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Wang Z, Li H, Zhou W, Lee J, Liu Z, An Z, Xu D, Mo H, Hu L, Zhou X. Ferrous sulfate-loaded hydrogel cures Staphylococcus aureus infection via facilitating a ferroptosis-like bacterial cell death in a mouse keratitis model. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Zavala-Alvarado C, G. Huete S, Vincent AT, Sismeiro O, Legendre R, Varet H, Bussotti G, Lorioux C, Lechat P, Coppée JY, Veyrier FJ, Picardeau M, Benaroudj N. The oxidative stress response of pathogenic Leptospira is controlled by two peroxide stress regulators which putatively cooperate in controlling virulence. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009087. [PMID: 34855911 PMCID: PMC8638851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira are the causative agents of leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic infectious disease. Leptospirosis is a potentially severe and life-threatening emerging disease with highest burden in sub-tropical areas and impoverished populations. Mechanisms allowing pathogenic Leptospira to survive inside a host and induce acute leptospirosis are not fully understood. The ability to resist deadly oxidants produced by the host during infection is pivotal for Leptospira virulence. We have previously shown that genes encoding defenses against oxidants in L. interrogans are repressed by PerRA (encoded by LIMLP_10155), a peroxide stress regulator of the Fur family. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of another putative PerR-like regulator (LIMLP_05620) in L. interrogans. Protein sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that LIMLP_05620 displayed all the canonical PerR amino acid residues and is restricted to pathogenic Leptospira clades. We therefore named this PerR-like regulator PerRB. In L. interrogans, the PerRB regulon is distinct from that of PerRA. While a perRA mutant had a greater tolerance to peroxide, inactivating perRB led to a higher tolerance to superoxide, suggesting that these two regulators have a distinct function in the adaptation of L. interrogans to oxidative stress. The concomitant inactivation of perRA and perRB resulted in a higher tolerance to both peroxide and superoxide and, unlike the single mutants, a double perRAperRB mutant was avirulent. Interestingly, this correlated with major changes in gene and non-coding RNA expression. Notably, several virulence-associated genes (clpB, ligA/B, and lvrAB) were repressed. By obtaining a double mutant in a pathogenic Leptospira strain, our study has uncovered an interplay of two PerRs in the adaptation of Leptospira to oxidative stress with a putative role in virulence and pathogenicity, most likely through the transcriptional control of a complex regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Zavala-Alvarado
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Spirochètes, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Samuel G. Huete
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Spirochètes, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Antony T. Vincent
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Odile Sismeiro
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biomics Transcriptome et Epigenome, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biomics Transcriptome et Epigenome, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biomics Transcriptome et Epigenome, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Bussotti
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Céline Lorioux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Spirochètes, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biomics Transcriptome et Epigenome, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric J. Veyrier
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier, Bacterial Symbionts Evolution, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Spirochètes, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Benaroudj
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Biologie des Spirochètes, F-75015 Paris, France
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Grassmann AA, Zavala-Alvarado C, Bettin EB, Picardeau M, Benaroudj N, Caimano MJ. The FUR-like regulators PerRA and PerRB integrate a complex regulatory network that promotes mammalian host-adaptation and virulence of Leptospira interrogans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009078. [PMID: 34855918 PMCID: PMC8638967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans, the causative agent of most cases of human leptospirosis, must respond to myriad environmental signals during its free-living and pathogenic lifestyles. Previously, we compared L. interrogans cultivated in vitro and in vivo using a dialysis membrane chamber (DMC) peritoneal implant model. From these studies emerged the importance of genes encoding the Peroxide responsive regulators PerRA and PerRB. First described in in Bacillus subtilis, PerRs are widespread in Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, where regulate the expression of gene products involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species and virulence. Using perRA and perRB single and double mutants, we establish that L. interrogans requires at least one functional PerR for infectivity and renal colonization in a reservoir host. Our finding that the perRA/B double mutant survives at wild-type levels in DMCs is noteworthy as it demonstrates that the loss of virulence is not due