1
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Tschernuth FS, Kostenko A, Stigler S, Gradenegger A, Inoue S. A neutral germanium-centred hard and soft lewis superacid and its unique reactivity towards hydrosilanes. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:74-81. [PMID: 38032271 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03626j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The germanium-centred Lewis superacid Ge(pinF)2 (1) was isolated as acetonitrile mono-adduct 1·MeCN and thoroughly characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and quantum chemical calculations. Ion abstraction and NMR experiments revealed the hard as well as soft Lewis superacidic nature of 1·MeCN. The title compound readily activates hydrosilanes such as Et3SiH, which is not feasible for its harder silicon homologue 2·MeCN, and even reacts with Et3SiF. The strongly coordinating acetonitrile could be abstracted by B(C6F5), giving the donor-free Ge(pinF)2 (1) and Si(pinF)2 (2) which are Lewis superacids. Unlike 1·MeCN, the donor-free 1 efficiently catalyses hydrosilylation of α-methylstyrene by Et3SiH. For this process, an inverse temperature dependence was observed, i.e. a complete conversion was achieved rapidly when the reaction was cooled to -35 °C, but the reaction stopped at elevated temperatures. Mechanistic investigations, including stoichiometric experiments and quantum chemical calculations, outlined the formation of germylene Ge(pinF) (3), which acts as the active catalyst. The germylene is formed by reductive elimination of the silylated pinacol from the hydrogermane intermediate, which is obtained by the initial reaction of 1 with Et3SiH. The inverse temperature dependence of the catalytic reaction could be explained by low entropy associated with the complexation of two cooperating germylenes and the substrates. With this example we introduce an in situ generated Lewis acidic germylene complex for catalytic hydrosilylation of olefins and again exemplify the great potential of main-group-element-based complexes in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S Tschernuth
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Stigler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Anna Gradenegger
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Wacker-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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2
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Luo J, Song S, Li J, Qi N, Jin B, Zhu Y, Ji Y, Shi L, Gao J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Xu G, Su F. Ni-Ni 3P/SiO 2 Catalyst for Highly Selective Production of Silicon Tetrachloride via Silicon Hydrochlorination. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c05021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachengjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110142, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Energy Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shaojia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Qi
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110142, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Energy Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Baofang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongjun Ji
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110142, China
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Energy Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Jiajian Gao
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Sciences, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833 Singapore
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Guangwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemicals and Materials (Shenyang University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110142, China
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Energy Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Fabing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry and Energy Technology, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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3
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Tschernuth FS, Thorwart T, Greb L, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Bis(perfluoropinacolato)silan: Eine neutrale Lewis‐Supersäure aktiviert Si−F‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian S. Tschernuth
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Fakultät für Chemie WACKER-Institut für Siliciumchemie und Zentralinstitut für Katalyse-Forschung Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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4
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Tschernuth FS, Thorwart T, Greb L, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Bis(perfluoropinacolato)silane: A Neutral Silane Lewis Superacid Activates Si-F Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25799-25803. [PMID: 34570964 PMCID: PMC9298387 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the earth abundance and easy availability of silicon, only few examples of isolable neutral silicon centered Lewis superacids are precedent in the literature. To approach the general drawbacks of limited solubility and unselective deactivation pathways, we introduce a Lewis superacid, based on perfluorinated pinacol substituents. The compound is easily synthesized on a gram‐scale as the corresponding acetonitrile mono‐adduct 1⋅(MeCN) and was fully characterized, including single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis (SC‐XRD) and state‐of‐the‐art computations. Lewis acidity investigations by the Gutmann‐Beckett method and fluoride abstraction experiments indicate a Lewis superacidic nature. The challenging Si−F bond activation of Et3SiF is realized and promising catalytic properties are demonstrated, consolidating the potential applicability of silicon centered Lewis acids in synthetic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian S Tschernuth
