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Arakawa Y, Arai Y. Photoinduced Phase Transitions of Imine-Based Liquid Crystal Dimers with Twist-Bend Nematic Phases. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3278. [PMID: 38998360 PMCID: PMC11243583 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Photoisomerizable molecules in liquid crystals (LCs) allow for photoinduced phase transitions, facilitating applications in a wide variety of photoresponsive materials. In contrast to the widely investigated azobenzene structure, research on the photoinduced phase-transition behavior of imine-based LCs is considerably limited. We herein report the thermal and photoinduced phase-transition behaviors of photoisomerizable imine-based LC dimers with twist-bend nematic (NTB) phases. We synthesize two homologous series of ester- and thioether-linked N-(4-cyanobenzylidene)aniline-based bent-shaped LC dimers with an even number of carbon atoms (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) in the central alkylene spacers, namely, CBCOOnSBA(CN) and CBOCOnSBA(CN), possessing oppositely directed ester linkages, C=OO and OC=O, respectively. Their thermal phase-transition behavior is examined using polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. All dimers form a monotropic NTB phase below the temperature of the conventional nematic (N) phase upon cooling. Remarkably, the NTB phases of CBCOOnSBA(CN) (n = 2, 4, 6, and 8) and CBOCOnSBA(CN) (n = 6 and 8) supercool to room temperature and vitrify without crystallization. In addition, the phase-transition temperatures and entropy changes of CBCOOnSBA(CN) are lower than those of CBOCOnSBA(CN) at the same n. Under UV light irradiation, the NTB and N phases transition to the N and isotropic phases, respectively, and reversibly return to their initial LC phases when the UV light is turned off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuto Arai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan
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2
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Alaasar M, Cai X, Kraus F, Giese M, Liu F, Tschierske C. Controlling ambidextrous mirror symmetry breaking in photosensitive supramolecular polycatenars by alkyl-chain engineering. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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3
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Hockey-Stick Polycatenars: Network formation and transition from one dimensional to three-dimensional liquid crystalline phases. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Santos GSD, Westphal E. Photoisomerizable azobenzene star-shaped liquid crystals: bypassing the absence of hydrogen bonding. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective molecular tailoring results in star-shaped azo compounds that self-assemble with hexagonal columnar packing and show fast and reversible photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Sérgio dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eduard Westphal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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5
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Shanker G, Srinatha M, Sandhya Kumari D, Ranjitha B, Alaasar M. Novel green synthetic approach for liquid crystalline materials using multi-component reactions. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Alaasar M, Cai X, Cao Y, Liu F. Transition from lamellar to nanostructure mesophases in azobenzene-based hockey-stick polycatenars. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03255d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuning from 1D to 3D mesophases by alkyl chain engineering. Multichain π-conjugated hockey-stick molecules form lamellar SmA and meso-structure Ia3̄d with continuous networks. The effect of the position of the central bent-core unit on helical self-assembly is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaasar
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt Mothes Str. 2, D-06120, Halle, Saale, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Xiaoqian Cai
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P. R. China
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7
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Aleksandriiskii V, Novikov I, Monakhov L, Pakhomov S, Burmistrov V, Koifman O. Role of local intermolecular contacts in the physical properties of induced helical phases based on nematic disubstituted azobenzene. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Kang JS, Kim N, Kim T, Seo M, Kim BS. Circularly Polarized Light-Driven Supramolecular Chirality. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100649. [PMID: 34708479 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of asymmetry into a supramolecular system via external chiral stimuli can contribute to the understanding of the intriguing homochirality found in nature. Circularly polarized light (CPL) is regarded as a chiral physical force with right- or left-handedness. It can induce and modulate supramolecular chirality due to preferential interaction with one enantiomer. Herein, this review focuses on the photon-to-matter chirality transfer mechanisms at the supramolecular level. Thus, asymmetric photochemical reactions are reviewed, and the creation of a chiral bias upon CPL irradiation is discussed. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms for the amplification and propagation of the bias into the supramolecular level are outlined based on the nature of the photochromic building block. Representative examples, including azobenzene derivatives, polydiacetylene, bicyclic ketone, polyfluorenes, Cn -symmetric molecules, and inorganic nanomaterials, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Su Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungeun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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9
