1
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation Using Well-Defined Molecular Catalysts under Ambient or Mild Reaction Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406404. [PMID: 38781115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is industrially produced from dinitrogen (N2) and dihydrogen (H2) by the Haber-Bosch process, although H2 is prepared from fossil fuels, and the reaction requires harsh conditions. On the other hand, microorganisms have fixed nitrogen under ambient reaction conditions. Recently, well-defined molecular transition metal complexes have been found to work as catalyst to convert N2 into NH3 by reactions with chemical reductants and proton sources under ambient reaction conditions. Among them, involvement of both N2-splitting pathway and proton-coupled electron transfer is found to be very effective for high catalytic activity. Furthermore, direct electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversions of N2 into NH3 have been recently achieved. In addition to catalytic formation of NH3, selective catalytic conversion of N2 into hydrazine (NH2NH2) and catalytic silylation of N2 into silylamines have been reported. Catalytic C-N bond formation has been more recently established to afford cyanate anion (NCO-) under ambient reaction conditions. Further development of direct conversion of N2 into nitrogen-containing compounds as well as green ammonia synthesis leading to the use of ammonia as an energy carrier is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Ostermann N, Rotthowe N, Stückl AC, Siewert I. (Electro)chemical N 2 Splitting by a Molybdenum Complex with an Anionic PNP Pincer-Type Ligand. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:329-337. [PMID: 38855335 PMCID: PMC11157508 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum(III) complexes bearing pincer-type ligands are well-known catalysts for N2-to-NH3 reduction. We investigated herein the impact of an anionic PNP pincer-type ligand in a Mo(III) complex on the (electro)chemical N2 splitting ([LMoCl3]-, 1 -, LH = 2,6-bis((di-tert-butylphosphaneyl)methyl)-pyridin-4-one). The increased electron-donating properties of the anionic ligand should lead to a stronger degree of N2 activation. The catalyst is indeed active in N2-to-NH3 conversion utilizing the proton-coupled electron transfer reagent SmI2/ethylene glycol. The corresponding Mo(V) nitrido complex 2H exhibits similar catalytic activity as 1H and thus could represent a viable intermediate. The Mo(IV) nitrido complex 3 - is also accessible by electrochemical reduction of 1 - under a N2 atmosphere. IR- and UV/vis-SEC measurements suggest that N2 splitting occurs via formation of an "overreduced" but more stable [(L(N2)2Mo0)2μ-N2]2- dimer. In line with this, the yield in the nitrido complex increases with lower applied potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ostermann
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nils Rotthowe
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - A. Claudia Stückl
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Institut für
Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstr.
4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, International Center
for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Tammannstr. 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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3
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Weber M, Kupfer T, Arrowsmith M, Dewhurst RD, Rang M, Ritschel B, Titlbach S, Ernst M, Rodrigues MO, da Silva Júnior EN, Braunschweig H. Bypassing Ammonia: From N 2 to Nitrogen Heterocycles without N 1 Intermediates or Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402777. [PMID: 38501403 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Diboradiazene compounds, derived in one step from the boron-mediated reduction of dinitrogen (N2), were treated separately with sulfur and acetic anhydride, providing heterocyclic compounds that are BN isosteres of thiophene and 1,3-oxazole, respectively. These simple reactions represent the final steps in two-step routes to complex heterocycles from N2 that both circumvent the need for transition metal reagents and completely bypass the traditional intermediate ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Weber
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kupfer
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle Arrowsmith
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Ritschel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Titlbach
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Martin Ernst
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Marieli O Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, MG-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, MG-31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Wang GX, Shan C, Chen W, Wu B, Zhang P, Wei J, Xi Z, Ye S. Unusual Electronic Structures of an Electron Transfer Series of [Cr(μ-η 1 : η 1 -N 2 )Cr] 0/1+/2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315386. [PMID: 38299757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In dinitrogen (N2 ) fixation chemistry, bimetallic end-on bridging N2 complexes M(μ-η1 : η1 -N2 )M can split N2 into terminal nitrides and hence attract great attention. To date, only 4d and 5d transition complexes, but none of 3d counterparts, could realize such a transformation. Likewise, complexes {[Cp*Cr(dmpe)]2 (μ-N2 )}0/1+/2+ (1-3) are incapable to cleave N2 , in contrast to their Mo congeners. Remarkably, cross this series the N-N bond length of the N2 ligand and the N-N stretching frequency exhibit unprecedented nonmonotonic variations, and complexes 1 and 2 in both solid and solution states display rare thermally activated ligand-mediated two-center spin transitions, distinct from discrete dinuclear spin crossovers. In-depth analyses using wave function based ab initio calculations reveal that the Cr-N2 -Cr bonding in complexes 1-3 is distinguished by strong multireference character and cannot be described by solely one electron configuration or Lewis structure, and that all intriguing spectroscopic observations originate in their sophisticate multireference electronic structures. More critical is that such multireference bonding of complexes 1-3 is at least a key factor that contributes to their kinetic inertness toward N2 splitting. The mechanistic understanding is then used to rationalize the disparate reactivity of related 3d M(μ-η1 : η1 -N2 )M complexes compared to their 4d and 5d analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chunxiao Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Botao Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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5