to a metabolic lesion (i.e., metal starvation) but instead reflects dysregulation of virulence-related gene products. Comparative RNA-Seq analyses of perRA, perRB and perRA/B mutants cultivated within DMCs identified 106 genes that are dysregulated in the double mutant, including ligA, ligB and lvrA/B sensory histidine kinases. Decreased expression of LigA and LigB in the perRA/B mutant was not due to loss of LvrAB signaling. The majority of genes in the perRA and perRB single and double mutant DMC regulons were differentially expressed only in vivo, highlighting the importance of host signals for regulating gene expression in L. interrogans. Importantly, the PerRA, PerRB and PerRA/B DMC regulons each contain multiple genes related to environmental sensing and/or transcriptional regulation. Collectively, our data suggest that PerRA and PerRB are part of a complex regulatory network that promotes host adaptation by L. interrogans within mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A. Grassmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Crispin Zavala-Alvarado
- Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Communauté d’universités et d’établissements (COMUE), Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC), Paris, France
| | - Everton B. Bettin
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sol, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Benaroudj
- Unité de Biologie des Spirochètes, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Melissa J. Caimano
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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4
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Sevilla E, Bes MT, Peleato ML, Fillat MF. Fur-like proteins: Beyond the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) paralog. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108770. [PMID: 33524404 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the FUR (ferric uptake regulator) family are the cornerstone of metalloregulation in most prokaryotes. Although numerous reviews have been devoted to these proteins, these reports are mainly focused on the Fur paralog that gives name to the family. In the last years, the increasing knowledge on the other, less ubiquitous members of this family has evidenced their importance in bacterial metabolism. As the Fur paralog, the major regulator of iron homeostasis, Zur, Irr, BosR and PerR are tightly related to stress defenses and host-pathogen interaction being in many cases essential for virulence. Furthermore, the Nur and Mur paralogs largely contribute to control nickel and manganese homeostasis, which are cofactors of pivotal proteins for host colonization and bacterial redox homeostasis. The present review highlights the main features of FUR proteins that differ to the canonical Fur paralog either in the coregulatory metal, such as Zur, Nur and Mur, or in the action mechanism to control target genes, such as PerR, Irr and BosR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sevilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Teresa Bes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Luisa Peleato
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María F Fillat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (GBsC-CSIC and BIFI-IQFR Joint Units), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Cailler LP, Clémancey M, Barilone J, Maldivi P, Latour JM, Sorokin AB. Comparative Study of the Electronic Structures of μ-Oxo, μ-Nitrido, and μ-Carbido Diiron Octapropylporphyrazine Complexes and Their Catalytic Activity in Cyclopropanation of Olefins. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:1104-1116. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie P. Cailler
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, 2 avenue A. Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Martin Clémancey
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jessica Barilone
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, Grenoble 38000, France
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Pascale Maldivi
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, CBM, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jean-Marc Latour
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Alexander B. Sorokin
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l’Environnement de Lyon IRCELYON, UMR 5256, CNRS - Université Lyon 1, 2 avenue A. Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Iron is required for growth and is often redox active under cytosolic conditions. As a result of its facile redox chemistry, iron homeostasis is intricately involved with oxidative stress. Bacterial adaptation to iron limitation and oxidative stress often involves ferric uptake regulator (Fur) proteins: a diverse set of divalent cation-dependent, DNA-binding proteins that vary widely in both metal selectivity and sensitivity to metal-catalyzed oxidation. Recent Advances: Bacteria contain two Fur family metalloregulators that use ferrous iron (Fe2+) as their cofactor, Fur and PerR. Fur functions to regulate iron homeostasis in response to changes in intracellular levels of Fe2+. PerR also binds Fe2+, which enables metal-catalyzed protein oxidation as a mechanism for sensing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). CRITICAL ISSUES To effectively regulate iron homeostasis, Fur has an Fe2+ affinity tuned to monitor the labile iron pool of the cell and may be under selective pressure to minimize iron