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Jangid AK, Noh KM, Kim S, Kim K. Engineered inulin-based hybrid biomaterials for augmented immunomodulatory responses. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122311. [PMID: 38858027 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Modified biopolymers that are based on prebiotics have been found to significantly contribute to immunomodulatory events. In recent years, there has been a growing use of modified biomaterials and polymer-functionalized nanomaterials in the treatment of various tumors by activating immune cells. However, the effectiveness of immune cells against tumors is hindered by several biological barriers, which highlights the importance of harnessing prebiotic-based biopolymers to enhance host defenses against cancer, thus advancing cancer prevention strategies. Inulin, in particular, plays a crucial role in activating immune cells and promoting the secretion of cytokines. Therefore, this mini-review aims to emphasize the importance of inulin in immunomodulatory responses, the development of inulin-based hybrid biopolymers, and the role of inulin in enhancing immunity and modifying cell surfaces. Furthermore, we discuss the various approaches of chemical modification for inulin and their potential use in cancer treatment, particularly in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Jangid
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mu Noh
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Guzelj S, Weiss M, Slütter B, Frkanec R, Jakopin Ž. Covalently Conjugated NOD2/TLR7 Agonists Are Potent and Versatile Immune Potentiators. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15085-15101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samo Guzelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Weiss
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ruža Frkanec
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Kimani FW, Ajit J, Galluppi A, Manna S, Howitz WJ, Tang S, Esser-Kahn AP. Receptor-Ligand Kinetics Influence the Mechanism of Action of Covalently Linked TLR Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:380-388. [PMID: 33523635 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a mechanistic study comparing the immune activation of conjugated Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and their unlinked mixtures. Herein, we synthesized a set of six linked dual agonists with different ligands, molecular structures, receptor locations, and biophysical characteristics. With these dimers, we ran a series of in vitro cell-based assays, comparing initial and overall NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation, cytokine expression profiles, as well as time-resolved TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha) expression. We show that initial activation kinetics, ligand specificity, and the dose of the agonist influence the activity of these linked TLR systems. These results can help improve vaccine design by showing how linked TLR agonists can improve their potency with the appropriate selection of key criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora W. Kimani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jainu Ajit
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander Galluppi
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - William J. Howitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sophia Tang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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4
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Perciani CT, Liu LY, Wood L, MacParland SA. Enhancing Immunity with Nanomedicine: Employing Nanoparticles to Harness the Immune System. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7-20. [PMID: 33346646 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The failure of immune responses to vaccines and dysfunctional immune responses to viral infection, tumor development, or neoantigens lead to chronic viral infection, tumor progression, or incomplete immune protection after vaccination. Thus, strategies to boost host immunity are a topic of intense research and development. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) possess immunological properties and can be modified to promote improved local immune responses. Nanoparticle-based approaches have been employed to enhance vaccine efficacy and host immune responses to viral and tumor antigens, with impressive results. In this Perspective, we present an overview of studies, such as the one reported by Alam et al. in this issue of ACS Nano, in which virus-like particles have been employed to enhance immunity. We review the cellular cornerstones of effective immunity and discuss how NPs can harness these interactions to overcome the current obstacles in vaccinology and oncology. We also discuss the barriers to effective NP-mediated immune priming including (1) NP delivery to the site of interest, (2) the quality of response elicited, and (3) the potential of the response to overcome immune escape. Through this Perspective, we aim to highlight the value of nanomedicine not only in delivering therapies but also in coordinating the enhancement of host immune responses. We provide a forward-looking outlook for future NP-based approaches and how they could be tailored to promote this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia T Perciani
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Lewis Y Liu
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lawrence Wood
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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5
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Hu HG, Wu JJ, Zhang BD, Li WH, Li YM. Pam3CSK4-CDGSF Augments Antitumor Immunotherapy by Synergistically Activating TLR1/2 and STING. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2499-2503. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guo Hu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jun Wu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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6
