1
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Joshi S, Barden S, Mayer P. Anionic Reactions Degrading SF 6 Using Metals: Insights From the Gas Phase. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2025; 39:e9948. [PMID: 39600149 PMCID: PMC11599908 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Alkali metals have been used to degrade SF6 in liquid ammonia. The products include metal fluorides. In this study, we reacted K- and Ag- with SF6 in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The atomic metal anions were formed by in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) of their respective oxalate salts as previously described by our group. The only two reaction products observed were SF6 - and SF5 -. At low collision energy, the latter was deduced to be formed via an abstraction by the metal of F from SF6 - formed by electron transfer in the encounter complex between the metal anion and neutral SF6. As the collision energy was increased, there was evidence of a CID contribution to SF5 - directly from SF6 -.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiven Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Sharon Barden
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Paul M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
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2
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Béland V, Nöthling N, Leutzsch M, Cornella J. Activation and Catalytic Degradation of SF 6 and PhSF 5 at a Bismuth Center. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25409-25415. [PMID: 39226694 PMCID: PMC11421020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report the catalytic degradation of SF6 and PhSF5 using N,C,N pincer bismuthinidene complexes (1 and 5). Exposure of SF6 and PhSF5 to 1 results in the reduction of the S(VI) substrates and concomitant formation of Bi(III) and Bi(II) compounds, which were isolated and characterized. The oxidized bismuth-based products were demonstrated to undergo reduction with PMe3, recovering the starting complex 1. Having established a synthetic redox cycle, the catalytic degradation of SF6 and PhSF5 was developed through ligand optimization to 5, leading to a 528 TON for SF6 and the first reported TON for PhSF5 (3.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa
A. Béland
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an
der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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3
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Jaeger R, Rachor SG, Ahrens M, Braun T. Activation of SO 2F 2 at a Rhodium PNP Pincer Complex: Ligand Supported S-F Bond Cleavage to Generate NSO 2F Derivatives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401571. [PMID: 38757784 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The κ2-(P,N)-phosphine ligand precursor NH(CH2CH2PCy2)2 can be used for the synthesis of the rhodium(I) complex [Rh(CO){ĸ3-(P,N,P)-Cy2PC2H4NHC2H4PCy2}][Cl] (1). The deprotonated complex [Rh(CO){ĸ3-(P,N,P)-Cy2PC2H4NC2H4PCy2}] (2) shows a cooperative reactivity of the PNP ligand in the activation reaction of SO2F2 to yield the rhodium fluorido complex trans-[Rh(F)(CO){ĸ2-(P,P)-Cy2PC2H4N(SO2F)C2H4PCy2}]2 (3) by S-F bond cleavage. It is remarkable that no reaction was observed when 3 was treated with hydrogen sources e. g. dihydrogen, organosilicon compounds such as triethylsilane or TMS-CF3 and different fluorine sources such as SF4 or Selectfluor®. However, the treatment of complex 3 with XeF2 in the presence of CsF resulted in the formation of the unique fluorido rhodium(III) complex cis,trans-[Rh(F)3(CO){ĸ2-(P,P)-Cy2PC2H4N(SO2F)C2H4PCy2}]2 (4). In the presence of pyridine(HF)X or BF3 the fluorido complex 3 converted into the dicationic complexes [Rh(CO){ĸ2-(P,P)-Cy2PC2H4N(SO2F)C2H4PCy2}]2[XF]2, X=HF (5) or BF3 (6), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Jaeger
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon G Rachor
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Murata Y, Hada K, Aggarwal T, Escorihuela J, Shibata N. Transition-Metal-Free Approach for Z-Vinyl Fluorides by Hydrofluorination of Alkynes bearing SF 4 and SF 5 Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318086. [PMID: 38206172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of vinyl fluorides plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including pharmaceutical and materials sciences. Herein, we present a direct and stereoselective hydrofluorination method for the synthesis of Z isomers of vinyl fluorides from alkynes containing unexplored SF5 and SF4 groups. Our strategy employed tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as a fluorine source. It demonstrates high compatibility with aryls, biaryls, heteroaryls, and tert-alkyl groups, allowing facile incorporation of SF5 and SF4 groups across the triple bond without any transition-metal catalysts. This approach avoids the potential decomposition of the SF5 or SF4 units via coordination with transition metals or acidic protic sources. Remarkably, this transformation proceeded at room temperature without any additional additives, providing the Z isomer of vinyl fluorides in excellent yield and high selectivity. The presence of a water molecule as a hydrate in TBAF is essential for efficient conversion. This methodology opens new avenues for the synthesis of enchanting SF5 - and SF4 -containing fluorinated vinylic scaffolds, thereby providing advanced opportunities for novel drug discovery and fluorinated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hada
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Trapti Aggarwal
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
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5