oxidation, which would otherwise lead to an inappropriate increase in iron uptake under oxidative stress conditions. Conversely, Fe2+ is bound more tightly to PerR but exhibits high H2O2 reactivity, which enables a rapid induction of peroxide stress genes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The features that determine the disparate reactivity of these proteins with oxidants are still poorly understood. A controlled, comparative analysis of the affinities of Fur/PerR proteins for their metal cofactors and their rate of reactivity with H2O2, combined with structure/function analyses, will be needed to define the molecular mechanisms that have facilitated this divergence of function between these two paralogous regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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The roles of two O-donor ligands in the Fe 2+-binding and H 2O 2-sensing by the Fe 2+-dependent H 2O 2 sensor PerR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:458-464. [PMID: 29738773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PerR is a metal-dependent peroxide sensing transcription factor which controls the expression of genes involved in peroxide resistance. The function of Bacillus subtilis PerR is mainly dictated by the regulatory metal ion (Fe2+ or Mn2+) coordinated by three N-donor ligands (His37, His91, and His93) and two O-donor ligands (Asp85 and Asp104). While H2O2 sensing by PerR is mediated by Fe2+-dependent oxidation of N-donor ligand (either His37 or His91), one of the O-donor ligands (Asp104), but not Asp85, has been proposed as the key residue that regulates the sensitivity of PerR to H2O2. Here we systematically investigated the relative roles of two O-donor ligands of PerR in metal-binding affinity and H2O2 sensitivity in vivo and in vitro. Consistent with the previous report, in vitro the D104E-PerR could not sense low levels of H2O2 in the presence of excess Fe2+ sufficient for the formation of the Fe2+-bound D104E-PerR. However, the expression of PerR-regulated reporter fusion was not repressed by D104E-PerR in the presence of Fe2+, suggesting that Fe2+ is not an effective corepressor for this mutant protein in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro metal titration assays indicate that D104E-PerR has a significantly reduced affinity for Fe2+, but not for Mn2+, when compared to wild type PerR. These data indicate that the type of O-donor ligand (Asp vs. Glu) at position 104 is an important determinant in providing high Fe2+-binding affinity required for the sensing of the physiologically relevant Fe2+-levels, in addition to its role in rendering PerR highly sensitive to physiological levels of H2O2. In comparison, the D85E-PerR did not show a perturbed change in Fe2+-binding affinity, however, it displayed a slightly decreased sensitivity to H2O2 both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that the type of O-donor ligand (Asp vs. Glu) at position 85 may be important for the fine-tuning of H2O2 sensitivity.
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Sarvan S, Charih F, Butcher J, Brunzelle JS, Stintzi A, Couture JF. Crystal structure of Campylobacter jejuni peroxide regulator. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2351-2360. [PMID: 29856899 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In Campylobacter jejuni (Cj), the metal-cofactored peroxide response regulator (PerR) transcription factor allows C. jejuni to respond to oxidative stresses. The crystal structure of the metalated form of CjPerR shows that the protein folds as an asymmetric dimer displaying structural differences in the orientation of its DNA-binding domain. Comparative analysis shows that such asymmetry is a conserved feature among crystallized PerR proteins, and mutational analysis reveals that residues found in the first α-helix of CjPerR contribute to DNA binding. These studies present the structure of CjPerR protein and highlight structural heterogeneity in the orientation of the metalated PerR DNA-binding domain which may underlie the ability of PerR to recognize DNA, control gene expression, and contribute to bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sarvan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Charih
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - James Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Joseph S Brunzelle
- Life Science Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern Synchrotron Research Centers, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jean-François Couture
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Canada
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9