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Alaasar M, Darweesh AF, Cai X, Liu F, Tschierske C. Mirror Symmetry Breaking and Network Formation in Achiral Polycatenars with Thioether Tail. Chemistry 2021; 27:14921-14930. [PMID: 34542201 PMCID: PMC8596804 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mirror symmetry breaking in systems composed of achiral molecules is of importance for the design of functional materials for technological applications as well as for the understanding of the mechanisms of spontaneous emergence of chirality. Herein, we report the design and molecular self-assembly of two series of rod-like achiral polycatenar molecules derived from a π-conjugated 5,5'-diphenyl-2,2'-bithiophene core with a fork-like triple alkoxylated end and a variable single alkylthio chain at the other end. In both series of liquid crystalline materials, differing in the chain length at the trialkoxylated end, helical self-assembly of the π-conjugated rods in networks occurs, leading to wide temperature ranges (>200 K) of bicontinuous cubic network phases, in some cases being stable even around ambient temperatures. The achiral bicontinuous cubic Ia 3 ‾ d phase (gyroid) is replaced upon alkylthio chain elongation by a spontaneous mirror symmetry broken bicontinuous cubic phase (I23) and a chiral isotropic liquid phase (Iso1 [ *] ). Further chain elongation results in removing the I23 phase and the re-appearance of the Ia 3 ‾ d phase with different pitch lengths. In the second series an additional tetragonal phase separates the two cubic phase types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaasar
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | | | - Xiaoqian Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft MatterXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft MatterXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
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10
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Kwon O, Cai X, Saeed A, Liu F, Poppe S, Tschierske C. 2,6-Dibromogallates as a new building block for controlling π-stacking, network formation and mirror symmetry breaking. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6491-6494. [PMID: 34100483 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01922h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Achiral multi-chain (polycatenar) compounds based on the 2,7-diphenyl substituted [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) unit and a 2,6-dibromo-3,4,5-trialkoxybenzoate end group lead to materials forming bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phases with helical network structures over wide temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohjin Kwon
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Xiaoqian Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Azhar Saeed
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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11
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Alaasar M, Schmidt JC, Cai X, Liu F, Tschierske C. Controlling liquid and liquid crystalline network formation by core-fluorination of hydrogen bonded supramolecular polycatenars. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Buhse T, Cruz JM, Noble-Terán ME, Hochberg D, Ribó JM, Crusats J, Micheau JC. Spontaneous Deracemizations. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2147-2229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Buhse
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - José-Manuel Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29050, Mexico
| | - María E. Noble-Terán
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas−IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - David Hochberg
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Carretera Ajalvir, Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid Spain
| | - Josep M. Ribó
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (IEEC-ICC) and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalunya Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Micheau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, UMR au CNRS No. 5623, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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13
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Reppe T, Poppe S, Tschierske C. Controlling Mirror Symmetry Breaking and Network Formation in Liquid Crystalline Cubic, Isotropic Liquid and Crystalline Phases of Benzil-Based Polycatenars. Chemistry 2020; 26:16066-16079. [PMID: 32652801 PMCID: PMC7756378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous development of chirality in systems composed of achiral molecules is important for new routes to asymmetric synthesis, chiral superstructures and materials, as well as for the understanding of the mechanisms of emergence of prebiotic chirality. Herein, it is shown that the 4,4'-diphenylbenzil unit is a universal transiently chiral bent building block for the design of multi-chained (polycatenar) rod-like molecules capable of forming a wide variety of helically twisted network structures in the liquid, the liquid crystalline (LC) and the crystalline state. Single polar substituents at the apex of tricatenar molecules support the formation of the achiral (racemic) cubic double network phase with Ia 3 ‾ d symmetry and relatively small twist along the networks. The combination of an alkyl chain with fluorine substitution leads to the homogeneously chiral triple network phase with I23 space group, and in addition, provides a mirror symmetry broken liquid. Replacing F by Cl or Br further increases the twist, leading to a short pitch double gyroid Ia 3 ‾ d phase, which is achiral again. The effects of the structural variations on the network structures, either leading to achiral phases or chiral conglomerates are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Reppe
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Straße 206120HalleGermany
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Straße 206120HalleGermany
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Straße 206120HalleGermany
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14
