1
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Freibert A, Mendive-Tapia D, Vendrell O, Huse N. A fully dynamical description of time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering of pyrazine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22572-22581. [PMID: 39150720 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00914b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in ultrashort and intense X-ray sources have enabled the utilisation of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) as a probing technique for monitoring photoinduced dynamics in molecular systems. To account for dynamic phenomena like non-adiabatic transitions across the relevant electronic state manifold, a time-dependent framework is crucial. Here, we introduce a fully time-dependent approach for calculating transient RIXS spectra using wavepacket dynamics simulations, alongside an explicit treatment of the X-ray probe pulse that surpasses Kramers-Heisenberg-Dirac constraints. Our analysis of pyrazine at the nitrogen K-edge underscores the importance of considering nuclear motion effects in all electronic states involved in the transient RIXS process. As a result, we propose a numerically exact approach to computationally support and predict cutting-edge time-resolved RIXS experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Freibert
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | - David Mendive-Tapia
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Freibert A, Mendive-Tapia D, Huse N, Vendrell O. Time-Dependent Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering of Pyrazine at the Nitrogen K-Edge: A Quantum Dynamics Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2167-2180. [PMID: 38315564 PMCID: PMC10938531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We calculate resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectra of pyrazine at the nitrogen K-edge in the time domain including wavepacket dynamics in both the valence and core-excited state manifolds. Upon resonant excitation, we observe ultrafast non-adiabatic population transfer between core-excited states within the core-hole lifetime, leading to molecular symmetry distortions. Importantly, our time-domain approach inherently contains the ability to manipulate the dynamics of this process by detuning the excitation energy, which effectively shortens the scattering duration. We also explore the impact of pulsed incident X-ray radiation, which provides a foundation for state-of-the-art time-resolved experiments with coherent pulsed light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Freibert
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Mendive-Tapia
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Theoretical
Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Garratt D, Matthews M, Marangos J. Toward ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of organic photovoltaic devices. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:010901. [PMID: 38250136 PMCID: PMC10799687 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel ultrafast x-ray sources based on high harmonic generation and at x-ray free electron lasers are opening up new opportunities to resolve complex ultrafast processes in condensed phase systems with exceptional temporal resolution and atomic site specificity. In this perspective, we present techniques for resolving charge localization, transfer, and separation processes in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic devices with time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy. We review recent results in ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of these systems and discuss routes to overcome the technical challenges in performing time-resolved x-ray experiments on photosensitive materials with poor thermal conductivity and low pump intensity thresholds for nonlinear effects.
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4
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Schnack-Petersen AK, Moitra T, Folkestad SD, Coriani S. New Implementation of an Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Damped-Response Framework with Illustrative Applications to Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1775-1793. [PMID: 36763003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an implementation of a damped response framework for calculating resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) and second-order approximate coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CC2) levels of theory in the open-source program eT. This framework lays the foundation for future extension to higher excitation methods (notably, the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples, CC3) and to multilevel approaches. Our implementation adopts a fully relaxed ground state and different variants of the core-valence separation projection technique to address convergence issues. Illustrative results are compared with those obtained within the frozen-core core-valence separated approach, available in Q-Chem, as well as with experiment. The performance of the CC2 method is evaluated in comparison with that of CCSD. It is found that, while the CC2 method is noticeably inferior to CCSD for X-ray absorption spectra, the quality of the CC2 RIXS spectra is often comparable to that of the CCSD level of theory, when the same valence excited states are probed. Finally, we present preliminary RIXS results for a solvated molecule in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torsha Moitra
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiTThe Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sarai Dery Folkestad
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonia Coriani
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Eckert S, Mascarenhas EJ, Mitzner R, Jay RM, Pietzsch A, Fondell M, Vaz da Cruz V, Föhlisch A. From the Free Ligand to the Transition Metal Complex: FeEDTA - Formation Seen at Ligand K-Edges. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10321-10328. [PMID: 35764301 PMCID: PMC9277664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chelating agents are an integral part of transition metal complex chemistry with broad biological and industrial relevance. The hexadentate chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has the capability to bind to metal ions at its two nitrogen and four of its carboxylate oxygen sites. We use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the 1s absorption edge of the aforementioned elements in EDTA and the iron(III)-EDTA complex to investigate the impact of the metal-ligand bond formation on the electronic structure of EDTA. Frontier orbital distortions, occupation changes, and energy shifts through metal-ligand bond formation are probed through distinct spectroscopic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric J. Mascarenhas
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphael M. Jay
