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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Popov RS, Chingizova EA, Menchinskaya ES, Zelepuga EA, Tabakmakher KM, Stepanov VG, Kalinin VI. The Composition of Triterpene Glycosides in the Sea Cucumber Psolus peronii: Anticancer Activity of the Glycosides against Three Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR). Mar Drugs 2024; 22:292. [PMID: 39057402 PMCID: PMC11278233 DOI: 10.3390/md22070292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Eight sulfated triterpene glycosides, peronioside A (1) and psolusosides A (2), B (3), G (4), I (5), L (6), N (7) and P (8), were isolated from the sea cucumber Psolus peronii. Peronioside A (1) is a new glycoside, while compounds 2-8 were found previously in Psolus fabricii, indicating the phylogenetic and systematic closeness of these species of sea cucumbers. The activity of 1-8 against human erythrocytes and their cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, T-47D and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 were tested. The most active against cancer cell compounds, psolusosides A (2) and L (6), which were not cytotoxic to the non-transformed cells of the mammary gland, were chosen to study the inhibition of the migration, formation and growth of colonies of the cancer cell lines. Glycoside 2 effectively inhibited the growth of colonies and the migration of the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Compound 6 blocked the growth of colonies of T-47D cells and showed a pronounced antimigration effect on MDA-MB-231 cells. The quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) indicated the strong impact on the activity of the form and size of the molecules, which is connected to the length and architecture of the carbohydrate chain, the distribution of charge on the molecules' surface and various aspects of hydrogen bond formation, depending on the quantity and positions of the sulfate groups. The QSAR calculations were in good accordance with the observed SAR tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sergeevna Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Anatoly Ivanovich Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Sergey Anatolievich Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Roman Sergeevich Popov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Ekaterina Alexandrovna Chingizova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Ekaterina Sergeevna Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Elena Alexandrovna Zelepuga
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Kseniya Mikhailovna Tabakmakher
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
| | - Vadim Georgievich Stepanov
- Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Partizanskaya st. 6, 683000 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Ivanovich Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.I.K.); (S.A.A.); (R.S.P.); (E.A.C.); (E.S.M.); (E.A.Z.); (K.M.T.)
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Zhang Z, Wu R, Cao S, Li J, Huang G, Wang H, Yang T, Tang W, Xu P, Yu B. Merging total synthesis and NMR technology for deciphering the realistic structure of natural 2,6-dideoxyglycosides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn1305. [PMID: 38608021 PMCID: PMC11014444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The structural identification and efficient synthesis of bioactive 2,6-dideoxyglycosides are daunting challenges. Here, we report the total synthesis and structural revision of a series of 2,6-dideoxyglycosides from folk medicinal plants Ecdysanthera rosea and Chonemorpha megacalyx, which feature pregnane steroidal aglycones bearing an 18,20-lactone and glycans consisting of 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-β-pyranose residues, including ecdysosides A, B, and F and ecdysantheroside A. All the eight possible 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-β-pyranoside stereoisomers (of the proposed ecdysantheroside A) have been synthesized that testify the effective gold(I)-catalyzed glycosylation methods for the synthesis of various 2-deoxy-β-pyranosidic linkages and lays a foundation via nuclear magnetic resonance data mapping to identify these sugar units which occur promiscuously in the present and other natural glycosides. Moreover, some synthetic natural compounds and their isomers have shown promising anticancer, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-Zika virus activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiaji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangen Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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3
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Classen M, Kicin B, Ruf VAP, Hamminger A, Ribadeau-Dumas L, Amberg WM, Carreira EM. Total Synthesis of (+)-Euphorikanin A via an Atropospecific Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27225-27229. [PMID: 38051111 PMCID: PMC10739989 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A total synthesis of the ingenane-derived diterpenoid (+)-euphorikanin A is described. Key to the strategy is a stereocontrolled one-pot sequence consisting of transannular aldol addition reaction, hemiketal formation, and subsequent semipinacol rearrangement that efficiently leads to the complete euphorikanin skeleton. Atroposelective ring-closing olefin metathesis proved critical for the stereospecific cascade, leading to formation of a (Z)-bicyclo[7.4.1]tetradecenone core. An additional salient feature of the route is pyrolysis of a bis-methylxanthate to cleanly furnish the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Hamminger
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Loélie Ribadeau-Dumas
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Willi M. Amberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Department of Chemistry and
Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Alekseychuk M, Heretsch P. Biogenetic space-guided synthesis of rearranged terpenoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37162324 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01009k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural product chemistry is constantly challenged by newly discovered, complex molecules. Elements of complexity arise from unprecedented frameworks, with a large amount of densely packed stereogenic centres and different functional groups along with a generally high oxidation state. As a prime example, rearranged triterpenoids possess all these elements. For their total synthesis, a limit of what is considered sensible in terms of steps and yield is frequently reached. As an alternative, semisynthetic approaches have gained a great amount of attention in recent years. In this featured article, we present our and others' contributions towards the development of efficient and economic syntheses of complex terpenoid natural products and elaborate on the underlying rationale of biogenetic space-guided synthetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Alekseychuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Reddy GS, Corey EJ. Mechanism of the Reaction of Olefins with Nitrous Anhydride (O═N-O-N═O) to Form 1,2-Oxazetes. Org Lett 2023; 25:236-239. [PMID: 36583698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic pathway for the formation of 1,2-oxazetes by reaction of olefins with nitrous anhydride has been clarified. The initial reaction intermediate, a β-nitroso nitrite ester that is sensitive to light, undergoes O-NO fission to form a β-nitroso alkoxy radical, even with ambient fluorescent lighting but much faster with blue light irradiation. The oxygen of the alkoxy radical subsequently adds to the adjacent nitroso group to generate a cyclic four-membered nitrosyl radical. The 1,2-oxazete is then produced by elimination to generate the C═N bond. No 1,2-oxazete formation occurs in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sudhakar Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - E J Corey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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6
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Long X, Li J, Gao F, Wu H, Deng J. Bioinspired Synthesis of Spirochensilide A from Lanosterol. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16292-16297. [PMID: 36054904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired synthesis of spirochensilide A from commercially available lanosterol is reported. The synthesis features a directed C-H oxidation, a Wagner-Meerwein-type double methyl migration, a Meinwald rearrangement, and a double-bond isomerization/spiroketal formation cascade. The proposed biosynthetic speculation was modified by this synthetic sequence, which also served as a platform for the synthesis of other lanostanes with migrating methyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Long
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hai Wu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Deng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Alekseychuk M, Adrian S, Heinze RC, Heretsch P. Biogenesis-Inspired, Divergent Synthesis of Spirochensilide A, Spirochensilide B, and Abifarine B Employing a Radical-Polar Crossover Rearrangement Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11574-11579. [PMID: 35729679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoids and related abeo-steroids are of interest to the scientific community for their potent and varied biological activities as well as their unique structures. Within this large and diverse family of natural products, the fir metabolites (-)-spirochensilide A and B are particularly noteworthy for their controversial biogenesis. We herein report the chemical synthesis of the spirochensilides, which involves a concerted sequence of bioinspired rearrangements contributing to its resolution. Points of divergence after each rearrangement step also allow for an approach to the abifarine family of natural products with abifarine B as a synthetic target. Key to this strategy is a radical-polar crossover event to initiate the first rearrangement without the need for a sacrificial functionality to be introduced beforehand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo Alekseychuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sinan Adrian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert C Heinze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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8
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Zhu D, Geng M, Yu B. Total Synthesis of Starfish Cyclic Steroid Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203239. [PMID: 35383396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Starfishes have evolved with a special type of secondary metabolites, namely starfish saponins, to ward off various predators and parasites; among them, the starfish cyclic steroid glycosides stand out structurally, featuring a unique 16-membered ring formed by bridging the steroidal C3 and C6 with a trisaccharide. The rigid cyclic scaffold and the congested and vulnerable steroid-sugar etherate linkage present an unprecedented synthetic challenge. Here we report a collective total synthesis of the major starfish cyclic steroid glycosides, namely luzonicosides A (1) and D (2) and sepositoside A (3), with an innovative approach, which entails a de novo construction of the ether-linked hexopyranosyl units, use of olefinic pyranoses as sugar precursors, and a decisive ring-closing glycosylation under the mild gold(I)-catalyzed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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9
