1
|
Wang H, Guan J, Gao J, Zhang J, Xu Q, Xu G, Jiang L, Xing L, Truhlar DG, Wang Z. Direct Observation of Covalently Bound Clusters in Resonantly Stabilized Radical Reactions and Implications for Carbonaceous Particle Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13571-13579. [PMID: 38710105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Based on quantum mechanically guided experiments that observed elusive intermediates in the domain of inception that lies between large molecules and soot particles, we provide a new mechanism for the formation of carbonaceous particles from gas-phase molecular precursors. We investigated the clustering behavior of resonantly stabilized radicals (RSRs) and their interactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons through a combination of gas-phase reaction experiments and theoretical calculations. Our research directly observed a sequence of covalently bound clusters (CBCs) as key intermediates in the evolution from small RSRs, such as benzyl (C7H7), indenyl (C9H7), 1-methylnaphthyl (1-C11H9), and 2-methylnaphthyl (2-C11H9), to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting of 28 to 55 carbons. We found that hydrogen abstraction and RSR addition drive the formation and growth of CBCs, leading to progressive H-losses, the generation of large PAHs and PAH radicals, and the formation of white smoke (incipient carbonaceous particles). This mechanism of progressive H-losses from CBCs (PHLCBC) elucidates the crucial relationship among RSRs, CBCs, and PAHs, and this study provides an unprecedentedly seamless path of observed assembly from small RSRs to large nanoparticles. Understanding the PHLCBC mechanism over a wide temperature range may enhance the accuracy of multiscale models of soot formation, guide the synthesis of carbonaceous nanomaterials, and deepen our understanding of the origin and evolution of carbon within our galaxy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiwen Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Guangxian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lili Xing
- Energy and Power Engineering Institute, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zhandong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frenklach M, Jasper AW, Mebel AM. Phenalenyl growth reactions and implications for prenucleation chemistry of aromatics in flames. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13034-13048. [PMID: 38587503 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The energetics and kinetics of phenalene and phenalenyl growth reactions were studied theoretically. Rate constants of phenalene and phenalenyl H-abstraction and C2H2 addition to the formed radicals were evaluated through quantum-chemical and rate-theory calculations. The obtained values, assigned to all π radicals, were tested in deterministic and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of aromatics growth under conditions of laminar premixed flames. Kekulé and non-Kekulé structures of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) evolving in the stochastic simulations were identified by on-the-fly constrained optimization. The numerical results demonstrated an increased PAH growth and qualitatively reproduced experimental observations of Homann and co-workers of non-decaying PAH concentrations with nearly equal abundances of even and odd carbon-atom PAHs. The analysis revealed that the PAH growth proceeds via alternating and sterically diverse acetylene and methyl HACA additions. The rapid and diverse spreading in the PAH population supports a nucleation model as PAH dimerization, assisted by the non-equilibrium phenomena, forming planar aromatics first and then transitioning to the PAH-PAH stacking with size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frenklach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Ahren W Jasper
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang CY, Zhao L, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Preparation of the 14π Hückel Polycyclic Aromatic Anthracene and Phenanthrene Isomers (C 14H 10) via the Propargyl Addition-BenzAnnulation (PABA) Mechanism. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400151. [PMID: 38635959 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) imply the missing link between resonantly stabilized free radicals and carbonaceous nanoparticles, commonly referred to as soot particles in combustion systems and interstellar grains in deep space. Whereas gas phase formation pathways to the simplest PAH - naphthalene (C10H8) - are beginning to emerge, reaction pathways leading to the synthesis of the 14π Hückel aromatic PAHs anthracene and phenanthrene (C14H10) are still incomplete. Here, by utilizing a chemical microreactor in conjunction with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization (PI) of the products followed by detection of the ions in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ReTOF-MS), the reaction between the 1'- and 2'-methylnaphthyl radicals (C11H9⋅) with the propargyl radical (C3H3⋅) accesses anthracene (C14H10) and phenanthrene (C14H10) via the Propargyl Addition-BenzAnnulation (PABA) mechanism in conjunction with a hydrogen assisted isomerization. The preferential formation of the thermodynamically less stable anthracene isomer compared to phenanthrene suggests a kinetic, rather than a thermodynamics control of the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96888, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kanayama K, Nakamura H, Maruta K, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Conformer-Specific Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Carbonic Acid: H 2CO 3. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2658-2664. [PMID: 38426443 PMCID: PMC10945571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a fundamental species in biological, ecological, and astronomical systems. However, its spectroscopic characterization is incomplete because of its reactive nature. The photoionization (PI) and the photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron (ms-TPE) spectra of H2CO3 were obtained by utilizing vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation and double imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Two carbonic acid conformers, namely, cis-cis and cis-trans, were identified. Experimental adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) of cis-cis and cis-trans H2CO3 were determined to be 11.27 ± 0.02 and 11.18 ± 0.03 eV, and the cation enthalpies of formation could be derived as ΔfH°0K = 485 ± 2 and 482 ± 3 kJ mol-1, respectively. The cis-cis conformer shows intense peaks in the ms-TPES that are assigned to the C=O/C-OH stretching mode, while the cis-trans conformer exhibits a long progression to which two C=O/C-OH stretching modes contribute. The TPE spectra allow for the sensitive and conformer-selective detection of carbonic acid in terrestrial experiments to better understand astrochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kanayama