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie, Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Eckert S, Winghart M, Kleine C, Banerjee A, Ekimova M, Ludwig J, Harich J, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Pines E, Huse N, Wernet P, Odelius M, Nibbering ETJ. Electronic Structure Changes of an Aromatic Amine Photoacid along the Förster Cycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200709. [PMID: 35325500 PMCID: PMC9322478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photoacids show a strong increase in acidity in the first electronic excited state, enabling real-time studies of proton transfer in acid-base reactions, proton transport in energy storage devices and biomolecular sensor protein systems. Several explanations have been proposed for what determines photoacidity, ranging from variations in solvation free energy to changes in electronic structure occurring along the four stages of the Förster cycle. Here we use picosecond nitrogen K-edge spectroscopy to monitor the electronic structure changes of the proton donating group in a protonated aromatic amine photoacid in solution upon photoexcitation and subsequent proton transfer dynamics. Probing core-to-valence transitions locally at the amine functional group and with orbital specificity, we clearly reveal pronounced electronic structure, dipole moment and energetic changes on the conjugate photobase side. This result paves the way for a detailed electronic structural characterization of the photoacidity phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und KurzzeitspektroskopieMax Born Strasse 2A12489BerlinGermany
| | - Marc‐Oliver Winghart
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und KurzzeitspektroskopieMax Born Strasse 2A12489BerlinGermany
| | - Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und KurzzeitspektroskopieMax Born Strasse 2A12489BerlinGermany
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbaNova University Center106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und KurzzeitspektroskopieMax Born Strasse 2A12489BerlinGermany
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und KurzzeitspektroskopieMax Born Strasse 2A12489BerlinGermany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State PhysicsCenter for Free-Electron Laser ScienceLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 1512489BerlinGermany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation ResearchHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbHAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 1512489BerlinGermany
| | - Ehud Pines
- Department of ChemistryBen Gurion University of the NegevP.O.B. 653Beersheva84105Israel
| | - Nils Huse
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State PhysicsCenter for Free-Electron Laser ScienceLuruper Chaussee 14922761HamburgGermany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUppsala UniversityBox 516 Lägerhyddsvägen 1751 20UppsalaSweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbaNova University Center106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und KurzzeitspektroskopieMax Born Strasse 2A12489BerlinGermany
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7
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Nascimento DR, Govind N. Computational approaches for XANES, VtC-XES, and RIXS using linear-response time-dependent density functional theory based methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14680-14691. [PMID: 35699090 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of state-of-the-art X-ray light sources has paved the way for novel spectroscopies that take advantage of their atomic specificity to shed light on fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes both in the static and time domains. The success of these experiments hinges on the ability to interpret and predict core-level spectra, which has opened avenues for theory to play a key role. Over the last two decades, linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT), despite various theoretical challenges, has become a computationally attractive and versatile framework to study excited-state spectra including X-ray spectroscopies. In this context, we focus our discussion on LR-TDDFT approaches for the computation of X-ray Near-Edge Structure (XANES), Valence-to-Core X-ray Emission (VtC-XES), and Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) spectroscopies in molecular systems with an emphasis on Gaussian basis set implementations. We illustrate these approaches with applications and provide a brief outlook of possible new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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8
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Eckert S, Winghart MO, Kleine C, Banerjee A, Ekimova M, Ludwig J, Harich J, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Pines E, Huse N, Wernet P, Odelius M, Nibbering ET. Electronic Structure Changes of an Aromatic Amine Photoacid along the Förster Cycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Max Born Institute for Non-Linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy: Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie C1 GERMANY
| | - Marc-Oliver Winghart
- Max Born Institute for Non-Linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy: Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie C1 GERMANY
| | - Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institute for Non-Linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy: Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie C1 GERMANY
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Non-Linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy: Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie C1 GERMANY
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Max Born Institute for Non-Linear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy: Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie C1 GERMANY
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics GERMANY
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie GmbH Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research GERMANY
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fur Materialien und Energie GmbH Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research GERMANY
| | - Ehud Pines
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Chemistry ISRAEL
| | - Nils Huse
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics GERMANY
| | | | - Michael Odelius
- Stockholm University: Stockholms Universitet Chemistry SWEDEN
| | - Erik T.J. Nibbering
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie C1 Max Born Strasse 2A D-12489 Berlin GERMANY
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9
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Vaz da Cruz V, Büchner R, Fondell M, Pietzsch A, Eckert S, Föhlisch A. Targeting Individual Tautomers in Equilibrium by Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2459-2466. [PMID: 35266716 PMCID: PMC8935368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tautomerism is one of the most important forms of isomerism, owing to the facile interconversion between species and the large differences in chemical properties introduced by the proton transfer connecting the tautomers. Spectroscopic techniques are often used for the characterization of tautomers. In this context, separating the overlapping spectral response of coexisting tautomers is a long-standing challenge in chemistry. Here, we demonstrate that by using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering tuned to the core excited states at the site of proton exchange between tautomers one is able to experimentally disentangle the manifold of valence excited states of each tautomer in a mixture. The technique is applied to the prototypical keto-enol equilibrium of 3-hydroxypyridine in aqueous solution. We detect transitions from the occupied orbitals into the LUMO for each tautomer in solution, which report on intrinsic and hydrogen-bond-induced orbital polarization within the π and σ manifolds at the proton-transfer site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods
