1
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Coles MP. Reductive Coupling of a Diazoalkane Derivative Promoted by a Potassium Aluminyl and Elimination of Dinitrogen to Generate a Reactive Aluminium Ketimide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302903. [PMID: 37786384 PMCID: PMC10946750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 9-diazo-9H-fluorene (fluN2 ) with the potassium aluminyl K[Al(NON)] ([NON]2- =[O(SiMe2 NDipp)2 ]2- , Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) affords K[Al(NON)(κN1 ,N3 -{(fluN2 )2 })] (1). Structural analysis shows a near planar 1,4-di(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)tetraazadiide ligand that chelates to the aluminium. The thermally induced elimination of dinitrogen from 1 affords the neutral aluminium ketimide complex, Al(NON)(N=flu)(THF) (2) and the 1,2-di(9H-fluoren-9-yl)diazene dianion as the potassium salt, [K2 (THF)3 ][fluN=Nflu] (3). The reaction of 2 with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide (iPrN=C=NiPr) affords the aluminium guanidinate complex, Al(NON){N(iPr)C(N=CMe2 )N(CHflu)} (4), showing a rare example of reactivity at a metal ketimide ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to examine the bonding in the newly formed [(fluN2 )2 ]2- ligand in 1 and the ketimide bonding in 2. The mechanism leading to the formation of 4 has also been studied using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
| | - Mathew D. Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
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2
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Carsch KM, North SC, DiMucci IM, Iliescu A, Vojáčková P, Khazanov T, Zheng SL, Cundari TR, Lancaster KM, Betley TA. Nitrene transfer from a sterically confined copper nitrenoid dipyrrin complex. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10847-10860. [PMID: 37829016 PMCID: PMC10566472 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the myriad Cu-catalyzed nitrene transfer methodologies to form new C-N bonds (e.g., amination, aziridination), the critical reaction intermediates have largely eluded direct characterization due to their inherent reactivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of dipyrrin-supported Cu nitrenoid adducts, investigate their spectroscopic features, and probe their nitrene transfer chemistry through detailed mechanistic analyses. Treatment of the dipyrrin CuI complexes with substituted organoazides affords terminally ligated organoazide adducts with minimal activation of the azide unit as evidenced by vibrational spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Cu nitrenoid, with an electronic structure most consistent with a triplet nitrene adduct of CuI, is accessed following geometric rearrangement of the azide adduct from κ1-N terminal ligation to κ1-N internal ligation with subsequent expulsion of N2. For perfluorinated arylazides, stoichiometric and catalytic C-H amination and aziridination was observed. Mechanistic analysis employing substrate competition reveals an enthalpically-controlled, electrophilic nitrene transfer for primary and secondary C-H bonds. Kinetic analyses for catalytic amination using tetrahydrofuran as a model substrate reveal pseudo-first order kinetics under relevant amination conditions with a first-order dependence on both Cu and organoazide. Activation parameters determined from Eyring analysis (ΔH‡ = 9.2(2) kcal mol-1, ΔS‡ = -42(2) cal mol-1 K-1, ΔG‡298K = 21.7(2) kcal mol-1) and parallel kinetic isotope effect measurements (1.10(2)) are consistent with rate-limiting Cu nitrenoid formation, followed by a proposed stepwise hydrogen-atom abstraction and rapid radical recombination to furnish the resulting C-N bond. The proposed mechanism and experimental analysis are further corroborated by density functional theory calculations. Multiconfigurational calculations provide insight into the electronic structure of the catalytically relevant Cu nitrene intermediates. The findings presented herein will assist in the development of future methodology for Cu-mediated C-N bond forming catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis M Carsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Sasha C North
- Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Andrei Iliescu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Petra Vojáčková
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Thomas Khazanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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3
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Baek Y, Betley TA. Reversible C-C Bond Cleavage of a Cobalt Diketimide into an Elusive Cobalt Aryl Nitrenoid Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115437. [PMID: 35172039 PMCID: PMC9007855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of (Tr L)Co (Tr L=5-mesityl-1,9-(trityl)dipyrrin) toward various aryl azides was examined to elucidate the electronic structure and reactivity of dipyrrinato cobalt aryl nitrenoid complexes. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of a CoII diketimide complex [(Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 )]2 and its reversible C-C bond cleavage to yield a monomeric Co nitrenoid complex (Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 ). Exposure of [(Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 )]2 to an excess amount of an H-atom donor cleanly affords the CoII anilide complex (Tr L)Co(NHC6 F5 ). The half-order decay of [(Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 )]2 via H-atom abstraction (HAA) reveals saturation kinetic behavior indicating a pre-equilibrium between [(Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 )]2 and (Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 ) prior to HAA. Furthermore, (Tr L)Co(NC6 F5 ) undergoes reductive coupling with another equivalent of azide to furnish the four-coordinate tetrazido complex (Tr L)Co(κ2 -N4 (C6 F5 )2 ), expulsion of a fluorine atom to afford (Tr L)CoF, and N-group transfer reactivity to PPh3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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4
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Baek Y, Betley TA. Reversible C−C Bond Cleavage of a Cobalt Diketimide into an Elusive Cobalt Aryl Nitrenoid Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagaku-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Xinxin Tang
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagaku-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagaku-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
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6
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Grünwald A, Anjana SS, Munz D. Terminal Imido Complexes of the Groups 9–11: Electronic Structure and Developments in the Last Decade. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Grünwald