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nakamura
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kaoru Maruta
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory
for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steenbakkers K, van Boxtel T, Groenenboom GC, Asvany O, Redlich B, Schlemmer S, Brünken S. Leak-out spectroscopy as alternative method to rare-gas tagging for the Renner-Teller perturbed HCCH + and DCCD + ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2692-2703. [PMID: 38175663 PMCID: PMC10793980 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04989b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Infrared messenger-tagging predissociation action spectroscopy (IRPD) is a well-established technique to record vibrational spectra of reactive molecular ions. One of its major drawbacks is that the spectrum of the messenger-ion complex is taken instead of that of the bare ion. In particular for small open-shell species, such as the Renner-Teller (RT) affected HCCH+ and DCCD+, the attachment of the tag may have a significant impact on the spectral features. Here we present the application of the novel leak-out spectroscopy (LOS) as a tag-free method to record the cis-bending of the HCCH+ (∼700 cm-1) and DCCD+ cations (∼520 cm-1), using a cryogenic ion trap end user station at the FELIX laboratory. We demonstrate that the obtained LOS spectrum is equivalent to a previously recorded laser-induced reactions (LIR) spectrum of HCCH+. The bending modes are the energetically lowest-lying vibrational modes targeted with LOS so far, showing its potential as a universal broadband spectroscopic technique. Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of the rare gas attachment by recording the vibrational spectra of Ne- and Ar-tagged HCCH+. We found that the Ne-attachment led to a shift in band positions and change in relative intensities, while the Ar-attachment even led to a complete quenching of the RT splitting, showing the importance of using a tag-free method for RT affected systems. The results are interpreted with the help of high-level ab initio calculations in combination with an effective Hamiltonian approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Steenbakkers
- Radboud University, FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom van Boxtel
- Radboud University, FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit C Groenenboom
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Oskar Asvany
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Britta Redlich
- Radboud University, FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Sandra Brünken
- Radboud University, FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Medvedkov IA, Nikolayev AA, He C, Yang Z, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. One Collision-Two Substituents: Gas-Phase Preparation of Xylenes under Single-Collision Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202315147. [PMID: 38072833 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental reaction pathways to the simplest dialkylsubstituted aromatics-xylenes (C6 H4 (CH3 )2 )-in high-temperature combustion flames and in low-temperature extraterrestrial environments are still unknown, but critical to understand the chemistry and molecular mass growth processes in these extreme environments. Exploiting crossed molecular beam experiments augmented by state-of-the-art electronic structure and statistical calculations, this study uncovers a previously elusive, facile gas-phase synthesis of xylenes through an isomer-selective reaction of 1-propynyl (methylethynyl, CH3 CC) with 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene, C5 H8 ). The reaction dynamics are driven by a barrierless addition of the radical to the diene moiety of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene followed by extensive isomerization (hydrogen shifts, cyclization) prior to unimolecular decomposition accompanied by aromatization via atomic hydrogen loss. This overall exoergic reaction affords a preparation of xylenes not only in high-temperature environments such as in combustion flames and around circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars, but also in low-temperature cold molecular clouds (10 K) and in hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons such as Triton and Titan. Our study established a hitherto unknown gas-phase route to xylenes and potentially more complex, disubstituted benzenes via a single collision event highlighting the significance of an alkyl-substituted ethynyl-mediated preparation of aromatic molecules in our Universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iakov A Medvedkov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Preitschopf T, Sturm F, Stroganova I, Lemmens AK, Rijs AM, Fischer I. IR/UV Double Resonance Study of the 2-Phenylallyl Radical and its Pyrolysis Products. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202943. [PMID: 36479856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isolated 2-phenylallyl radicals (2-PA), generated by pyrolysis from a nitrite precursor, have been investigated by IR/UV ion dip spectroscopy using free electron laser radiation. 2-PA is a resonance-stabilized radical that is considered to be involved in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in combustion, but also in interstellar space. The radical is identified based on its gas-phase IR spectrum. Furthermore, a number of bimolecular reaction products are identified, showing that the self-reaction as well as reactions with unimolecular decomposition products of 2-PA form several PAH efficiently. Possible mechanisms are discussed and the chemistry of 2-PA is compared with the one of the related 2-methylallyl and phenylpropargyl radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Preitschopf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Floriane Sturm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iuliia Stroganova