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Lee HN, Ji CJ, Lee HH, Park J, Seo YS, Lee JW, Oh JI. Roles of three FurA paralogs in the regulation of genes pertaining to peroxide defense in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2 155. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:661-682. [PMID: 29569300 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2 155 has three genes (MSMEG_6383, furA1; MSMEG_3460, furA2; MSMEG_6253, furA3) encoding FurA (ferric-uptake regulator A) paralogs. Three FurA paralogs in M. smegmatis are functionally redundant and negatively regulate expression of a subset of genes involved in peroxide detoxification such as ahpC, katG1 and katG2, as well as their own genes. The FurA paralogs sense H2 O2 via metal-catalyzed His oxidation (MCHO) in the same way as PerR. The propensity of FurA2 and FurA3 for MCHO is greater than that of FurA1. The three furA genes are transcribed into leaderless mRNAs lacking the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence. FurA1 and FurA3 have the quaternary structure of homodimers like most Fur homologs, whereas FurA2 occurs as a monomer. The monomeric structure of FurA2 is determined by the C-terminal region of its dimerization domain. FurA2 monomers appear to cooperatively bind to the FurA-binding site with an inverted repeat configuration and have a broader binding specificity for the target DNA than dimeric FurA1 and FurA3. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that the FurA paralogs do not regulate genes related to iron homeostasis in M. smegmatis, and that expression of SigF-regulated genes is significantly decreased in a furA triple mutant relative to the wild-type strain of M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chang-Jun Ji
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jungwook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jin-Won Lee
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
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Lee KL, Yoo JS, Oh GS, Singh AK, Roe JH. Simultaneous Activation of Iron- and Thiol-Based Sensor-Regulator Systems by Redox-Active Compounds. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:139. [PMID: 28210250 PMCID: PMC5288332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in natural habitats are exposed to myriad redox-active compounds (RACs), which include producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive electrophile species (RES) that alkylate or oxidize thiols. RACs can induce oxidative stress in cells and activate response pathways by modulating the activity of sensitive regulators. However, the effect of a certain compound on the cell has been investigated primarily with respect to a specific regulatory pathway. Since a single compound can exert multiple chemical effects in the cell, its effect can be better understood by time-course monitoring of multiple sensitive regulatory pathways that the compound induces. We investigated the effect of representative RACs by monitoring the activity of three sensor-regulators in the model actinobacterium Streptomyces coelicolor; SoxR that senses reactive compounds directly through oxidation of its [2Fe–2S] cluster, CatR/PerR that senses peroxides through bound iron, and an anti-sigma factor RsrA that senses RES via disulfide formation. The time course and magnitude of induction of their target transcripts were monitored to predict the chemical activities of each compound in S. coelicolor. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) was found to be an effective RAC that directly activated SoxR and an effective ROS-producer that induced CatR/PerR with little thiol-perturbing activity. p-Benzoquinone was an effective RAC that directly activated SoxR, with slower ROS-producing activity, and an effective RES that induced the RsrA-SigR system. Plumbagin was an effective RAC that activated SoxR, an effective ROS-producer, and a less agile but effective RES. Diamide was an RES that effectively formed disulfides and a weak RAC that activated SoxR. Monobromobimane was a moderately effective RES and a slow producer of ROS. Interestingly, benzoquinone induced the SigR system by forming adducts on cysteine thiols in RsrA, revealing a new pathway to modulate RsrA activity. Overall, this study showed that multiple chemical activities of a reactive compound can be conveniently monitored in vivo by examining the temporal response of multiple sensitive regulators in the cell to reveal novel activities of the chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Lok Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Seok Oh
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Atul K Singh
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Roe
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Kim JH, Ji CJ, Ju SY, Yang YM, Ryu SH, Kwon Y, Won YB, Lee YE, Youn H, Lee JW. Bacillus licheniformis Contains Two More PerR-Like Proteins in Addition to PerR, Fur, and Zur Orthologues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155539. [PMID: 27176811 PMCID: PMC4866751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) family proteins include sensors of Fe (Fur), Zn (Zur), and peroxide (PerR). Among Fur family proteins, Fur and Zur are ubiquitous in most prokaryotic organisms, whereas PerR exists mainly in Gram positive bacteria as a functional homologue of OxyR. Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus encode three Fur family proteins: Fur, Zur, and PerR. In this study, we identified five Fur family proteins from B. licheniformis: two novel PerR-like proteins (BL00690 and BL00950) in addition to Fur (BL05249), Zur (BL03703), and PerR (BL00075) homologues. Our data indicate that all of the five B. licheniformis Fur homologues contain a structural Zn2+ site composed of four cysteine residues like many other Fur family proteins. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the PerR-like proteins (BL00690 and BL00950) as well as PerRBL (BL00075), but not FurBL (BL05249) and ZurBL (BL03703), can sense H2O2 by histidine oxidation with different sensitivity. We also show that PerR2 (BL00690) has a PerR-like repressor activity for PerR-regulated genes in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that B. licheniformis contains three PerR subfamily proteins which can sense H2O2 by histidine oxidation not by cysteine oxidation, in addition to Fur and Zur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jun Ji