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbücken Germany
- Inorganic and General Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - S. S. Anjana
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbücken Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry Saarland University Campus Geb. C4.1 66123 Saarbücken Germany
- Inorganic and General Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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7
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Qiu X, Sang Y, Wu H, Xue XS, Yan Z, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Wang X, Tan H, Song S, Zhang G, Zhang X, Houk KN, Jiao N. Cleaving arene rings for acyclic alkenylnitrile synthesis. Nature 2021; 597:64-69. [PMID: 34280952 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry is built around the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. However, the development of methods for selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage is a largely unmet challenge1-6. Such methods will have promising applications in synthesis, coal liquefaction, petroleum cracking, polymer degradation and biomass conversion. For example, aromatic rings are ubiquitous skeletal features in inert chemical feedstocks, but are inert to many reaction conditions owing to their aromaticity and low polarity. Over the past century, only a few methods under harsh conditions have achieved direct arene-ring modifications involving the cleavage of inert aromatic carbon-carbon bonds7,8, and arene-ring-cleavage reactions using stoichiometric transition-metal complexes or enzymes in bacteria are still limited9-11. Here we report a copper-catalysed selective arene-ring-opening reaction strategy. Our aerobic oxidative copper catalyst converts anilines, arylboronic acids, aryl azides, aryl halides, aryl triflates, aryl trimethylsiloxanes, aryl hydroxamic acids and aryl diazonium salts into alkenyl nitriles through selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage of arene rings. This chemistry was applied to the modification of polycyclic aromatics and the preparation of industrially important hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid derivatives. Several examples of the late-stage modification of complex molecules and fused ring compounds further support the potential broad utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqian Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yachong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Shen T, Lambert TH. C-H Amination via Electrophotocatalytic Ritter-type Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8597-8602. [PMID: 34076424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for C-H bond amination via an electrophotocatalytic Ritter-type reaction is described. The reaction is catalyzed by a trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion in an electrochemical cell under irradiation. These conditions convert benzylic C-H bonds to acetamides without the use of a stoichiometric chemical oxidant. A range of functionality is shown to be compatible with this transformation, and several complex substrates are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Desnoyer AN, Nicolay A, Ziegler MS, Lakshmi KV, Cundari TR, Tilley TD. A Dicopper Nitrenoid by Oxidation of a Cu ICu I Core: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7135-7143. [PMID: 33877827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A dicopper nitrenoid complex was prepared by formal oxidative addition of the nitrenoid fragment to a dicopper(I) center by reaction with the iminoiodinane PhINTs (Ts = tosylate). This nitrenoid complex, (DPFN)Cu2(μ-NTs)[NTf2]2 (DPFN = 2,7-bis(fluorodi(2-pyridyl)methyl)-1,8-naphthyridine), is a powerful H atom abstractor that reacts with a range of strong C-H bonds to form a mixed-valence Cu(I)/Cu(II) μ-NHTs amido complex in the first example of a clean H atom transfer to a dicopper nitrenoid core. In line with this reactivity, DFT calculations reveal that the nitrenoid is best described as an iminyl (NR radical anion) complex. The nitrenoid was trapped by the addition of water to form a mixed-donor hydroxo/amido dicopper(II) complex, which was independently obtained by reaction of a Cu2(μ-OH)2 complex with an amine through a protonolysis pathway. This mixed-donor complex is an analogue for the proposed intermediate in copper-catalyzed Chan-Evans-Lam coupling, which proceeds via C-X (X = N or O) bond formation. Treatment of the dicopper(II) mixed donor complex with MgPh2(THF)2 resulted in generation of a mixture that includes both phenol and a previously reported dicopper(I) bridging phenyl complex, illustrating that both reduction of dicopper(II) to dicopper(I) and concomitant C-X bond formation are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amélie Nicolay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Micah S Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - K V Lakshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and The Baruch '60 Center for Biochemical Solar Energy, Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Tak RK, Amemiya F, Noda H, Shibasaki M. Generation and application of Cu-bound alkyl nitrenes for the catalyst-controlled synthesis of cyclic β-amino acids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7809-7817. [PMID: 34168835 PMCID: PMC8188474 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01419f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of saturated N-heterocycles as valuable building blocks in medicinal chemistry has led to the development of new methods to construct such nitrogen-containing cyclic frameworks. Despite the apparent strategic clarity, intramolecular C–H aminations with metallonitrenes have only sporadically been explored in this direction because of the intractability of the requisite alkyl nitrenes. Here, we report copper-catalysed intramolecular amination using an alkyl nitrene generated from substituted isoxazolidin-5-ones upon N–O bond cleavage. The copper catalysis exclusively aminates aromatic C(sp2)–H bonds among other potentially reactive groups, offering a solution to the chemoselectivity problem that has been troublesome with rhodium catalysis. A combined experimental and computational study suggested that the active species in the current cyclic β-amino acid synthesis is a dicopper alkyl nitrene, which follows a cyclisation pathway distinct from the analogous alkyl metallonitrene. Copper-catalysed conditions have been developed for the chemoselective synthesis of cyclic β-amino acids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Tak
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Fuyuki Amemiya
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
| | - Masakatsu Shibasaki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN) Tokyo3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-0021 Japan