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Total Synthesis of Starfish Cyclic Steroid Glycosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Saponins, as secondary metabolites in terrestrial plants and marine invertebrate, constitute one of the largest families of natural products. The long history of folk medicinal applications of saponins makes them attractive candidates for innovative drug design and development. Chemical synthesis has become a practical alternative to the availability of the natural saponins and their modified analogs, so as to facilitate SAR studies and the discovery of optimal structures for clinical applications. The recent achievements in the synthesis of these complex saponins reflect the advancements of both steroid/triterpene chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry. This chapter provides an updated review on the chemical synthesis of natural saponins, covering the literature from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Yang F, Hou W, Zhu D, Tang Y, Yu B. A Stereoselective Glycosylation Approach to the Construction of 1,2-trans-β-d-Glycosidic Linkages and Convergent Synthesis of Saponins. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104002. [PMID: 34859514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Conventional syntheses of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages rely mainly on neighboring group participation in the glycosylation reactions. The requirement for a neighboring participation group (NPG) excludes direct glycosylation with (1→2)-linked glycan donors, thus only allowing stepwise assembly of glycans and glycoconjugates containing this type of common motif. Here, a robust glycosylation protocol for the synthesis of 1,2-trans-β-d- or α-l-glycosidic linkages without resorting to NPG is disclosed; it employs an optimal combination of glycosyl N-phenyltrifluroacetimidates as donors, FeCl3 as promoter, and CH2 Cl2 /nitrile as solvent. A broad substrate scope has been demonstrated by glycosylations with 12 (1→2)-linked di- and trisaccharide donors and 13 alcoholic acceptors including eight complex triterpene derivatives. Most of the glycosylation reactions are high yielding and exclusively 1,2-trans selective. Ten representative, naturally occurring triterpene saponins were thus synthesized in a convergent manner after deprotection of the coupled glycosides. Intensive mechanistic studies indicated that this glycosylation proceeds by SN 2-type substitution of the glycosyl α-nitrilium intermediates. Importantly, FeCl3 dissociates and coordinates with nitrile into [Fe(RCN)n Cl2 ]+ and [FeCl4 ]- , and the ferric cationic species coordinates with the alcoholic acceptor to provide a protic species that activates the imidate, meanwhile the poor nucleophilicity of [FeCl4 ]- ensures an uninterruptive role for the glycosidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Wu Hou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
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12
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Progress in the Studies of Triterpene Glycosides From Sea Cucumbers (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) Between 2017 and 2021. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211053934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural diversity of triterpene glycosides produced by sea cucumbers or holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) is extremely high, although all of them are either lanostane derivatives or, rarely, products of their molecular rearrangements. The majority of them are holostane derivatives possessing an 18(20)-lanostane lactone as aglycone. They contain carbohydrate chains consisting of one to six monosaccharide units including sulfated ones. The glycosides demonstrate interesting biological activities, mainly caused by membranolytic action, namely cytotoxic, ichthyotoxic, antifungal, and hemolytic properties, as well as a series of additional effects at sub-toxic doses, including immunomodulatory, and cancer preventive. This review summarizes the literature data concerning structures and biological activities of all the new triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers during 2017 to 2021.
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13
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Konishi N, Shirahata T, Yoshida Y, Sato N, Kaji E, Kobayashi Y. Efficient synthesis of diverse C-3 monodesmosidic saponins by a continuous microfluidic glycosylation/batch deprotection method. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108437. [PMID: 34597978 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triterpene and steroid saponins have various pharmacological activities but the synthesis of C-3 monodesmosidic saponins remains challenging. Herein, a series of C-3 glycosyl monodesmosidic saponins was synthesized via the microfluidic glycosylation of triterpenoids or steroids at the C-3 position, without the formation of orthoester byproducts, and subsequent deprotection of the benzoyl (Bz) group. This microfluidic glycosylation/batch deprotection sequence enabled the efficient synthesis of C-3 saponins with fewer purification steps and a shorter reaction time than conventional batch synthesis and stepwise microfluidic glycosylation. Furthermore, this system minimized the consumption of the imidate donor. Using this reaction system, 18 different C-3 saponins and 13 different C-28-benzyl-C-3 saponins, including 8 new compounds, were synthesized from various sugars and triterpenes or steroids. Our synthetic approach is expected to be suitable for further expanding the C-3 saponin library for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruki Konishi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shirahata
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Noriko Sato
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kaji
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Natural products are the most effective source of potential drug leads. The total
synthesis of bioactive natural products plays a crucial role in confirming the hypothetical
complex structure of natural products in the laboratory. The total synthesis of rare bioactive
natural products is one of the great challenges for the organic synthetic community due to
their complex structures, biochemical specificity, and difficult stereochemistry. Subsequently,
the total synthesis is a long process in several cases, and it requires a substantial amount of
time. Microwave irradiation has emerged as a greener tool in organic methodologies to reduce
reaction time from days and hours to minutes and seconds. Moreover, this non-classical
methodology increases product yields and purities, improves reproducibility, modifications of
selectivity, simplification of work-up methods, and reduces unwanted side reactions. Such
beneficial qualities have stimulated this review to cover the application of microwave irradiation in the field of the