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Zhang H, Luo T, Chen Y, Liu K, Li H, Pensa E, Fu J, Lin Z, Chai L, Cortés E, Liu M. Highly Efficient Decomposition of Perfluorocarbons for over 1000 Hours via Active Site Regeneration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305651. [PMID: 37612240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Tetrafluoromethane (CF4 ), the simplest perfluorocarbon (PFC), has the potential to exacerbate global warming. Catalytic hydrolysis is a viable method to degrade CF4 , but fluorine poisoning severely restricts both the catalytic performance and catalyst lifetime. In this study, Ga is introduced to effectively assists the defluorination of poisoned Al active sites, leading to highly efficient CF4 decomposition at 600 °C with a catalytic lifetime exceeding 1,000 hours. 27 Al and 71 Ga magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR) showed that the introduced Ga exists as tetracoordinated Ga sites (GaIV ), which readily dissociate water to form Ga-OH. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and density function theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that Ga-OH assists the defluorination of poisoned Al active sites via a dehydration-like process. As a result, the Ga/Al2 O3 catalyst achieved 100 % CF4 decomposition keeping an ultra-long catalytic lifetime and outperforming reported results. This work proposes a new approach for efficient and long-term CF4 decomposition by promoting the regeneration of active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yingkang Chen
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Evangelina Pensa
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Junwei Fu
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Min Liu
- Hunan Joint International Research Center for Carbon Dioxide Resource Utilization, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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6
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Herbstritt D, Tomar P, Braun T. Activation of SF 5CF 3 by the N-Heterocyclic Carbene SIMes. Molecules 2023; 28:6693. [PMID: 37764468 PMCID: PMC10535660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The greenhouse gas SF5CF3 was photochemically activated with SIMes (1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene) to give 1,3-dimesityl-2,2-difluoroimidazolidine (SIMesF2), and 1,3-dimesitylimidazolidine-2-sulfide, as well as the trifluoromethylated carbene derivative 1,3-dimesityl-2-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylimidazolidine. CF3 radicals, as well as SF4, serve presumably as intermediates of the conversions. In addition, the photochemical activation of SF5CF3 was performed in the presence of triphenylphosphine. The formation of triphenyldifluorophosphorane and triphenylphosphine sulfide was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Herbstritt D, Braun T. Reduction of SF 5CF 3via iridium catalysis: radical trifluoromethylation of aromatics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3850-3853. [PMID: 36891951 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The greenhouse gas SF5CF3 acts as CF3 source for the photocatalytic trifluoromethylation of arenes on using [Ir(dtbbpy)(ppy)2]PF6 (4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridyl, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) as catalyst. The trifluoromethylation of C6D6 in the presence of 1-octanol results in the concomitant generation of 1-fluorooctane, presumably by intermediate SF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenique Herbstritt
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Taponard A, Jarrosson T, Khrouz L, Médebielle M, Broggi J, Tlili A. Metal-Free SF 6 Activation: A New SF 5 -Based Reagent Enables Deoxyfluorination and Pentafluorosulfanylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204623. [PMID: 35471641 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of SF6 , a potent greenhouse gas, under metal-free and visible light conditions is reported. Herein, mechanistic investigations including EPR spectroscopy, NMR studies and cyclic voltammetry allowed the rational design of a new fluorinating reagent which was synthesized from the 2-electron activation of SF6 with commercially available TDAE. This new SF5 -based reagent was efficiently employed for the deoxyfluorination of CO2 and the fluorinative desulfurization of CS2 allowing the formation of useful fluorinated amines. Moreover, for the first time we demonstrated that our SF5 -based reagent could afford the mild generation of Cl-SF5 gas. This finding was exploited for the chloro-pentafluorosulfanylation of alkynes and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Taponard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tristan Jarrosson
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR)ICR UMR 7273, Faculty of Pharmacy, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Sheldon DJ, Crimmin MR. Repurposing of F-gases: challenges and opportunities in fluorine chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4977-4995. [PMID: 35616085 PMCID: PMC9207706 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are routinely employed as refrigerants, blowing agents, and electrical insulators. These volatile compounds are potent greenhouse gases and consequently their release to the environment creates a significant contribution to global warming. This review article seeks to summarise: (i) the current applications of F-gases, (ii) the environmental issues caused by F-gases, (iii) current methods of destruction of F-gases and (iv) recent work in the field towards the chemical repurposing of F-gases. There is a great opportunity to tackle the environmental and sustainability issues created by F-gases by developing reactions that repurpose these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sheldon