and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Büchner
- Universität
Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods
and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods
and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods
and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Methods
and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Jay RM, Kunnus K, Wernet P, Gaffney KJ. Capturing Atom-Specific Electronic Structural Dynamics of Transition-Metal Complexes with Ultrafast Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:187-208. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082820-020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The atomic specificity of X-ray spectroscopies provides a distinct perspective on molecular electronic structure. For 3 d metal coordination and organometallic complexes, the combination of metal- and ligand-specific X-ray spectroscopies directly interrogates metal–ligand covalency—the hybridization of metal and ligand electronic states. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), the X-ray analog of resonance Raman scattering, provides access to all classes of valence excited states in transition-metal complexes, making it a particularly powerful means of characterizing the valence electronic structure of 3 d metal complexes. Recent advances in X-ray free-electron laser sources have enabled RIXS to be extended to the ultrafast time domain. We review RIXS studies of two archetypical photochemical processes: charge-transfer excitation in ferricyanide and ligand photodissociation in iron pentacarbonyl. These studies demonstrate femtosecond-resolution RIXS can directly characterize the time-evolving electronic structure, including the evolution of the metal–ligand covalency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden;,
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
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11
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Loe CM, Liekhus-Schmaltz C, Govind N, Khalil M. Spectral Signatures of Ultrafast Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer from Computational Multi-edge Transient X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9840-9847. [PMID: 34606267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is a fundamental chemical process with several applications. Ultrafast ESIPT involves coupled electronic and atomic motions and has been primarily studied using femtosecond optical spectroscopy. X-ray spectroscopy is particularly useful because it is element-specific and enables direct, individual probes of the proton-donating and -accepting atoms. Herein, we report a computational study to resolve the ESIPT in 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (HBQ), an intramolecularly hydrogen bonded compound. We use linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) combined with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) computations to track the ultrafast excited-state dynamics. Our results reveal clear X-ray spectral signatures of coupled electronic and atomic motions during and following ESIPT at the oxygen and nitrogen K-edge, paving the way for future experiments at X-ray free electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Loe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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12
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Eckert S, Vaz da Cruz V, Ochmann M, von Ahnen I, Föhlisch A, Huse N. Breaking the Symmetry of Pyrimidine: Solvent Effects and Core-Excited State Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8637-8643. [PMID: 34472857 PMCID: PMC8436212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry and its breaking crucially define the chemical properties of molecules and their functionality. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering is a local electronic structure probe reporting on molecular symmetry and its dynamical breaking within the femtosecond scattering duration. Here, we study pyrimidine, a system from the C2v point group, in an aqueous solution environment, using scattering though its 2a2 resonance. Despite the absence of clean parity selection rules for decay transitions from in-plane orbitals, scattering channels including decay from the 7b2 and 11a1 orbitals with nitrogen lone pair character are a direct probe for molecular symmetry. Computed spectra of explicitly solvated molecules sampled from a molecular dynamics simulation are combined with the results of a quantum dynamical description of the X-ray scattering process. We observe dominant signatures of core-excited Jahn-Teller induced symmetry breaking for resonant excitation. Solvent contributions are separable by shortening of the effective scattering duration through excitation energy detuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Ochmann
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga von Ahnen
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Astronomie,Universität
Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Institute for Nanostructure and Solid
State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Van Kuiken BE, Ochmann M, Hantschmann M, Cordones AA, Cho H, Hong K, Ma R, Lee JH, Dakovski GL, Turner JJ, Minitti MP, Quevedo W, Pietzsch A, Beye M, Kim TK, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Föhlisch A, Huse N. Following Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Dynamics with Ligand and Spin Specificity Using Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering at the Nitrogen K-Edge. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6676-6683. [PMID: 34260255 PMCID: PMC8312498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the case of photoexcited [Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)3]2+ how femtosecond resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the ligand K-edge allows one to uniquely probe changes in the valence electronic structure following a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation. Metal-ligand hybridization is probed by nitrogen-1s resonances providing information on both the electron-accepting ligand in the MLCT state and the hole density of the metal center. By comparing to spectrum calculations based on density functional theory, we are able to distinguish the electronic structure of the electron-accepting ligand and the other ligands and determine a temporal upper limit of (250 ± 40) fs for electron localization following the charge-transfer excitation. The spin of the localized electron is deduced from the selection rules of the RIXS process establishing new experimental capabilities for probing transient charge and spin densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy A. Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Hana Cho
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Rory Ma