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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5
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Tiessen N, Schwarze N, Stammler HG, Neumann B, Hoge B. Salts of Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silylchalcogenolates [Si(C 2F 5) 3E] - with E = S, Se, and Te: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15112-15117. [PMID: 34591467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unlike silanolates [SiR3O]- (R = alkyl, aryl), which have been intensely studied, the heavier derivatives [SiR3E]- (E = S, Se, Te) have been much less examined. Among such species, virtually nothing is known about perfluoroalkyl-substituted silylchalcogenolates. In this contribution, a convenient synthesis of tris(pentafluoroethyl)silylchalcogenolate salts [{(Et2N)3P═N}3PN(H)tBu][Si(C2F5)3E] (E = S, Se, Te; tBu = tert-butyl) is presented. All representatives were isolated and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction studies. Furthermore, first reactivity studies of these novel species toward selected metal halide complexes were performed. In this course, metal complexes [HgPh{SSi(C2F5)3}] (2) and [Au(PPh3){SSi(C2F5)3}] (3) were isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Nico Schwarze
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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6
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Tiessen N, Schwarze N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanol Derivatives and the Lewis Amphoteric Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanolate Anion, [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 O] . Chemistry 2021; 27:11041-11044. [PMID: 34061416 PMCID: PMC8453507 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While alkyl‐substituted siloxanes are widely known, virtually nothing is known about perfluoroalkyl siloxanes and their congener species, the silanols and silanolates. We recently reported on the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide ion, [Si(C2F5)3]−, which features Lewis amphoteric character deriving from the pentafluoroethyl substituents and their strong electron‐withdrawing properties. Transferring this knowledge, we investigated the Lewis amphoteric behavior of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanolate, [Si(C2F5)3O]−. In order to examine such Lewis amphoteric behavior, we first developed a strategy for the synthesis of the corresponding silanol Si(C2F5)3OH, which readily condenses at room temperature to the hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)disiloxane, (C2F5)3SiOSi(C2F5)3. Deprotonation of Si(C2F5)3OH employing a sterically demanding phosphazene base allows the characterization of the first example of a dimeric triorganosilanolate: the dianionic hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)disilanolate, [{Si(C2F5)3O}2]2−, implies Lewis amphoteric character of the monomeric [Si(C2F5)3O]− anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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7
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Thorwart T, Roth D, Greb L. Bis(pertrifluoromethylcatecholato)silane: Extreme Lewis Acidity Broadens the Catalytic Portfolio of Silicon. Chemistry 2021; 27:10422-10427. [PMID: 33852170 PMCID: PMC8361710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Given its earth abundance, silicon is ideal for constructing Lewis acids of use in catalysis or materials science. Neutral silanes were limited to moderate Lewis acidity, until halogenated catecholato ligands provoked a significant boost. However, catalytic applications of bis(perhalocatecholato)silanes were suffering from very poor solubility and unknown deactivation pathways. In this work, the novel per(trifluoromethyl)catechol, H2 catCF3 , and adducts of its silicon complex Si(catCF3 )2 (1) are described. According to the computed fluoride ion affinity, 1 ranks among the strongest neutral Lewis acids currently accessible in the condensed phase. The improved robustness and affinity of 1 enable deoxygenations of aldehydes, ketones, amides, or phosphine oxides, and a carbonyl-olefin metathesis. All those transformations have never been catalyzed by a neutral silane. Attempts to obtain donor-free 1 attest to the extreme Lewis acidity by stabilizing adducts with even the weakest donors, such as benzophenone or hexaethyl disiloxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddäus Thorwart
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Nachweis des Lewis‐amphoteren Charakters von Tris(pentafluorethyl)silanid, [Si(C
2
F
5
)
3
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Chemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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9