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Eberle L, Lindenthal S, Ballmann J. To Split or Not to Split: [AsCCAs]-Coordinated Mo, W, and Re Complexes and Their Reactivity toward Molecular Dinitrogen. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3682-3691. [PMID: 38359784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium halides bearing a 2,2'-(iPr2As)2-substituted diphenylacetylene ([AsCCAs], 1-As) were prepared and reduced under an atmosphere of dinitrogen in order to activate the latter substrate. In the case of molybdenum, a diiodo (2-As) and a triiodo molybdenum precursor (5) were equally suited for reductive N2 splitting, which led to the isolation of [AsCCAs]Mo≡N(I) (3-As) in each case. For tungsten, [AsCCAs]WCl3 (6) was reduced under N2 to afford {[AsCCAs]WCl2}2(N2) (7), which is best described as a dinuclear π8δ4-configured μ-(η1: η1)-N2-bridged dimer. Attempts to reductively cleave the N2 unit in 7 did not lead to the expected tungsten nitride (8), which had to be prepared independently via the treatment of 7 with sodium azide. To arrive at a π10δ4-configured N2-bridged dimer in a tetragonally distorted ligand environment, [AsCCAs]ReCl3 (9) was reduced in the presence of N2. As expected, a μ-(η1: η1)-N2-bridged dirhenium species, namely, {[AsCCAs]ReCl2}2(N2) (10), was formed, but found to very quickly decompose (presumably via loss of N2), not only under reduced pressure, but also upon irradiation or heating. Hence, an alternative synthetic route to the originally envisioned nitride, [AsCCAs]Re≡N(Cl)2 (11), was developed. While all the aforementioned nitrides (3-As, 8, and 11) were found to be fairly robust, significantly different stabilities were noticed for {[AsCCAs]MCl2}2(N2) (7 for M = W, 10 for M = Re), which is ascribed to the electronically different MN2M cores (π8δ4 for 7 vs π10δ4 for 10) in these μ-(η1: η1)-N2-bridged dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Eberle
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
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6
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Wang GX, Yin ZB, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Hydrazido Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3211-3222. [PMID: 37937752 PMCID: PMC10666292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe activation and functionalization of N2 to form nitrogen-element bonds have long posed challenges to industrial, biological, and synthetic chemists. The first transition-metal dinitrogen complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965 provoked researchers to explore homogeneous N2 fixation. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, efficient and quantitative conversion of N2 to diazenido and hydrazido species remains problematic. Relative to a plethora of reactions to generate N2 complexes, their functionalization reactions are rather rare, and the yields are often unsatisfactory, emphasizing the need for systematic investigations of the reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize our recent work on the synthesis, spectroscopic features, electronic structures, and reactivities of several Cr-N2 complexes. Initially, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear Cr(I)-N2 complexes bearing cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands were accessed. However, they cannot achieve N2 functionalization but undergo oxidative addition reactions with phenylsilane, azobenzene, and other unsaturated organic compounds at the low-valent Cr(I) centers rather than at the N2 unit. Further reduction of these Cr(I) complexes leads to the formation of more activated mononuclear Cr(0) bis-dinitrogen complexes. Remarkably, silylation of the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine Cr(0)-N2 complex with Me3SiCl afforded the first Cr hydrazido complex. This process follows the distal pathway to functionalize the Nβ atom twice, yielding an end-on η1-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)═N-N(SiMe3)2. In contrast, upon substitution of the phosphine ligand in the Cr(0)-N2 complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the corresponding reaction with Me3SiCl proceeds via the alternating pathway; the silylation occurs at both Nα and Nβ atoms and generates a side-on η2-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)(η2-Me3SiN-NSiMe3). Both silylation reactions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of Cr(III) hydrazido complexes and Cr(II) chlorides with a 2:1 ratio. These processes exhibit a peculiar '3-4-2-1' stoichiometry (i.e., treating 3 equiv of Cr(0)-N2 complexes with 4 equiv of Me3SiCl yields 2 equiv of Cr(III) disilyl-hydrazido complexes and 1 equiv of Cr(II) chloride). Upon replacing the monodentate phosphine and/or NHC ligand with a bisphosphine ligand, a monodinitrogen Cr(0) complex, instead of the bis-dinitrogen Cr(0) complexes, is obtained; consequently, the silylation reactions progress via the normal two-electron route, which passes through Cr(II)-N═N-R diazenido species as an intermediate and furnishes [Cr(IV)═N-NR2]+ hydrazido as the final products. More importantly, this type of Cr(0)-N2 complex can be not only silylated but also protonated and alkylated proficiently. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations are determined along with the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we have successfully carried out nearly quantitative preparations of the Cr(IV) hydrazido species with unmixed or hybrid substituents.The studies of Cr-N2 systems provide effective approaches for the activation and functionalization of N2, deepening the understanding of N2 electrophilic attack. We hope that this Account will inspire more discoveries related to the transformation of gaseous N2 to high-value-added nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Wang GX, Wang X, Jiang Y, Chen W, Shan C, Zhang P, Wei J, Ye S, Xi Z. Snapshots of Early-Stage Quantitative N 2 Electrophilic Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9746-9754. [PMID: 37067517 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic functionalization of N2 moieties in metal dinitrogen complexes typically initiates the catalytic synthesis of N-containing molecules directly from N2. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, how to efficiently and even quantitatively convert N2 into diazenido and hydrazido species still poses a great challenge. In this regard, systematic and comprehensive investigations to elucidate the reaction intricacies are of profound significance. Herein, we report a kinetic dissection on the first and second electrophilic functionalization steps of a new Cr0-N2 system with HOTf, MeOTf, and Me3SiOTf. All reactions pass through fleeting diazenido intermediates and furnish long-lived final hydrazido products, and both steps are quantitative conversions at low temperatures. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations were determined as well as the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we succeeded in large-scale and near-quantitative preparation of all hydrazido species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunxiao Shan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Cai J, Zhang J, Zhou X. Selective Si-C(sp 3) bond cleavage of a silyl-bridged amido alkyl ligand in an yttrium complex. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3807-3814. [PMID: 36866686 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00149k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Compared with Si-C(sp2 and sp) bonds bearing neighboring π-bond hyperconjugative interactions, the activation of robust Si-C(sp3) bonds has proved to be a challenge. Herein, two distinct Si-C(sp3) bond cleavages have been realized by rare-earth-mediated and nucleophilic addition of unsaturated substrates. The reactions of TpMe2Y[κ2-(C,N)-CH(SiH2Ph)SiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (1) with CO or CS2 gave two endocyclic Si-C bond cleavage products, TpMe2Y[κ2-(O,N)-OCCH(SiH2Ph)SiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (2) and TpMe2Y[κ2-(S,N)-SSiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (3), respectively. However, 1 reacted with nitriles such as PhCN and p-R'C6H4CH2CN in a 1 : 1 molar ratio to yield the exocyclic Si-C bond products TpMe2Y[κ2-(N,N)-N(SiH2Ph)C(R)CHSiMe2NSiMe3](THF) (R = Ph (4); R = C6H5CH2 (6H); R = p-F-C6H4CH2 (6F); and R = p-MeO-C6H4CH2 (6MeO)), respectively. Moreover, complex 4 can continuously react with an excess of PhCN to form a TpMe2-supported yttrium complex with a novel pendant silylamido-substituted β-diketiminato ligand, TpMe2Y[κ3-(N,N,N)-N(SiH2Ph)C(Ph)CHC(Ph)N-SiMe2NSiMe3](PhCN) (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xigeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, No. 2005, Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
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9
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Recent advances in catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal–dinitrogen complexes under mild reaction conditions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Merakeb L, Bennaamane S, De Freitas J, Clot E, Mézailles N, Robert M. Molecular Electrochemical Reductive Splitting of Dinitrogen with a Molybdenum Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209899. [PMID: 35941077 PMCID: PMC9804441 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen reduction under mild conditions (room T and atmospheric P), using a non-fossil source of hydrogen remains a challenge. Molecular metal complexes, notably Mo based, have recently been shown to be active for such nitrogen fixation. We report electrochemical N2 splitting with a MoIII triphosphino complex [(PPP)MoI3 ], at room temperature and a moderately negative potential. A MoIV nitride species was generated, which is confirmed by electrochemistry and NMR studies. The reaction goes through two successive one electron reductions of the starting Mo species, coordination of a N2 molecule, and further splitting to a MoIV nitride complex. Preliminary DFT studies support the formation of a bridging MoI N2 MoI dinitrogen dimer evolving to the Mo nitride via a low energy transition state. This example joins a short list of molecular complexes for N2 electrochemical reductive cleavage. It opens a door to electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) conversion studies of N2 to NH3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Merakeb
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire—UMR 7591Université Paris Cité15, rue Jean Antoine de Baïf75013ParisFrance
| | - Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée—UMR 5069Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier118, route de Narbonne, Bât 2R131062ToulouseFrance
| | - Jérémy De Freitas
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire—UMR 7591Université Paris Cité15, rue Jean Antoine de Baïf75013ParisFrance
| | - Eric Clot
- ICGMUniv MontpellierCNRSENSCM34000MontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée—UMR 5069Université Toulouse III—Paul Sabatier118, route de Narbonne, Bât 2R131062ToulouseFrance
| | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire—UMR 7591Université Paris Cité15, rue Jean Antoine de Baïf75013ParisFrance
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)75005ParisFrance
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11
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Merakeb L, Bennaamane S, De Freitas J, Clot E, Mézailles N, Robert M. Molecular Electrochemical Reductive Splitting of Dinitrogen with a Molybdenum Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Clot
- Université Montpellier 1: Universite de Montpellier Chemistry FRANCE
| | | | - Marc Robert
- Universite Paris Cité - Laboraoire Electrochimie Moleculaire - UMR CNRS 7591 Chemistry Department 15 rue Jean de Baif 75013 Paris FRANCE
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12
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Zhai DD, Zhang SQ, Xie SJ, Wu RK, Liu F, Xi ZF, Hong X, Shi ZJ. ( n-Bu) 4NBr-Promoted N 2 Splitting to Molybdenum Nitride. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14071-14078. [PMID: 35882019 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Splitting of N2 via six-electron reduction and further functionalization to value-added products is one of the most important and challenging chemical transformations in N2 fixation. However, most N2 splitting approaches rely on strong chemical or electrochemical reduction to generate highly reactive metal species to bind and activate N2, which is often incompatible with functionalizing agents. Catalytic and sustainable N2 splitting to produce metal nitrides under mild conditions may create efficient and straightforward methods for N-containing organic compounds. Herein, we present that a readily available and nonredox (n-Bu)4NBr can promote N2-splitting with a Mo(III) platform. Both experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies suggest that simple X- (X = Br, Cl, etc.) anions could induce the disproportionation of MoIII[N(TMS)Ar]3 at the early stage of the catalysis to generate a catalytically active {MoII[N(TMS)Ar]3}- species. The quintet MoII species prove to be more favorable for N2 fixation kinetically and thermodynamically, compared with the quartet MoIII counterpart. Especially, computational studies reveal a distinct heterovalent {MoII-N2-MoIII} dimeric intermediate for the N≡N triple bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Si-Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Rong-Kai Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhang-Jie Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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13