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Yeong Ju
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Mo Yang
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Ryu
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kwon
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bin Won
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeh-Eun Lee
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Youn
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, California, 93740–8034, United States of America
| | - Jin-Won Lee
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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12
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Oxidization without substrate unfolding triggers proteolysis of the peroxide-sensor, PerR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:E23-31. [PMID: 26677871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522687112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxide operon regulator (PerR) is a broadly conserved hydrogen peroxide sensor in bacteria, and oxidation of PerR at its regulatory metal-binding site is considered irreversible. Here, we tested whether this oxidation specifically targets PerR for proteolysis. We find that oxidizing conditions stimulate PerR degradation in vivo, and LonA is the principal AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) protease that degrades PerR. Degradation of PerR by LonA is recapitulated in vitro, and biochemical dissection of this degradation reveals that the presence of regulatory metal and PerR-binding DNA dramatically extends the half-life of the protein. We identified a LonA-recognition site critical for oxidation-controlled PerR turnover. Key residues for LonA-interaction are exposed to solvent in PerR lacking metal, but are buried in the metal-bound form. Furthermore, one residue critical for Lon recognition is also essential for specific DNA-binding by PerR, thus explaining how both the metal and DNA ligands prevent PerR degradation. This ligand-controlled allosteric mechanism for protease recognition provides a compelling explanation for how the oxidation-induced conformational change in PerR triggers degradation. Interestingly, the critical residues recognized by LonA and exposed by oxidation do not function as a degron, because they are not sufficient to convert a nonsubstrate protein into a LonA substrate. Rather, these residues are a conformation-discriminator sequence, which must work together with other residues in PerR to evoke efficient degradation. This mechanism provides a useful example of how other proteins with only mild or localized oxidative damage can be targeted for degradation without the need for extensive oxidation-dependent protein denaturation.
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Didier A, Jeßberger N, Krey V, Dietrich R, Scherer S, Märtlbauer E. The mutation Glu151Asp in the B-component of the Bacillus cereus non-hemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe) leads to a diverging reactivity in antibody-based detection systems. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4655-67. [PMID: 26569304 PMCID: PMC4663526 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of Bacillus cereus to cause foodborne toxicoinfections leads to increasing concerns regarding consumer protection. For the diarrhea-associated enterotoxins, the assessment of the non-hemolytic enterotoxin B (NheB) titer determined by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) correlates best with in vitro cytotoxicity. In general, the regulation of enterotoxin expression of B. cereus is a coordinately-regulated process influenced by environmental, and probably also by host factors. As long as these factors are not completely understood, the currently-applied diagnostic procedures are based on indirect approaches to assess the potential virulence of an isolate. To date, sandwich EIA results serve as a surrogate marker to categorize isolates as either potentially low or highly toxic. Here, we report on a single amino acid exchange in the NheB sequence leading to an underestimation of the cytotoxic potential in a limited number of strains. During the screening of a large panel of B. cereus isolates, six showed uncommon features with low sandwich EIA titers despite high cytotoxicity. Sequence analysis revealed the point-mutation (Glu)151(Asp) in the potential binding region of the capture antibody. Application of this antibody also results in low titers in an indirect EIA format and shows variable detection intensities in Western-immunoblots. A commercially-available assay based on a lateral flow device detects all strains correctly as NheB producers in a qualitative manner. In conclusion, isolates showing low NheB titers should additionally be assayed in an indirect EIA or for their in vitro cytotoxicity to ensure a correct classification as either low or highly toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Didier
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Nadja Jeßberger
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Victoria Krey
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs-und Lebensmittelforschung, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs-und Lebensmittelforschung, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 85763 Oberschleißheim, Germany.
