1
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Paulus J, Sewald N. Small molecule- and peptide-drug conjugates addressing integrins: A story of targeted cancer treatment. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3561. [PMID: 38382900 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted cancer treatment should avoid side effects and damage to healthy cells commonly encountered during traditional chemotherapy. By combining small molecule or peptidic ligands as homing devices with cytotoxic drugs connected by a cleavable or non-cleavable linker in peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) or small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs), cancer cells and tumours can be selectively targeted. The development of highly affine, selective peptides and small molecules in recent years has allowed PDCs and SMDCs to increasingly compete with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Integrins represent an excellent target for conjugates because they are overexpressed by most cancer cells and because of the broad knowledge about native binding partners as well as the multitude of small-molecule and peptidic ligands that have been developed over the last 30 years. In particular, integrin αVβ3 has been addressed using a variety of different PDCs and SMDCs over the last two decades, following various strategies. This review summarises and describes integrin-addressing PDCs and SMDCs while highlighting points of great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Paulus
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Behzadipour Y, Hemmati S. Covalent conjugation and non-covalent complexation strategies for intracellular delivery of proteins using cell-penetrating peptides. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116910. [PMID: 38852512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins provided new opportunities for patients and high sales volumes. However, they are formulated for extracellular targets. The lipophilic barrier of the plasma membrane renders the vast array of intracellular targets out of reach. Peptide-based delivery systems, namely cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), have few safety concerns, and low immunogenicity, with control over administered doses. This study investigates CPP-based protein delivery systems by classifying them into CPP-protein "covalent conjugation" and CPP: protein "non-covalent complexation" categories. Covalent conjugates ensure the proximity of the CPP to the cargo, which can improve cellular uptake and endosomal escape. We will discuss various aspects of covalent conjugates through non-cleavable (stable) or cleavable bonds. Non-cleavable CPP-protein conjugates are produced by recombinant DNA technology to express the complete fusion protein in a host cell or by chemical ligation of CPP and protein, which ensures stability during the delivery process. CPP-protein cleavable bonds are classified into pH-sensitive and redox-sensitive bonds, enzyme-cleavable bonds, and physical stimuli cleavable linkers (light radiation, ultrasonic waves, and thermo-responsive). We have highlighted the key characteristics of non-covalent complexes through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to preserve the conformational integrity of the CPP and cargo. CPP-mediated protein delivery by non-covalent complexation, such as zippers, CPP adaptor methods, and avidin-biotin technology, are featured. Conclusively, non-covalent complexation methods are appropriate when a high number of CPP or protein samples are to be screened. In contrast, when the high biological activity of the protein is critical in the intracellular compartment, conjugation protocols are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Behzadipour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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3
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Wu Y, Zhu M, Sun B, Chen Y, Huang Y, Gai J, Li G, Li Y, Wan Y, Ma L. A humanized trivalent Nectin-4-targeting nanobody drug conjugate displays potent antitumor activity in gastric cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:256. [PMID: 38755613 PMCID: PMC11097425 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer represents a highly lethal malignancy with an elevated mortality rate among cancer patients, coupled with a suboptimal postoperative survival prognosis. Nectin-4, an overexpressed oncological target for various cancers, has been exploited to create antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) to treat solid tumors. However, there is limited research on Nectin-4 ADCs specifically for gastric cancer, and conventional immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based ADCs frequently encounter binding site barriers. Based on the excellent tumor penetration capabilities inherent in nanobodies (Nbs), we developed Nectin-4-targeting Nb drug conjugates (NDCs) for the treatment of gastric cancer. RESULTS An immunized phage display library was established and employed for the selection of Nectin-4-specific Nbs using phage display technology. Subsequently, these Nbs were engineered into homodimers to enhance Nb affinity. To prolong in vivo half-life and reduce immunogenicity, we fused an Nb targeting human serum albumin (HSA), resulting in the development of trivalent humanized Nbs. Further, we site-specifically conjugated a monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) at the C-terminus of the trivalent Nbs, creating Nectin-4 NDC (huNb26/Nb26-Nbh-MMAE) with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 1. Nectin-4 NDC demonstrated excellent in vitro cell-binding activities and cytotoxic efficacy against cells with high Nectin-4 expression. Subsequent administration of Nectin-4 NDC to mice bearing NCI-N87 human gastric cancer xenografts demonstrated rapid tissue penetration and high tumor uptake through in vivo imaging. Moreover, Nectin-4 NDC exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent anti-tumor efficacy in in vivo studies. CONCLUSION We have engineered a Nectin-4 NDC with elevated affinity and effective tumor uptake, further establishing its potential as a therapeutic agent for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Baihe Sun
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Chen
- Graduate School of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Junwei Gai
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yakun Wan
- Shanghai Novamab Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China.
| | - Linlin Ma
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China.
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Zhou L, Lu Y, Liu W, Wang S, Wang L, Zheng P, Zi G, Liu H, Liu W, Wei S. Drug conjugates for the treatment of lung cancer: from drug discovery to clinical practice. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:26. [PMID: 38429828 PMCID: PMC10908151 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A drug conjugate consists of a cytotoxic drug bound via a linker to a targeted ligand, allowing the targeted delivery of the drug to one or more tumor sites. This approach simultaneously reduces drug toxicity and increases efficacy, with a powerful combination of efficient killing and precise targeting. Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) are the best-known type of drug conjugate, combining the specificity of antibodies with the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs to reduce adverse reactions by preferentially targeting the payload to the tumor. The structure of ADCs has also provided inspiration for the development of additional drug conjugates. In recent years, drug conjugates such as ADCs, peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) and radionuclide drug conjugates (RDCs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The scope and application of drug conjugates have been expanding, including combination therapy and precise drug delivery, and a variety of new conjugation technology concepts have emerged. Additionally, new conjugation technology-based drugs have been developed in industry. In addition to chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, drug conjugate therapy has undergone continuous development and made significant progress in treating lung cancer in recent years, offering a promising strategy for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use of drug conjugates for lung cancer treatment, including structure-based drug design, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and side effects. Furthermore, challenges, potential approaches and future prospects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shanglong Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengdou Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guisha Zi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, China.