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander K Lemmens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lemmens AK, Rap DB, Brünken S, Buma WJ, Rijs AM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth in a benzene discharge explored by IR-UV action spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14816-14824. [PMID: 35695165 PMCID: PMC9215700 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01631a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infrared signatures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are detected towards many phases of stellar evolution. PAHs are major players in the carbon chemistry of the interstellar medium, forming the connection between small hydrocarbons and large fullerenes. However, as details on the formation of PAHs in these environments are still unclear, modeling their abundance and chemistry has remained far from trivial. By combining molecular beam mass-selective IR spectroscopy and calculated IR spectra, we analyze the discharge of benzene and identify resulting products including larger PAHs, radicals and intermediates that serve as promising candidates for radio astronomical searches. The identification of various reaction products indicates that different gas-phase reaction mechanisms leading to PAH growth must occur under the same conditions to account for all observed PAH-related species, thereby revealing the complex and interconnected network of PAH formation pathways. The results of this study highlight key (exothermic) reactions that need to be included in astrochemical models describing the carbon chemistry in our universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Lemmens
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Daniël B. Rap
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Brünken
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud UniversityToernooiveld 76525 EDNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Anouk M. Rijs
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 11081081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaiser RI, Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Zagidullin MV, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Formation of Benzene and Naphthalene through Cyclopentadienyl-Mediated Radical-Radical Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:208-213. [PMID: 34967648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Resonantly stabilized free radicals (RSFRs) have been contemplated as fundamental molecular building blocks and reactive intermediates in molecular mass growth processes leading to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonaceous nanoparticles on Earth and in deep space. By combining molecular beams and computational fluid dynamics simulations, we provide compelling evidence on the formation of benzene via the cyclopentadienyl-methyl reaction and of naphthalene through the cyclopentadienyl self-reaction, respectively. These systems offer benchmarks for the conversion of a five-membered ring to the 6π-aromatic (benzene) and the generation of the simplest 10π-PAH (naphthalene) at elevated temperatures. These results uncover molecular mass growth processes from the "bottom up" via RSFRs in high temperature circumstellar environments and combustion systems expanding our fundamental knowledge of the organic, hydrocarbon chemistry in our universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marsel V Zagidullin
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara Branch, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara Branch, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao L, Prendergast M, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Lu W, Ahmed M, Hasan Howlader A, Wnuk SF, Korotchenko AS, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. A molecular beam and computational study on the barrierless gas phase formation of (iso)quinoline in low temperature extraterrestrial environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18495-18505. [PMID: 34612388 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress toward the understanding of the formation pathways leading to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion systems and in deep space, the complex reaction pathways leading to nitrogen-substituted PAHs (NPAHs) at low temperatures of molecular clouds and hydrocarbon-rich, nitrogen-containing atmospheres of planets and their moons like Titan have remained largely obscure. Here, we demonstrate through laboratory experiments and computations that the simplest prototype of NPAHs - quinoline and isoquinoline (C9H7N) - can be synthesized via rapid and de-facto barrier-less reactions involving o-, m- and p-pyridinyl radicals (C5H4N˙) with vinylacetylene (C4H4) under low-temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao L, Lu W, Ahmed M, Zagidullin MV, Azyazov VN, Morozov AN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Gas-phase synthesis of benzene via the propargyl radical self-reaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabf0360. [PMID: 34020951 PMCID: PMC8139581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been invoked in fundamental molecular mass growth processes in our galaxy. We provide compelling evidence of the formation of the very first ringed aromatic and building block of PAHs-benzene-via the self-recombination of two resonantly stabilized propargyl (C3H3) radicals in dilute environments using isomer-selective synchrotron-based mass spectrometry coupled to theoretical calculations. Along with benzene, three other structural isomers (1,5-hexadiyne, fulvene, and 2-ethynyl-1,3-butadiene) and o-benzyne are detected, and their branching ratios are quantified experimentally and verified with the aid of computational fluid dynamics and kinetic simulations. These results uncover molecular growth pathways not only in interstellar, circumstellar, and solar systems environments but also in combustion systems, which help us gain a better understanding of the hydrocarbon chemistry of our universe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | | | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