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Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Evidence of the Lewis-Amphoteric Character of Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide, [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12124-12131. [PMID: 33617080 PMCID: PMC8252080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to a first view on the geometrical and electronic structure of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide, this anion appears as a Lewis base. Quantum chemical calculations on perfluoroalkylated silanides show significantly lower HOMO and LUMO energy levels in comparison to their non-fluorinated counterparts, which implies reduced Lewis basicity and increased Lewis acidity of the [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- ion. With these findings and a HOMO-LUMO gap of 4.80 eV similar to N-heterocyclic silylenes (NHSis), perfluoroalkyl silanides are predestined to exhibit Lewis-amphoteric character similar to silylenes. Deprotonation of Si(C2 F5 )3 H with sterically demanding phosphazene bases afforded thermally stable phosphazenium salts of the [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- anion, which add to benzaldehyde, benzophenone, CS2 , and CO2 in various manners. This behavior also mirrors the reactivity of silylenes towards ketones as well as heterocumulenes and is rationalized by Lewis amphotericity being inherent in these silanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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10
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Berthold Hoge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20740. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Berthold Hoge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Tiessen N, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)aluminate. Chemistry 2020; 26:13611-13614. [PMID: 32196783 PMCID: PMC7693355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
While perfluorinated aryl, aryloxy and alkoxy aluminum species are well-established as weakly coordinating anions (WCAs), corresponding perfluoroalkyl aluminum derivatives are virtually unknown. Reaction of Si(C2 F5 )3 CH3 with Li[AlH4 ] afforded the tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)aluminate, [Al(C2 F5 )4 ]- . Several salts of the [Al(C2 F5 )4 ]- ion were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopic methods, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction studies and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität BielefeldFakultät für ChemieCentrum für Molekulare MaterialienUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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13
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Bischoff LA, Riefer J, Wirthensohn R, Bischof T, Bertermann R, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Pentafluoroethylaluminates: A Combined Synthetic, Spectroscopic, and Structural Study. Chemistry 2020; 26:13615-13620. [PMID: 32167200 PMCID: PMC7689865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Salts of the tetrakis(pentafluoroethyl)aluminate anion [Al(C2 F5 )4 ]- were obtained from AlCl3 and LiC2 F5 . They were isolated with different counter-cations and characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Degradation of the [Al(C2 F5 )4 ]- ion was found to proceed via 1,2-fluorine shifts and stepwise loss of CF(CF3 ) under formation of [(C2 F5 )4-n AlFn ]- (n=1-4) as assessed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and supported by results of DFT calculations. In addition, the [(C2 F5 )AlF3 ]- ion was structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Bischoff
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Jarno Riefer
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Raphael Wirthensohn
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Tobias Bischof
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- ConsultantMerck KGaA64293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Institut für Anorganische ChemieJulius- Maximimilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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14
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Hartmann D, Schädler M, Greb L. Bis(catecholato)silanes: assessing, rationalizing and increasing silicon's Lewis superacidity. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7379-7388. [PMID: 31489160 PMCID: PMC6713871 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bis(catecholato)silanes have been known for several decades, their substantial Lewis acidity is not yet well described in the literature. Herewith, the synthesis and characterization of multiple substituted bis(catecholato)silanes and their triethylphosphine oxide, fluoride and chloride ion adducts are reported. The Lewis acidity of bis(catecholato)silanes is assessed by effective (Gutmann-Beckett, catalytic efficiency), global (theoretical and relative experimental fluoride (FIA) and chloride (CIA) ion affinities) and intrinsic (electrophilicity index) scaling methods. This comprehensive set of experimental and theoretical results reveals their general Lewis acidic nature and provides a consistent Lewis acidity trend for bis(catecholato)silanes for the first time. All experimental findings are supported by high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T) based thermochemical data and the Lewis acidity is rationalized by complementary chemical bonding analysis tools. Against the common belief that inductive electron withdrawal is the most important criterion for strong Lewis acidity, the present work highlights the decisive role of π-back bonding effects in aromatic ring systems to enhance electron deficiency. Thus, bis(perbromocatecholato)silane is identified and synthesized as the new record holder for silicon Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Marcel Schädler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut , Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 275 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany .