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5
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Chekan JR, Mydy LS, Pasquale MA, Kersten RD. Plant peptides - redefining an area of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides. Nat Prod Rep 2024. [PMID: 38411572 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Covering 1965 to February 2024Plants are prolific peptide chemists and are known to make thousands of different peptidic molecules. These peptides vary dramatically in their size, chemistry, and bioactivity. Despite their differences, all plant peptides to date are biosynthesized as ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Decades of research in plant RiPP biosynthesis have extended the definition and scope of RiPPs from microbial sources, establishing paradigms and discovering new families of biosynthetic enzymes. The discovery and elucidation of plant peptide pathways is challenging due to repurposing and evolution of housekeeping genes as both precursor peptides and biosynthetic enzymes and due to the low rates of gene clustering in plants. In this review, we highlight the chemistry, biosynthesis, and function of the known RiPP classes from plants and recommend a nomenclature for the recent addition of BURP-domain-derived RiPPs termed burpitides. Burpitides are an emerging family of cyclic plant RiPPs characterized by macrocyclic crosslinks between tyrosine or tryptophan side chains and other amino acid side chains or their peptide backbone that are formed by copper-dependent BURP-domain-containing proteins termed burpitide cyclases. Finally, we review the discovery of plant RiPPs through bioactivity-guided, structure-guided, and gene-guided approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Chekan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Lisa S Mydy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Michael A Pasquale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Roland D Kersten
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Wells JA, Kumru K. Extracellular targeted protein degradation: an emerging modality for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:126-140. [PMID: 38062152 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged in the past decade as a major new drug modality to remove intracellular proteins with bispecific small molecules that recruit the protein of interest (POI) to an E3 ligase for degradation in the proteasome. Unlike classic occupancy-based drugs, intracellular TPD (iTPD) eliminates the target and works catalytically, and so can be more effective and sustained, with lower dose requirements. Recently, this approach has been expanded to the extracellular proteome, including both secreted and membrane proteins. Extracellular targeted protein degradation (eTPD) uses bispecific antibodies, conjugates or small molecules to degrade extracellular POIs by trafficking them to the lysosome for degradation. Here, we focus on recent advances in eTPD, covering degrader systems, targets, molecular designs and parameters to advance them. Now almost any protein, intracellular or extracellular, is addressable in principle with TPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kaan Kumru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Li J, Liu H, Xiao S, Fan S, Cheng X, Wu C. De Novo Discovery of Cysteine Frameworks for Developing Multicyclic Peptide Libraries for Ligand Discovery. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28264-28275. [PMID: 38092662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Conserved cysteine frameworks are essential components of disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs), which dominantly define the structural diversity of both naturally occurring and de novo-designed DRPs. However, there are only very limited numbers of conserved cysteine frameworks, and general methods enabling de novo discovery of cysteine frameworks with robust foldability are still not available. Here, we devised a "touchstone"-based strategy that relies on chasing oxidative foldability between two individual disulfide-rich folds on the phage surface to discover new cysteine frameworks from random sequences. Unique cysteine frameworks with a high degree of compatibility with phage display systems and broad sequence tolerance were successfully identified, which were subsequently exploited for the development of multicyclic DRP libraries, enabling the rapid discovery of new peptide ligands with low-nanomolar and picomolar binding affinity. This study provides an unprecedented method for exploring and exploiting the sequence and structure space of DRPs that is not readily accessible by existing strategies, holding the potential to revolutionize the study of DRPs and significantly advance the design and discovery of multicyclic peptide ligands and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hongtan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuling Xiao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shihui Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Cheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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8
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Abd El-Aal AAA, Jayakumar FA, Reginald K. Dual-action potential of cationic cryptides against infections and cancers. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103764. [PMID: 37689179 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptides are a subfamily of bioactive peptides embedded latently in their parent proteins and have multiple biological functions. Cationic cryptides could be used as modern drugs in both infectious diseases and cancers because their mechanism of action is less likely to be affected by genetic mutations in the treated cells, therefore addressing a current unmet need in these two areas of medicine. In this review, we present the current understanding of cryptides, methods to mine them sustainably using available online databases and prediction tools, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial and anticancer potential, and their potential applicability in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr A A Abd El-Aal
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairen A Jayakumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kavita Reginald
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia.
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9
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Ashwani PV, Gopika G, Arun Krishna KV, Jose J, John F, George J. Stimuli-Responsive and Multifunctional Nanogels in Drug Delivery. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202301009. [PMID: 37718283 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels represent promising drug delivery systems in the biomedical field, designed to overcome challenges associated with standard treatment approaches. Stimuli-responsive nanogels, often referred to as intelligent materials, have garnered significant attention for their potential to enhance control over properties such as drug release and targeting. Furthermore, researchers have recently explored the application of nanogels in diverse sectors beyond biomedicine including sensing materials, catalysts, or adsorbents for environmental applications. However, to fully harness their potential as practical delivery systems, further research is required to better understand their pharmacokinetic behaviour, interactions between nanogels and bio distributions, as well as toxicities. One promising future application of stimuli-responsive multifunctional nanogels is their use as delivery agents in cancer treatment, offering an alternative to overcome the challenges with conventional approaches. This review discusses various synthetic methods employed in developing nanogels as efficient carriers for drug delivery in cancer treatment. The investigations explore, the key aspects of nanogels, including their multifunctionality and stimuli-responsive properties, as well as associated toxicity concerns. The discussions presented herein aim to provide the readers a comprehensive understanding of the potential of nanogels as smart drug delivery systems in the context of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Ashwani
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - G Gopika
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - K V Arun Krishna
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Josena Jose
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Franklin John
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
| | - Jinu George
- Bio-organic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College, Kochi, 682013, India
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10
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Gong L, Zhao H, Liu Y, Wu H, Liu C, Chang S, Chen L, Jin M, Wang Q, Gao Z, Huang W. Research advances in peptide‒drug conjugates. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3659-3677. [PMID: 37719380 PMCID: PMC10501876 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) are drug delivery systems consisting of a drug covalently coupled to a multifunctional peptide via a cleavable linker. As an emerging prodrug strategy, PDCs not only preserve the function and bioactivity of the peptides but also release the drugs responsively with the cleavable property of the linkers. Given the ability to significantly improve the circulation stability and targeting of drugs in vivo and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs, PDCs have already been extensively applied in drug delivery. Herein, we review the types and mechanisms of peptides, linkers and drugs used to construct PDCs, and summarize the clinical applications and challenges of PDC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuangyan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulations, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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11