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11
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Coin G, Dubourdeaux P, Avenier F, Patra R, Castro L, Lebrun C, Bayle PA, Pécaut J, Blondin G, Maldivi P, Latour JM. Experiments and DFT Computations Combine to Decipher Fe-Catalyzed Amidine Synthesis through Nitrene Transfer and Nitrile Insertion. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Coin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5250, DCM, CIRE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Dubourdeaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Avenier
- Univ. Paris Saclay, ICMMO, CNRS, UMR 8182, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Ranjan Patra
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research & Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida 201303, India
| | - Ludovic Castro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Colette Lebrun
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jacques Pécaut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, MEM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Geneviève Blondin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Maldivi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marc Latour
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, DIESE, LCBM, pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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12
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Navarro Y, García López J, Iglesias MJ, López Ortiz F. Chelation-Assisted Interrupted Copper(I)-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne-Azide Domino Reactions: Synthesis of Fully Substituted 5-Triazenyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:334-339. [PMID: 33356329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of 1,4-(disubstituted)-5-triazenyl-1,2,3-triazoles through a ligand-free domino copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne-azide process of chelating aryl azides bearing N-P═O, P═O, and SO3H groups at the ortho position with a wide variety of acetylenes. DFT calculations reveal that Cu-chelation is a crucial factor in the interception of the CuAAC intermediate by the azide. The crystal structure of the catalytic species has been determined by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Navarro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jesús García López
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María José Iglesias
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando López Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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13
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Coin G, Dubourdeaux P, Bayle PA, Lebrun C, Maldivi P, Latour JM. Imidazoline synthesis: mechanistic investigations show that Fe catalysts promote a new multicomponent redox reaction. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6512-6519. [PMID: 33908990 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00919b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions are attracting strong interest because they contribute to develop more efficient synthetic chemistry. Understanding their mechanism at the molecular level is thus an important issue to optimize their operation. The development of integrated experimental and theoretical approaches has very recently emerged as most powerful to achieve this goal. In the wake of our recent investigation of amidine synthesis, we used this approach to explore how an Fe-catalyzed aziridination can lead to an imidazoline when run in acetonitrile. We report that the synthesis of imidazoline by combination of styrene, acetonitrile, an iron catalyst and a nitrene precursor occurs along a new kind of multicomponent reaction. The formation of imidazoline results from acetonitrile interception of a benzyl radical styrene aziridination intermediate within Fe coordination sphere, as opposed to classical nucleophilic opening of the aziridine by a Lewis acid. Comparison of this mechanism to that of amidine formation allows a rationalization of the modes of intermediates trapping by acetonitrile according to the oxidation state Fe active species. The molecular understanding of these processes may help to design other multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Coin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG - LCBM/pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France. and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5250, DCM, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Colette Lebrun
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG - SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Pascale Maldivi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG - SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Latour
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG - LCBM/pmb, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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14
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Jayasooriya IU, Bakhoda A(G, Palmer R, Ng K, Khachemoune NL, Bertke JA, Warren TH. Copper( ii) ketimides in sp 3 C–H amination. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15733-15738. [PMID: 35003605 PMCID: PMC8654034 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercially available benzophenone imine (HN
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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CPh2) reacts with β-diketiminato copper(ii) tert-butoxide complexes [CuII]–OtBu to form isolable copper(ii) ketimides [CuII]–NCPh2. Structural characterization of the three coordinate copper(ii) ketimide [Me3NN]Cu–NCPh2 reveals a short Cu-Nketimide distance (1.700(2) Å) with a nearly linear Cu–N–C linkage (178.9(2)°). Copper(ii) ketimides [CuII]–NCPh2 readily capture alkyl radicals R˙ (PhCH(˙)Me and Cy˙) to form the corresponding R–NCPh2 products in a process that competes with N–N coupling of copper(ii) ketimides [CuII]–NCPh2 to form the azine Ph2CN–NCPh2. Copper(ii) ketimides [CuII]–NCAr2 serve as intermediates in catalytic sp3 C–H amination of substrates R–H with ketimines HNCAr2 and tBuOOtBu as oxidant to form N-alkyl ketimines R–NCAr2. This protocol enables the use of unactivated sp3 C–H bonds to give R–NCAr2 products easily converted to primary amines R–NH2via simple acidic deprotection. Commercially available benzophenone imine (HNCPh2) reacts with β-diketiminato copper(ii) tert-butoxide complexes [CuII]–OtBu to form isolable copper(ii) ketimides [CuII]–NCPh2 that serve as intermediates in catalytic sp3 C−H amination via radical relay.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuri U. Jayasooriya
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | | | - Rachel Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kristi Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Nour L. Khachemoune