total synthesis of bioactive natural products for the first time during the last decade. An overview of the use of microwave
irradiation, natural sources, structures, and biological activities of secondary metabolites is presented elegantly,
focusing on the involvement of at least one or more steps by microwave irradiation as a green technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasadhar Majhi
- Department of Chemistry (UG & PG Department), Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, Kazi Nazrul University, West Bengal- 713347, India
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15
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Wang Z, Hui C. Contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3791-3812. [PMID: 33949606 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products have intriguing biological properties that arise from their fascinating chemical structures. However, the intrinsic complexity of the structural skeleton and the reactive functional groups on natural products pose tremendous challenges to chemical syntheses. Semi-synthesis uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources as the starting materials to produce other novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties. In particular, advancements in various types of sp3 C-H bond functionalization reactions and skeletal rearrangement methods have contributed to the re-emergence of semi-synthesis as an efficient approach for the synthesis of structurally complex bioactive natural products. Here, we begin with a brief discussion of several bioactive natural products that were obtained via a semi-synthetic approach between 2008 and 2015 and we then discuss in-depth contemporary advancements in the semi-synthesis of bioactive terpenoids and steroids reported during 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunngai Hui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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16
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Li W, Yu B. Temporary ether protecting groups at the anomeric center in complex carbohydrate synthesis. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2020; 77:1-69. [PMID: 33004110 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a carbohydrate building block usually starts with introduction of a temporary protecting group at the anomeric center and ends with its selective cleavage for further transformation. Thus, the choice of the anomeric temporary protecting group must be carefully considered because it should retain intact during the whole synthetic manipulation, and it should be chemoselectively removable without affecting other functional groups at a late stage in the synthesis. Etherate groups are the most widely used temporary protecting groups at the anomeric center, generally including allyl ethers, MP (p-methoxyphenyl) ethers, benzyl ethers, PMB (p-methoxybenzyl) eithers, and silyl ethers. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on their formation, cleavage, and applications in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Shao X, Wang X, Zhu K, Dang Y, Yu B. Synthesis of Sea Cucumber Saponins with Antitumor Activities. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12080-12096. [PMID: 32924489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Holostane glycosides are characteristic metabolites of sea cucumbers, which possess various biological activities. Here, we report the synthesis of two representative congeners, namely, pervicoside B and C, starting from lanosterol with the longest linear sequence of both 34 steps and in 0.3% overall yields. The flexible synthetic approach has enabled us to expeditiously prepare 16 analogues for preliminary studies on the key structural features influencing their antiproliferative activities against tumor cells. A simplified disaccharide is found to be as potent as natural tetrasaccharides, which can be used as a lead for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaidi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-Lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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18
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Li BH, Ye XS. Recent advances in glycan synthesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:20-27. [PMID: 32480314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates play important roles in life science, but their synthesis is always hampered by their complicated chemical structures. Scientists have never stopped trying to solve the problem of glycan synthesis from various aspects. Here a brief overview of recent progress in glycan synthesis, including chemical approaches, chemoenzymatic approaches, and automated synthesis, will be discussed, focusing on the efficiency of new glycosylation methods, the stereoselectivity of coupled products, and their applications in the assembly of complex glycan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Han Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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19
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Abstract
Covering: 1989-2017 Saponins are characteristic metabolites of starfish and sea cucumbers, and occasionally are also found in sponges, soft coral, and small fish. These steroid or triterpenoid glycosides often show remarkable biological and pharmacological activities, such as antifungal, antifouling, shark repellent, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Over one thousand marine saponins have been characterized; the majority of them can be categorized into three major structural types, i.e., asterosaponins, polyhydroxysteroid glycosides, and holostane glycosides. Thus far, only 12 marine saponins have been synthesized; those representing the major types were successfully synthesized recently. The syntheses involve preparation of the aglycones from the terrestrial steroid or triterpene materials, installation of the carbohydrate units, and manipulation of the protecting groups. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on these syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China.