This Perspective presents recent advances in our knowledge of the fundamental elementary mechanisms involved in the low- and high-temperature molecular mass growth processes to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion systems and in extraterrestrial environments (hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons, cold molecular clouds, circumstellar envelopes). Molecular beam studies combined with electronic structure calculations extracted five key elementary mechanisms: Hydrogen Abstraction-Acetylene Addition, Hydrogen Abstraction-Vinylacetylene Addition, Phenyl Addition-DehydroCyclization, Radical-Radical Reactions, and Methylidyne Addition-Cyclization-Aromatization. These studies, summarized here, provide compelling evidence that key classes of aromatic molecules can be synthesized in extreme environments covering low temperatures in molecular clouds (10 K) and hydrocarbon-rich atmospheres of planets and their moons (35-150 K) to high-temperature environments like circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars stars and combustion systems at temperatures above 1400 K thus shedding light on the aromatic universe we live in.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Nils Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
d'Ischia M, Manini P, Martins Z, Remusat L, O'D Alexander CM, Puzzarini C, Barone V, Saladino R. Insoluble organic matter in chondrites: Archetypal melanin-like PAH-based multifunctionality at the origin of life? Phys Life Rev 2021; 37:65-93. [PMID: 33774429 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An interdisciplinary review of the chemical literature that points to a unifying scenario for the origin of life, referred to as the Primordial Multifunctional organic Entity (PriME) scenario, is provided herein. In the PriME scenario it is suggested that the Insoluble Organic Matter (IOM) in carbonaceous chondrites, as well as interplanetary dust particles from meteorites and comets may have played an important role in the three most critical processes involved in the origin of life, namely 1) metabolism, via a) the provision and accumulation of molecules that are the building blocks of life, b) catalysis (e.g., by templation), and c) protection of developing life molecules against radiation by excited state deactivation; 2) compartmentalization, via adsorption of compounds on the exposed organic surfaces in fractured meteorites, and 3) replication, via deaggregation, desorption and related physical phenomena. This scenario is based on the hitherto overlooked structural and physicochemical similarities between the IOM and the dark, insoluble, multifunctional melanin polymers found in bacteria and fungi and associated with the ability of these microorganisms to survive extreme conditions, including ionizing radiation. The underlying conceptual link between these two materials is strengthened by the fact that primary precursors of bacterial and fungal melanins (collectively referred to herein as allomelanins) are hydroxylated aromatic compounds like homogentisic acid and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, and that similar hydroxylated aromatic compounds, including hydroxynaphthalenes, figure prominently among possible components of the organic materials on dust grains and ices in the interstellar matter, and may be involved in the formation of IOM in meteorites. Inspired by this rationale, a vis-à-vis review of the properties of IOM from various chondrites and non-nitrogenous allomelanin pigments from bacteria and fungi is provided herein. The unrecognized similarities between these materials may pave the way for a novel scenario at the origin of life, in which IOM-related complex organic polymers delivered to the early Earth are proposed to serve as PriME and were preserved and transformed in those primitive forms of life that shared the ability to synthesize melanin polymers playing an important role in the critical processes underlying the establishment of terrestrial eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Zita Martins
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laurent Remusat
- Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Conel M O'D Alexander
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA
| | - Cristina Puzzarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, I-40126, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barone
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Biological and Ecological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
He C, Nikolayev AA, Zhao L, Thomas AM, Doddipatla S, Galimova GR, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Formation of C 5H 6 Isomers via the Crossed Molecular Beam Reaction of the Methylidyne Radical (CH; X 2Π) with 1,2-Butadiene (CH 3CHCCH 2; X 1A'). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:126-138. [PMID: 33397109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The bimolecular gas-phase reaction of the methylidyne radical (CH; X2Π) with 1,2-butadiene (CH2CCHCH3; X1A') was investigated at a collision energy of 20.6 kJ mol-1 under single collision conditions. Combining our laboratory data with high-level electronic structure calculations, we reveal that this bimolecular reaction proceeds through the barrierless addition of the methylidyne radical to the carbon-carbon double bonds of 1,2-butadiene leading to doublet C5H7 intermediates. These collision adducts undergo a nonstatistical unimolecular decomposition through atomic hydrogen elimination to at least the cyclic 1-vinyl-cyclopropene (p5/p26), 1-methyl-3-methylenecyclopropene (p28), and 1,2-bis(methylene)cyclopropane (p29) in overall exoergic reactions. The barrierless nature of this bimolecular reaction suggests that these cyclic C5H6 isomers might be viable targets to be searched for in cold molecular clouds like TMC-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | | | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Aaron M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Galiya R Galimova