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Marczenko KM, Johnson CL, Chitnis SS. Synthesis of a Perfluorinated Phenoxyphosphorane and Conversion to Its Hexacoordinate Anions. Chemistry 2019; 25:8865-8874. [PMID: 30958579 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and structural characterization of a neutral PV Lewis acid, P(OC6 F5 )5 , and salts containing the six-coordinate anions [P(OC6 F5 )5 F]- and [P(OC6 F5 )6 ]- . The latter anion exhibits a rare example of F-πarene interactions in both the solid and the solution phase, which has been quantitatively studied by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy. The Lewis acid strength of P(OC6 F5 )5 has been assessed through experimental fluoride ion competition experiments and quantum-chemical calculations of its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) and global electrophilicity index (GEI). Our findings highlight the importance of considering solvent effects in electrophilicity calculations, even when neutral Lewis acids are involved, and show a rare divergence between FIA and GEI trends. The coordinating abilities of the [P(OC6 F5 )6 ]- and [P(OC6 F5 )5 F]- anions towards the trityl cation, as a prototypical electrophile, have been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Marczenko
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Chloe-Louise Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, N. S., B3H 4R2, Canada
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16
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Ribbeck T, Kerpen C, Löw D, Sedykh AE, Müller-Buschbaum K, Ignat’ev NV, Finze M. Lanthanide trifluoromethyltricyanoborates: Synthesis, crystal structures and thermal properties. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Greb L. Lewis Superacids: Classifications, Candidates, and Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:17881-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Germany
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18
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Wiesemann M, Hoge B. Pentafluoroethylated Compounds of Silicon, Germanium and Tin. Chemistry 2018; 24:16457-16471. [PMID: 29722451 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we present an account on pentafluoroethylated compounds of silicon, germanium and tin. The pronounced electron-withdrawing effect of the pentafluoroethyl group leads to a markedly increased Lewis acidity at the central atom which results in the stabilization of hypervalent complexes, anionic element(II) species as well as remarkable reactivities of element-element and element-hydrogen bonds. By addition to unsaturated C-C bonds or by reaction with organic halides as well as transition-metal complexes the molecules bearing a pentafluoroethyl-element group are readily accessible. Moreover, the utilization of pentafluoroethyl groups facilitates the formation of donor-stabilized germylenes and stannylenes. A series of such compounds serves as suitable pentafluoroethylation reagents. Conversely to the well-studied trifluoromethyl derivatives these compounds frequently exhibit a higher thermostability, which allows a more convenient handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wiesemann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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19
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Bader J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Activation of Acetonitrile with (C 2 F 5 ) 3 PF 2 and Amines. Chemistry 2018; 24:6975-6982. [PMID: 29488665 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetonitrile is deprotonated by a combination of the strong Lewis acid (C2 F5 )3 PF2 and triethylamine. The resulting cyanomethyl function is bound to the phosphorus moiety, affording the highly stable salt [HNEt3 ][P(C2 F5 )3 F2 (CH2 CN)]. Salt metathesis reactions furnished the corresponding [Cu(MeCN)2 ]+ and [Ag(MeCN)]+ derivatives in which the CH2 CN substituent of the anion [P(C2 F5 )3 F2 (CH2 CN)]- coordinates to the metal. An investigation of the gas separation capability of the silver salt [Ag(MeCN)][P(C2 F5 )3 F2 (CH2 CN)] shows an uptake of 1.7 equivalents of isobutene from a propane/isobutene mixture. The reaction of (C2 F5 )3 PF2 with acetonitrile and diethylamine furnishes [P(C2 F5 )3 F2 {NHC(CH3 )NEt2 }]-a phosphate featuring an amidine ligand which formally results from hydroamination of acetonitrile by HNEt2 . Exchange of HNEt2 with the primary amines H2 NPh and H2 NBu leads to comparable amidine salts that exhibit a solvent-dependent conformational isomerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bader
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- Consultant, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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20
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21
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Maskey R, Schädler M, Legler C, Greb L. Bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane-A Neutral Silicon Lewis Super Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1717-1720. [PMID: 29240282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
No neutral silicon Lewis super acids are known to date. We report on the synthesis of bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane and verify its Lewis super acidity by computation (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) and experiment (fluoride abstraction from SbF6- ). The exceptional affinity towards donors is further demonstrated by, for example, the characterization of an unprecedented SiO4 F2 dianion and applied in the first hydrodefluorination reaction catalyzed by a neutral silicon Lewis acid. Given the strength and convenient access to this new Lewis acid, versatile applications might be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Schädler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Legler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Maskey R, Schädler M, Legler C, Greb L. Bis(perchlorocatecholato)silan - eine neutrale Silicium-Lewis-Supersäure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rezisha Maskey