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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15
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Bakhoda A, Okoromoba OE, Greene C, Boroujeni MR, Bertke JA, Warren TH. Three-Coordinate Copper(II) Alkynyl Complex in C-C Bond Formation: The Sesquicentennial of the Glaser Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18483-18490. [PMID: 32956589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II) alkynyl species are proposed as key intermediates in numerous Cu-catalyzed C-C coupling reactions. Supported by a β-diketiminate ligand, the three-coordinate copper(II) alkynyl [CuII]-C≡CAr (Ar = 2,6-Cl2C6H3) forms upon reaction of the alkyne H-C≡CAr with the copper(II) tert-butoxide complex [CuII]-OtBu. In solution, this [CuII]-C≡CAr species cleanly transforms to the Glaser coupling product ArC≡C-C≡CAr and [CuI](solvent). Addition of nucleophiles R'C≡C-Li (R' = aryl, silyl) and Ph-Li to [CuII]-C≡CAr affords the corresponding Csp-Csp and Csp-Csp2 coupled products RC≡C-C≡CAr and Ph-C≡CAr with concomitant generation of [CuI](solvent) and {[CuI]-C≡CAr}-, respectively. Supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, redox disproportionation forms [CuIII](C≡CAr)(R) species that reductively eliminate R-C≡CAr products. [CuII]-C≡CAr also captures the trityl radical Ph3C· to give Ph3C-C≡CAr. Radical capture represents the key Csp-Csp3 bond-forming step in the copper-catalyzed C-H functionalization of benzylic substrates R-H with alkynes H-C≡CR' (R' = (hetero)aryl, silyl) that provide Csp-Csp3 coupled products R-C≡CR via radical relay with tBuOOtBu as oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Bakhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Otome E Okoromoba
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Christine Greene
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Mahdi Raghibi Boroujeni
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Timothy H Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227-1227, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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16
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de Kler NRM, Roithová J. Copper arylnitrene intermediates: formation, structure and reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12721-12724. [PMID: 32966373 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05198e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of oxidation of arylamines by copper enzymes is not clarified yet. Here, we explored a reaction between a possible high-valent copper(ii)-oxyl intermediate and arylamine. We have employed a TPA ligand (TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) with the NH2 group in position 2 of one of the pyridine rings (TPANH2). This model system allows generation of [(TPANH2)Cu(O)]+ in the gas phase, which immediately undergoes a reaction between the arylamino group and the copper oxyl moiety. The reaction leads to elimination of H2O and formation of a copper-nitrene complex. The structure of the resulting copper-nitrene complex was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy in the gas phase. We show that the copper-nitrene complex reacts by hydrogen atom transfer with 1,4-cyclohexadiene and by an order of magnitude faster by a double hydrogen atom transfer with ethanethiol and methanol. DFT calculations explain the formation of the copper nitrene as well as its reactivity in agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël R M de Kler
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Mo SM, Shi DB. Crystal structure of 4′-amino-3′,5′-diisopropyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-carbonitrile, C 19H 22N 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C19H22N2, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.1330(5) Å, b = 9.3474(5) Å, c = 12.1520(8) Å, α = 87.278(5)°, β = 71.092(6)°, γ = 66.190(6)°, V = 795.88(9) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0498, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1415, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Ming Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi 563000 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Bin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zunyi Medical University , Zunyi 563000 , People’s Republic of China
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18
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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19
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Reckziegel A, Pietzonka C, Kraus F, Werncke CG. C-H Bond Activation by an Imido Cobalt(III) and the Resulting Amido Cobalt(II) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8527-8531. [PMID: 32119164 PMCID: PMC7318117 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 3d-metal mediated nitrene transfer is under intense scrutiny due to its potential as an atom economic and ecologically benign way for the directed amination of (un)functionalised C-H bonds. Here we present the isolation and characterisation of a rare, trigonal imido cobalt(III) complex, which bears a rather long cobalt-imido bond. It can cleanly cleave strong C-H bonds with a bond dissociation energy of up to 92 kcal mol-1 in an intermolecular fashion, unprecedented for imido cobalt complexes. This resulted in the amido cobalt(II) complex [Co(hmds)2 (NHt Bu)]- . Kinetic studies on this reaction revealed an H atom transfer mechanism. Remarkably, the cobalt(II) amide itself is capable of mediating H atom abstraction or stepwise proton/electron transfer depending on the substrate. A cobalt-mediated catalytic application for substrate dehydrogenation using an organo azide is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reckziegel
- Fachbereich 15/ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Clemens Pietzonka
- Fachbereich 15/ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich 15/ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Fachbereich 15/ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
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20
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Reckziegel A, Pietzonka C, Kraus F, Werncke CG. C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung durch einen Imidocobalt(III)‐ und den resultierenden Amidocobalt(II)‐Komplex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Reckziegel
- Fachbereich 15/Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Clemens Pietzonka
- Fachbereich 15/Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich 15/Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
| | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Fachbereich 15/Chemie Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35043 Marburg Deutschland
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21