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van Alten RS, Wieser PA, Finger M, Abbenseth J, Demeshko S, Würtele C, Siewert I, Schneider S. Halide Effects in Reductive Splitting of Dinitrogen with Rhenium Pincer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11581-11591. [PMID: 35861586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal halide complexes are used as precursors for reductive N2 activation up to full splitting into nitride complexes. Distinct halide effects on the redox properties and yields are frequently observed yet not well understood. Here, an electrochemical and computational examination of reductive N2 splitting with the rhenium(III) complexes [ReX2(PNP)] (PNP = N(CH2CH2PtBu2)2 and X = Cl, Br, I) is presented. As previously reported for the chloride precursor ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 7922), the heavier halides give rhenium(V) nitrides upon (electro-)chemical reduction in good yields yet with significantly anodically shifted electrolysis potentials along the halide series. Dinuclear, end-on N2-bridged complexes, [{ReX(PNP)}2(μ-N2)], were identified as key intermediates in all cases. However, while the chloride complex is exclusively formed via 2-electron reduction and ReIII/ReI comproportionation, the iodide system also reacts via an alternative ReII/ReII-dimerization mechanism at less negative potentials. This alternative pathway relies on the absence of the potential inversion after reduction and N2 activation that was observed for the chloride precursor. Computational analysis of the relevant ReIII/II and ReII/I redox couples by energy decomposition analysis attributes the halide-induced trends of the potentials to the dominating electrostatic Re-X bonding interactions over contributions from charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richt S van Alten
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Wieser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Finger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Zhang G, Liu T, Song J, Quan Y, Jin L, Si M, Liao Q. N 2 Cleavage on d 4/d 4 Molybdenum Centers and Its Further Conversion into Iminophosphorane under Mild Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2444-2449. [PMID: 35014788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of N-containing organophosphine compounds using N2 as the nitrogen source under mild conditions has attracted much attention. Herein, the conversion of N2 into iminophosphorane was reported. By visible light irradiation, N2 was split on a MoII complex bearing a PNCNP ligand, directly forming the MoV nitride. After the N-P bond formation on the terminal nitride, the N atom from N2 was ultimately transferred into iminophosphorane. Key intermediates were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tanggao Liu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinyi Song
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingyu Quan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Jin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Mengyue Si
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, China
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15
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Itabashi T, Arashiba K, Kuriyama S, Nishibayashi Y. Reactivity of molybdenum-nitride complex bearing pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligand toward carbon-centered electrophiles. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1946-1954. [PMID: 35023535 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A molybdenum-nitride complex bearing a pyridine-based PNP-type pincer ligand derived from dinitrogen is reacted with various kinds of carbon-centered electrophiles to functionalize the nitride ligand in the molybdenum complex. Methylation with MeOTf and acylation with diphenylacetyl chloride of the nitride complex afford the corresponding imide complexes via a carbon-nitrogen bond formation. In the case of reactions with phenylisocyanate and diphenylketene, the PNP ligand works as a non-innocent ligand to form the corresponding ureate and acylimide complexes, respectively. These newly synthesized complexes are characterized by X-ray analysis. As a further transformation of the prepared imide complexes, hydrolysis of the molybdenum-acylimide complex proceeds to give the corresponding amide as an organonitrogen compound together with the corresponding molybdenum-oxo complex. This result indicates that the nitrogen molecule is converted into organic amide mediated by the molybdenum-nitride complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Itabashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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16
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Itabashi T, Arashiba K, Tanaka H, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Hydroboration and Hydrosilylation of a Molybdenum–Nitride Complex Bearing a PNP-Type Pincer Ligand. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Itabashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Takiharu-cho, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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17
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Wagner HK, Wadepohl H, Ballmann J. Molybdän‐vermittelte N
2
‐Spaltung und Funktionalisierung in Gegenwart eines koordinierten Alkins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Wagner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
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18
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Wagner HK, Wadepohl H, Ballmann J. Molybdenum-Mediated N 2 -Splitting and Functionalization in the Presence of a Coordinated Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25804-25808. [PMID: 34618390 PMCID: PMC9297880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new [PCCP]-coordinated molybdenum platform comprising a coordinated alkyne was employed for the cleavage of molecular dinitrogen. The coordinated η2 -alkyne was left unaffected during this reduction. DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via an initially generated terminal N2 -complex, which is converted to a dinuclear μ-(η1 :η1 )-N2 -bridged intermediate prior to N-N bond cleavage. Protonation, alkylation and acylation of the resulting molybdenum nitrido complex led to the corresponding N-functionalized imido complexes. Upon oxidation of the N-acylated imido derivative in MeCN, a fumaronitrile fragment was built up via C-C coupling of MeCN to afford a dinuclear molybdenum complex. The key finding that the strong N≡N bond may be cleaved in the presence of a weaker, but spatially constrained C≡C bond contradicts the widespread paradigm that coordinated alkynes are in general more reactive than gaseous N2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Wagner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27669120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27669120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27669120HeidelbergGermany
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19
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Straightforward synthesis of polycarbosilanes from chlorosilanes and chloromethanes by polycondensation using magnesium and titanium(IV) chloride. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Bennaamane S, Espada MF, Mulas A, Personeni T, Saffon-Merceron N, Fustier-Boutignon M, Bucher C, Mézailles N. Catalytic Reduction of N 2 to Borylamine at a Molybdenum Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20210-20214. [PMID: 34213041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic formation of borylamines from atmospheric N2 is achieved for the first time using a series of homogenous (triphosphine)Mo complexes. Stepwise functionalization of the (triphosphine)Mo-nitrido complex with chloroborane led to the synthesis of the imido complex. Electrochemical characterization of the (PPP)Mo-nitrido and (PPP)Mo-borylimido complexes showed that the latter is much more easily reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria F Espada