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Davis RA, Ganguly T, Harris R, Hausner SH, Kovacs L, Sutcliffe JL. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Monomethyl Auristatin E─Integrin α vβ 6 Binding Peptide-Drug Conjugate for Tumor Targeted Drug Delivery. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9842-9852. [PMID: 37417540 PMCID: PMC10388305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs exhibit high systemic off-target toxicities causing severe side effects. Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) that target tumor-specific receptors such as integrin αvβ6 are emerging as powerful tools to overcome these challenges. The development of an integrin αvβ6-selective PDC was achieved by combining the therapeutic efficacy of the cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin E with the selectivity of the αvβ6-binding peptide (αvβ6-BP) and with the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging by copper-64. The [64Cu]PDC-1 was produced efficiently and in high purity. The PDC exhibited high human serum stability, integrin αvβ6-selective internalization, cell binding, and cytotoxicity. Integrin αvβ6-selective tumor accumulation of the [64Cu]PDC-1 was visualized with PET-imaging and corroborated by biodistribution, and [64Cu]PDC-1 showed promising in vivo pharmacokinetics. The [natCu]PDC-1 treatment resulted in prolonged survival of mice bearing αvβ6 (+) tumors (median survival: 77 days, vs αvβ6 (-) tumor group 49 days, and all other control groups 37 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Davis
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tanushree Ganguly
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Sven H. Hausner
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Luciana Kovacs
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Julie L. Sutcliffe
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One
Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Davis, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center
for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University
of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Radiochemistry
Research and Training Facility, University
of California, Davis, 2921 Stockton Blvd., Suite 1760, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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12
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Yu C, Jiang W, Li B, Hu Y, Liu D. The Role of Integrins for Mediating Nanodrugs to Improve Performance in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111721. [PMID: 37299624 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that mediate adhesive connections between cells and their surroundings, including surrounding cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). They modulate tissue mechanics and regulate intracellular signaling, including cell generation, survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and the up-regulation of integrins in tumor cells has been confirmed to be associated with tumor development, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Thus, integrins are expected to be an effective target to improve the efficacy of tumor therapy. A variety of integrin-targeting nanodrugs have been developed to improve the distribution and penetration of drugs in tumors, thereby, improving the efficiency of clinical tumor diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we focus on these innovative drug delivery systems and reveal the improved efficacy of integrin-targeting methods in tumor therapy, hoping to provide prospective guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of integrin-targeting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545005, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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13
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Huynh U, Wu P, Qiu J, Prachyathipsakul T, Singh K, Jerry DJ, Gao J, Thayumanavan S. Targeted Drug Delivery Using a Plug-to-Direct Antibody-Nanogel Conjugate. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:849-857. [PMID: 36639133 PMCID: PMC9928872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery using antibody-drug conjugates has attracted great attention due to its enhanced therapeutic efficacy compared to traditional chemotherapy. However, the development has been limited due to a low drug-to-antibody ratio and laborious linker-payload optimization. Herein, we present a simple and efficient strategy to combine the favorable features of polymeric nanocarriers with antibodies to generate an antibody-nanogel conjugate (ANC) platform for targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents. Our nanogels stably encapsulate several chemotherapeutic agents with a wide range of mechanisms of action and solubility. We showcase the targetability of ANCs and their selective killing of cancer cells over-expressing disease-relevant antigens such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and tumor-specific mucin 1, which cover a broad range of breast cancer cell types while maintaining low to no toxicity to non-targeted cells. Overall, our system represents a versatile approach that could impact next-generation nanomedicine in antibody-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Peidong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jingyi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Khushboo Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - D. Joseph Jerry
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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14
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Arguelles J, Lee J, Cardenas LV, Govind S, Singh S. In Silico Analysis of a Drosophila Parasitoid Venom Peptide Reveals Prevalence of the Cation-Polar-Cation Clip Motif in Knottin Proteins. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010143. [PMID: 36678491 PMCID: PMC9865768 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As generalist parasitoid wasps, Leptopilina heterotoma are highly successful on many species of fruit flies of the genus Drosophila. The parasitoids produce specialized multi-strategy extracellular vesicle (EV)-like structures in their venom. Proteomic analysis identified several immunity-associated proteins, including the knottin peptide, LhKNOT, containing the structurally conserved inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) fold, which is present in proteins from diverse taxa. Our structural and docking analysis of LhKNOT's 36-residue core knottin fold revealed that in addition to the knottin motif itself, it also possesses a Cation-Polar-Cation (CPC) clip. The CPC clip motif is thought to facilitate antimicrobial activity in heparin-binding proteins. Surprisingly, a majority of ICKs tested also possess the CPC clip motif, including 75 bona fide plant and arthropod knottin proteins that share high sequence and/or structural similarity with LhKNOT. Like LhKNOT and these other 75 knottin proteins, even the Drosophila Drosomycin antifungal peptide, a canonical target gene of the fly's Toll-NF-kappa B immune pathway, contains this CPC clip motif. Together, our results suggest a possible defensive function for the parasitoid LhKNOT. The prevalence of the CPC clip motif, intrinsic to the cysteine knot within the knottin proteins examined here, suggests that the resultant 3D topology is important for their biochemical functions. The CPC clip is likely a highly conserved structural motif found in many diverse proteins with reported heparin binding capacity, including amyloid proteins. Knottins are targets for therapeutic drug development, and insights into their structure-function relationships will advance novel drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Arguelles
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Jenny Lee
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Lady V. Cardenas
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Shubha Govind
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shaneen Singh
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Luan X, Kong H, He P, Yang G, Zhu D, Guo L, Wei G. Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Nanodrugs: Molecular Design, Synthesis, Functionalization, and Targeted Tumor Bioimaging and Biotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205787. [PMID: 36440657 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanomaterials as nanodrugs based on the self-assembly of inorganics, polymers, and biomolecules have showed wide applications in biomedicine and tissue engineering. Ascribing to the unique biological, chemical, and physical properties of peptide molecules, peptide is used as an excellent precursor material for the synthesis of functional nanodrugs for highly effective cancer therapy. Herein, recent progress on the design, synthesis, functional regulation, and cancer bioimaging and biotherapy of peptide-based nanodrugs is summarized. For this aim, first molecular design and controllable synthesis of peptide nanodrugs with 0D to 3D structures are presented, and then the functional customization strategies for peptide nanodrugs are presented. Then, the applications of peptide-based nanodrugs in bioimaging, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are demonstrated and discussed in detail. Furthermore, peptide-based drugs in preclinical, clinical trials, and approved are briefly described. Finally, the challenges and potential solutions are pointed out on addressing the questions of this promising research topic. This comprehensive review can guide the motif design and functional regulation of peptide nanomaterials for facile synthesis of nanodrugs, and further promote their practical applications for diagnostics and therapy of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Hao Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Peng He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Guozheng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Danzhu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
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16
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Peptides to Overcome the Limitations of Current Anticancer and Antimicrobial Nanotherapies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061235. [PMID: 35745807 PMCID: PMC9230615 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research devotes a huge effort to the development of efficient non-viral nanovectors (NV) to improve the effectiveness of standard therapies. NVs should be stable, sustainable and biocompatible and enable controlled and targeted delivery of drugs. With the aim to foster the advancements of such devices, this review reports some recent results applicable to treat two types of pathologies, cancer and microbial infections, aiming to provide guidance in the overall design of personalized nanomedicines and highlight the key role played by peptides in this field. Additionally, future challenges and potential perspectives are illustrated, in the hope of accelerating the translational advances of nanomedicine.