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Carsch KM, DiMucci IM, Iovan DA, Li A, Zheng SL, Titus CJ, Lee SJ, Irwin KD, Nordlund D, Lancaster KM, Betley TA. Synthesis of a copper-supported triplet nitrene complex pertinent to copper-catalyzed amination. Science 2020; 365:1138-1143. [PMID: 31515388 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Terminal copper-nitrenoid complexes have inspired interest in their fundamental bonding structures as well as their putative intermediacy in catalytic nitrene-transfer reactions. Here, we report that aryl azides react with a copper(I) dinitrogen complex bearing a sterically encumbered dipyrrin ligand to produce terminal copper nitrene complexes with near-linear, short copper-nitrenoid bonds [1.745(2) to 1.759(2) angstroms]. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations reveal a predominantly triplet nitrene adduct bound to copper(I), as opposed to copper(II) or copper(III) assignments, indicating the absence of a copper-nitrogen multiple-bond character. Employing electron-deficient aryl azides renders the copper nitrene species competent for alkane amination and alkene aziridination, lending further credence to the intermediacy of this species in proposed nitrene-transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis M Carsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Diana A Iovan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles J Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Irwin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Carsch KM, Lukens JT, DiMucci IM, Iovan DA, Zheng SL, Lancaster KM, Betley TA. Electronic Structures and Reactivity Profiles of Aryl Nitrenoid-Bridged Dicopper Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2264-2276. [PMID: 31917556 PMCID: PMC7262786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dicopper complexes templated by dinucleating, pacman dipyrrin ligand scaffolds (Mesdmx, tBudmx: dimethylxanthine-bridged, cofacial bis-dipyrrin) were synthesized by deprotonation/metalation with mesitylcopper (CuMes; Mes: mesityl) or by transmetalation with cuprous precursors from the corresponding deprotonated ligand. Neutral imide complexes (Rdmx)Cu2(μ2-NAr) (R: Mes, tBu; Ar: 4-MeOC6H4, 3,5-(F3C)2C6H3) were synthesized by treatment of the corresponding dicuprous complexes with aryl azides. While one-electron reduction of (Mesdmx)Cu2(μ2-N(C6H4OMe)) with potassium graphite initiates an intramolecular, benzylic C-H amination at room temperature, chemical reduction of (tBudmx)Cu2(μ2-NAr) leads to isolable [(tBudmx)Cu2(μ2-NAr)]- product salts. The electronic structures of the thermally robust [(tBudmx)Cu2(μ2-NAr)]0/- complexes were assessed by variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Cu L2,3/K-edge, N K-edge), optical spectroscopy, and DFT/CASSCF calculations. These data indicate that the formally Class IIIA mixed valence complexes of the type [(Rdmx)Cu2(μ2-NAr)]- feature significant NAr-localized spin following reduction from electronic population of the [Cu2(μ2-NAr)] π* manifold, contrasting previous methods for engendering iminyl character through chemical oxidation. The reactivity of the isolable imido and iminyl complexes are examined for prototypical radical-promoted reactivity (e.g., nitrene transfer and H-atom abstraction), where the divergent reactivity is rationalized by the relative degree of N-radical character afforded from different aryl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis M. Carsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - James T. Lukens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ida M. DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Kyle M. Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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23
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Cook AW, Hrobárik P, Damon PL, Wu G, Hayton TW. A Ketimide-Stabilized Palladium Nanocluster with a Hexagonal Aromatic Pd7 Core. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1471-1480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Peter Hrobárik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, SK-84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter L. Damon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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24
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Ryan MC, Kim YJ, Gerken JB, Wang F, Aristov MM, Martinelli JR, Stahl SS. Mechanistic insights into copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling of N-N bonds. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1170-1175. [PMID: 34084374 PMCID: PMC8146583 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic N–N coupling is a valuable transformation for chemical synthesis and energy conversion. Here, mechanistic studies are presented for two related copper-catalyzed oxidative aerobic N–N coupling reactions, one involving the synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant triazole and the other relevant to the oxidative conversion of ammonia to hydrazine. Analysis of catalytic and stoichiometric N–N coupling reactions support an “oxidase”-type catalytic mechanism with two redox half-reactions: (1) aerobic oxidation of a CuI catalyst and (2) CuII-promoted N–N coupling. Both reactions feature turnover-limiting oxidation of CuI by O2, and this step is inhibited by the N–H substrate(s). The results highlight the unexpected facility of the N–N coupling step and establish a foundation for development of improved catalysts for these transformations. Mechanistic studies provide valuable insights into Cu-catalyzed N–N coupling reactions relevant to energy conversion and pharmaceutical synthesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Yeon Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Michael M Aristov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Joseph R Martinelli
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana 46285 USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Avenue Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
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25