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Mulas
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Théo Personeni
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-FR2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 31062, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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21
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Bennaamane S, Espada MF, Mulas A, Personeni T, Saffon‐Merceron N, Fustier‐Boutignon M, Bucher C, Mézailles N. Catalytic Reduction of N
2
to Borylamine at a Molybdenum Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée Université Paul Sabatier CNRS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Maria F. Espada
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée Université Paul Sabatier CNRS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Andrea Mulas
- Université Lyon ENS Lyon CNRS, Université Lyon 1 Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182 46 Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon France
| | - Théo Personeni
- Université Lyon ENS Lyon CNRS, Université Lyon 1 Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182 46 Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon France
| | - Nathalie Saffon‐Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-FR2599 Université Paul Sabatier CNRS 31062 Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Marie Fustier‐Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée Université Paul Sabatier CNRS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Université Lyon ENS Lyon CNRS, Université Lyon 1 Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182 46 Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée Université Paul Sabatier CNRS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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22
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Schluschaß B, Borter JH, Rupp S, Demeshko S, Herwig C, Limberg C, Maciulis NA, Schneider J, Würtele C, Krewald V, Schwarzer D, Schneider S. Cyanate Formation via Photolytic Splitting of Dinitrogen. JACS AU 2021; 1:879-894. [PMID: 34240082 PMCID: PMC8243327 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven N2 cleavage into molecular nitrides is an attractive strategy for synthetic nitrogen fixation. However, suitable platforms are rare. Furthermore, the development of catalytic protocols via this elementary step suffers from poor understanding of N-N photosplitting within dinitrogen complexes, as well as of the thermochemical and kinetic framework for coupled follow-up chemistry. We here present a tungsten pincer platform, which undergoes fully reversible, thermal N2 splitting and reverse nitride coupling, allowing for experimental derivation of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the N-N cleavage step. Selective N-N splitting was also obtained photolytically. DFT computations allocate the productive excitations within the {WNNW} core. Transient absorption spectroscopy shows ultrafast repopulation of the electronic ground state. Comparison with ground-state kinetics and resonance Raman data support a pathway for N-N photosplitting via a nonstatistically vibrationally excited ground state that benefits from vibronically coupled structural distortion of the core. Nitride carbonylation and release are demonstrated within a full synthetic cycle for trimethylsilylcyanate formation directly from N2 and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Schluschaß
- University
of Göttingen, Institute for Inorganic
Chemistry, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Borter
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Severine Rupp
- Theoretische
Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- University
of Göttingen, Institute for Inorganic
Chemistry, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Herwig
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicholas A. Maciulis
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Jessica Schneider
- University
of Göttingen, Institute for Inorganic
Chemistry, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Würtele
- University
of Göttingen, Institute for Inorganic
Chemistry, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vera Krewald
- Theoretische
Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- University
of Göttingen, Institute for Inorganic
Chemistry, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Song J, Liao Q, Hong X, Jin L, Mézailles N. Conversion of Dinitrogen into Nitrile: Cross-Metathesis of N 2 -Derived Molybdenum Nitride with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12242-12247. [PMID: 33608987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of nitrile from N2 under mild conditions is of great importance and has attracted much interest. Herein, we report a direct conversion of N2 into nitrile via a nitrile-alkyne cross-metathesis (NACM) process involving a N2 -derived Mo nitride. Treatment of the Mo nitride with alkyne in the presence of KOTf afforded an alkyne-coordinated nitride, which was then transformed into MoV carbyne and the corresponding nitrile upon 1 e- oxidation. Both aryl- and alkyl-substituted alkynes underwent this process smoothly. Experiments and DFT calculations have proved that the oxidation state of the Mo center plays a crucial role. This method does not rely on the nucleophilicity of the N2 -derived metal nitride, offering a novel strategy for N2 fixation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Song
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Rd., 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Liao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Rd., 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Rd., 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Jin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Rd., 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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24
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Forrest SJK, Schluschaß B, Yuzik-Klimova EY, Schneider S. Nitrogen Fixation via Splitting into Nitrido Complexes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6522-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. K. Forrest