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russian Federation.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kohse-Höinghaus K. Combustion in the future: The importance of chemistry. PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMBUSTION 2020; 38:S1540-7489(20)30501-0. [PMID: 33013234 PMCID: PMC7518234 DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combustion involves chemical reactions that are often highly exothermic. Combustion systems utilize the energy of chemical compounds released during this reactive process for transportation, to generate electric power, or to provide heat for various applications. Chemistry and combustion are interlinked in several ways. The outcome of a combustion process in terms of its energy and material balance, regarding the delivery of useful work as well as the generation of harmful emissions, depends sensitively on the molecular nature of the respective fuel. The design of efficient, low-emission combustion processes in compliance with air quality and climate goals suggests a closer inspection of the molecular properties and reactions of conventional, bio-derived, and synthetic fuels. Information about flammability, reaction intensity, and potentially hazardous combustion by-products is important also for safety considerations. Moreover, some of the compounds that serve as fuels can assume important roles in chemical energy storage and conversion. Combustion processes can furthermore be used to synthesize materials with attractive properties. A systematic understanding of the combustion behavior thus demands chemical knowledge. Desirable information includes properties of the thermodynamic states before and after the combustion reactions and relevant details about the dynamic processes that occur during the reactive transformations from the fuel and oxidizer to the products under the given boundary conditions. Combustion systems can be described, tailored, and improved by taking chemical knowledge into account. Combining theory, experiment, model development, simulation, and a systematic analysis of uncertainties enables qualitative or even quantitative predictions for many combustion situations of practical relevance. This article can highlight only a few of the numerous investigations on chemical processes for combustion and combustion-related science and applications, with a main focus on gas-phase reaction systems. It attempts to provide a snapshot of recent progress and a guide to exciting opportunities that drive such research beyond fossil combustion.
Collapse
Key Words
- 2M2B, 2-methyl-2-butene
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- ALS, Advanced Light Source
- APCI, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- ARAS, atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy
- ATcT, Active Thermochemical Tables
- BC, black carbon
- BEV, battery electric vehicle
- BTL, biomass-to-liquid
- Biofuels
- CA, crank angle
- CCS, carbon capture and storage
- CEAS, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- CI, compression ignition
- CRDS, cavity ring-down spectroscopy
- CTL, coal-to-liquid
- Combustion
- Combustion chemistry
- Combustion diagnostics
- Combustion kinetics
- Combustion modeling
- Combustion synthesis
- DBE, di-n-butyl ether
- DCN, derived cetane number
- DEE, diethyl ether
- DFT, density functional theory
- DFWM, degenerate four-wave mixing
- DMC, dimethyl carbonate
- DME, dimethyl ether
- DMM, dimethoxy methane
- DRIFTS, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy
- EGR, exhaust gas recirculation
- EI, electron ionization
- Emissions
- Energy
- Energy conversion
- FC, fuel cell
- FCEV, fuel cell electric vehicle
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- FT, Fischer-Tropsch
- FTIR, Fourier-transform infrared
- Fuels
- GC, gas chromatography
- GHG, greenhouse gas
- GTL, gas-to-liquid
- GW, global warming
- HAB, height above the burner
- HACA, hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition
- HCCI, homogeneous charge compression ignition
- HFO, heavy fuel oil
- HRTEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- IC, internal combustion
- ICEV, internal combustion engine vehicle
- IE, ionization energy
- IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IR, infrared
- JSR, jet-stirred reactor
- KDE, kernel density estimation
- KHP, ketohydroperoxide
- LCA, lifecycle analysis
- LH2, liquid hydrogen
- LIF, laser-induced fluorescence
- LIGS, laser-induced grating spectroscopy
- LII, laser-induced incandescence
- LNG, liquefied natural gas
- LOHC, liquid organic hydrogen carrier
- LT, low-temperature
- LTC, low-temperature combustion
- MBMS, molecular-beam MS
- MDO, marine diesel oil
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTO, methanol-to-olefins
- MVK, methyl vinyl ketone
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NTC, negative temperature coefficient
- OME, oxymethylene ether
- OTMS, Orbitrap MS
- PACT, predictive automated computational thermochemistry
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PDF, probability density function
- PEM, polymer electrolyte membrane
- PEPICO, photoelectron photoion coincidence
- PES, photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- PFR, plug-flow reactor
- PI, photoionization
- PIE, photoionization efficiency
- PIV, particle imaging velocimetry
- PLIF, planar laser-induced fluorescence
- PM, particulate matter
- PM10 PM2,5, sampled fractions with sizes up to ∼10 and ∼2,5 µm
- PRF, primary reference fuel
- QCL, quantum cascade laser
- RCCI, reactivity-controlled compression ignition
- RCM, rapid compression machine
- REMPI, resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionization
- RMG, reaction mechanism generator
- RON, research octane number
- Reaction mechanisms
- SI, spark ignition
- SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry
- SNG, synthetic natural gas
- SNR, signal-to-noise ratio
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SOEC, solid-oxide electrolysis cell
- SOFC, solid-oxide fuel cell
- SOx, sulfur oxides
- STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
- SVO, straight vegetable oil
- Synthetic fuels
- TDLAS, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