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DiMucci IM, Lukens JT, Chatterjee S, Carsch KM, Titus CJ, Lee SJ, Nordlund D, Betley TA, MacMillan SN, Lancaster KM. The Myth of d 8 Copper(III). J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18508-18520. [PMID: 31710466 PMCID: PMC7256958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen Cu complexes with formal oxidation states ranging from CuI to CuIII are investigated through the use of multiedge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Analysis reveals that the metal-ligand bonding in high-valent, formally CuIII species is extremely covalent, resulting in Cu K-edge and L2,3-edge spectra whose features have energies that complicate physical oxidation state assignment. Covalency analysis of the Cu L2,3-edge data reveals that all formally CuIII species have significantly diminished Cu d-character in their lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs). DFT calculations provide further validation of the orbital composition analysis, and excellent agreement is found between the calculated and experimental results. The finding that Cu has limited capacity to be oxidized necessitates localization of electron hole character on the supporting ligands; consequently, the physical d8 description for these formally CuIII species is inaccurate. This study provides an alternative explanation for the competence of formally CuIII species in transformations that are traditionally described as metal-centered, 2-electron CuI/CuIII redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M. DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - James T. Lukens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kurtis M. Carsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Charles J. Titus
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sang Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Theodore A. Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kyle M. Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Baker Laboratory, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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26
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Baek Y, Hennessy ET, Betley TA. Direct Manipulation of Metal Imido Geometry: Key Principles to Enhance C-H Amination Efficacy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16944-16953. [PMID: 31550162 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the catalytic C-H amination mediated by an isolable CoIII imido complex (TrL)Co(NR) supported by a sterically demanding dipyrromethene ligand (TrL = 5-mesityl-1,9-(trityl)dipyrrin). Metalation of (TrL)Li with CoCl2 in THF afforded a high-spin (S = 3/2) three-coordinate complex (TrL)CoCl. Chemical reduction of (TrL)CoCl with potassium graphite yielded the high-spin (S = 1) CoI synthon (TrL)Co which is stabilized through an intramolecular η6-arene interaction. Treatment of (TrL)Co with a stoichiometric amount of 1-azidoadamantane (AdN3) furnished a three-coordinate, diamagnetic CoIII imide (TrL)Co(NAd) as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing a rare trigonal pyramidal geometry with an acute Co-Nimido-C angle 145.0(3)°. Exposure of 1-10 mol % of (TrL)Co to linear alkyl azides (RN3) resulted in catalytic formation of substituted N-heterocycles via intramolecular C-H amination of a range of C-H bonds, including primary C-H bonds. The mechanism of the C-N bond formation was probed via initial rate kinetic analysis and kinetic isotope effect experiments [kH/kD = 38.4(1)], suggesting a stepwise H-atom abstraction followed by radical recombination. In contrast to the previously reported C-H amination mediated by (ArL)Co(NR) (ArL = 5-mesityl-1,9-(2,4,6-Ph3C6H2)dipyrrin), (TrL)Co(NR) displays enhanced yields and rates of C-H amination without the aid of a cocatalyst, and no catalyst degradation to a tetrazene species was observed, as further supported by the pyridine inhibition effect on the rate of C-H amination. Furthermore, (TrL)Co(NAd) exhibits an extremely low one-electron reduction potential (E°red = -1.98 V vs [Cp2Fe]+/0) indicating that the highly basic terminal imido unit contributes to the driving force for H-atom abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjung Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Elisabeth T Hennessy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Theodore A Betley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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27
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Das A, Chen YS, Reibenspies JH, Powers DC. Characterization of a Reactive Rh2 Nitrenoid by Crystalline Matrix Isolation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16232-16236. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuvab Das
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, University of Chicago c/o APS/ANL, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph H. Reibenspies
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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28
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Aldrich KE, Fales BS, Singh AK, Staples RJ, Levine BG, McCracken J, Smith MR, Odom AL. Electronic and Structural Comparisons between Iron(II/III) and Ruthenium(II/III) Imide Analogs. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11699-11715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - B. Scott Fales
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Amrendra K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Benjamin G. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John McCracken
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Milton R. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Aaron L. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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29
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Zhong W, Liu X, Zhu H, Zhao J, Yan H. Reactivity Modes of Cp*M-Type Half-Sandwich Dichalcogenolate Complexes with 2,6-Disubstituted Aryl Azides: The Effects of the Metal Center, Chalcogen, and Ligand Moiety on Product Formation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12719-12726. [PMID: 31460394 PMCID: PMC6682133 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cp*M-type half-sandwich dichalcogenolate complexes bearing either carborane or benzene moieties show diverse reactivity patterns toward two selected 2,6-disubstituted aryl azides under thermal or photolytic conditions. The chalcogen (S and Se) has little effect on the formation of final products. However, the effects of both the metal center and the ligand moiety of the metal precursor on the reactions were significant. Compared to iridium precursor Cp*IrS2C2B10H10 (1a), rhodium and cobalt analogues (1b: Cp*RhS2C2B10H10, 1c: Cp*CoS2C2B10H10) demonstrated no reactivity toward aryl azides. The reaction of Cp*IrSe2C2B10H10 (1d) with 2,6-Me2C6H3N3 led to the clean formation of complex 2 with C(sp3)-H activation of one methyl group of the Cp* ligand and loss of N2 along with the rearrangement of the benzene ring of the original azide ligand, whereas the treatment of Cp*IrS2C6H4 (1e) with 2,6-Me2C6H3N3 under the same reaction conditions gave a 16-electron half-sandwich complex 5 featuring C-N coupling on one methyl group from the Cp* ligand. When 2-Me-6-NO2C6H3N3 was employed, the same reaction patterns for forming products (3 and 6) with the nitro group migrating to the para-position versus the original aryl azide were observed. In addition, the reaction with metal precursor 1d generated another product 4 featuring the exchange of nitro and azido groups, while the reaction with 1e afforded another complex 7 with the formation of the N-NO2 moiety. All new complexes were characterized by spectroscopy methods, and single-crystal X-ray analyses were performed for complexes 2 and 5-7. Furthermore, radical mechanisms for the formation of complexes 2-7 were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- College