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional
Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241,
South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Georgi L. Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Joshua J. Turner
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences,
Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305,
United States
| | - Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025,
United States
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei
University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
California 94720, United States
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala,
Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie,
Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for
Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für
Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of
Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg,
Germany
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14
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Nascimento DR, Biasin E, Poulter BI, Khalil M, Sokaras D, Govind N. Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering Calculations of Transition Metal Complexes Within a Simplified Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Framework. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3031-3038. [PMID: 33909424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) approach to compute the light-matter couplings between two different manifolds of excited states relative to a common ground state in the context of 4d transition metal systems. These quantities are the necessary ingredients to solve the Kramers-Heisenberg (KH) equation for resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and several other types of two-photon spectroscopies. The procedure is based on the pseudo-wavefunction approach, where the solutions of a TDDFT calculation can be used to construct excited-state wavefunctions, and on the restricted energy window approach, where a manifold of excited states can be rigorously defined based on the energies of the occupied molecular orbitals involved in the excitation process. Thus, the present approach bypasses the need to solve the costly TDDFT quadratic-response equations. We illustrate the applicability of the method to 4d transition metal molecular complexes by calculating the 2p4d RIXS maps of three representative ruthenium complexes and comparing them to experimental results. The method can capture all the experimental features in all three complexes to allow the assignment of the experimental peaks, with relative energies correct to within ∼0.6 eV at the cost of two independent TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Nascimento
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Elisa Biasin
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Benjamin I Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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15
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Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Engel RY, Ekimova M, Miedema PS, Kleine C, Ludwig J, Ochmann M, Grimm-Lebsanft B, Ma R, Teubner M, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Czwalinna MK, Rösner B, Kim TK, David C, Herres-Pawlis S, Rübhausen M, Nibbering ETJ, Huse N, Beye M. Shot noise limited soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy in solution at a SASE-FEL using a transmission grating beam splitter. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:014303. [PMID: 33564694 PMCID: PMC7847311 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy provides element specificity and is a powerful experimental method to probe local unoccupied electronic structures. In the soft x-ray regime, it is especially well suited for the study of 3d-metals and light elements such as nitrogen. Recent developments in vacuum-compatible liquid flat jets have facilitated soft x-ray transmission spectroscopy on molecules in solution, providing information on valence charge distributions of heteroatoms and metal centers. Here, we demonstrate XANES spectroscopy of molecules in solution at the nitrogen K-edge, performed at FLASH, the Free-Electron Laser (FEL) in Hamburg. A split-beam referencing scheme optimally characterizes the strong shot-to-shot fluctuations intrinsic to the process of self-amplified spontaneous emission on which most FELs are based. Due to this normalization, a sensitivity of 1% relative transmission change is achieved, limited by fundamental photon shot noise. The effective FEL bandwidth is increased by streaking the electron energy over the FEL pulse train to measure a wider spectral window without changing FEL parameters. We propose modifications to the experimental setup with the potential of improving the instrument sensitivity by two orders of magnitude, thereby exploiting the high peak fluence of FELs to enable unprecedented sensitivity for femtosecond XANES spectroscopy on liquids in the soft x-ray spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Y. Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carlo Kleine
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel Ochmann
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grimm-Lebsanft
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rory Ma
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Günter Brenner
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Rübhausen
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Institut for Nanostructure and Solid-State Physics, CFEL, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Vaz da Cruz V, Eckert S, Föhlisch A. TD-DFT simulations of K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering within the restricted subspace approximation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:1835-1848. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04726k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Truncation of orbital subspaces in TD-DFT yields an accurate description of RIXS spectra for soft X-ray K-edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Vaz da Cruz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Universität Potsdam
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18
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Nanda KD, Krylov AI. A simple molecular orbital picture of RIXS distilled from many-body damped response theory. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:244118. [PMID: 32611000 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ab initio calculations of resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) often rely on damped response theory, which prevents the divergence of response solutions in the resonant regime. Within the damped response theory formalism, RIXS moments are expressed as the sum over all electronic states of the system [sum-over-states (SOS) expressions]. By invoking resonance arguments, this expression can be reduced to a few terms, an approximation commonly exploited for the interpretation of computed cross sections. We present an alternative approach: a rigorous formalism for deriving a simple molecular orbital picture of the RIXS process from many-body calculations using the damped response theory. In practical implementations, the SOS expressions of RIXS moments are recast in terms of matrix elements between the zero-order wave functions and first-order frequency-dependent response wave functions of the initial and final states such that the RIXS moments can be evaluated using complex response one-particle transition density matrices (1PTDMs). Visualization of these 1PTDMs connects the RIXS process with the changes in electronic density. We demonstrate that the real and imaginary components of the response 1PTDMs can be interpreted as contributions of the undamped off-resonance and damped near-resonance SOS terms, respectively. By analyzing these 1PTDMs in terms of natural transition orbitals, we derive a rigorous, black-box mapping of the RIXS process into a molecular orbital picture. We illustrate the utility of the new tool by analyzing RIXS transitions in the OH radical, benzene, para-nitroaniline, and 4-amino-4'-nitrostilbene. These examples highlight the significance of both the near-resonance and off-resonance channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik D Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