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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10
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Wozniak M, Sander S, Cula B, Ahrens M, Braun T. Reactivity of Xantphos-Type Rhodium Complexes Towards SF 4 : SF 3 Versus SF 2 Complex Generation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200626. [PMID: 35420718 PMCID: PMC9322540 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
S-F-bond activation of sulfur tetrafluoride at [Rh(Cl)(tBu xanPOP)] (1; tBu xanPOP=9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-xanthene) led to the formation of the cationic complex [Rh(F)(Cl)(SF2 )(tBu xanPOP)][SF5 ] (2 a) together with trans-[Rh(Cl)(F)2 (tBu xanPOP)] (3) and cis-[Rh(Cl)2 (F)(tBu xanPOP)] (4) which both could also be obtained by the reaction of SF5 Cl with 1. In contrast to that, the conversion of SF4 at the methyl complex [Rh(Me)(tBu xanPOP)] (5) gave the isolable and room-temperature stable cationic λ4 -trifluorosulfanyl complex [Rh(Me)(SF3 )(tBu xanPOP)][SF5 ] (6). Treatment of 6 with the Lewis acids BF3 or AsF5 produced the dicationic difluorosulfanyl complex [Rh(Me)(SF2 )(tBu xanPOP)][BF4 ]2 (8 a) or [Rh(Me)(SF2 )(tBu xanPOP)][AsF6 ]2 (8 b), respectively. Refluorination of 8 a was possible with the use of dimethylamine giving [Rh(Me)(SF3 )(tBu xanPOP)][BF4 ] (9). A reaction of 6 with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TClCA) gave the fluorido complex [Rh(F)(Cl)(SF2 )(tBu xanPOP)][Cl] (2 b) together with chloromethane and SF5 Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wozniak
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Stefan Sander
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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11
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Taponard A, Jarrosson T, Khrouz L, Médebielle M, Broggi J, Tlili A. Metal‐Free SF
6
Activation: A New SF
5
‐Based Reagent Enables Deoxyfluorination and Pentafluorosulfanylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Taponard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Tristan Jarrosson
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182 46 allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR)ICR UMR 7273 Faculty of Pharmacy 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
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12
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Kim S, Nagorny P. Electrochemical Synthesis of Glycosyl Fluorides Using Sulfur(VI) Hexafluoride as the Fluorinating Agent. Org Lett 2022; 24:2294-2298. [PMID: 35298181 PMCID: PMC10543653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the electrochemical synthesis of 17 different glycosyl fluorides in 73-98% yields on up to a 5 g scale that relies on the use of SF6 as an inexpensive and safe fluorinating agent. Cyclic voltammetry and related mechanistic studies carried out subsequently suggest that the active fluorinating species generated through the cathodic reduction of SF6 are transient under these reductive conditions and that the sulfur and fluoride byproducts are effectively scavenged by Zn(II) to generate benign salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pavel Nagorny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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13
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Haufe G. Synthesis and application of pentafluorosulfanylation reagents and derived aliphatic SF5-containing building blocks. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Dirican D, Talavera M, Braun T. Fluorination Reactions at a Platinum Carbene Complex: Reaction Routes to SF 3 , S(=O)F and Fluorido Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:17707-17712. [PMID: 34634177 PMCID: PMC9298267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The electron-rich Pt complex [Pt(IMes)2 ] (IMes: [1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-imidazolinylidine]) can be used as precursor for the syntheses of a variety of fluorido ligand containing compounds. The sulfur fluoride SF4 undergoes a rapid oxidative addition at Pt0 to yield trans-[Pt(F)(SF3 )(IMes)2 ]. A photolytic reaction of SF6 at [Pt(IMes)2 ] in the presence of IMes gave the fluorido complexes trans-[Pt(F)2 (IMes)2 ] and trans-[Pt(F)(SF3 )(IMes)2 ] along with trans-[Pt(F)(SOF)(IMes)2 ] and trans-[Pt(F)(IMes')(IMes)] (IMes': cyclometalated IMes ligand), the latter being products produced by reaction with adventitious water. trans-[Pt(F)(SOF)(IMes)2 ] and trans-[Pt(F)2 (IMes)2 ] were synthesized independently by treatment of [Pt(IMes)2 ] with SOF2 or XeF2 . A reaction of [Pt(IMes)2 ] with a HF source gave trans-[Pt(H)(F)(IMes)2 ], and an intermediate bifluorido complex trans-[Pt(H)(FHF)(IMes)2 ] was identified. Compound trans-[Pt(H)(F)(IMes)2 ] converts in the presence of CsF into trans-[Pt(F)(IMes')(IMes)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilcan Dirican
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für ChemieBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Maria Talavera
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für ChemieBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Institut für ChemieBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
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15