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Lee SN, Jin SM, Shin HS, Lim YT. Chemical Strategies to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Toll-like Receptor Agonist Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2081-2093. [PMID: 32966047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the fields of biomedical chemistry and immune bioengineering have enabled innovative therapeutic approaches that can enhance the efficacy, accuracy, and safety of cancer immunotherapy. Among the numerous strategies utilized in cancer immunotherapy, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-based approaches have been studied for a long time since they trigger the innate immune system and generate antigen-specific T cell responses to fight against tumors. In addition to these immunostimulatory functions, TLR agonists also contribute to the reprogramming of immune suppressive tumor microenvironments. Although TLR agonists are now being intensively studied in clinical trials due to their substantial immunomodulatory properties, they still show a low therapeutic index. Nonspecific and random stimulation of various immune cells produces excess levels of proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in cytokine storms and chronic diseases. Therefore, the development of chemical strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy as well as the safety of TLR agonist-based immunotherapy is essential and in high demand.In this Account, we summarize and discuss recent developments in biomedical chemistry and bioengineering techniques for the immunomodulation of TLR agonists that have addressed the limitations in current cancer immunotherapy. Immunomodulation of TLR agonists can be classified into two different approaches: (1) molecular modulation via chemical structure modification and (2) macroscopic modulation via an engineered drug delivery system. In molecular modulation, based on prodrug and antedrug principles, activity is modulated (active or inactive) through immolative chemical linkers that can respond to extrinsic or intrinsic biological stimulation and the plasmatic environment, respectively. To increase the effectiveness of TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents, researchers have conjugated TLR agonists with other immunotherapeutic moieties (antigen, antibody, other TLR agonist, etc.). For macroscopic modulation, bioengineering of delivery carriers differing in size or with albumin hitchhiking moieties has been utilized to increase the efficiency of the targeting of these carriers to secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen). The conjugation of specific targeting ligands and incorporation of stimulus-triggering moieties can promote the delivery of TLR agonists into specific cells or intracellular compartments. Implantable porous scaffolds for specific immune cell recruitment and in situ depot-forming gel systems for controlled release of immunomodulatory drugs can increase the therapeutic efficacy of TLR agonists while reducing systemic toxicity. Taken together, these findings show that well-designed and precisely controlled chemical strategies for the immunomodulation of TLR agonists at both the molecular and macroscopic levels are expected to play key roles in improving the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy while minimizing immune-related toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Nam Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mo Jin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sik Shin
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
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7
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Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV strategy modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems with broader activation to redeploy antitumor immunity with individualized tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens). Following a sequential scheme of tumor biopsy, mutation analysis, and epitope prediction, the administration of neoantigens with synthetic long peptide (SLP) or mRNA formulations dramatically improves the population and activity of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the promising prospect of PCVs, there is still great potential for optimizing prevaccination procedures and vaccine potency. In particular, the arduous development of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-based vaccines provides valuable experience and rational principles for augmenting vaccine potency which is expected to advance PCV through the design of adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reversion since current personalized vaccination simply admixes antigens with adjuvants. Considering the broader application of TAA-based vaccine design, these two strategies complement each other and can lead to both personalized and universal therapeutic methods. Chemical strategies provide vast opportunities for (1) exploring novel adjuvants, including synthetic molecules and materials with optimizable activity, (2) constructing efficient and precise delivery systems to avoid systemic diffusion, improve biosafety, target secondary lymphoid organs, and enhance antigen presentation, and (3) combining bioengineering methods to innovate improvements in conventional vaccination, "smartly" re-educate the TME, and modulate antitumor immunity. As chemical strategies have proven versatility, reliability, and universality in the design of T cell- and B cell-based antitumor vaccines, the union of such numerous chemical methods in vaccine construction is expected to provide new vigor and vitality in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Shen T, Zhou S, Wang W, Lin S, Zhu G. pH-Responsive STING-Activating DNA Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:2000083. [PMID: 34337143 PMCID: PMC8323737 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), such as c-di-GMP (CDG), are agonists for stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and are promising for cancer immunotherapy. Yet, the therapeutic efficacy of CDNs has been limited by poor delivery and biostability. Here, STING-activating DNA nanovaccines (STING-NVs) are developed, which biostabilize, deliver, and conditionally release CDG in the endosome of immune cells, elicit potent antitumor immune responses in murine and human immune cells, ameliorate immunosuppression in vitro and in the tumor microenvironment, and mediate potent cancer immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. STING-NVs have PLA-b-PEG in the core and cytosine (C)-rich i-motif DNA on the surface. i-Motif DNA undergoes characteristic pH-responsive conformational switch, allowing efficient CDG loading via C:G base pairing at physiological pH, and CDG release in sensitive response to acidic environment such as cell endosome. STING-NVs protect CDG from enzymatic degradation. STING-NVs facilitate cell delivery. Remarkably, STING-NVs promote the endosome escape of CDG by ninefold, and potentiate antitumor immunity. STING-NVs repolarize immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages into antitumor M1-like macrophages in vitro and in the tumor microenvironment of melanoma. In a poorly immunogenic murine melanoma model, intralesional STING-NVs outperform liposomal CDG and fluoride-CDG for melanoma immunotherapy. These results suggest the great potential of STING-NVs for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Tingting Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Molecular Sciences and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering and Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Weinan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Shuibin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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9