of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College
of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, China
| | - Hailiang Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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30
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Wagner CL, Tao L, Fettinger JC, Britt RD, Power PP. Two-Coordinate, Late First-Row Transition Metal Amido Derivatives of the Bulky Ligand -N(SiPri3)Dipp (Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl): Effects of the Ligand on the Stability of Two-Coordinate Copper(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8793-8799. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clifton L. Wagner
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lizhi Tao
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R. David Britt
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Philip P. Power
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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31
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Bakhoda A(G, Jiang Q, Badiei YM, Bertke JA, Cundari TR, Warren TH. Copper‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H Amidation: Sterically Driven Primary and Secondary C−H Site‐Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3421-3425. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) University of North Texas Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Yosra M. Badiei
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) University of North Texas Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
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32
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Bakhoda A(G, Jiang Q, Badiei YM, Bertke JA, Cundari TR, Warren TH. Copper‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)−H Amidation: Sterically Driven Primary and Secondary C−H Site‐Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) University of North Texas Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Yosra M. Badiei
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Thomas R. Cundari
- Department of Chemistry Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) University of North Texas Denton TX 76203 USA
| | - Timothy H. Warren
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University Box 571227 Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
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33
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Trammell R, Rajabimoghadam K, Garcia-Bosch I. Copper-Promoted Functionalization of Organic Molecules: from Biologically Relevant Cu/O 2 Model Systems to Organometallic Transformations. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2954-3031. [PMID: 30698952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is one of the most abundant and less toxic transition metals. Nature takes advantage of the bioavailability and rich redox chemistry of Cu to carry out oxygenase and oxidase organic transformations using O2 (or H2O2) as oxidant. Inspired by the reactivity of these Cu-dependent metalloenzymes, chemists have developed synthetic protocols to functionalize organic molecules under enviormentally benign conditions. Copper also promotes other transformations usually catalyzed by 4d and 5d transition metals (Pd, Pt, Rh, etc.) such as nitrene insertions or C-C and C-heteroatom coupling reactions. In this review, we summarized the most relevant research in which copper promotes or catalyzes the functionalization of organic molecules, including biological catalysis, bioinspired model systems, and organometallic reactivity. The reaction mechanisms by which these processes take place are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Trammell
- Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | | | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
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34
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Zhang GY, Peng Y, Xue J, Fan YH, Deng QH. Copper-catalyzed nitrene transfer/cyclization cascade to synthesize 3a-nitrogenous furoindolines and pyrroloindolines. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed nitrene transfer for amination/cyclization of tryptophols and tryptamines to generate the corresponding indole alkaloids in good to excellent yields was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yi Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Peng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Xue
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hui Fan
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hai Deng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
- P. R. China
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35
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Bao F, Cao Y, Liu W, Zhu J. Ligand-free iron-catalyzed benzylic C (sp3)–H amination of methylarenes with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27892-27895. [PMID: 35530456 PMCID: PMC9070760 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first biocompatible iron-catalyzed benzylic C (sp3)–H amination of methylarenes with NFSI under ligand and additional oxidant free conditions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Bao
- College of Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanbo Cao
- College of Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P. R. China
| | - Junhao Zhu
- College of Science
- Henan Agricultural University
- Zhengzhou 450002
- P. R. China
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36
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Cook BJ, Di Francesco GN, Ferreira RB, Lukens JT, Silberstein KE, Keegan BC, Catalano VJ, Lancaster KM, Shearer J, Murray LJ. Chalcogen Impact on Covalency within Molecular [Cu 3(μ 3-E)] 3+ Clusters (E = O, S, Se): A Synthetic, Spectroscopic, and Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11382-11392. [PMID: 30160943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the tricopper(I)-dinitrogen tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane, Cu3(N2)L, with O-atom-transfer reagents or elemental Se affords the oxido-bridged tricopper complex Cu3(μ3-O)L (2) or the corresponding Cu3(μ3-Se)L (4), respectively. For 2 and 4, incorporation of the bridging chalcogen donor was supported by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data. Cu L2,3-edge X-ray absorption data quantify 49.5% Cu 3d character in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of 2, with Cu 3d participation decreasing to 33.0% in 4 and 40.8% in the related sulfide cluster Cu3(μ3-S)L (3). Multiedge XAS and UV/visible/near-IR spectra are employed to benchmark density functional theory calculations, which describe the copper-chalcogen interactions as highly covalent across the series of [Cu3(μ-E)]3+ clusters. This result highlights that the metal-ligand covalency is not reserved for more formally oxidized metal centers (i.e., CuIII + O2- vs CuII + O-) but rather is a significant contributor even at more typical ligand-field cases (i.e., Cu3II/II/I + E2-). This bonding is reminiscent of that observed in p-block elements rather than in early-transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Cook