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19
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Norell J, Odelius M, Vacher M. Ultrafast dynamics of photo-excited 2-thiopyridone: Theoretical insights into triplet state population and proton transfer pathways. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:024101. [PMID: 32206689 PMCID: PMC7078009 DOI: 10.1063/1.5143228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast non-adiabatic dynamics of the small heteroaromatic compound 2-thiopyridone has been studied with surface hopping simulations based on multi-configurational quantum chemistry. Initial excitation of the bright S 2 ( π , π * ) state is found to promptly relax to S 1 ( n , π * ) through in-plane motion. The subsequent dynamics are oppositely driven by out-of-plane motion, which results in both complex population transfers among all the available states and intersystem crossing predominantly through the "El-Sayed forbidden" S 1 ( n , π * ) to T 2 ( n , π * ) channel, through significant mixing of electronic excitation characters. Despite this complexity, the femto- to picosecond triplet population, expected from several spectroscopic measurements, is well described as a simple exponential decay of the singlet state manifold. No proton transfer is found in the reported trajectories, but two mechanisms for its possible mediation in previously reported experiments are proposed based on the observed structural dynamics: (i) ultrafast intra-molecular transfer driven by the initially coherent in-plane motion and (ii) inter-molecular solvent-mediated transfer driven by the out-of-plane modes that dominate the later motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Kunnus K, Vacher M, Harlang TCB, Kjær KS, Haldrup K, Biasin E, van Driel TB, Pápai M, Chabera P, Liu Y, Tatsuno H, Timm C, Källman E, Delcey M, Hartsock RW, Reinhard ME, Koroidov S, Laursen MG, Hansen FB, Vester P, Christensen M, Sandberg L, Németh Z, Szemes DS, Bajnóczi É, Alonso-Mori R, Glownia JM, Nelson S, Sikorski M, Sokaras D, Lemke HT, Canton SE, Møller KB, Nielsen MM, Vankó G, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P, Lundberg M, Uhlig J, Gaffney KJ. Vibrational wavepacket dynamics in Fe carbene photosensitizer determined with femtosecond X-ray emission and scattering. Nat Commun 2020; 11:634. [PMID: 32005815 PMCID: PMC6994595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14468-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-equilibrium dynamics of electrons and nuclei govern the function of photoactive materials. Disentangling these dynamics remains a critical goal for understanding photoactive materials. Here we investigate the photoinduced dynamics of the [Fe(bmip)2]2+ photosensitizer, where bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)-pyridine, with simultaneous femtosecond-resolution Fe Kα and Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and X-ray solution scattering (XSS). This measurement shows temporal oscillations in the XES and XSS difference signals with the same 278 fs period oscillation. These oscillations originate from an Fe-ligand stretching vibrational wavepacket on a triplet metal-centered (3MC) excited state surface. This 3MC state is populated with a 110 fs time constant by 40% of the excited molecules while the rest relax to a 3MLCT excited state. The sensitivity of the Kα XES to molecular structure results from a 0.7% average Fe-ligand bond length shift between the 1 s and 2p core-ionized states surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan Kunnus
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias C B Harlang
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper S Kjær
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Elisa Biasin
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim B van Driel
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pavel Chabera
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yizhu Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hideyuki Tatsuno
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cornelia Timm
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Källman
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Delcey
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert W Hartsock
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Marco E Reinhard
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mads G Laursen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frederik B Hansen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Vester
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Christensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lise Sandberg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Sárosiné Szemes
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bajnóczi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - James M Glownia
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Silke Nelson
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Marcin Sikorski
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | | | - Henrik T Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sophie E Canton
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus B Møller
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin M Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 12 4, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kelly J Gaffney
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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21
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Northey T, Norell J, Fouda AEA, Besley NA, Odelius M, Penfold TJ. Ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics probed by nitrogen K-edge absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2667-2676. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dynamics simulations are used to simulate the ultrafast X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectra of photoexcited pyrazine including two strongly coupled electronically excited states and four normal mode degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Northey
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - J. Norell
- Department of Physics
- Stockholm University
- AlbaNova University Center
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | | | - N. A. Besley