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Abstract
Cancer is a life-threatening disease, and immunotherapies have been developed as a novel, potent treatment for cancer. Adjuvants, used alone or in combination with other agents, play crucial roles in immune activation. This is necessary for cancer immunotherapy, particularly in the construction of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Adjuvants activate antigen-presenting cells and promote the presentation of antigen epitopes on major histocompatibility complex molecules, further enhancing adaptive immune responses, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes, to elicit cancer-cell death. However, the applications of adjuvants are limited by their poor efficacy or insufficient safety. In recent studies, researchers attempted to develop safe, efficacious adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy, and many compounds (including inorganic compounds, organic molecules, polymers, and colloids) have been identified and optimized as agonists of various pathways. In this review, we focus on the discovery and structural design of emerging adjuvants and discuss how these findings benefit healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guo Hu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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10
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Albin T, Tom JK, Manna S, Gilkes AP, Stetkevich SA, Katz BB, Supnet M, Felgner J, Jain A, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Zlotnik A, Pearlman E, Davies DH, Felgner PL, Burkhardt AM, Esser-Kahn AP. Linked Toll-Like Receptor Triagonists Stimulate Distinct, Combination-Dependent Innate Immune Responses. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1137-1145. [PMID: 31403067 PMCID: PMC6661867 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination strategies have failed to generate effective vaccines for many infections like tuberculosis and HIV. New approaches are needed for each type of disease. The protective immunity and distinct responses of many successful vaccines come from activating multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Vaccines with multiple TLRs as adjuvants have proven effective in preclinical studies, but current research has not explored two important elements. First, few multi-TLR systems explore spatial organization-a critical feature of whole-cell vaccines. Second, no multi-TLR systems to date provide systematic analysis of the combinatorial space of three TLR agonists. Here, we present the first examination of the combinatorial space of several spatially defined triple-TLR adjuvants, by synthesizing a series of five triple-TLR agonists and testing their innate activity both in vitro and in vivo. The combinations were evaluated by measuring activation of immune stimulatory genes (Nf-κB, ISGs), cytokine profiles (IL12-p70, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ), and in vivo cytokine serum levels (IL-6, TNF-α, IL12-p40, IFN-α, IFN-β). We demonstrate that linking TLR agonists substantially alters the resulting immune response compared to their unlinked counterparts and that each combination results in a distinct immune response, particularly between linked combinations. We show that combinations containing a TLR9 agonist produce more Th1 biasing immune response profiles, and that the effect is amplified upon conjugation. However, combinations containing TLR2/6 agonist are skewed toward TH2 biasing profiles despite the presence of TLR9. These results demonstrate the profound effects that conjugation and combinatorial administration of TLR agonists can have on immune responses, a critical element of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
J. Albin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Janine K. Tom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Adrienne P. Gilkes
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Samuel A. Stetkevich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Medalyn Supnet
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Albert Zlotnik
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Phillip L. Felgner
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Amanda M. Burkhardt
- Vaccine
Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- School
of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, University
of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- E-mail:
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11
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Arsiwala A, Castro A, Frey S, Stathos M, Kane RS. Designing Multivalent Ligands to Control Biological Interactions: From Vaccines and Cellular Effectors to Targeted Drug Delivery. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:244-255. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Arsiwala
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ana Castro
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Steven Frey
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Mark Stathos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia- 30332 USA
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12
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Applications of Immunomodulatory Immune Synergies to Adjuvant Discovery and Vaccine Development. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:373-388. [PMID: 30470547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens comprise a diverse set of immunostimulatory molecules that activate the innate immune system during infection. The immune system recognizes distinct combinations of pathogenic molecules leading to multiple immune activation events that cooperate to produce enhanced immune responses, known as 'immune synergies'. Effective immune synergies are essential for the clearance of pathogens, thus inspiring novel adjuvant design to improve vaccines. We highlight current vaccine adjuvants and the importance of immune synergies to adjuvant and vaccine design. The focus is on new technologies used to study and apply immune synergies to adjuvant and vaccine development. Finally, we discuss how recent findings can be applied to the future design and characterization of synergistic adjuvants and vaccines.