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17
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Li CY, Rehm FBH, Yap K, Zdenek CN, Harding MD, Fry BG, Durek T, Craik DJ, de Veer SJ. Cystine Knot Peptides with Tuneable Activity and Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200951. [PMID: 35224831 PMCID: PMC9539897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Knottins are topologically complex peptides that are stabilised by a cystine knot and have exceptionally diverse functions, including protease inhibition. However, approaches for tuning their activity in situ are limited. Here, we demonstrate separate approaches for tuning the activity of knottin protease inhibitors using light or streptavidin. We show that the inhibitory activity and selectivity of an engineered knottin can be controlled with light by activating a second mode of action that switches the inhibitor ON against new targets. Guided by a knottin library screen, we also identify a position in the inhibitor's binding loop that permits insertion of a biotin tag without impairing activity. Using streptavidin, biotinylated knottins with nanomolar affinity can be switched OFF in activity assays, and the anticoagulant activity of a factor XIIa inhibitor can be rapidly switched OFF in human plasma. Our findings expand the scope of engineered knottins for precisely controlling protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fabian B H Rehm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christina N Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maxim D Harding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Simon J de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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18
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Miller CL, Sagiv-Barfi I, Neuhöfer P, Czerwinski DK, Artandi SE, Bertozzi CR, Levy R, Cochran JR. Systemic delivery of a targeted synthetic immunostimulant transforms the immune landscape for effective tumor regression. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:451-462.e8. [PMID: 34774126 PMCID: PMC9134376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Promoting immune activation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a promising therapeutic strategy to reverse tumor immunosuppression and elicit anti-tumor immunity. To enable tumor-localized immunotherapy following intravenous administration, we chemically conjugated a polyspecific integrin-binding peptide (PIP) to an immunostimulant (Toll-like receptor 9 [TLR9] agonist: CpG) to generate a tumor-targeted immunomodulatory agent, referred to as PIP-CpG. We demonstrate that systemic delivery of PIP-CpG induces tumor regression and enhances therapeutic efficacy compared with untargeted CpG in aggressive murine breast and pancreatic cancer models. Furthermore, PIP-CpG transforms the immune-suppressive TME dominated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells into a lymphocyte-rich TME infiltrated with activated CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells. Finally, we show that T cells are required for therapeutic efficacy and that PIP-CpG treatment generates tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. These data demonstrate that conjugation to a synthetic tumor-targeted peptide can improve the efficacy of systemically administered immunostimulants and lead to durable anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn L Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Idit Sagiv-Barfi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrick Neuhöfer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven E Artandi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ronald Levy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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19
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Li CY, Rehm FBH, Yap K, Zdenek CN, Harding MD, Fry BG, Durek T, Craik DJ, Veer SJ. Cystine Knot Peptides with Tuneable Activity and Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Choi Yi Li
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Fabian B. H. Rehm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christina N. Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Maxim D. Harding
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Bryan G. Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Simon J. Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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20
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Luo R, Liu H, Cheng Z. Protein scaffolds: Antibody alternative for cancer diagnosis and therapy. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:830-847. [PMID: 35866165 PMCID: PMC9257619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00094f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibodies are well developed and widely used in cancer therapy and diagnostic fields, some defects remain, such as poor tissue penetration, long in vivo metabolic retention, potential cytotoxicity, patent limitation, and high production cost. These issues have led scientists to explore and develop novel antibody alternatives. Protein scaffolds are small monomeric proteins with stable tertiary structures and mutable residues, which emerged in the 1990s. By combining robust gene engineering and phage display techniques, libraries with sufficient diversity could be established for target binding scaffold selection. Given the properties of small size, high affinity, and excellent specificity and stability, protein scaffolds have been applied in basic research, and preclinical and clinical fields over the past two decades. To date, more than 20 types of protein scaffolds have been developed, with the most frequently used being affibody, adnectin, ANTICALIN®, DARPins, and knottin. In this review, we focus on the protein scaffold applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis in the last 5 years, and discuss the pros and cons, and strategies of optimization and design. Although antibodies are well developed and widely used in cancer therapy and diagnostic fields, some defects remain, such as poor tissue penetration, long in vivo metabolic retention, potential cytotoxicity, patent limitation, and high production cost.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Renli Luo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University Shenyang China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- Drug Discovery Shandong Laboratory, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery Yantai Shandong 264117 China
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21
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Chatzisideri T, Leonidis G, Karampelas T, Skavatsou E, Velentza-Almpani A, Bianchini F, Tamvakopoulos C, Sarli V. Integrin-Mediated Targeted Cancer Therapy Using c(RGDyK)-Based Conjugates of Gemcitabine. J Med Chem 2021; 65:271-284. [PMID: 34967607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
c(RGDyK)-based conjugates of gemcitabine (GEM) with the carbonate and carbamate linkages in the 6-OH group of GEM were synthesized for the targeted delivery of GEM to integrin αvβ3, overexpressing cancer cells to increase the stability as well as the tumor delivery of GEM and minimize common side effects associated with GEM treatment. Competitive cell uptake experiments demonstrated that conjugate TC113 could be internalized by A549 cells through integrin αvβ3. Among the synthesized conjugates, TC113 bearing the carbamate linker was stable in human plasma and was further assessed in an in vivo pharmacokinetic study. TC113 appeared to be relatively stable, releasing GEM slowly into blood, while it showed potent antiproliferative properties against WM266.4 and A549 cells. The encouraging data presented in this study with respect to TC113 provide a promising keystone for further investigation of this GEM conjugate with potential future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Chatzisideri
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Leonidis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampelas
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Eleni Skavatsou
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Angeliki Velentza-Almpani
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, V.le GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Sarli
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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22
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Lucana MC, Arruga Y, Petrachi E, Roig A, Lucchi R, Oller-Salvia B. Protease-Resistant Peptides for Targeting and Intracellular Delivery of Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2065. [PMID: 34959346 PMCID: PMC8708026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides show high promise in the targeting and intracellular delivery of next-generation bio- and nano-therapeutics. However, the proteolytic susceptibility of peptides is one of the major limitations of their activity in biological environments. Numerous strategies have been devised to chemically enhance the resistance of peptides to proteolysis, ranging from N- and C-termini protection to cyclization, and including backbone modification, incorporation of amino acids with non-canonical side chains and conjugation. Since conjugation of nanocarriers or other cargoes to peptides for targeting and cell penetration may already provide some degree of shielding, the question arises about the relevance of using protease-resistant sequences for these applications. Aiming to answer this question, here we provide a critical review on protease-resistant targeting peptides and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Two main approaches have been used on these classes of peptides: enantio/retro-enantio isomerization and cyclization. On one hand, enantio/retro-enantio isomerization has been shown to provide a clear enhancement in peptide efficiency with respect to parent L-amino acid peptides, especially when applied to peptides for drug delivery to the brain. On the other hand, cyclization also clearly increases peptide transport capacity, although contribution from enhanced protease resistance or affinity is often not dissected. Overall, we conclude that although conjugation often offers some degree of protection to proteolysis in targeting peptides and CPPs, modification of peptide sequences to further enhance protease resistance can greatly increase homing and transport efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamí Oller-Salvia
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (GEMAT), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (M.C.L.); (Y.A.); (E.P.); (A.R.); (R.L.)
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23
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A self-assembling prodrug nanosystem to enhance metabolic stability and anticancer activity of gemcitabine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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24
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Wang Z, Meng F, Zhong Z. Emerging targeted drug delivery strategies toward ovarian cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113969. [PMID: 34509574 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a high-mortality malignancy in women. The contemporary clinical chemotherapy with classic cytotoxic drugs, targeted molecular inhibitors would mostly fail when ovarian cancer cells become drug-resistant or metastasize through the body or when patients bare no more toleration because of strong adverse effects. The past decade has spotted varying targeted delivery systems including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), peptide/folate/aptamer-drug conjugates, polymer-drug conjugates, ligand-functionalized nanomedicines, and dual-targeted nanomedicines that upgrade ovarian cancer chemo- and molecular therapy effectively in preclinical/clinical settings via endowing therapeutic agents selectivity and bypassing drug resistance as well as lessening systemic toxicity. The targeted delivery approaches further provide means to potentiate emergent treatment modalities such as molecular therapy, gene therapy, protein therapy, photodynamic therapy, dual-targeting therapy and combination therapy for ovarian cancer. This review highlights up-to-date development of targeted drug delivery strategies toward advanced, metastatic, relapsed, and drug resistant ovarian cancers.
