41
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Huang J, Worch JC, Dove AP, Coulembier O. Update and Challenges in Carbon Dioxide-Based Polycarbonate Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:469-487. [PMID: 31769174 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a comonomer to produce polycarbonates has attracted a great deal of attention from both industrial and academic communities because it promises to replace petroleum-derived plastics and supports a sustainable environment. Significant progress in the copolymerization of cyclic ethers (e.g., epoxide, oxetane) and carbon dioxide has been made in recent decades, owing to the rapid development of catalysts. In this Review, the focus is to summarize and discuss recent advances in the development of homogeneous catalysts, including metal- and organo-based complexes, as well as the preparation of carbon dioxide-based block copolymer and functional polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joshua C Worch
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew P Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Olivier Coulembier
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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42
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Nath BD, Takaishi K, Ema T. Macrocyclic multinuclear metal complexes acting as catalysts for organic synthesis. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01894h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in homogeneous catalysis with macrocyclic multinuclear metal complexes (categories A–C) is overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dev Nath
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Kazuto Takaishi
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
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43
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Kernbichl S, Reiter M, Mock J, Rieger B. Terpolymerization of β-Butyrolactone, Epoxides, and CO2: Chemoselective CO2-Switch and Its Impact on Kinetics and Material Properties. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kernbichl
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marina Reiter
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Josef Mock
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Technical University Munich, Theresienstrasse 90, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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44
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Anderson TS, Kozak CM. Ring-opening polymerization of epoxides and ring-opening copolymerization of CO2 with epoxides by a zinc amino-bis(phenolate) catalyst. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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45
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Cao H, Qin Y, Zhuo C, Wang X, Wang F. Homogeneous Metallic Oligomer Catalyst with Multisite Intramolecular Cooperativity for the Synthesis of CO2-Based Polymers. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yusheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chunwei Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fosong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterial, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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46
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Wang M, Huang J, Xu Y, Han B, Duan Z. Phthalic anhydride promoted ring‐opening polymerization of cyclohexene oxide catalyzed by dinuclear chromium complex supported by piperazine‐bridged [ONSO] ligand. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meige Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yunpeng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Zhongyu Duan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of Technology Tianjin China
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47
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Marbach J, Höfer T, Bornholdt N, Luinstra GA. Catalytic Chain Transfer Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide and CO 2 using Zinc Glutarate Catalyst. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:828-839. [PMID: 31304076 PMCID: PMC6604238 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligo and poly(propylene ether carbonate)-polyols with molecular weights from 0.8 to over 50 kg/mol and with 60-92 mol % carbonate linkages were synthesized by chain transfer copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and propylene oxide (PO) mediated by zinc glutarate. Online-monitoring of the polymerization revealed that the CTA controlled copolymerization has an induction time which is resulting from reversible catalyst deactivation by the CTA. Latter is neutralized after the first monomer additions. The outcome of the chain transfer reaction is a function of the carbonate content, i. e. CO2 pressure, most likely on account of differences in mobility (diffusion) of the various polymers. Melt viscosities of poly(ether carbonate)diols with a carbonate content between 60 and 92 mol % are reported as function of the molecular weight, showing that the mobility is higher when the ether content is higher. The procedure of PO/CO2 catalytic chain copolymerization allows tailoring the glass temperature and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Marbach
- University of HamburgInstitute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryBundesstraße 4520146HamburgGermany
| | - Theresa Höfer
- University of HamburgInstitute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryBundesstraße 4520146HamburgGermany
| | - Nick Bornholdt
- University of HamburgInstitute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryBundesstraße 4520146HamburgGermany
| | - Gerrit A. Luinstra
- University of HamburgInstitute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryBundesstraße 4520146HamburgGermany
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48
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Hiranoi Y, Nakano K. Dinuclear Co-Salcy Complexes with a Dibenzofuran Linker for Copolymerizations of Epoxides with Cyclic Anhydrides or Carbon Dioxide. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yo Hiranoi
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Koji Nakano
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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49
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Andrea KA, Kerton FM. Triarylborane-Catalyzed Formation of Cyclic Organic Carbonates and Polycarbonates. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kori A. Andrea
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Francesca M. Kerton
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF A1B 3X7, Canada
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50
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Pankhurst JR, Paul S, Zhu Y, Williams CK, Love JB. Polynuclear alkoxy-zinc complexes of bowl-shaped macrocycles and their use in the copolymerisation of cyclohexene oxide and CO 2. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4887-4893. [PMID: 30896006 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactions between alcohols and the tetranuclear ethyl-Zn complexes of an ortho-phenylene-bridged polypyrrole macrocycle, Zn4Et4(L1) 1 and the related anthracenyl-bridged macrocyclic complex, Zn4Et4(THF)4(L2) 2 have been studied. With long-chain alcohols such as n-hexanol, the clean formation of the tetranuclear hexoxide complex Zn4(OC6H13)4(L1) 3 occurs. In contrast, the use of shorter-chain alcohols such as i-propanol results in the trinuclear complex Zn3(μ2-OiPr)2(μ3-OiPr)(HL1) 4 that arises from demetalation; this complex was characterised by X-ray crystallography. The clean formation of these polynuclear zinc clusters allowed a study of their use as catalysts in the ring-opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) reaction between cyclohexene oxide and CO2. In situ reactions involving the pre-catalyst 1 and n-hexanol formed the desired polymer with the best selectivity for polycarbonate (90%) at 30 atm CO2, whilst the activity and performance of pre-catalyst 2 was poor in comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Pankhurst
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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