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13
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Conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides via a carrier protein markedly improves immunogenicity of porcine circovirus vaccine. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:451-459. [PMID: 30051156 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases have led to huge economic losses in pig industry. Our laboratory previously found that conjugation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) enhanced the immunogenicity of PCV2 vaccine against infectious pathogens. In this study, an effective adjuvant system was developed by covalent conjugation of COS via a carrier protein (Ovalbumin, OVA) to further increase the immunogenicity of vaccine. Its effect on dendritic cells maturation was assessed in vitro and its immunogenicity was investigated in mice. The results indicated that, as compared to the PCV2 and COS-PCV2, COS-OVA-PCV2 stimulated dendritic cells to express higher maturation markers (CD80, CD86, CD40 and MHC class II) and remarkably promoted both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by enhancing the lymphocyte proliferation and inducing a mixed Th1/Th2 response, including the increased production of PCV2-specific antibodies and raised levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, it displayed better immune-stimulating effects than the physical mixture of vaccine and ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant). In conclusion, conjugation of COS via a carrier protein might be a promising strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines.
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14
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Ignacio BJ, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Verdoes M. Toll-like Receptor Agonist Conjugation: A Chemical Perspective. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:587-603. [PMID: 29378134 PMCID: PMC10642707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Hu S, Yu W, Hu C, Wei D, Shen L, Hu T, Yi Y. Conjugation of the CRM 197 -inulin conjugate significantly increases the immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CFP10-TB10.4 fusion protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5968-5974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Sun ZY, Chen PG, Liu YF, Shi L, Zhang BD, Wu JJ, Zhao YF, Chen YX, Li YM. Self-Assembled Nano-Immunostimulant for Synergistic Immune Activation. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1721-1729. [PMID: 28618135 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become one of the most promising therapies for the treatment of diseases. Synthetic immunostimulants and nanomaterial immunostimulant systems are indispensable for the activation of the immune system in cancer immunotherapy. Herein, a strategy for preparing self-assembled nano-immunostimulants (SANIs) for synergistic immune activation is reported. Three immunostimulants self-assemble into nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions. SANIs showed strong synergistic immunostimulation in macrophages. SANIs could also induce a strong antitumor immune response to inhibit tumor growth in mice and act as an efficient adjuvant of antitumor vaccines. Therefore, SANIs may be generally applied in cancer immunotherapy. This novel SANI strategy provides a new way for the development of both immunostimulants and -suppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Yi Sun
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pu-Guang Chen
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan-Fang Liu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wu
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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17
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Zhang L, Dewan V, Yin H. Discovery of Small Molecules as Multi-Toll-like Receptor Agonists with Proinflammatory and Anticancer Activities. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5029-5044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Varun Dewan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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18
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Abstract
Although spatial and temporal elements of immune activation mediate the intensity of the immune response, few tools exist to directly examine these effects. To elucidate the spatiotemporal aspects of innate immune responses, we designed an optogenetic pattern recognition receptor that activates in response to blue light. We demonstrate direct receptor activation, leading to spatial and temporal control of downstream signaling pathways in a variety of relevant cell types. We combined our platform with Bi-molecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC), resulting in selective fluorescent labeling of cells in which receptor activation has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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19
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Moser BA, Steinhardt RC, Esser-Kahn AP. Surface Coating of Nanoparticles Reduces Background Inflammatory Activity while Increasing Particle Uptake and Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:206-213. [PMID: 28936479 PMCID: PMC5604483 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the study of host-pathogen interactions, vaccines and drug delivery, particulate delivery system are widely used to mimic pathogen size, pattern recognition receptor agonist presentation, and target cells or organs. However, some of the polymeric systems used in particulate delivery have inherent inflammatory properties that are variable and nonspecific. These properties enhance their adjuvant activity, but confound the analysis of signaling mechanisms. Here, we present a method for particle coating with minimal background immune activation via passivation of the surface with silica-silane. We show herein that a silica-silane shell passivates polymer particles rendering them inert to activation of innate immune cells. The method is broadly applicable and can be used to coat polymeric particles of many different compositions. This method of silica-silane coating also allows conjugation of amine-bearing agonists and provides for controlled variation of agonist loading. Finally, we demonstrate our particles maintain and enhance qualities of known pathogens, making this a potentially general method for improving immune agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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20