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25
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive, on-demand release of drugs from drug-eluting depots could transform the treatment of many local diseases, providing intricate control over local dosing. However, conventional on-demand drug release approaches rely on locally implanted drug depots, which become spent over time and cannot be refilled or reused without invasive procedures. New strategies to noninvasively refill drug-eluting depots followed by on-demand release could transform clinical therapy. Here we report an on-demand drug delivery paradigm that combines bioorthogonal click chemistry to locally enrich protodrugs at a prelabeled site and light-triggered drug release at the target tissue. This approach begins with introduction of the targetable depot through local injection of chemically reactive azide groups that anchor to the extracellular matrix. The anchored azide groups then capture blood-circulating protodrugs through bioorthogonal click chemistry. After local capture and retention, active drugs can be released through external light irradiation. In this report, a photoresponsive protodrug was constructed consisting of the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (Dox), conjugated to dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) through a photocleavable ortho-nitrobenzyl linker. The protodrug exhibited excellent on-demand light-triggered Dox release properties and light-mediated in vitro cytotoxicity in U87 glioblastoma cell lines. Furthermore, in a live animal setting, azide depots formed in mice through intradermal injection of activated azide-NHS esters. After i.v. administration, the protodrug was captured by the azide depots with intricate local specificity, which could be increased with multiple refills. Finally, doxorubicin could be released from the depot upon light irradiation. Multiple rounds of depot refilling and light-mediated release of active drug were accomplished, indicating that this system has the potential for multiple rounds of treatment. Taken together, these in vitro and in vivo proof of concept studies establish a novel method for in vivo targeting and on-demand delivery of cytotoxic drugs at target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Palvai
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Christopher T Moody
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Sharda Pandit
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Yevgeny Brudno
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Zha J, Li J, Fan S, Duan Z, Zhao Y, Wu C. An evolution-inspired strategy to design disulfide-rich peptides tolerant to extensive sequence manipulation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11464-11472. [PMID: 34567500 PMCID: PMC8409457 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs) are valuable scaffolds for the development of new bioactive molecules and therapeutics. However, there are only a limited number of topologically distinct DRP folds in nature, and most of them suffer from the problem of in vitro oxidative folding. Thus, strategies to design DRPs with new constrained topologies beyond the scope of natural folds are desired. Herein we report a general evolution-inspired strategy to design new DRPs with diverse disulfide frameworks, which relies on the incorporation of two cysteine residues and a random peptide sequence into a precursor disulfide-stabilized fold. These peptides can spontaneously fold in redox buffers to the expected tricyclic topologies with high yields. Moreover, we demonstrated that these DRPs can be used as templates for the construction of phage-displayed peptide libraries, enabling the discovery of new DRP ligands from fully randomized sequences. This study thus paves the way for the development of new DRP ligands and therapeutics with structures not derived from natural DRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China .,College of Continuing Education, Guizhou Minzu University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Jinjing Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Shihui Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Zengping Duan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P.R. China
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Zhong X, D’Antona AM. Recent Advances in the Molecular Design and Applications of Multispecific Biotherapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:13. [PMID: 33808165 PMCID: PMC8103270 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein-based biotherapeutics drugs have transformed clinical pipelines of the biopharmaceutical industry since the launch of recombinant insulin nearly four decades ago. These biologic drugs are structurally more complex than small molecules, and yet share a similar principle for rational drug discovery and development: That is to start with a pre-defined target and follow with the functional modulation with a therapeutic agent. Despite these tremendous successes, this "one target one drug" paradigm has been challenged by complex disease mechanisms that involve multiple pathways and demand new therapeutic routes. A rapidly evolving wave of multispecific biotherapeutics is coming into focus. These new therapeutic drugs are able to engage two or more protein targets via distinct binding interfaces with or without the chemical conjugation to large or small molecules. They possess the potential to not only address disease intricacy but also exploit new therapeutic mechanisms and assess undruggable targets for conventional monospecific biologics. This review focuses on the recent advances in molecular design and applications of major classes of multispecific biotherapeutics drugs, which include immune cells engagers, antibody-drug conjugates, multispecific tetherbodies, biologic matchmakers, and small-scaffold multispecific modalities. Challenges posed by the multispecific biotherapeutics drugs and their future outlooks are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhong
- Department of BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
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28
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LYTACs that engage the asialoglycoprotein receptor for targeted protein degradation. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:937-946. [PMID: 33767387 PMCID: PMC8387313 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selective protein degradation platforms have afforded new development opportunities for therapeutics and tools for biological inquiry. The first lysosome targeting chimeras (LYTACs) targeted extracellular and membrane proteins for degradation by bridging a target protein to the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR). Here, we developed LYTACs that engage the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), a liver-specific lysosomal targeting receptor, to degrade extracellular proteins in a cell type-specific manner. We conjugated binders to a tri-GalNAc motif that engages ASGPR to drive downregulation of proteins. Degradation of EGFR by GalNAc-LYTAC attenuated EGFR signaling compared to inhibition with an antibody. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a LYTAC comprising a 3.4 kDa peptide binder linked to a tri-GalNAc ligand degrades integrins and reduces cancer cell proliferation. Degradation with a single tri-GalNAc ligand prompted site-specific conjugation on antibody scaffolds, which improved the pharmacokinetic profile of GalNAc-LYTACs in vivo. GalNAc-LYTACs thus represent an avenue for cell-type restricted protein degradation.
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29
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Zhang QT, Liu ZD, Wang Z, Wang T, Wang N, Wang N, Zhang B, Zhao YF. Recent Advances in Small Peptides of Marine Origin in Cancer Therapy. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020115. [PMID: 33669851 PMCID: PMC7923226 DOI: 10.3390/md19020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and antineoplastic drug research continues to be a major field in medicine development. The marine milieu has thousands of biological species that are a valuable source of novel functional proteins and peptides, which have been used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. In contrast with proteins and polypeptides, small peptides (with a molecular weight of less than 1000 Da) have overwhelming advantages, such as preferential and fast absorption, which can decrease the burden on human gastrointestinal function. Besides, these peptides are only connected by a few peptide bonds, and their small molecular weight makes it easy to modify and synthesize them. Specifically, small peptides can deliver nutrients and drugs to cells and tissues in the body. These characteristics make them stand out in relation to targeted drug therapy. Nowadays, the anticancer mechanisms of the small marine peptides are still largely not well understood; however, several marine peptides have been applied in preclinical treatment. This paper highlights the anticancer linear and cyclic small peptides in marine resources and presents a review of peptides and the derivatives and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
| | - Ze-Dong Liu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ze Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
| | - Nan Wang
- Quality Assurance Department, Shenzhen Kivita Innovative Drug Discovery Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China;
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; (Z.-D.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (Q.-T.Z.); (T.W.); (Y.-F.Z.)
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30
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Deonarain MP, Yahioglu G. Current strategies for the discovery and bioconjugation of smaller, targetable drug conjugates tailored for solid tumor therapy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:613-624. [PMID: 33275475 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1858050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have undergone a recent resurgence with 5 product approvals over the last 2 years but for those close to the field, it's been repeated cycles of setbacks and new innovations. A new wave of innovation is in the type of format used to deliver the cytotoxic payloads, with smaller bio-molecules being designed to have more optimal penetration and elimination properties tailored for solid tumors.Areas covered: In this review, the authors cover many of the recently described smaller-format drug conjugates (including formats such as diabodies, Fabs, scFvs, domain antibodies) with an emphasis on the types of conjugation technologies used to attach the chemical linker-payload.Expert opinion: Smaller formats are highly influenced by the structure of the linker-payload, arguably more-so than larger ADCs, so careful consideration is needed where solublising and pharmacokinetic modulation is required. High-quality conjugates are being developed with in vivo tumor efficacy and tolerability properties competitive with ADCs and with a few formats already in clinical development, we expect the pipeline to expand and to reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Hertfordshire, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
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31
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Liver-targeted polymeric prodrugs of 8-aminoquinolines for malaria radical cure. J Control Release 2020; 331:213-227. [PMID: 33378692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Primaquine and tafenoquine are the two 8-aminoquinoline (8-AQ) antimalarial drugs approved for malarial radical cure - the elimination of liver stage hypnozoites after infection with Plasmodium vivax. A single oral dose of tafenoquine leads to high efficacy against intra-hepatocyte hypnozoites after efficient first pass liver uptake and metabolism. Unfortunately, both drugs cause hemolytic anemia in G6PD-deficient humans. This toxicity prevents their mass administration without G6PD testing given the approximately 400 million G6PD deficient people across malarial endemic regions of the world. We hypothesized that liver-targeted delivery of 8-AQ prodrugs could maximize liver exposure and minimize erythrocyte exposure to increase their therapeutic window. Primaquine and tafenoquine were first synthesized as prodrug vinyl monomers with self-immolative hydrolytic linkers or cathepsin-cleavable valine-citrulline peptide linkers. RAFT polymerization was exploited to copolymerize these prodrug monomers with hepatocyte-targeting GalNAc monomers. Pharmacokinetic studies of released drugs after intravenous administration showed that the liver-to-plasma AUC ratios could be significantly improved, compared to parent drug administered orally. Single doses of the liver-targeted, enzyme-cleavable tafenoquine polymer were found to be as efficacious as an equivalent dose of the oral parent drug in the P. berghei causal prophylaxis model. They also elicited significantly milder hemotoxicity in the humanized NOD/SCID mouse model engrafted with red blood cells from G6PD deficient donors. The clinical application is envisioned as a single subcutaneous administration, and the lead tafenoquine polymer also showed excellent bioavailability and liver-to-blood ratios exceeding the IV administered polymer. The liver-targeted tafenoquine polymers warrant further development as a single-dose therapeutic via the subcutaneous route with the potential for broader patient administration without a requirement for G6PD diagnosis.