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20
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Zhu D, Geng M, Yang F, Yu B. Strategies on the construction of 1,2-branched trans-β-glycosidic linkages and their applications in the synthesis of saponins. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1642345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mingyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fuzhu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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21
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Abstract
Covering: January to December 2017This review covers the literature published in 2017 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 740 citations (723 for the period January to December 2017) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1490 in 477 papers for 2017), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. Geographic distributions of MNPs at a phylogenetic level are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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22
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Liu C, Ma Y, Pei C, Li W, Yu B. A Glycal Approach to the Synthesis of Pregnane Glycoside P57. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yuyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chengfeng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 20032 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road; Shanghai 20032 China
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24
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Abstract
Naturally occurring glycans and glycoconjugates have extremely diverse structures and biological functions. Syntheses of these molecules and their artificial mimics, which have attracted the interest of those developing new therapeutic agents, rely on glycosylation methodologies to construct the various glycosidic linkages. In this regard, a wide array of glycosylation methods have been developed, and they mainly involve the substitution of a leaving group on the anomeric carbon of a glycosyl donor with an acceptor (a nucleophile) under the action of a particular promoter (usually a stoichiometric electrophile). However, glycosylations involving inherently unstable or unreactive donors/acceptors are still problematic. In those systems, reactions involving nucleophilic, electrophilic, or acidic species present on the leaving group and the promoter could become competitive and detrimental to the glycosylation. To address this problem, we applied the recently developed chemistry of alkynophilic gold(I) catalysts to the development of new glycosylation reactions that would avoid the use of the conventional leaving groups and promoters. Gratifyingly, glycosyl o-alkynylbenzoates (namely, glycosyl o-hexynyl- and o-cyclopropylethynylbenzoates) turned out to be privileged donors under gold(I) catalysis with Ph3PAuNTf2 and Ph3PAuOTf. The merits of this new glycosylation protocol include the following: (1) the donors are easily prepared and are generally shelf-stable; (2) the promotion is catalytic; (3) the substrate scope is extremely wide; (4) relatively few side reactions are observed; (5) the glycosylation conditions are orthogonal to those of conventional methods; and (6) the method is operationally simple. Indeed, this method has been successfully applied in the synthesis of a wide variety of complex glycans and glycoconjugates, including complex glycosides of epoxides, nucleobases, flavonoids, lignans, steroids, triterpenes, and peptides. The direct glycosylation of some sensitive aglycones, such as dammarane C20-ol and sugar oximes, and the glycosylation-initiated polymerization of tetrahydrofuran were achieved for the first time. The gold(I) catalytic cycle of the present glycosylation protocol has been fully elucidated. In particular, key intermediates, such as the 1-glycosyloxyisochromenylium-4-gold(I) and isochromen-4-ylgold(I) complexes, have been unambiguously characterized. Exploiting the former glycosyloxypyrylium intermediate, SN2-type glycosylations were realized in specific cases, such as β-mannosylation/rhamnosylation. The protodeauration of the latter vinylgold(I) intermediate has been reported to be critically important for the gold(I) catalytic cycle. Thus, the addition of a strong acid as a cocatalyst can dramatically reduce the required loading of the gold(I) catalyst (down to 0.001 equiv). C-Glycosylation with silyl nucleophiles can proceed catalytically when moisture, which is sequestered by molecular sieves, can serve as the H+ donor for the required protodeauration step. Indeed, the unique mechanism explains the merits and broad applicability of the present glycosylation method and provides a foundation for future developments in glycosylation methodologies that mainly involve improving the diastereoselectivity and catalytic efficiency of glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular
Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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25
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Li W, Yu B. Gold-catalyzed glycosylation in the synthesis of complex carbohydrate-containing natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7954-7984. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gold(i)- and gold(iii)-catalyzed glycosylation reactions and their application in the synthesis of natural glycoconjugates are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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26
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Ledru H, D'Attoma J, Bostyn S, Routier S, Buron F, Lopin-Bon C. Screening of Activation Tools to Design Sulfated Saccharides. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Ledru
- Univ. Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311; F-45067 France
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