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Ryu KA, Slowinska K, Moore T, Esser-Kahn A. Immune Response Modulation of Conjugated Agonists with Changing Linker Length. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3347-3352. [PMID: 27749034 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report immune response modulation with linked Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Conjugating two agonists of synergistic TLRs induce an increase in immune activity compared to equal molarity of soluble agonists. Additionally, varying the distance between the agonists by changing the linker length alters the level of macrophage NF-κB activity as well as primary bone marrow derived dendritic cell IL-6 production. This modulation is effected by the size of the agonists and the pairing of the stimulated TLRs. The sensitivity of linker-length-dependent immune activity of conjugated agonists provides the potential for developing application specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Ah Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Katarzyna Slowinska
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University−Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90840, United States
| | - Troy Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron Esser-Kahn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California−Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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21
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Yu W, Hu T. Conjugation with an Inulin–Chitosan Adjuvant Markedly Improves the Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CFP10-TB10.4 Fusion Protein. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3626-3635. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Wu TYH. Strategies for designing synthetic immune agonists. Immunology 2016; 148:315-25. [PMID: 27213842 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the immune system is a validated strategy to combat infectious disease, cancer and allergy. Nevertheless, the development of immune adjuvants has been hampered by safety concerns. Agents that can stimulate the immune system often bear structural similarities with pathogen-associated molecular patterns found in bacteria or viruses and are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs results in the immediate release of inflammatory cytokines, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and recruitment of innate immune cells. The distribution and duration of these early inflammatory events are crucial in the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity in the forms of antibody and/or T cells capable of searching for and destroying the infectious pathogens or cancer cells. However, systemic activation of these PRRs is often poorly tolerated. Hence, different strategies have been employed to modify or deliver immune agonists in an attempt to control the early innate receptor activation through temporal or spatial restriction. These approaches include physicochemical manipulation, covalent conjugation, formulation and conditional activation/deactivation. This review will describe recent examples of discovery and optimization of synthetic immune agonists towards clinical application.
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23
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Huang Q, Yu W, Hu T. Potent Antigen-Adjuvant Delivery System by Conjugation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-HspX Fusion Protein with Arabinogalactan-Poly(I:C) Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1165-74. [PMID: 27002920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based vaccine is promising to improve or replace Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine for its specificity, safety, and easy production. However, protein-based vaccine calls for potent adjuvants and improved delivery systems to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Poly(I:C) is one of the most potent pathogen-associated molecular patterns that signals primarily via TLR3. Arabinogalactan (AG) is a biocompatible polysaccharide that can increase splenocyte proliferation and stimulate macrophages. The AG-poly(I:C) conjugate (AG-P) showed an adjuvant potency through a synergistic interaction of AG and poly(I:C). Ag85B and HspX are two important virulent protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Ag85B-HspX fusion protein (AH) was prepared. An antigen-adjuvant delivery system (AH-AG-P) was developed by conjugation of AH with AG-P to ensure that both AH and AG-P reach the APCs simultaneously. AH-AG-P elicited high AH-specific IgG titers and stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. AH-AG-P provoked the secretion of Th1-type cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Pharmacokinetics revealed that conjugation with AG-P could prolong the serum exposure of AH to the immune system. Pharmacodynamics suggested that conjugation with AG-P led to a rapid and intense production of AH-specific IgG. Accordingly, conjugation with AG-P could promote a robust cellular and humoral immune response to AH. Thus, conjugation of AH with a potent adjuvant AG-P is an effective strategy to develop an efficacious protein-based vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weili Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tao Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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24
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Moyer TJ, Zmolek AC, Irvine DJ. Beyond antigens and adjuvants: formulating future vaccines. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:799-808. [PMID: 26928033 DOI: 10.1172/jci81083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to optimize vaccine potency while minimizing toxicity in healthy recipients has motivated studies of the formulation of vaccines to control how, when, and where antigens and adjuvants encounter immune cells and other cells/tissues following administration. An effective subunit vaccine must traffic to lymph nodes (LNs), activate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and persist for a sufficient time to promote a mature immune response. Here, we review approaches to tailor these three aspects of vaccine function through optimized formulations. Traditional vaccine adjuvants activate innate immune cells, promote cell-mediated transport of antigen to lymphoid tissues, and promote antigen retention in LNs. Recent studies using nanoparticles and other lymphatic-targeting strategies suggest that direct targeting of antigens and adjuvant compounds to LNs can also enhance vaccine potency without sacrificing safety. The use of formulations to regulate biodistribution and promote antigen and inflammatory cue co-uptake in immune cells may be important for next-generation molecular adjuvants. Finally, strategies to program vaccine kinetics through novel formulation and delivery strategies provide another means to enhance immune responses independent of the choice of adjuvant. These technologies offer the prospect of enhanced efficacy while maintaining high safety profiles necessary for successful vaccines.