- TOF-MS, time-of-flight MS
- TPES, threshold photoelectron spectrum/spectra
- TPRF, toluene primary reference fuel
- TSI, threshold sooting index
- TiRe-LII, time-resolved LII
- UFP, ultrafine particle
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- VUV, vacuum ultraviolet
- WLTP, Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure
- XAS, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
- YSI, yield sooting index
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu M, Chu T, Jocher A, Smith MC, Lengyel I, Green WH. Predicting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation with an automatically generated mechanism for acetylene pyrolysis. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Te‐Chun Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Agnes Jocher
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Mica C. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tuli LB, Mebel AM. Formation of phenanthrene via H‐assisted isomerization of 2‐ethynylbiphenyl produced in the reaction of phenyl with phenylacetylene. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotefa Binta Tuli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. A Unified Mechanism on the Formation of Acenes, Helicenes, and Phenacenes in the Gas Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Samara National Research University Samara 443086 Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. A Unified Mechanism on the Formation of Acenes, Helicenes, and Phenacenes in the Gas Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4051-4058. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Samara National Research University Samara 443086 Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lemmens AK, Rap DB, Thunnissen JMM, Willemsen B, Rijs AM. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation chemistry in a plasma jet revealed by IR-UV action spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:269. [PMID: 31937755 PMCID: PMC6959308 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most abundant complex molecules in the interstellar medium; however, their possible formation pathways from small molecular species are still elusive. In the present work, we follow and characterize the formation of PAHs in an electrical discharge, specifically the PAH naphthalene in a molecular beam of argon. The fragments, products and reaction intermediates are unambiguously structurally identified by mass-selective IR-UV spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. This experiment provides evidence of the formation of larger PAHs containing up to four cyclic rings in the gas phase originating from a non-radical PAH molecule as a precursor. In addition to PAH formation, key resonance stabilized radical intermediates and intermediates containing di-acetylenic side groups are unambiguously identified in our experiment. We thereby not only reveal competing formation pathways to larger PAHs, but also identify intermediate species to PAH formation that are candidates for detection in radio-astronomy. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in the interstellar medium but their origin is unclear. Here the authors investigate large PAH formation from smaller PAHs in a plasma jet by mass-selective IR and UV laser spectroscopy, uncovering diacetylene radical addition as formation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Lemmens
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël B Rap
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M M Thunnissen
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan Willemsen
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmed M, Kostko O. From atoms to aerosols: probing clusters and nanoparticles with synchrotron based mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2713-2737. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation provides insight into spectroscopy and dynamics in clusters and nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
New ideas and theoretical results offer a solution to soot particle inception following critical examination of prior proposals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frenklach
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
- Samara National Research University
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Ahmed M, Oleinikov AD, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF. Gas phase formation of phenalene via 10π-aromatic, resonantly stabilized free radical intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15381-15388. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1H-Phenalene can be synthesized via the reaction of the 1-naphthyl radical with methylacetylene and allene under high temperature conditions prevalent in carbon-rich circumstellar environments and combustion systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Artem D. Oleinikov
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Lebedev Physical Institute
| | - Valeriy N. Azyazov
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Lebedev Physical Institute
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - A. Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Stanislaw F. Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao L, Prendergast MB, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Sun B, Chen Y, Chang AHH, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR. Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Phenyl Addition–Dehydrocyclization: The Third Way. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue‐Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rana K. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao L, Prendergast MB, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Sun B, Chen Y, Chang AHH, Mohamed RK, Fischer FR. Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Phenyl Addition–Dehydrocyclization: The Third Way. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17442-17450. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | | | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yue‐Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rana K. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu Hawaii 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Felix R. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Caster KL, Donnellan ZN, Selby TM, Goulay F. Kinetic Investigations of the CH (X2Π) Radical Reaction with Cyclopentadiene. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5692-5703. [PMID: 31194547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kacee L. Caster