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Ludwig M, Chua TT, Chew CY, Bryant DA. Fur-type transcriptional repressors and metal homeostasis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1217. [PMID: 26582412 PMCID: PMC4628125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal homeostasis is a crucial cellular function for nearly all organisms. Some heavy metals (e.g., Fe, Zn, Co, Mo) are essential because they serve as cofactors for enzymes or metalloproteins, and chlorophototrophs such as cyanobacteria have an especially high demand for iron. At excessive levels, however, metals become toxic to cyanobacteria. Therefore, a tight control mechanism is essential for metal homeostasis. Metal homeostasis in microorganisms comprises two elements: metal acquisition from the environment and detoxification or excretion of excess metal ions. Different families of metal-sensing regulators exist in cyanobacteria and each addresses a more or less specific set of target genes. In this study the regulons of three Fur-type and two ArsR-SmtB-type regulators were investigated in a comparative approach in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. One Fur-type regulator controls genes for iron acquisition (Fur); one controls genes for zinc acquisition (Zur); and the third controls two genes involved in oxidative stress (Per). Compared to other well-investigated cyanobacterial strains, however, the set of target genes for each regulator is relatively small. Target genes for the two ArsR-SmtB transcriptional repressors (SmtB (SYNPCC7002_A2564) and SYNPCC7002_A0590) are involved in zinc homeostasis in addition to Zur. Their target genes, however, are less specific for zinc and point to roles in a broader heavy metal detoxification response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Tiing Tiing Chua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Chyue Yie Chew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman MT, USA
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15
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Abstract
Bacteria live in a toxic world in which their competitors excrete hydrogen peroxide or superoxide-generating redox-cycling compounds. They protect themselves by activating regulons controlled by the OxyR, PerR, and SoxR transcription factors. OxyR and PerR sense peroxide when it oxidizes key thiolate or iron moieties, respectively; they then induce overlapping sets of proteins that defend their vulnerable metalloenzymes. An additional role for OxyR in detecting electrophilic compounds is possible. In some nonenteric bacteria, SoxR appears to control the synthesis and export of redox-cycling compounds, whereas in the enteric bacteria it defends the cell against the same agents. When these compounds oxidize its iron-sulfur cluster, SoxR induces proteins that exclude, excrete, or modify them. It also induces enzymes that defend the cell against the superoxide that such compounds make. Recent work has brought new insight into the biochemistry and physiology of these responses, and comparative studies have clarified their evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Imlay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801;
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Caux-Thang C, Parent A, Sethu R, Maïga A, Blondin G, Latour JM, Duarte V. Single asparagine to arginine mutation allows PerR to switch from PerR box to fur box. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:682-6. [PMID: 25486128 DOI: 10.1021/cb500783g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fur family proteins, ubiquitous in prokaryotes, play a pivotal role in microbial survival and virulence in most pathogens. Metalloregulators, such as Fur and PerR, regulate the transcription of genes connected to iron homeostasis and response to oxidative stress, respectively. In Bacillus subtilis, Fur and PerR bind with high affinity to DNA sequences differing at only two nucleotides. In addition to these differences in the PerR and Fur boxes, we identify in this study a residue located on the DNA binding motif of the Fur protein that is critical to discrimination between the two close DNA sequences. Interestingly, when this residue is introduced into PerR, it lowers the affinity of PerR for its own DNA target but confers to the protein the ability to interact strongly with the Fur DNA binding sequence. The present data show how two closely related proteins have distinct biological properties just by changing a single residue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aubérie Parent
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LCBM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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17
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Helmann JD. Specificity of metal sensing: iron and manganese homeostasis in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28112-20. [PMID: 25160631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.587071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metalloregulatory proteins allow cells to sense metal ions and appropriately adjust the expression of metal uptake, storage, and efflux pathways. Bacillus subtilis provides a model for the coordinate regulation of iron and manganese homeostasis that involves three key regulators: Fur senses iron sufficiency, MntR senses manganese sufficiency, and PerR senses the intracellular Fe/Mn ratio. Here, I review the structural and physiological bases of selective metal perception, the effects of non-cognate metals, and mechanisms that may serve to coordinate iron and manganese homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Helmann
- From the Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-8101
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18
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Fillat MF. The FUR (ferric uptake regulator) superfamily: diversity and versatility of key transcriptional regulators. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 546:41-52. [PMID: 24513162 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Control of metal homeostasis is essential for life in all kingdoms. In most prokaryotic organisms the FUR (ferric uptake regulator) family of transcriptional regulators is involved in the regulation of iron and zinc metabolism through control by Fur and Zur proteins. A third member of this family, the peroxide-stress response PerR, is present in most Gram-positives, establishing a tight functional interaction with the global regulator Fur. These proteins play a pivotal role for microbial survival under adverse conditions and in the expression of virulence in most pathogens. In this paper we present the current state of the art in the knowledge of the FUR family, including those members only present in more reduced numbers of bacteria, namely Mur, Nur and Irr. The huge amount of work done in the two last decades shows that FUR proteins present considerable diversity in their regulatory mechanisms and interesting structural differences. However, much work needs to be done to obtain a more complete picture of this family, especially in connection with the roles of some members as gas and redox sensors as well as to fully characterize their participation in bacterial adaptative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Fillat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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