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | - M. Odelius
- Department of Physics
- Stockholm University
- AlbaNova University Center
- Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - T. J. Penfold
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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22
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Norell J, Eckert S, Van Kuiken BE, Föhlisch A, Odelius M. Ab initio simulations of complementary K-edges and solvatization effects for detection of proton transfer in aqueous 2-thiopyridone. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114117. [PMID: 31542028 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Norell
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - A. Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Odelius
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Norell J, Ljungdahl A, Odelius M. Interdependent Electronic Structure, Protonation, and Solvatization of Aqueous 2-Thiopyridone. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5555-5567. [PMID: 31244103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
2-Thiopyridone (2-TP), a common model system for excited-state proton transfer, has been simulated in aqueous solution with ab initio molecular dynamics. The interplay of electronic structure, protonation, and solvatization is investigated by comparison of three differently protonated molecular forms and between the lowest singlet and triplet electronic states. An interdependence clearly manifests in the mixed-character T1 state for the 2-TP form, systematic structural distortions of the 2-mercaptopyridine (2-MP) form, and photobase protolysis of the 2-TP- form, in the aqueous phase. In comparison, simplified continuum models for the solvatization are found to be significantly inaccurate for several of the species. To facilitate future computational studies, we therefore present a minimal representative solvatization complex for each stable form and electronic state. Our findings demonstrate the importance of explicit solvatization of the compound and sets the stage for including it also in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anton Ljungdahl
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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Wernet P. Chemical interactions and dynamics with femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and the role of X-ray free-electron lasers. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170464. [PMID: 30929622 PMCID: PMC6452048 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers with intense, tuneable and short-pulse X-ray radiation are transformative tools for the investigation of transition-metal complexes and metalloproteins. This becomes apparent in particular when combining the experimental observables from X-ray spectroscopy with modern theoretical tools for calculations of electronic structures and X-ray spectra from first principles. The combination gives new insights into how charge and spin densities change in chemical reactions and how they determine reactivity. This is demonstrated for the investigations of structural dynamics with metal K-edge absorption spectroscopy, spin states in excited-state dynamics with metal 3p-3d exchange interactions, the frontier-orbital interactions in dissociation and substitution reactions with metal-specific X-ray spectroscopy, and studies of metal oxidation states with femtosecond pulses for 'probe-before-destroy' spectroscopy. The role of X-ray free-electron lasers is addressed with thoughts about how they enable 'bringing back together' different aspects of the same problem and this is thought to go beyond a conventional review paper where these aspects are formulated in italic font type in a prequel, an interlude and in a sequel. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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25
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Eckert S, Norell J, Jay RM, Fondell M, Mitzner R, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. T 1 Population as the Driver of Excited-State Proton-Transfer in 2-Thiopyridone. Chemistry 2019; 25:1733-1739. [PMID: 30452789 PMCID: PMC6470867 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) is a fundamental process in biomolecular photochemistry, but its underlying mediators often evade direct observation. We identify a distinct pathway for ESPT in aqueous 2-thiopyridone, by employing transient N 1s X-ray absorption spectroscopy and multi-configurational spectrum simulations. Photoexcitations to the singlet S2 and S4 states both relax promptly through intersystem crossing to the triplet T1 state. The T1 state, through its rapid population and near nanosecond lifetime, mediates nitrogen site deprotonation by ESPT in a secondary intersystem crossing to the S0 potential energy surface. This conclusively establishes a dominant ESPT pathway for the system in aqueous solution, which is also compatible with previous measurements in acetonitrile. Thereby, the hitherto open questions of the pathway for ESPT in the compound, including its possible dependence on excitation wavelength and choice of solvent, are resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for, Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for, Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for, Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Beye M, Engel RY, Schunck JO, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Miedema PS. Non-linear soft x-ray methods on solids with MUSIX-the multi-dimensional spectroscopy and inelastic x-ray scattering endstation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:014003. [PMID: 30504529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaedf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the intense and coherent x-ray pulses available from free-electron lasers, the possibility to transfer non-linear spectroscopic methods from the laser lab to the x-ray world arises. Advantages especially regarding selectivity and thus information content as well as an improvement of signal levels are expected. The use of coherences is especially fruitful and the example of coherent x-ray/optical sum-frequency generation is discussed. However, many non-linear x-ray methods still await discovery, partially due to the necessity for extremely adaptable and versatile instrumentation that can be brought to free-electron lasers for the analysis of the spectral content emitted from the sample into a continuous range of emission angles. Such an instrument (called MUSIX) is being developed and employed at FLASH, the free-electron laser in Hamburg and is described in this contribution together with first results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Jay RM, Eckert S, Fondell M, Miedema PS, Norell J, Pietzsch A, Quevedo W, Niskanen J, Kunnus K, Föhlisch A. The nature of frontier orbitals under systematic ligand exchange in (pseudo-)octahedral Fe(ii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27745-27751. [PMID: 30211412 PMCID: PMC6240897 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The impact of ligand substitution on metal-ligand covalency and the valence excited state landscape is investigated using resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering.