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Zachery N. Donnellan
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Talitha M. Selby
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095, United States
| | - F. Goulay
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Lu W, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Zagidullin MV, Morozov AN, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM, Joshi D, Veber G, Fischer FR. Gas phase synthesis of [4]-helicene. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1510. [PMID: 30944302 PMCID: PMC6447558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to racemic helicenes via a vinylacetylene mediated gas phase chemistry involving elementary reactions with aryl radicals is presented. In contrast to traditional synthetic routes involving solution chemistry and ionic reaction intermediates, the gas phase synthesis involves a targeted ring annulation involving free radical intermediates. Exploiting the simplest helicene as a benchmark, we show that the gas phase reaction of the 4-phenanthrenyl radical ([C14H9]•) with vinylacetylene (C4H4) yields [4]-helicene (C18H12) along with atomic hydrogen via a low-barrier mechanism through a resonance-stabilized free radical intermediate (C18H13). This pathway may represent a versatile mechanism to build up even more complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as [5]- and [6]-helicene via stepwise ring annulation through bimolecular gas phase reactions in circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich stars, whereas secondary reactions involving hydrogen atom assisted isomerization of thermodynamically less stable isomers of [4]-helicene might be important in combustion flames as well. Helicenes represent key building blocks leading eventually to carbonaceous nanostructures. Here, exploiting [4]-helicene as a benchmark, the authors present a synthetic route to racemic helicenes via a vinylacetylene mediated gas phase chemistry with aryl radicals involving ring annulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander N Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - A Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russia.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Dharati Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy Nano Sciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abplanalp MJ, Góbi S, Kaiser RI. On the formation and the isomer specific detection of methylacetylene (CH 3CCH), propene (CH 3CHCH 2), cyclopropane (c-C 3H 6), vinylacetylene (CH 2CHCCH), and 1,3-butadiene (CH 2CHCHCH 2) from interstellar methane ice analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5378-5393. [PMID: 30221272 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03921f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure methane (CH4) ices processed by energetic electrons under ultra-high vacuum conditions to simulate secondary electrons formed via galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) penetrating interstellar ice mantles have been shown to produce an array of complex hydrocarbons with the general formulae: CnH2n+2 (n = 4-8), CnH2n (n = 3-9), CnH2n-2 (n = 3-9), CnH2n-4 (n = 4-9), and CnH2n-6 (n = 6-7). By monitoring the in situ chemical evolution of the ice combined with temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies and tunable single photon ionization coupled to a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer, specific isomers of C3H4, C3H6, C4H4, and C4H6 were probed. These experiments confirmed the synthesis of methylacetylene (CH3CCH), propene (CH3CHCH2), cyclopropane (c-C3H6), vinylacetylene (CH2CHCCH), 1-butyne (HCCC2H5), 2-butyne (CH3CCCH3), 1,2-butadiene (H2CCCH(CH3)), and 1,3-butadiene (CH2CHCHCH2) with yields of 2.17 ± 0.95 × 10-4, 3.7 ± 1.5 × 10-3, 1.23 ± 0.77 × 10-4, 1.28 ± 0.65 × 10-4, 4.01 ± 1.98 × 10-5, 1.97 ± 0.98 × 10-4, 1.90 ± 0.84 × 10-5, and 1.41 ± 0.72 × 10-4 molecules eV-1, respectively. Mechanistic studies exploring the formation routes of methylacetylene, propene, and vinylacetylene were also conducted, and revealed the additional formation of the 1,2,3-butatriene isomer. Several of the above isomers, methylacetylene, propene, vinylacetylene, and 1,3-butadiene, have repeatedly been shown to be important precursors in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but until now their interstellar synthesis has remained elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Abplanalp
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Alliati M, Donaghy D, Tu X, Bradley JW. Ionic Species in a Naphthalene Plasma: Understanding Fragmentation Patterns and Growth of PAHs. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2107-2113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Alliati
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - David Donaghy
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - James W Bradley
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhao L, Xu B, Ablikim U, Lu W, Ahmed M, Evseev MM, Bashkirov EK, Azyazov VN, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Gas‐Phase Synthesis of Triphenylene (C
18
H
12
). Chemphyschem 2019; 20:791-797. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201801154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | | | - Valeriy N. Azyazov
- Samara National Research University Samara 443086 Russia
- Department of Chemical & Electric Discharge Lasers Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS Samara 443011 Russia