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Marcel Schädler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Claudia Legler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
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23
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Kramer N, Jöst C, Mackenroth A, Greb L. Synthesis of Electron-Rich, Planarized Silicon(IV) Species and a Theoretical Analysis of Dimerizing Aminosilanes. Chemistry 2017; 23:17764-17774. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kramer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph Jöst
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alexandra Mackenroth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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24
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Bader J, Maier AFG, Paradies J, Hoge B. Perfluoroalkylated Main‐Group Element Lewis Acids as Catalysts in Transfer Hydrogenation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bader
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Alexander F. G. Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Institut für Organische Chemie Fakultät für Chemie Universität Paderborn Warburger Straße 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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25
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Nucleophilic Transfer Reactions of the [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] - Moiety. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:16161-16164. [PMID: 27902862 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide anion is accessible by the deprotonation of Si(C2 F5 )3 H at low temperatures. Subsequent quenching of the resulting salt-like compounds with suitable electrophiles, such as transition-metal complexes or Group 14 element halides, leads to a plethora of novel tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane derivatives. This underlines the versatility of Li[Si(C2 F5 )3 ] as a powerful nucleophilic transfer reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Nukleophile Übertragungsreaktionen der [Si(C 2F 5) 3] −-Einheit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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27
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Das Tris(pentafluorethyl)silanid-Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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28
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. The Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:16156-16160. [PMID: 27902868 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane, which is conveniently accessible by the treatment of Si(C2 F5 )3 X (X=Cl, Br) with Bu3 SnH, was successfully employed for hydrosilylation reactions. In the presence of a palladium catalyst, hydrosilylation of phenylacetylene with Si(C2 F5 )3 H affords the product of an α-addition whereas the reaction of trimethylsilylacetylene with the silane leads to the β-trans product. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silane can be deprotonated by sterically demanding bases such as lithium diisopropylamide at low temperatures to give the corresponding silanide ion. The addition of crown ethers or cryptands to this highly reactive species enabled the isolation and characterization of salt-like tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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29
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Pentafluoroethylsilicic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15528-15530. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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30
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Schwarze N, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Pentafluorethylkieselsäuren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld; Fakultät für Chemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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31
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Pelzer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Hypervalent Pentafluoroethylgermanium Compounds, [(C 2 F 5 ) n GeX 5-n ] - and [(C 2 F 5 ) 3 GeF 3 ] 2- (X=F, Cl; n=2-5). Chemistry 2016; 22:16460-16466. [PMID: 27539166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an account on hypervalent fluoro- and chloro(pentafluoroethyl)germanium compounds. The selective synthesis of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)dichlorogermanate salt [PNP][(C2 F5 )3 GeCl2 ] as well as its X-ray structural analysis is described. As a representative example for pentafluoroethylfluorogermanates, the synthesis and structure of 2,4,6-triphenylpyryliumtris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorogermanate [C23 H17 O][(C2 F5 )3 GeF2 ] is reported. Fluoride-ion affinities for pentafluoroethylgermanes were calculated using quantum chemical methods, disclosing (C2 F5 )3 GeF as a weaker Lewis acid than (C2 F5 )3 SiF or (C2 F5 )3 PF2 . The theoretical results were confirmed by experiments and give the basis of a synthetic protocol for (C2 F5 )3 GeF. Pentakis(pentafluoroethyl)germanate [PPh4 ][Ge(C2 F5 )5 ] was detected as an intermediate during the synthesis of [PPh4 ][(C2 F5 )4 GeF] starting from tris(pentafluoroethyl)difluorogermanate and LiC2 F5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pelzer
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- Consultant, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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32