Understanding and controlling properties of transition metal complexes is a crucial step towards tailoring materials for sustainable energy applications. In a systematic approach, we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to study the influence of ligand substitution on the valence electronic structure around an aqueous iron(ii) center. Exchanging cyanide with 2-2′-bipyridine ligands reshapes frontier orbitals in a way that reduces metal 3d charge delocalization onto the ligands. This net decrease of metal–ligand covalency results in lower metal-centered excited state energies in agreement with previously reported excited state dynamics. Furthermore, traces of solvent-effects were found indicating a varying interaction strength of the solvent with ligands of different character. Our results demonstrate how ligand exchange can be exploited to shape frontier orbitals of transition metal complexes in solution-phase chemistry; insights upon which future efforts can built when tailoring the functionality of photoactive systems for light-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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28
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Ekimova M, Kubin M, Ochmann M, Ludwig J, Huse N, Wernet P, Odelius M, Nibbering ETJ. Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of the Amine Group: Hydrogen Bond Motifs in Alkylamine/Alkylammonium Acid-Base Pairs. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7737-7746. [PMID: 30024171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We use N K-edge absorption spectroscopy to explore the electronic structure of the amine group, one of the most prototypical chemical functionalities playing a key role in acid-base chemistry, electron donor-acceptor interactions, and nucleophilic substitution reactions. In this study, we focus on aliphatic amines and make use of the nitrogen 1s core electron excitations to elucidate the roles of N-H σ* and N-C σ* contributions in the unoccupied orbitals. We have measured N K-edge absorption spectra of the ethylamine bases Et xNH3- x ( x = 0...3; Et- = C2H5-) and the conjugate positively charged ethylammonium cation acids Et yNH4- y+ ( y = 0...4; Et- = C2H5-) dissolved in the protic solvents ethanol and water. Upon consecutive exchange of N-H for ethyl-groups, we observe a spectral shift, a systematic decrease of the N K-edge pre-edge peak, and a major contribution in the post-edge region for the ethylamine series. Instead, for the ethylammonium ions, the consecutive exchange of N-H for ethyl groups leads to an apparent reduction of pre-edge and post-edge intensities relative to the main-edge band, without significant frequency shifts. Building on findings from our previously reported study on aqueous ammonia and ammonium ions, we can rationalize these observations by comparing calculated N K-edge absorption spectra of free and hydrogen-bonded clusters. Hydrogen bonding interactions lead only to minor spectral effects in the ethylamine series, but have a large impact in the ethylammonium ion series. Visualization of the unoccupied molecular orbitals shows the consecutive change in molecular orbital character from N-H σ* to N-C σ* in these alkylamine/alkylammonium ion series. This can act as a benchmark for future studies on chemically more involved amine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ekimova
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max Born Strasse 2A , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Markus Kubin
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Miguel Ochmann
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics , Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , Luruper Chaussee 149 , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jan Ludwig
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics , Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , Luruper Chaussee 149 , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm University , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Erik T J Nibbering
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy , Max Born Strasse 2A , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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29
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Jay RM, Norell J, Eckert S, Hantschmann M, Beye M, Kennedy B, Quevedo W, Schlotter WF, Dakovski GL, Minitti MP, Hoffmann MC, Mitra A, Moeller SP, Nordlund D, Zhang W, Liang HW, Kunnus K, Kubiček K, Techert SA, Lundberg M, Wernet P, Gaffney K, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. Disentangling Transient Charge Density and Metal-Ligand Covalency in Photoexcited Ferricyanide with Femtosecond Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3538-3543. [PMID: 29888918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray spectroscopies are ideal probes of the local valence electronic structure of photocatalytically active metal sites. Here, we apply the selectivity of time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the iron L-edge to the transient charge distribution of an optically excited charge-transfer state in aqueous ferricyanide. Through comparison to steady-state spectra and quantum chemical calculations, the coupled effects of valence-shell closing and ligand-hole creation are experimentally and theoretically disentangled and described in terms of orbital occupancy, metal-ligand covalency, and ligand field splitting, thereby extending established steady-state concepts to the excited-state domain. π-Back-donation is found to be mainly determined by the metal site occupation, whereas the ligand hole instead influences σ-donation. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast resonant inelastic X-ray scattering can help characterize local charge distributions around catalytic metal centers in short-lived charge-transfer excited states, as a step toward future rationalization and tailoring of photocatalytic capabilities of transition-metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ankush Mitra
- LCLS, SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Huiyang W Liang
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Kristjan Kunnus
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | | | - Simone A Techert
- DESY Photon Science , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Institute for X-ray Physics , Göttingen University , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ȧngström Laboratory , Uppsala University , 75121 Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , Università di Siena , 53100 Siena , Italy
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Kelly Gaffney
- PULSE Institute , SLAC , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics , Stockholm University , Albanova University Center , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie , Universität Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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30