| | - A. Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Stanislaw F. Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Samara National Research University Samara 443086 Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zagidullin MV, Kaiser RI, Porfiriev DP, Zavershinskiy IP, Ahmed M, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Functional Relationships between Kinetic, Flow, and Geometrical Parameters in a High-Temperature Chemical Microreactor. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8819-8827. [PMID: 30345750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and isothermal approximation were applied for the interpretation of experimental measurements of the C10H7Br pyrolysis efficiency in the high-temperature microreactor and of the pressure drop in the flow tube of the reactor. Applying isothermal approximation allows the derivation of analytical relationships between the kinetic, gas flow, and geometrical parameters of the microreactor, which, along with CFD simulations, accurately predict the experimental observations. On the basis of the obtained analytical relationships, a clear strategy for measuring rate coefficients of (pseudo) first-order bimolecular and unimolecular reactions using the microreactor was proposed. The pressure- and temperature-dependent rate coefficients for the C10H7Br pyrolysis calculated using variable reaction coordinate transition state theory were invoked to interpret the experimental data on the pyrolysis efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Zagidullin
- Samara University , Samara 443086 , Russia.,Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | - R I Kaiser
- Samara University , Samara 443086 , Russia.,University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - D P Porfiriev
- Samara University , Samara 443086 , Russia.,Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | | | - M Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - V N Azyazov
- Samara University , Samara 443086 , Russia.,Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | - A M Mebel
- Samara University , Samara 443086 , Russia.,Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Zagidullin MV, Azyazov VN, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM. VUV Photoionization Study of the Formation of the Simplest Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Naphthalene (C 10H 8). J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2620-2626. [PMID: 29717871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), naphthalene (C10H8), was explored in a high-temperature chemical reactor under combustion-like conditions in the phenyl (C6H5)-vinylacetylene (C4H4) system. The products were probed utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet light by scanning the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve at a mass-to-charge m/ z = 128 (C10H8+) of molecules entrained in a molecular beam. The data fitting with PIE reference curves of naphthalene, 4-phenylvinylacetylene (C6H5CCC2H3), and trans-1-phenylvinylacetylene (C6H5CHCHCCH) indicates that the isomers were generated with branching ratios of 43.5±9.0 : 6.5±1.0 : 50.0±10.0%. Kinetics simulations agree nicely with the experimental findings with naphthalene synthesized via the hydrogen abstraction-vinylacetylene addition (HAVA) pathway and through hydrogen-assisted isomerization of phenylvinylacetylenes. The HAVA route to naphthalene at elevated temperatures represents an alternative pathway to the hydrogen abstraction-acetylene addition (HACA) forming naphthalene in flames and circumstellar envelopes, whereas in cold molecular clouds, HAVA synthesizes naphthalene via a barrierless bimolecular route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marsel V Zagidullin
- Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | - A Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
- Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bouwman J, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Nitrogen matters: the difference between PANH and PAH formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29910-29917. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the large stability of the nitrile group, the N-substituted aromatic molecule quinoline does not form in the phenyl + acrylonitrile reaction, in contrast to naphthalene formation in the isoelectronic phenyl + vinylacetylene reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Bouwman
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics
- Leiden Observatory
- Leiden University
- NL 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- 5232 Villigen
- Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry
- Paul Scherrer Institute
- 5232 Villigen
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australien
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wentrup C. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis: Techniques and Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14808-14835. [PMID: 28675675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) had its beginnings in the 1940s and 1950s, mainly through mass spectrometric detection of pyrolytically formed free radicals. In the 1960s many organic chemists started performing FVP experiments with the purpose of isolating new and interesting compounds and understanding pyrolysis processes. Meanwhile, many different types of apparatus and techniques have been developed, and it is the purpose of this review to present the most important methods as well as a survey of typical reactions and observations that can be achieved with the various techniques. This includes preparative FVP, chemical trapping reactions, matrix isolation, and low temperature spectroscopy of reactive intermediates and unstable molecules, the use of online mass, photoelectron, microwave, and millimeterwave spectroscopies, gas-phase laser pyrolysis, pulsed pyrolysis with supersonic jet expansion, very low pressure pyrolysis for kinetic investigations, solution-spray and falling-solid FVP for involatile compounds, and pyrolysis over solid supports and reagents. Moreover, the combination of FVP with matrix isolation and photochemistry is a powerful tool for investigations of reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Thomas AM, Lucas M, Yang T, Kaiser RI, Fuentes L, Belisario‐Lara D, Mebel AM. A Free‐Radical Pathway to Hydrogenated Phenanthrene in Molecular Clouds—Low Temperature Growth of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1971-1976. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Michael Lucas
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Luis Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Daniel Belisario‐Lara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL 33199 USA
| |
Collapse
|