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Tiessen N, Schwarze N, Stammler HG, Neumann B, Hoge B. Salts of Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silylchalcogenolates [Si(C 2F 5) 3E] - with E = S, Se, and Te: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15112-15117. [PMID: 34591467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unlike silanolates [SiR3O]- (R = alkyl, aryl), which have been intensely studied, the heavier derivatives [SiR3E]- (E = S, Se, Te) have been much less examined. Among such species, virtually nothing is known about perfluoroalkyl-substituted silylchalcogenolates. In this contribution, a convenient synthesis of tris(pentafluoroethyl)silylchalcogenolate salts [{(Et2N)3P═N}3PN(H)tBu][Si(C2F5)3E] (E = S, Se, Te; tBu = tert-butyl) is presented. All representatives were isolated and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction studies. Furthermore, first reactivity studies of these novel species toward selected metal halide complexes were performed. In this course, metal complexes [HgPh{SSi(C2F5)3}] (2) and [Au(PPh3){SSi(C2F5)3}] (3) were isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Nico Schwarze
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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16
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Huang S, Wang Y, Hu C, Yan X. Nucleophilic Activation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and N-Heterocyclic Olefins: A Computational Study. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2687-2693. [PMID: 34320272 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) is considered as a potent greenhouse gas, whose effective degradation is challenging. Here we report a computational study on the nucleophilic activation of sulfur hexafluoride by N-heterocyclic carbenes and N-heterocyclic olefins. The result shows that the activation of SF6 is both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable at mild condition using NHOs with fluoro-substituted azolium and sulfur pentafluoride anion being formed. The Gibbs free energy barrier during the activation of SF6 has a linear relationship with the energy of HOMO of substrates, which could be a guideline for applying those compounds that feature higher energy in HOMO to activate SF6 in high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yedong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Chubin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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17
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Sheldon DJ, Crimmin MR. Complete deconstruction of SF 6 by an aluminium(I) compound. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7096-7099. [PMID: 34159971 PMCID: PMC8291285 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The room-temperature activation of SF6, a potent greenhouse gas, is reported using a monovalent aluminium(i) reagent to form well-defined aluminium(iii) fluoride and aluminium(iii) sulfide products. New reactions have been developed to utilise the aluminium(iii) fluoride and aluminium(iii) sulfide as a nucleophilic source of F− and S2− for a range of electrophiles. The overall reaction sequence results in the net transfer of fluorine or sulfur atoms from an environmentally detrimental gas to useful organic products. The room-temperature activation of SF6, a potent greenhouse gas, is reported using a monovalent aluminium(i) reagent to form well-defined aluminium(iii) fluoride and aluminium(iii) sulfide products.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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18
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Pladzyk A, Kowalkowska-Zedler D, Ciborska A, Schnepf A, Dołęga A. Complexes of silanethiolate ligands: Synthesis, structure, properties and application. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Weitkamp RF, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Non-coordinated and Hydrogen Bonded Phenolate Anions as One-Electron Reducing Agents. Chemistry 2021; 27:6465-6478. [PMID: 33368714 PMCID: PMC8247865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the syntheses of non-coordinated electron-rich phenolate anions via deprotonation of the corresponding alcohols with an extremely powerful perethyl tetraphosphazene base (Schwesinger base) are reported. The application of uncharged phosphazenes renders the selective preparation of anionic phenol-phenolate and phenolate hydrates possible, which allows for the investigation of hydrogen bonding in these species. Hydrogen bonding brings about decreased redox potentials relative to the corresponding non-coordinated phenolate anions. The latter show redox potentials of up to -0.72(1) V vs. SCE, which is comparable to that of zinc metal, thus qualifying their application as organic zinc mimics. We utilized phenolates as reducing agents for the generation of radical anions in addition to the corresponding phenoxyl radicals. A tetracyanoethylene radical anion salt was synthesized and fully characterized as a representative example. We also present the activation of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) with phenolates in a SET reaction, in which the nature of the respective phenolate determines whether simple fluorides or pentafluorosulfanide ([SF5 ]- ) salts are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Weitkamp
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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20
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Bouvet S, Pégot B, Sengmany S, Le Gall E, Léonel E, Goncalves AM, Magnier E. Controlled decomposition of SF 6 by electrochemical reduction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2948-2953. [PMID: 33335602 PMCID: PMC7722628 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The electroreduction of SF6 is shown at ambient temperature in acetonitrile using an array of platinum microelectrodes to improve the electrical detection. Its half reduction potential occurs at −2.17 V vs Fc+/Fc. The exact number of electrons for the full consumption of sulfur hexafluoride was determined and this gas further quantitatively transformed into environmentally benign fluoride anion and sulfur by electrochemical reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bouvet