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32
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Deonarain MP, Xue Q. Tackling solid tumour therapy with small-format drug conjugates. Antib Ther 2020; 3:237-245. [PMID: 33928231 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship is extremely complex and tumour drug penetration is one key parameter influencing therapeutic efficacy. In the context of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which has undergone many innovation cycles and witnessed many failures, this feature is being addressed by a number of alternative technologies. Immunoglobulin-based ADCs continue to dominate the industrial landscape, but smaller formats offer the promise of more-effective cytotoxic payload delivery to solid tumours, with a higher therapeutic window afforded by the more rapid clearance. To make these smaller formats viable as delivery vehicles, a number of strategies are being employed, which will be reviewed here. These include identifying the most-appropriate size to generate the larger therapeutic window, increasing the amount of functional, cytotoxic payload delivered through conjugation or half-life extending technologies or other ways of extending the dosing without inducing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG12FX, UK
| | - Quinn Xue
- Essex Biotechnology Ltd, Shun Tak Centre, Room 2818, China Merchants Tower, Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong 168-200, SAR China
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33
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Light-free Generation of Singlet Oxygen through Manganese-Thiophene Nanosystems for pH-Responsive Chemiluminescence Imaging and Tumor Therapy. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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34
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Krzyscik MA, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J. Site-Specific, Stoichiometric-Controlled, PEGylated Conjugates of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) with Hydrophilic Auristatin Y for Highly Selective Killing of Cancer Cells Overproducing Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1). Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2734-2748. [PMID: 32501706 PMCID: PMC7588128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
spite of significant progress in the field of targeted anticancer
therapy, the FDA has approved only five ADC-based drugs. Hence the
search for new targeted anticancer agents is an unfulfilled necessity.
Here, we present novel types of protein–drug conjugates (PDCs)
that exhibit superior anticancer activities. Instead of a monoclonal
antibody, we used fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) as a targeting
molecule. FGF2 is a natural ligand of fibroblast growth factor receptor
1 (FGFR1), a transmembrane receptor overproduced in various types
of cancers. We synthesized site-specific and stoichiometric-controlled
conjugates of FGF2 with a highly potent, hydrophilic derivative of
auristatin called auristatin Y. To increase the hydrophilicity and
hydrodynamic radius of conjugates, we employed PEG4 and PEG27 molecules
as a spacer between the targeting molecule and the cytotoxic payload.
All conjugates were selective to FGFR1-positive cell lines, effectively
internalized via the FGFR1-dependent pathway, and exhibited a highly
cytotoxic effect only on FGFR1-positive cancer cell lines.
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35
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Conibear AC, Schmid A, Kamalov M, Becker CFW, Bello C. Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Approaches for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1174-1205. [PMID: 29173146 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171123204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptide-based pharmaceuticals have recently experienced a renaissance due to their ability to fill the gap between the two main classes of available drugs, small molecules and biologics. Peptides combine the high potency and selectivity typical of large proteins with some of the characteristic advantages of small molecules such as synthetic accessibility, stability and the potential of oral bioavailability. METHODS In the present manuscript we review the recent literature on selected peptide-based approaches for cancer treatment, emphasizing recent advances, advantages and challenges of each strategy. RESULTS One of the applications in which peptide-based approaches have grown rapidly is cancer therapy, with a focus on new and established targets. We describe, with selected examples, some of the novel peptide-based methods for cancer treatment that have been developed in the last few years, ranging from naturally-occurring and modified peptides to peptidedrug conjugates, peptide nanomaterials and peptide-based vaccines. CONCLUSION This review brings out the emerging role of peptide-based strategies in oncology research, critically analyzing the advantages and limitations of these approaches and the potential for their development as effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alanca Schmid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meder Kamalov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biolology-PeptLab, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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Crook ZR, Nairn NW, Olson JM. Miniproteins as a Powerful Modality in Drug Development. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:332-346. [PMID: 32014389 PMCID: PMC7197703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Miniproteins are a diverse group of protein scaffolds characterized by small (1-10 kDa) size, stability, and versatility in drug-like roles. Coming largely from native sources, they have been widely adopted into drug development pipelines. While their structures and capabilities are diverse, the approaches to their utilization share more similarities with each other than with more widely used modalities (e.g., antibodies or small molecules). In this review, we highlight recent advances in miniprotein-based approaches to otherwise poorly addressed clinical needs, including structure-based and functional characterization. We also summarize their unique screening strategies and pharmacology considerations. Through a greater understanding of the unique properties that make them attractive for drug design, miniproteins can be effectively utilized against targets that are intractable by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Crook
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Room D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Natalie W Nairn
- Blaze Bioscience, Inc, 530 Fairview Ave N., Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James M Olson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Room D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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37
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Peptide Conjugates with Small Molecules Designed to Enhance Efficacy and Safety. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101855. [PMID: 31091786 PMCID: PMC6572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides constitute molecular diversity with unique molecular mechanisms of action that are proven indispensable in the management of many human diseases, but of only a mere fraction relative to more traditional small molecule-based medicines. The integration of these two therapeutic modalities offers the potential to enhance and broaden pharmacology while minimizing dose-dependent toxicology. This review summarizes numerous advances in drug design, synthesis and development that provide direction for next-generation research endeavors in this field. Medicinal studies in this area have largely focused upon the application of peptides to selectively enhance small molecule cytotoxicity to more effectively treat multiple oncologic diseases. To a lesser and steadily emerging extent peptides are being therapeutically employed to complement and diversify the pharmacology of small molecule drugs in diseases other than just cancer. No matter the disease, the purpose of the molecular integration remains constant and it is to achieve superior therapeutic outcomes with diminished adverse effects. We review linker technology and conjugation chemistries that have enabled integrated and targeted pharmacology with controlled release. Finally, we offer our perspective on opportunities and obstacles in the field.