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25
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Sun ZY, Chen PG, Liu YF, Zhang BD, Wu JJ, Chen YX, Zhao YF, Li YM. Multi-component self-assembled anti-tumor nano-vaccines based on MUC1 glycopeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7572-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02000c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel multi-component self-assembled nano-vaccines containing both Pam3CSK4 and CpG were developed based on the strategy of electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Y. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - P. G. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - Y. F. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - B. D. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - J. J. Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - Y. X. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - Y. F. Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
| | - Y. M. Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P.R. China
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26
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Tom J, Dotsey EY, Wong HY, Stutts L, Moore T, Davies DH, Felgner P, Esser-Kahn AP. Modulation of Innate Immune Responses via Covalently Linked TLR Agonists. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:439-448. [PMID: 26640818 PMCID: PMC4665084 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of novel adjuvants for vaccine development using multivalent scaffolds and bioconjugation chemistry to spatially manipulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. TLRs are primary receptors for activation of the innate immune system during vaccination. Vaccines that contain a combination of small and macromolecule TLR agonists elicit more directed immune responses and prolong responses against foreign pathogens. In addition, immune activation is enhanced upon stimulation of two distinct TLRs. Here, we synthesized combinations of TLR agonists as spatially defined tri- and di-agonists to understand how specific TLR agonist combinations contribute to the overall immune response. We covalently conjugated three TLR agonists (TLR4, 7, and 9) to a small molecule core to probe the spatial arrangement of the agonists. Treating immune cells with the linked agonists increased activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and enhanced and directed immune related cytokine production and gene expression beyond cells treated with an unconjugated mixture of the same three agonists. The use of TLR signaling inhibitors and knockout studies confirmed that the tri-agonist molecule activated multiple signaling pathways leading to the observed higher activity. To validate that the TLR4, 7, and 9 agonist combination would activate the immune response to a greater extent, we performed in vivo studies using a vaccinia vaccination model. Mice vaccinated with the linked TLR agonists showed an increase in antibody depth and breadth compared to mice vaccinated with the unconjugated mixture. These studies demonstrate how activation of multiple TLRs through chemically and spatially defined organization assists in guiding immune responses, providing the potential to use chemical tools to design and develop more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine
K. Tom
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Emmanuel Y. Dotsey
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hollie Y. Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Troy Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Philip
L. Felgner
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious
Diseases, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- E-mail:
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27
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Stutts L, Esser-Kahn AP. A Light-Controlled TLR4 Agonist and Selectable Activation of Cell Subpopulations. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1744-8. [PMID: 26097006 PMCID: PMC4881745 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal aspects of immune cell signaling are key parameters in defining the magnitude of an immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on innate immune cells are important in the early detection of pathogens and initiation of an immune response. Controlling the spatial and temporal signaling of TLRs would enable further study of immune synergies and assist in the development of new vaccines. Here, we show a light-based method for the spatial control of TLR4 signaling. A TLR4 agonist, pyrimido[5,4-b]indole, was protected with a cage at a position critical for receptor binding. This afforded a photocontrollable agonist that was inactive while caged, yet effected NF-κB activity in cells following UV photocontrolled deprotection. We demonstrated spatial control of NF-κB activation within a population of cells by treating all cells with the caged TLR4 agonist and constraining light exposure and consequent activation to a region of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalisa Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA).
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28
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Abstract
Antigen- and adjuvant-based bioconjugates that can stimulate the immune system play an important role in vaccine applications. Bioconjugates have demonstrated unique physicochemical and biological properties, enabling vaccines to be delivered to key immune cells, to target specific intracellular pathways, or to mimic immunogenic properties of natural pathogens. In this Review we highlight recent advances in such molecular immunomodulators, with an emphasis on the structure-function relationships that provide the foundation for rational design of safe and effective vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Liu
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- ‡Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- §Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- ▼Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
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29
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW. Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:252-96. [PMID: 26344620 PMCID: PMC4494256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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