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Bruce Pégot
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Sengmany
- Electrosynthèse, Catalyse et Chimie Organique, Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Erwan Le Gall
- Electrosynthèse, Catalyse et Chimie Organique, Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Eric Léonel
- Electrosynthèse, Catalyse et Chimie Organique, Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Anne-Marie Goncalves
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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21
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Pfister N, Bui M, Braun T, Wittwer P, Ahrens M. Synthesis and Reactivity of Iridium(I) Fluorido Complexes: Oxidative Addition of SF
4
at
trans
‐[Ir(F)(CO)(PEt
3
)
2
]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Pfister
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Minh Bui
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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22
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Dirican D, Pfister N, Wozniak M, Braun T. Reactivity of Binary and Ternary Sulfur Halides towards Transition-Metal Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:6945-6963. [PMID: 31840851 PMCID: PMC7318666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Binary sulfur fluorides exhibit an interesting reactivity towards transition metal complexes. They open up routes for the generation of sulfur‐containing building blocks. Often ligands with particular properties can be constructed. This includes their ability to transfer sulfur atoms or polysulfide units as well as fluorination reactions. This Minireview provides an insight into the reactivity of the binary and ternary sulfur halides S2Cl2, SCl2, SF4, SF6 and SF5Cl towards transition‐metal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilcan Dirican
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Pfister
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wozniak
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Tomar P, Braun T, Kemnitz E. Preparation of NHC Stabilized Al(III)fluorides: Fluorination of [(SIMes)AlMe
3
] with SF
4
or Me
3
SnF. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Tomar
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Brook‐Taylor‐Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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24
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Zhao X, Yang D, Zhang Y, Wang B, Qu J. Terminal alkyne insertion into a thiolate-bridged dirhodium hydride complex derived from heterolytic cleavage of H 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11112-11115. [PMID: 30155542 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiolate-bridged dirhodium and diiridium complexes can facilely realize heterolytic cleavage of H2 across the metal-sulfur bond to generate the corresponding hydride bridged complexes. Furthermore, terminal alkynes can insert the Rh-H-Rh fragment to afford σ:π alkenyl bridged complexes and then convert to the corresponding alkenes in the presence of a reductant and an acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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25
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Zhu T, Wu X, Yang X, Sharma B, Li N, Huang J, Wang W, Xing W, Zhao Z, Huang H. One-Pot Catalytic Cleavage of C═S Double Bonds by Pd Catalysts at Room Temperature. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9266-9273. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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26
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Berg C, Pfister N, Braun T, Braun-Cula B. Diverse Reactivity of Platinum SF3
and SF2
Complexes towards EtOH and Me3
SiOEt. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berg
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Nils Pfister
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Beatrice Braun-Cula
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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27
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Buß F, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Mehlmann P, Dielmann F. Nucleophilic Activation of Sulfur Hexafluoride: Metal-Free, Selective Degradation by Phosphines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florenz Buß
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Paul Mehlmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
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28
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Buß F, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Mehlmann P, Dielmann F. Nucleophilic Activation of Sulfur Hexafluoride: Metal-Free, Selective Degradation by Phosphines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4951-4955. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florenz Buß
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Mück-Lichtenfeld
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Paul Mehlmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
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29
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Desnoyer AN, Love JA. Recent advances in well-defined, late transition metal complexes that make and/or break C-N, C-O and C-S bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:197-238. [PMID: 27849097 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical transformations that result in either the formation or cleavage of carbon-heteroatom bonds are among the most important processes in the chemical sciences. Herein, we present a review on the reactivity of well-defined, late-transition metal complexes that result in the making and breaking of C-N, C-O and C-S bonds via fundamental organometallic reactions, i.e. oxidative addition, reductive elimination, insertion and elimination reactions. When appropriate, emphasis is placed on structural and spectroscopic characterization techniques, as well as mechanistic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer A Love