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian Schluschaß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Weber JE, Hasanayn F, Fataftah M, Mercado BQ, Crabtree RH, Holland PL. Electronic and Spin-State Effects on Dinitrogen Splitting to Nitrides in a Rhenium Pincer System. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6115-6124. [PMID: 33847125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic nitrogen (N2) splitting to form metal nitrides is an attractive method for N2 fixation. Although a growing number of pincer-supported systems can bind and split N2, the precise relationship between the ligand properties and N2 binding/splitting remains elusive. Here we report the first example of an N2-bridged rhenium(III) complex, [(trans-P2tBuPyrr)ReCl2]2(μ-η1:η1-N2) (P2tBuPyrr = [2,5-(CH2PtBu2)2C4H2N]-). In this case, N2 binding occurs at a higher oxidation level than that in other reported pincer analogues. Analysis of the electronic structure through computational studies shows that the weakly π-donor pincer ligand stabilizes an open-shell electronic configuration that leads to enhanced binding of N2 in the bridged complex. Utilizing SQUID magnetometry, we demonstrate a singlet ground state for this Re-N-N-Re complex, and we offer tentative explanations for antiferromagnetic coupling of the two local S = 1 sites. Reduction and subsequent heating of the rhenium(III)-dinitrogen complex leads to chloride loss and cleavage of the N-N bond with isolation of the terminal rhenium(V) nitride complex (P2tBuPyrr)ReNCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Majed Fataftah
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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26
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Tanabe Y, Nishibayashi Y. Comprehensive insights into synthetic nitrogen fixation assisted by molecular catalysts under ambient or mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5201-5242. [PMID: 33651046 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N2 is fixed as NH3 industrially by the Haber-Bosch process under harsh conditions, whereas biological nitrogen fixation is achieved under ambient conditions, which has prompted development of alternative methods to fix N2 catalyzed by transition metal molecular complexes. Since the early 21st century, catalytic conversion of N2 into NH3 under ambient conditions has been achieved by using molecular catalysts, and now H2O has been utilized as a proton source with turnover frequencies reaching the values found for biological nitrogen fixation. In this review, recent advances in the development of molecular catalysts for synthetic N2 fixation under ambient or mild conditions are summarized, and potential directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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27
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Song J, Liao Q, Hong X, Jin L, Mézailles N. Conversion of Dinitrogen into Nitrile: Cross‐Metathesis of N
2
‐Derived Molybdenum Nitride with Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Song
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Rd. 116024 Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Qian Liao
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Rd. 116024 Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Xin Hong
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Rd. 116024 Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Li Jin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Rd. 116024 Dalian Liaoning China
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée Université Paul Sabatier CNRS 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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28
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Masero F, Perrin MA, Dey S, Mougel V. Dinitrogen Fixation: Rationalizing Strategies Utilizing Molecular Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3892-3928. [PMID: 32914919 PMCID: PMC7986120 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinitrogen (N2 ) is the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, but its inertness hinders its use as a nitrogen source in the biosphere and in industry. Efficient catalysts are hence required to ov. ercome the high kinetic barriers associated to N2 transformation. In that respect, molecular complexes have demonstrated strong potential to mediate N2 functionalization reactions under mild conditions while providing a straightforward understanding of the reaction mechanisms. This Review emphasizes the strategies for N2 reduction and functionalization using molecular transition metal and actinide complexes according to their proposed reaction mechanisms, distinguishing complexes inducing cleavage of the N≡N bond before (dissociative mechanism) or concomitantly with functionalization (associative mechanism). We present here the main examples of stoichiometric and catalytic N2 functionalization reactions following these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marie A. Perrin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesLaboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH ZürichVladimir Prelog Weg 1–58093ZürichSwitzerland
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29
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Ashida Y, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic conversion of nitrogen molecule into ammonia using molybdenum complexes under ambient reaction conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1176-1189. [PMID: 33443504 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation using homogeneous transition metal complexes under mild reaction conditions is a challenging topic in the field of chemistry. Several successful examples of the catalytic conversion of nitrogen molecule into ammonia using various transition metal complexes in the presence of reductants and proton sources have been reported so far, together with detailed investigations on the reaction mechanism. Among these, only molybdenum complexes have been shown to serve as effective catalysts under ambient reaction conditions, in stark contrast with other transition metal-catalysed reactions that proceed at low reaction temperature such as -78 °C. In this feature article, we classify the molybdenum-catalysed reactions into four types: reactions via the Schrock cycle, reactions via dinuclear reaction systems, reactions via direct cleavage of the nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond of dinitrogen, and reactions via the Chatt-type cycle. We describe these catalytic systems focusing on the catalytic activity and mechanistic investigations. We hope that the present feature article provides useful information to develop more efficient nitrogen fixation systems under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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30
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Rahimi N, Zargarian D. Cationic tetra- and pentacoordinate complexes of nickel based on POCN- and POCOP-type pincer ligands: synthesis, characterization, and ligand exchange studies. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The closely related pincer ligands POCN and POCOP display different electron donating properties and different degrees of resistance to ligand exchange reactions proceeding via cationic reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Rahimi
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Davit Zargarian
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
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31
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Abstract
An overview of the available methods to functionalize dinitrogen with boron reagents using transition metal complexes is given.