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38
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Sun Y, Liang Y, Dai W, He B, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang J, Huang S, Zhang Q. Peptide-Drug Conjugate-Based Nanocombination Actualizes Breast Cancer Treatment by Maytansinoid and Photothermia with the Assistance of Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Images. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3229-3237. [PMID: 30957499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To develop a highly efficient strategy against tumors, here, a nanocombination (PDC/P@HCuS) was designed and constructed to actualize chemo-phototherapy with the assistance of fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) images. First, a type of organic-inorganic hybrid nanosystem (P@HCuS) was engineered by coupling the fluorescence-labeled amphiphilic fPEDC copolymer on the surface of hollow mesoporous copper sulfide nanoparticle (HCuS), in which HCuS was used as a photothermal and PA agent; fPEDC as a stabilizer, chromophore, and redox/pH-sensitive gatekeeper; and both of them as drug carriers. Then, a peptide-drug conjugate (cRGD-SMCC-DM1, PDC), as a molecular targeted maytansinoid, was loaded inside of P@HCuS to form PDC/P@HCuS. Next, the PDC/P@HCuS was investigated carefully with or without near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. In vitro, the nanocombination exhibited stimuli-responsive drug release, obvious cellular uptake, strong cytotoxicity to tumor cells, significant impact on cell cycle, and cytoskeleton and cellular proteomics as well as evident permeability into the tumor sphere, most of which could be boosted by NIR laser irradiation. In vivo, the nanocombinaiton exerted good FL/PA imaging features and photothermal efficiency, achieved the best antitumor efficacy in the presence of NIR laser irradiation, and showed excellent biosafety. Together, it demonstrated that the PDC/P@HCuS, representing a chemo-phototherapy based on a nanocombination associated with peptide-drug conjugate, could achieve the highly efficient antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Yanqin Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
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Romano JD, Tatonetti NP. Informatics and Computational Methods in Natural Product Drug Discovery: A Review and Perspectives. Front Genet 2019; 10:368. [PMID: 31114606 PMCID: PMC6503039 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new pharmaceutical drugs is one of the preeminent tasks-scientifically, economically, and socially-in biomedical research. Advances in informatics and computational biology have increased productivity at many stages of the drug discovery pipeline. Nevertheless, drug discovery has slowed, largely due to the reliance on small molecules as the primary source of novel hypotheses. Natural products (such as plant metabolites, animal toxins, and immunological components) comprise a vast and diverse source of bioactive compounds, some of which are supported by thousands of years of traditional medicine, and are largely disjoint from the set of small molecules used commonly for discovery. However, natural products possess unique characteristics that distinguish them from traditional small molecule drug candidates, requiring new methods and approaches for assessing their therapeutic potential. In this review, we investigate a number of state-of-the-art techniques in bioinformatics, cheminformatics, and knowledge engineering for data-driven drug discovery from natural products. We focus on methods that aim to bridge the gap between traditional small-molecule drug candidates and different classes of natural products. We also explore the current informatics knowledge gaps and other barriers that need to be overcome to fully leverage these compounds for drug discovery. Finally, we conclude with a "road map" of research priorities that seeks to realize this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Romano
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Tatonetti
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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40
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Watanabe S, Ario A, Iwasawa N. Re(I)-catalyzed hydropropargylation of enamides: a useful method for the preparation of 4-pentynylamine derivatives. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:490-493. [PMID: 30846847 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydropropargylation of enamides was achieved in good yields through the 1,4-addition of enamides to the α,β-unsaturated carbene complex intermediate, followed by intramolecular hydrogen transfer to the iminium carbon. This method is useful for the synthesis of 4-pentynylamine derivatives from enamides and easily available propargyl ether. Moreover, tandem cyclization reaction was achieved to afford a pyrrolidine derivative in a single operation by using a secondary enamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Akane Ario
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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41
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Kutova OM, Guryev EL, Sokolova EA, Alzeibak R, Balalaeva IV. Targeted Delivery to Tumors: Multidirectional Strategies to Improve Treatment Efficiency. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010068. [PMID: 30634580 PMCID: PMC6356537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are characterized by structural and molecular peculiarities providing a possibility to directionally deliver antitumor drugs with minimal impact on healthy tissues and reduced side effects. Newly formed blood vessels in malignant lesions exhibit chaotic growth, disordered structure, irregular shape and diameter, protrusions, and blind ends, resulting in immature vasculature; the newly formed lymphatic vessels also have aberrant structure. Structural features of the tumor vasculature determine relatively easy penetration of large molecules as well as nanometer-sized particles through a blood⁻tissue barrier and their accumulation in a tumor tissue. Also, malignant cells have altered molecular profile due to significant changes in tumor cell metabolism at every level from the genome to metabolome. Recently, the tumor interaction with cells of immune system becomes the focus of particular attention, that among others findings resulted in extensive study of cells with preferential tropism to tumor. In this review we summarize the information on the diversity of currently existing approaches to targeted drug delivery to tumor, including (i) passive targeting based on the specific features of tumor vasculature, (ii) active targeting which implies a specific binding of the antitumor agent with its molecular target, and (iii) cell-mediated tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Kutova
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Evgenii L Guryev
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Evgeniya A Sokolova
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Razan Alzeibak
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- The Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
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42
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Deonarain MP. Miniaturised 'antibody'-drug conjugates for solid tumours? DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:47-53. [PMID: 30553520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With Antibody-Drug Conjugate strategies firmly focussed on the precise conjugation to the large protein Immunoglobulin-G format, it is easy to miss the more recent technological innovations in small-format drug conjugates. Here, the targeting ligand can be at 50-95% reduced in size, or even smaller if peptidic in nature. Antibody domains or alternative binding scaffolds, chemically-modified with ultra-potent cytotoxic payloads offer an alternative approach for oncology therapeutics, promising a wider therapeutic window by virtue of superior solid tumour penetration properties and more rapid system clearance. Many of the traditional ADC concepts still apply, but as these miniaturised ADCs enter the clinic over the next 2-3 years, we will learn whether these new features translate to patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2FX, UK; Dept. of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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43
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Richards DA. Exploring alternative antibody scaffolds: Antibody fragments and antibody mimics for targeted drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:35-46. [PMID: 30553519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of targeted therapeutics has benefitted immeasurably from the development of high-affinity antibodies. These important ligands have facilitated the development of effective therapies, particularly when conjugated to potent cytotoxic payloads i.e. in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The success of ADCs is evidenced by rapid adoption within the pharmaceuticals community; many major companies have dedicated ADC research programmes. However, despite the advantages, the field of ADCs has failed to live up to its full potential. Studies have emerged suggesting that traditional IgG scaffolds may not be the optimal format for targeted payload delivery. In response, the protein engineering community has begun to explore alternative high-binding protein scaffolds as antibody mimics. In this short review I will summarise the generation, modification, and application of emerging antibody fragments and synthetic antibody mimics, with a focus on their use as drug carriers. The review aims to highlight the advantages of antibody mimics, and how they could be employed to overcome the issues and limitations of traditional ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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44
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Lipovšek D, Carvajal I, Allentoff AJ, Barros A, Brailsford J, Cong Q, Cotter P, Gangwar S, Hollander C, Lafont V, Lau WL, Li W, Moreta M, O'Neil S, Pinckney J, Smith MJ, Su J, Terragni C, Wallace MA, Wang L, Wright M, Marsh HN, Bryson JW. Adnectin-drug conjugates for Glypican-3-specific delivery of a cytotoxic payload to tumors. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:159-171. [PMID: 30247737 PMCID: PMC6158766 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific delivery of cytotoxic agents remains a challenge in cancer therapy. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) deliver their payloads to tumor cells that overexpress specific tumor-associated antigens-but the multi-day half-life of ADC leads to high exposure even of normal, antigen-free, tissues and thus contributes to dose-limiting toxicity. Here, we present Adnectin-drug conjugates, an alternative platform for tumor-specific delivery of cytotoxic payloads. Due to their small size (10 kDa), renal filtration eliminates Adnectins from the bloodstream within minutes to hours, ensuring low exposure to normal tissues. We used an engineered cysteine to conjugate an Adnectin that binds Glypican-3, a membrane protein overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, to a cytotoxic derivative of tubulysin, with the drug-to-Adnectin ratio of 1. We demonstrate specific, nanomolar binding of this Adnectin-drug conjugate to human and murine Glypican-3; its high thermostability; its localization to target-expressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, its fast clearance from normal tissues and its efficacy against Glypican-3-positive mouse xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Lipovšek