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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30
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Wozniak M, Braun T, Ahrens M, Braun-Cula B, Wittwer P, Herrmann R, Laubenstein R. Activation of SF6 at a Xantphos-Type Rhodium Complex. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Braun-Cula
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roy Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reik Laubenstein
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Tomar P, Braun T, Kemnitz E. Photochemical activation of SF6 by N-heterocyclic carbenes to provide a deoxyfluorinating reagent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9753-9756. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05494k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical activation of SF6 provides access to difluoroimidazolidine derivatives, which can serve as intermediates to shuttle fluorides to alcohols by deoxyfluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Tomar
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Department of Chemistry
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
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32
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Synthesis and reactivity of a cationic palladium complex as possible intermediate in a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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The Decomposition Products of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) with Metals Dissolved in Liquid Ammonia. INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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34
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Kenyon P, Mecking S. Pentafluorosulfanyl Substituents in Polymerization Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13786-13790. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kenyon
- Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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35
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Berg C, Braun T, Ahrens M, Wittwer P, Herrmann R. Activation of SF6
at Platinum Complexes: Formation of SF3
Derivatives and Their Application in Deoxyfluorination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4300-4304. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berg
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Roy Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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36
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Berg C, Braun T, Ahrens M, Wittwer P, Herrmann R. Activation of SF6
at Platinum Complexes: Formation of SF3
Derivatives and Their Application in Deoxyfluorination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Berg
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Philipp Wittwer
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Roy Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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37
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Arnold N, Bertermann R, Bickelhaupt FM, Braunschweig H, Drisch M, Finze M, Hupp F, Poater J, Sprenger JAP. Formation of a Trifluorophosphane Platinum(II) Complex by P−F Bond Activation of Phosphorus Pentafluoride with a Pt0
Complex. Chemistry 2016; 23:5948-5952. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Arnold
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Drisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Florian Hupp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jordi Poater
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- ICREA & Universitat de Barcelona; Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòria i Computacional (IQTCUB); Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB); Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Kosobokov M, Cui B, Balia A, Matsuzaki K, Tokunaga E, Saito N, Shibata N. Importance of a Fluorine Substituent for the Preparation of meta
- and para
-Pentafluoro-λ6
-sulfanyl-Substituted Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10781-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kosobokov
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Benqiang Cui
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Andrii Balia
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuzaki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norimichi Saito
- Pharmaceutical Division, Ube Industries, Ltd.; Seavans North Bldg, 1-2-1 Shibaura Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8449 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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39
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Kosobokov M, Cui B, Balia A, Matsuzaki K, Tokunaga E, Saito N, Shibata N. Importance of a Fluorine Substituent for the Preparation of meta
- and para
-Pentafluoro-λ6
-sulfanyl-Substituted Pyridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Kosobokov
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Benqiang Cui
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Andrii Balia
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuzaki
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Norimichi Saito
- Pharmaceutical Division, Ube Industries, Ltd.; Seavans North Bldg, 1-2-1 Shibaura Minato-ku Tokyo 105-8449 Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