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32
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Rempel A, Mellerup SK, Fantuzzi F, Herzog A, Deißenberger A, Bertermann R, Engels B, Braunschweig H. Functionalization of N 2 via Formal 1,3-Haloboration of a Tungsten(0) σ-Dinitrogen Complex. Chemistry 2020; 26:16019-16027. [PMID: 32957161 PMCID: PMC7756771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Boron tribromide and aryldihaloboranes were found to undergo 1,3-haloboration across one W-N≡N moiety of a group 6 end-on dinitrogen complex (i.e. trans-[W(N2 )2 (dppe)2 ]). The N-borylated products consist of a reduced diazenido unit sandwiched between a WII center and a trivalent boron substituent (W-N=N-BXAr), and have all been fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both the terminal N atom and boron center in the W-N=N-BXAr unit can be further derivatized using electrophiles and nucleophiles/Lewis bases, respectively. This mild reduction and functionalization of a weakly activated N2 ligand with boron halides is unprecedented, and hints at the possibility of generating value-added nitrogen compounds directly from molecular dinitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rempel
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Soren K. Mellerup
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Anselm Herzog
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Andrea Deißenberger
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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33
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34
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Engesser TA, Kindjajev A, Junge J, Krahmer J, Tuczek F. A Chatt-Type Catalyst with One Coordination Site for Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia. Chemistry 2020; 26:14807-14812. [PMID: 32815654 PMCID: PMC7756349 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With [Mo(N2)(P2MePP2Ph)] the first Chatt‐type complex with one coordination site catalytically converting N2 to ammonia is presented. Employing SmI2 as reductant and H2O as proton source 26 equivalents of ammonia are generated. Analogous Mo0‐N2 complexes supported by a combination of bi‐ and tridentate phosphine ligands are catalytically inactive under the same conditions. These findings are interpreted by analyzing structural and spectroscopic features of the employed systems, leading to the conclusion that the catalytic activity of the title complex is due to the strong activation of N2 and the unique topology of the pentadentate tetrapodal (pentaPod) ligand P2MePP2Ph. The analogous hydrazido(2‐) complex [Mo(NNH2)(P2MePP2Ph)](BArF)2 is generated by protonation with HBArF in ether and characterized by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. Importantly, it is shown to be catalytically active as well. Along with the fact that the structure of the title complex precludes dimerization this demonstrates that the corresponding catalytic cycle follows a mononuclear pathway. The implications of a PCET mechanism on this reactive scheme are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrei Kindjajev
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jannik Junge
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Krahmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 10, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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35
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Arashiba K, Tanaka H, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Cycling between Molybdenum‐Dinitrogen and ‐Nitride Complexes to Support the Reaction Pathway for Catalytic Formation of Ammonia from Dinitrogen. Chemistry 2020; 26:13383-13389. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Systems Innovation School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 1 13-8656 Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences Daido University Takiharu-cho, Minami-ku Nagoya 457-8530 Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS Kyushu University Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Systems Innovation School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 1 13-8656 Japan
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36
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A hemilabile diphosphine pyridine pincer ligand: σ- and π-binding in molybdenum coordination complexes. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Abstract
A persistent challenge in chemistry is to activate abundant, yet inert molecules such as hydrocarbons and atmospheric N2. In particular, forming C–N bonds from N2 typically requires a reactive organic precursor1, which limits the ability to design catalytic cycles. Here, we report an diketiminate-supported iron system that is able to sequentially activate benzene and N2 to form aniline derivatives. The key to this new coupling reaction is the partial silylation of a reduced iron-N2 complex, which is followed by migratory insertion of a benzene-derived phenyl group to the nitrogen. Further reduction releases the nitrogen products, and the resulting iron species can re-enter the cyclic pathway. Using a mixture of sodium powder, crown ether, and trimethylsilyl bromide, an easily prepared diketiminate iron bromide complex2 can mediate the one-pot conversion of several petroleum-derived compounds into the corresponding silylated aniline derivatives using N2 as the nitrogen source. Numerous compounds along the cyclic pathway have been isolated and crystallographically characterized; their reactivity outlines the mechanism including the hydrocarbon activation step and the N2 functionalization step. This strategy incorporates nitrogen atoms from N2 directly into abundant hydrocarbons.
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38
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Bruch QJ, Connor GP, McMillion ND, Goldman AS, Hasanayn F, Holland PL, Miller AJM. Considering Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis via Bimetallic Dinitrogen Cleavage. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Noah D. McMillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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39
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Abstract
Activation of dinitrogen plays an important role in daily anthropogenic life, and the processes by which this fixation occurs have been a longstanding and significant research focus within the community. One of the major fields of dinitrogen activation research is the use of multimetallic compounds to reduce and/or activate N2 into a more useful nitrogen-atom source, such as ammonia. Here we report a comprehensive review of multimetallic-dinitrogen complexes and their utility toward N2 activation, beginning with the d-block metals from Group 4 to Group 11, then extending to Group 13 (which is exclusively populated by B complexes), and finally the rare-earth and actinide species. The review considers all polynuclear metal aggregates containing two or more metal centers in which dinitrogen is coordinated or activated (i.e., partial or complete cleavage of the N2 triple bond in the observed product). Our survey includes complexes in which mononuclear N2 complexes are used as building blocks to generate homo- or heteromultimetallic dinitrogen species, which allow one to evaluate the potential of heterometallic species for dinitrogen activation. We highlight some of the common trends throughout the periodic table, such as the differences between coordination modes as it relates to N2 activation and potential functionalization and the effect of polarizing the bridging N2 ligand by employing different metal ions of differing Lewis acidities. By providing this comprehensive treatment of polynuclear metal dinitrogen species, this Review aims to outline the past and provide potential future directions for continued research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devender Singh
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - William R. Buratto
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - Juan F. Torres
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
| | - Leslie J. Murray
- Center for Catalysis, and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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40
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You Q, Zhang J, Zhou X. Modification of Yttrium Silyl‐Bridged Amide Alkyl Complexes through Si−H/C−H Cross‐Dehydrocoupling of Silanes with a Silylamino Ligand: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Mechanism. Chemistry 2020; 26:7702-7710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xigeng Zhou