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Irvith Carvajal
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Anthony Barros
- Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - John Brailsford
- Radiochemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Qiang Cong
- Discovery Chemistry Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Pete Cotter
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gangwar
- Discovery Chemistry Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Cris Hollander
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Virginie Lafont
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Wai Leung Lau
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Wenying Li
- Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Miguel Moreta
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Steven O'Neil
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Jason Pinckney
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Julie Su
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Christina Terragni
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Lifei Wang
- Preclinical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Martin Wright
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - H Nicholas Marsh
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - James W Bryson
- Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Waltham, MA, USA
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45
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Li X, Hou Y, Meng X, Ge C, Ma H, Li J, Fang J. Selective Activation of a Prodrug by Thioredoxin Reductase Providing a Strategy to Target Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6141-6145. [PMID: 29582524 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. As a major regulator of the cellular redox homeostasis, the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is increasingly considered as a promising target for anticancer drug development. The current approach to inhibit TrxR predominantly relies on the modification of the selenocysteine residue in the C-terminal active site of the enzyme, in which it is hard to avoid the off-target effects. By conjugating the anticancer drug gemcitabine with a 1,2-dithiolane scaffold, an unprecedented prodrug strategy is disclosed that achieves a specific release of gemcitabine by TrxR in cells. As overexpression of TrxR is frequently found in different types of tumors, the TrxR-dependent prodrugs are promising for further development as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Xianke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Huilong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, China
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46
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Li X, Hou Y, Meng X, Ge C, Ma H, Li J, Fang J. Selective Activation of a Prodrug by Thioredoxin Reductase Providing a Strategy to Target Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Yanan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Xianke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Chunpo Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Huilong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University China
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47
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Deonarain MP, Yahioglu G, Stamati I, Pomowski A, Clarke J, Edwards BM, Diez-Posada S, Stewart AC. Small-Format Drug Conjugates: A Viable Alternative to ADCs for Solid Tumours? Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:E16. [PMID: 31544868 PMCID: PMC6698822 DOI: 10.3390/antib7020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have been through multiple cycles of technological innovation since the concept was first practically demonstrated ~40 years ago. Current technology is focusing on large, whole immunoglobulin formats (of which there are approaching 100 in clinical development), many with site-specifically conjugated payloads numbering 2 or 4. Despite the success of trastuzumab-emtansine in breast cancer, ADCs have generally failed to have an impact in solid tumours, leading many to explore alternative, smaller formats which have better penetrating properties as well as more rapid pharmacokinetics (PK). This review describes research and development progress over the last ~10 years obtained from the primary literature or conferences covering over a dozen different smaller format-drug conjugates from 80 kDa to around 1 kDa in total size. In general, these agents are potent in vitro, particularly more recent ones incorporating ultra-potent payloads such as auristatins or maytansinoids, but this potency profile changes when testing in vivo due to the more rapid clearance. Strategies to manipulate the PK properties, whilst retaining the more effective tumour penetrating properties could at last make small-format drug conjugates viable alternative therapeutics to the more established ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Deonarain
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, UK.
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW72AZ, UK.
| | - Ioanna Stamati
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
| | - Anja Pomowski
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
| | - James Clarke
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
| | - Bryan M Edwards
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
| | - Soraya Diez-Posada
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
| | - Ashleigh C Stewart
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG12FX, UK.
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48
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Wang CK, Swedberg JE, Harvey PJ, Kaas Q, Craik DJ. Conformational Flexibility Is a Determinant of Permeability for Cyclosporin. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2261-2276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conan K. Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joakim E. Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peta J. Harvey
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Quentin Kaas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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49
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Bodero L, López Rivas P, Korsak B, Hechler T, Pahl A, Müller C, Arosio D, Pignataro L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Synthesis and biological evaluation of RGD and isoDGR peptidomimetic-α-amanitin conjugates for tumor-targeting. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29520305 PMCID: PMC5827777 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RGD-α-amanitin and isoDGR-α-amanitin conjugates were synthesized by joining integrin ligands to α-amanitin via various linkers and spacers. The conjugates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified αVβ3 receptor, retaining good binding affinity, in the same nanomolar range as the free ligands. The antiproliferative activity of the conjugates was evaluated in three cell lines possessing different levels of αVβ3 integrin expression: human glioblastoma U87 (αVβ3+), human lung carcinoma A549 (αVβ3−) and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−). In the U87, in the MDA-MB-468, and partly in the A549 cancer cell lines, the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates bearing the lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala linker were found to be slightly more potent than α-amanitin. Apparently, for all these α-amanitin conjugates there is no correlation between the cytotoxicity and the expression of αVβ3 integrin. To determine whether the increased cytotoxicity of the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates is governed by an integrin-mediated binding and internalization process, competition experiments were carried out in which the conjugates were tested with U87 (αVβ3+, αVβ5+, αVβ6−, α5β1+) and MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−, αVβ5+, αVβ6+, α5β1−) cells in the presence of excess cilengitide, with the aim of blocking integrins on the cell surface. Using the MDA-MB-468 cell line, a fivefold increase of the IC50 was observed for the conjugates in the presence of excess cilengitide, which is known to strongly bind not only αVβ3, but also αVβ5, αVβ6, and α5β1. These data indicate that in this case the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates are possibly internalized by a process mediated by integrins different from αVβ3 (e.g., αVβ5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Korsak
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hechler
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolare (ITSM), Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
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50
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Zheng Y, Meng X, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Wu C. De novo design of constrained and sequence-independent peptide scaffolds with topologically-formidable disulfide connectivities. Chem Sci 2018; 9:569-575. [PMID: 29629120 PMCID: PMC5869988 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides are interesting scaffolds for drug design and discovery. However, peptide scaffolds constrained by disulfide bonds, either naturally occurring or computationally designed, have been suffering from the elusive (oxidative) folding behavior complying with Anfinsen's dogma, which strongly restricts their applicability in bioactive peptide design and discovery; because when primary peptide sequences are extensively manipulated, their disulfide connectivities might become scrambled. Here we present the design of cysteine/penicillamine (C/Pen)-mixed peptide frameworks that are capable of folding into specific regioisomers without dependence on primary amino acid sequences. Even certain folds that are considered to be topologically formidable can be generated in high yields. Currently, almost all disulfide-rich peptide scaffolds are vitally correlated to primary amino acid sequences, but ours are exceptional. These scaffolds should be of particular interest for further designing constrained peptides with new structures and functions, and more importantly, the ultimately designed peptides would not suffer from general oxidative folding problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China .
| | - Xiaoting Meng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China .
| | - Yaqi Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China .
| | - Yibing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China .
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation , State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces , Department of Chemistry , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen , 361005 , P. R. China .
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