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Palacios L, Di Giuseppe A, Artigas MJ, Polo V, Lahoz FJ, Castarlenas R, Pérez-Torrente JJ, Oro LA. Mechanistic insight into the pyridine enhanced α-selectivity in alkyne hydrothiolation catalysed by quinolinolate–rhodium(i)–N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly Markovnikov-selective RhI–NHC–quinolinolate catalysts in alkyne hydrothiolation are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palacios
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Andrea Di Giuseppe
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - María José Artigas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Victor Polo
- Departamento de Química Física
- Universidad de Zaragoza
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Fernando J. Lahoz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Ricardo Castarlenas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- Zaragoza
- Spain
| | | | - Luis A. Oro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC
- Zaragoza
- Spain
- Center of Research Excellence in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals
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41
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Zámostná L, Braun T. Catalytic Degradation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by Rhodium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Zámostná L, Braun T. Catalytic Degradation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by Rhodium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10652-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Zámostná L, Sander S, Braun T, Laubenstein R, Braun B, Herrmann R, Kläring P. Synthesis and structure of rhodium(i) silyl carbonyl complexes: photochemical C-F and C-H bond activation of fluorinated aromatic compounds. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:9450-69. [PMID: 25915856 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The rhodium(i) silyl carbonyl complexes [Rh{Si(OEt)3}(CO)(dippp)] () and [Rh{Si(OEt)3}(CO)(dippe)] () (dippp = 1,3-bis(diisopropylphosphino)propane, dippe = 1,2-bis-(diisopropylphosphino)ethane) were synthesized on treatment of the methyl compounds [Rh(CH3)(CO)(dippp)] () or [Rh(CH3)(CO)(dippe)] () with HSi(OEt)3 at low temperature. The methyl complexes and were prepared starting from the binuclear complexes [{Rh(μ-Cl)(dippp)}2] () and [{Rh(μ-Cl)(dippe)}2] (), respectively. The silyl complexes and as well as the precursors [{Rh(μ-I)(dippp)}2] (), [Rh(X)(CO)(dippp)] (: X = CH3, : X = I) and [Rh(X)(CO)(dippe)] (: X = CH3, : X = Cl) were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy and the structures in the solid state were determined by X-ray crystallography. The silyl complex converts into the carbonyl-bridged complex [{Rh(μ-CO)(dippp)}2] () above temperatures of -30 °C by loss of the silyl ligand, whereas is more thermally stable and a reaction to the binuclear complex [{Rh(μ-CO)(dippe)}2] () was observed at 50 °C. The silyl complex reacted under irradiation with hexafluorobenzene and pentafluoropyridine to give the C-F activation products [Rh(C6F5)(CO)(dippe)] () and [Rh(2-C5F4N)(CO)(dippe)] (), respectively. As additional products the silyl dicarbonyl complex [Rh{Si(OEt)3}(CO)2(dippe)] () and the cationic complex [Rh2(μ-H)(μ-CO)2(dippe)2](+)[SiF5](-) () were identified. Compound was synthesized independently by treatment of with gaseous CO. In a similar manner, the dippp analogue [Rh{Si(OEt)3}(CO)2(dippp)] () was also prepared starting from . Photochemical reaction of with pentafluorobenzene and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine resulted selectively in C-H bond activation to afford and [Rh(4-C5F4N)(CO)(dippe)] (), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lada Zámostná
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Seppelt
- Institut
fuer Chemie and
Biochemie, Freie Universitaet, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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45
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Kalläne SI, Braun T. Catalytic borylation of SCF₃-functionalized arenes by rhodium(I) boryl complexes: regioselective C-H activation at the ortho-position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9311-5. [PMID: 25088814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented reaction pathway for the borylation of SCF3-containing arenes using [Rh(Bpin)(PEt3)3] (pin=pinacolato) is reported. Catalytic processes were developed and the functionalizations proceed under mild reaction conditions. The C-H activations occur with a unique regioselectivity for the position ortho to the SCF3 group, which apparently serves as directing group. Borylated SCF3 compounds can serve as versatile building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I Kalläne
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
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Kalläne SI, Braun T. Catalytic Borylation of SCF3-Functionalized Arenes by Rhodium(I) Boryl Complexes: Regioselective CH Activation at theortho-Position. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Meier G, Steck V, Braun B, Eißler A, Herrmann R, Ahrens M, Laubenstein R, Braun T. Synthesis and Structures of Fluorinated (β‐Diketiminato)rhodium Complexes: Si–H Activation of Silanes at a Carbonyl Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Meier
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Viktoria Steck
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Beatrice Braun
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Anna Eißler
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Roy Herrmann
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Reik Laubenstein
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, http://www2.hu‐berlin.de/chemie/braun/
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