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Schwarze N, Kurscheid B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Synthesis of Functional Bis(pentafluoroethyl)silanes (C 2 F 5 ) 2 SiX 2 , with X=H, F, Cl, Br, OPh, and O 2 CCF 3. Chemistry 2016; 22:17460-17467. [PMID: 27778393 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As recently shown, the introduction of pentafluoroethyl functionalities into silicon compounds is of general interest due to an enhanced Lewis acidity of the resulting species. By this means, the synthesis of previously inaccessible hypervalent silicon derivatives is enabled. While an easy access to tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanes has already been published, synthetic strategies for the selective preparation of bis derivatives are yet unknown. In this contribution, a convenient protocol for the synthesis of functional bis(pentafluoroethyl)silicon compounds is presented. These compounds represent precursors for the synthesis of pentafluoroethylated polysiloxanes. Furthermore, they prove to be resistant to oxonium cations, which is a key feature for the preparation of stable pentafluoroethylsilic acids. Treatment of dichlorodiphenoxysilane with in situ generated pentafluoroethyl lithium leads to the corresponding bis(pentafluoroethyl)silane in high yields. (C2 F5 )2 Si(OPh)2 serves as a starting material for further functionalized bis(pentafluoroethyl)silanes. These silanes have been isolated and their reactivity towards N bases studied. The pronounced Lewis acidity of the obtained compounds has been documented by the formation of octahedral adducts with nitrogen donors such as 1,10-phenanthroline and acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Schwarze
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Boris Kurscheid
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Chen D, Ni C, Zhao Y, Cai X, Li X, Xiao P, Hu J. Bis(difluoromethyl)trimethylsilicate Anion: A Key Intermediate in Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation of Enolizable Ketones with Me3
SiCF2
H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingben Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering; Taizhou University; Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000 China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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Chen D, Ni C, Zhao Y, Cai X, Li X, Xiao P, Hu J. Bis(difluoromethyl)trimethylsilicate Anion: A Key Intermediate in Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation of Enolizable Ketones with Me3
SiCF2
H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12632-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingben Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- College of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering; Taizhou University; Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000 China
| | - Chuanfa Ni
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xinjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Pan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Ling-Ling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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35
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Solyntjes S, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Difluorotriorganylphosphoranes for the Synthesis of Fluorophosphonium and Bismuthonium Salts. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Solyntjes
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- PM‐ATI Fakultät für Chemie Merck KGaA Frankfurter Straße 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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36
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Pelzer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ignat'ev N, Hoge B. Synthesis of Tris(pentafluoroethyl)germanes. Chemistry 2016; 22:3327-3332. [PMID: 26797789 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Pelzer
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignat'ev
- Consultant; Merck KGaA; Frankfurter Strasse 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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37
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Ignat’ev N, Bader J, Koppe K, Hoge B, Willner H. Recent progress in perfluoroalkyl-phosphorus chemistry. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Steinhauer S, Böttcher T, Schwarze N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Synthesis of chlorosilicates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13269-72. [PMID: 25256121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chlorosilicates represent important intermediates in S(N)2 reactions of chlorosilanes. They can be stabilized by the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents. Salts of various (pentafluoroethyl)chlorosilicates have been isolated and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Steinhauer
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld (Germany)
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Steinhauer S, Böttcher T, Schwarze N, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Synthese von Chlorosilicaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Waerder B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mix A, Vishnevskiy YV, Hoge B, Mitzel NW. Solid-State Structure of a Li/F Carbenoid: Pentafluoroethyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11640-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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41
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Waerder B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mix A, Vishnevskiy YV, Hoge B, Mitzel NW. Festkörperstruktur eines Li/F-Carbenoids: Pentafluorethyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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