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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41
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Kim S, Loose F, Chirik PJ. Beyond Ammonia: Nitrogen–Element Bond Forming Reactions with Coordinated Dinitrogen. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5637-5681. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Florian Loose
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J. Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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42
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van Alten RS, Wätjen F, Demeshko S, Miller AJM, Würtele C, Siewert I, Schneider S. (Electro-)chemical Splitting of Dinitrogen with a Rhenium Pincer Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020; 2020:1402-1410. [PMID: 32421038 PMCID: PMC7217231 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The splitting of N2 into well‐defined terminal nitride complexes is a key reaction for nitrogen fixation at ambient conditions. In continuation of our previous work on rhenium pincer mediated N2 splitting, nitrogen activation and cleavage upon (electro)chemical reduction of [ReCl2(L2)] {L2 = N(CHCHPtBu2)2–} is reported. The electrochemical characterization of [ReCl2(L2)] and comparison with our previously reported platform [ReCl2(L1)] {L1 = N(CH2CH2PtBu2)2–} provides mechanistic insight to rationalize the dependence of nitride yield on the reductant. Furthermore, the reactivity of N2 derived nitride complex [Re(N)Cl(L2)] with electrophiles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richt S van Alten
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Florian Wätjen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-3290 Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Christian Würtele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Goettingen Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Goettingen Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Goettingen Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion University of Goettingen Tammannstraße 6 37077 Goettingen Germany
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43
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Shima T, Yang J, Luo G, Luo Y, Hou Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Hydrogenation by C5Me4SiMe3-Ligated Di- and Trinuclear Chromium Hydride Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9007-9016. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Shima
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People’s Republic of China
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44
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Bennaamane S, Espada MF, Yagoub I, Saffon-Merceron N, Nebra N, Fustier-Boutignon M, Clot E, Mézailles N. Stepwise Functionalization of N2
at Mo: Nitrido to Imido to Amido - Factors Favoring Amine Elimination from the Amido Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bennaamane
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Maria F. Espada
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Ikram Yagoub
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-FR2599; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 31062 Toulouse Cedex France
| | - Noel Nebra
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Eric Clot
- CNRS, ENSCM; ICGM, Univ. Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée; Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS; 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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45
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Mo Z, Shima T, Hou Z. Synthesis and Diverse Transformations of a Dinitrogen Dititanium Hydride Complex Bearing Rigid Acridane‐Based PNP‐Pincer Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8635-8644. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Mo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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46
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Mo Z, Shima T, Hou Z. Synthesis and Diverse Transformations of a Dinitrogen Dititanium Hydride Complex Bearing Rigid Acridane‐Based PNP‐Pincer Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Mo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takanori Shima
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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47
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Valdez-Moreira JA, Millikan SP, Gao X, Carta V, Chen CH, Smith JM. Hydrosilylation of an Iron(IV) Nitride Complex. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:579-583. [PMID: 31876412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nitride ligand in iron(IV) complex PhB(MesIm)3Fe≡N reacts with excess H3SiPh to afford PhB(MesIm)3Fe(μ-H)3(SiHPh) as the major product, which has been structurally and spectroscopically characterized. Bulkier silane HaSiPh2 provides iron(II) amido complex PhB(MesIm)3FeN(H)(SiHPh2) as the initial product of the reaction, with excess H2SiPh2 affording diamagnetic PhB(MesIm)3Fe(μ-H)3(SiPh2) as the major product. Unobserved iron(II) hydride PhB(MesIm)3Fe-H is implicated as an intermediate in this reaction, as suggested by the results of the reaction between iron(II) amido PhB(MesIm)3FeN(H)tBu and H3SiPh, which provides PhB(MesIm)3Fe(H)(μ-H)2(Si(NHtBu)Ph) as the sole product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Valdez-Moreira
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Sean P Millikan
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Xinfeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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48
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Tanabe Y, Sekiguchi Y, Tanaka H, Konomi A, Yoshizawa K, Kuriyama S, Nishibayashi Y. Preparation and reactivity of molybdenum complexes bearing pyrrole-based PNP-type pincer ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6933-6936. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum complexes bearing an anionic pyrrole-based PNP-type pincer ligand have been prepared and have been found to work as catalysts for the conversion of N2 into NH3 under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Department of Systems Innovation
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - Yoshiya Sekiguchi
- Department of Systems Innovation
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Systems Innovation
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Systems Innovation
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Hongo
- Bunkyo-ku
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49
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Lohrey TD, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Controlling dinitrogen functionalization at rhenium through alkali metal ion pairing. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17936-17944. [PMID: 31793591 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rhenium(i) salt Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] can be cooled in solution under a dinitrogen atmosphere to selectively access complexes containing rhenium(iii) centers bound to direduced, doubly-bonded N2 (i.e. diazenide) fragments. We demonstrate this reactivity is critically dependent on ion pairing involving the Na+ ion in the starting material, as N2 binding by Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] proved to be much less favorable when the Na+ was sequestered by benzo-12-crown-4. The analogous chemistry of Na[Re(η5-Cp)(BDI)] with carbon monoxide (CO) and 2,6-xylylisocyanide (XylNC) was also investigated, which provided structural and spectroscopic bases for determining the impact of ion pairing on π-acid activation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lohrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert G Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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50
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Bruch QJ, Connor GP, Chen CH, Holland PL, Mayer JM, Hasanayn F, Miller AJM. Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonium at Rhenium Utilizing Light and Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20198-20208. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gannon P. Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James M. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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