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
| | - Gianna N Di Francesco
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
| | - Ricardo B Ferreira
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
| | - James T Lukens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Katharine E Silberstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Brenna C Keegan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada, Reno , Reno , Nevada 89557 , United States
| | - Vincent J Catalano
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada, Reno , Reno , Nevada 89557 , United States
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nevada, Reno , Reno , Nevada 89557 , United States
| | - Leslie J Murray
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
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37
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Moegling J, Hoffmann A, Thomas F, Orth N, Liebhäuser P, Herber U, Rampmaier R, Stanek J, Fink G, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Herres-Pawlis S. Designed To React: Terminal Copper Nitrenes and Their Application in Catalytic C-H Aminations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9154-9159. [PMID: 29734490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heteroscorpionate ligands of the bis(pyrazolyl)methane family have been applied in the stabilisation of terminal copper tosyl nitrenes. These species are highly active intermediates in the copper-catalysed direct C-H amination and nitrene transfer. Novel perfluoroalkyl-pyrazolyl- and pyridinyl-containing ligands were synthesized to coordinate to a reactive copper nitrene centre. Four distinct copper tosyl nitrenes were prepared at low temperatures by the reaction with SO2 tBuPhINTs and copper(I) acetonitrile complexes. Their stoichiometric reactivity has been elucidated regarding the imination of phosphines and the aziridination of styrenes. The formation and thermal decay of the copper nitrenes were investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy of the highly coloured species. Additionally, the compounds were studied by cryo-UHR-ESI mass spectrometry and DFT calculations. In addition, a mild catalytic procedure has been developed where the copper nitrene precursors enable the C-H amination of cyclohexane and toluene and the aziridination of styrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Moegling
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Thomas
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Orth
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patricia Liebhäuser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herber
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Rampmaier
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Julia Stanek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fink
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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38
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Moegling J, Hoffmann A, Thomas F, Orth N, Liebhäuser P, Herber U, Rampmaier R, Stanek J, Fink G, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Herres-Pawlis S. Maßgeschneiderte terminale Kupfernitrene für katalytische C-H-Aminierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Moegling
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Fabian Thomas
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Nicole Orth
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Patricia Liebhäuser
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Ulrich Herber
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Rampmaier
- Department für Chemie und Pharmazie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Julia Stanek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Fink
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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39
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Chiappini ND, Mack JBC, Du Bois J. Intermolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amination of Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4956-4959. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. C. Mack
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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40
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Chiappini ND, Mack JBC, Du Bois J. Intermolecular C(sp
3
)−H Amination of Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. C. Mack
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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41
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Chen P, Sun CH, Wang Y, Xue Y, Chen C, Shen MH, Xu HD. Intramolecular Schmidt Reaction of Vinyl Azides with Cyclic Ketones. Org Lett 2018; 20:1643-1646. [PMID: 29504761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic ketones tethered with a vinyl azide group undergo a Schmidt-hydrolysis sequence to give secondary lactams bearing a ketone side chain. Secondary lactams are obtained in a regioselective manner that is not possible in a conventional Schimdt reaction. In addition to the well-documented C-2 nucleophilicity, the N nucleophilicity of vinyl azide disclosed in this work opens a new direction for reaction invention involving vinyl azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
| | - Chu-Han Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science , Changzhou University , Changzhou 213164 , P. R. China
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42
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Zelenay B, Besora M, Monasterio Z, Ventura-Espinosa D, White AJP, Maseras F, Díez-González S. Copper-mediated reduction of azides under seemingly oxidising conditions: catalytic and computational studies. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of aryl azides in the presence of water and air and without an obvious reducing agent is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zelenay
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- SW7 2AZ London
- UK
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
| | - Maria Besora
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | | | | | | | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Departament de Química
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