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Ochmann M, Hussain A, von Ahnen I, Cordones AA, Hong K, Lee JH, Ma R, Adamczyk K, Kim TK, Schoenlein RW, Vendrell O, Huse N. UV-Photochemistry of the Disulfide Bond: Evolution of Early Photoproducts from Picosecond X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the Sulfur K-Edge. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6554-6561. [PMID: 29771112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated dimethyl disulfide as the basic moiety for understanding the photochemistry of disulfide bonds, which are central to a broad range of biochemical processes. Picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur K-edge provides unique element-specific insight into the photochemistry of the disulfide bond initiated by 267 nm femtosecond pulses. We observe a broad but distinct transient induced absorption spectrum which recovers on at least two time scales in the nanosecond range. We employed RASSCF electronic structure calculations to simulate the sulfur-1s transitions of multiple possible chemical species, and identified the methylthiyl and methylperthiyl radicals as the primary reaction products. In addition, we identify disulfur and the CH2S thione as the secondary reaction products of the perthiyl radical that are most likely to explain the observed spectral and kinetic signatures of our experiment. Our study underscores the importance of elemental specificity and the potential of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy to identify short-lived reaction products in complex reaction schemes that underlie the rich photochemistry of disulfide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics , University of Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Physics , University of Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Inga von Ahnen
- Department of Physics , University of Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Rory Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , South Korea
| | - Katrin Adamczyk
- Department of Physics , University of Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , South Korea
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Lab, Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science , DESY and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics , University of Hamburg and Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
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31
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Eckert S, Niskanen J, Jay RM, Miedema PS, Fondell M, Kennedy B, Quevedo W, Iannuzzi M, Föhlisch A. Valence orbitals and local bond dynamics around N atoms of histidine under X-ray irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:32091-32098. [PMID: 29182178 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05713j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The valence orbitals of aqueous histidine under basic, neutral and acidic conditions and their X-ray induced transformations have been monitored through N 1s resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Using density functional ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in the core-hole state within the Z + 1 approximation, core-excitation-induced molecular transformations are quantified. Spectroscopic evidence for a highly directional X-ray-induced local N-H dissociation within the scattering duration is presented for acidic histidine. Our report demonstrates a protonation-state and chemical-environment dependent propensity for a molecular dissociation, which is induced by the absorption of high energy photons. This case study indicates that structural deformations in biomolecules under exposure to ionizing radiation, yielding possible alteration or loss of function, is highly dependent on the physiological state of the molecule upon irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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32
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Van Kuiken BE, Ross MR, Strader ML, Cordones AA, Cho H, Lee JH, Schoenlein RW, Khalil M. Picosecond sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with applications to excited state proton transfer. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044021. [PMID: 28529962 PMCID: PMC5422206 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond X-ray absorption (XA) spectroscopy at the S K-edge (∼2.4 keV) is demonstrated and used to monitor excited state dynamics in a small organosulfur molecule (2-Thiopyridone, 2TP) following optical excitation. Multiple studies have reported that the thione (2TP) is converted into the thiol (2-Mercaptopyridine, 2MP) following photoexcitation. However, the timescale and photochemical pathway of this reaction remain uncertain. In this work, time-resolved XA spectroscopy at the S K-edge is used to monitor the formation and decay of two transient species following 400 nm excitation of 2TP dissolved in acetonitrile. The first transient species forms within the instrument response time (70 ps) and decays within 6 ns. The second transient species forms on a timescale of ∼400 ps and decays on a 15 ns timescale. Time-dependent density functional theory is used to identify the first and second transient species as the lowest-lying triplet states of 2TP and 2MP, respectively. This study demonstrates transient S K-edge XA spectroscopy as a sensitive and viable probe of time-evolving charge dynamics near sulfur sites in small molecules with future applications towards studying complex biological and material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew R Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matthew L Strader
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Amy A Cordones
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hana Cho
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert W Schoenlein
- Ultrafast X-ray Science Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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33
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Eckert S, Norell J, Miedema PS, Beye M, Fondell M, Quevedo W, Kennedy B, Hantschmann M, Pietzsch A, Van Kuiken BE, Ross M, Minitti MP, Moeller SP, Schlotter WF, Khalil M, Odelius M, Föhlisch A. Ultrafast Independent N-H and N-C Bond Deformation Investigated with Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6088-6092. [PMID: 28374523 PMCID: PMC5485001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The femtosecond excited-state dynamics following resonant photoexcitation enable the selective deformation of N-H and N-C chemical bonds in 2-thiopyridone in aqueous solution with optical or X-ray pulses. In combination with multiconfigurational quantum-chemical calculations, the orbital-specific electronic structure and its ultrafast dynamics accessed with resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the N 1s level using synchrotron radiation and the soft X-ray free-electron laser LCLS provide direct evidence for this controlled photoinduced molecular deformation and its ultrashort timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Eckert
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesper Norell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piter S Miedema
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Hantschmann
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Pietzsch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael P Minitti
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stefan P Moeller
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - William F Schlotter
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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