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Cao Y, Alaasar M, Nallapaneni A, Salamończyk M, Marinko P, Gorecka E, Tschierske C, Liu F, Vaupotič N, Zhu C. Molecular Packing in Double Gyroid Cubic Phases Revealed via Resonant Soft X-Ray Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:027801. [PMID: 32701342 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.027801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bicontinuous double gyroid phase is one of the nature's most symmetric and complex structures, the electron density map of which was established long ago. By utilizing small-angle x-ray scattering, resonant soft x-ray scattering at the carbon K edge and model-dependent tensor-based scattering theory, we have not only elucidated morphology but also identified molecular packing in the double gyroid phases formed by molecules with different shapes, i.e., rodlike vs taper shaped, thus validating some of the hypothetical packing models and disproving others. The spatial variation of molecular orientation through the channel junctions in the double gyroid phase can be either continuous in the case of anisotropic channels or discontinuous in the case of isotropic channels depending on the molecular structure and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mohamed Alaasar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Asritha Nallapaneni
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Mirosław Salamończyk
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Marinko
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Ewa Gorecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Nataša Vaupotič
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Mirror Symmetry Breaking in Liquids and Their Impact on the Development of Homochirality in Abiogenesis: Emerging Proto-RNA as Source of Biochirality? Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12071098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in mirror symmetry breaking and chirality amplification in isotropic liquids and liquid crystalline cubic phases of achiral molecule is reviewed and discussed with respect to its implications for the hypothesis of emergence of biological chirality. It is shown that mirror symmetry breaking takes place in fluid systems where homochiral interactions are preferred over heterochiral and a dynamic network structure leads to chirality synchronization if the enantiomerization barrier is sufficiently low, i.e., that racemization drives the development of uniform chirality. Local mirror symmetry breaking leads to conglomerate formation. Total mirror symmetry breaking requires either a proper phase transitions kinetics or minor chiral fields, leading to stochastic and deterministic homochirality, respectively, associated with an extreme chirality amplification power close to the bifurcation point. These mirror symmetry broken liquids are thermodynamically stable states and considered as possible systems in which uniform biochirality could have emerged. A model is hypothesized, which assumes the emergence of uniform chirality by chirality synchronization in dynamic “helical network fluids” followed by polymerization, fixing the chirality and leading to proto-RNA formation in a single process.
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Reppe T, Poppe S, Cai X, Cao Y, Liu F, Tschierske C. Spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking in benzil-based soft crystalline, cubic liquid crystalline and isotropic liquid phases. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5902-5908. [PMID: 32874512 PMCID: PMC7446726 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzil (diphenylethane-1,2-dione), which is a long known example for an achiral molecule crystallizing in a chiral space group, can also show mirror symmetry breaking in the fluid state if it is suitably functionalized. For some of the new benzil derivatives even three different subsequent mirror symmetry broken soft matter states with a chiral conglomerate structure can be observed. One is an isotropic liquid, the second one a cubic liquid crystal with a complex network structure and the third is a soft crystalline solid. Chirality develops by helical self-assembly combined with dynamic network formation, thus allowing macroscopic chirality synchronization. These achiral molecules, combining a transiently chiral bent core with multiple alkyl chains, provide a unique link between the mirror symmetry breaking phenomena observed for polycatenar and bent-core mesogens. The homogeneously chiral networks are of interest for application as chiral materials, and as templates for chiral recognition, separation and enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Reppe
- Institute of Chemistry , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 , 06120 Halle , Germany .
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 , 06120 Halle , Germany .
| | - Xiaoqian Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials , Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China .
| | - Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials , Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China .
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials , Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China .
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 , 06120 Halle , Germany .
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17
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Lehmann A, Alaasar M, Poppe M, Poppe S, Prehm M, Nagaraj M, Sreenilayam SP, Panarin YP, Vij JK, Tschierske C. Stereochemical Rules Govern the Soft Self-Assembly of Achiral Compounds: Understanding the Heliconical Liquid-Crystalline Phases of Bent-Core Mesogens. Chemistry 2020; 26:4714-4733. [PMID: 31859404 PMCID: PMC7186843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of bent-shaped 4-cyanoresorcinol bisterephthalates is reported. Some of these achiral compounds spontaneously form a short-pitch heliconical lamellar liquid-crystalline phase with incommensurate 3-layer pitch and the helix axis parallel to the layer normal. It is observed at the paraelectric-(anti)ferroelectric transition, if it coincides with the transition from random to uniform tilt and with the transition from anticlinic to synclinic tilt correlation of the molecules in the layers of the developing tilted smectic phase. For compounds with long chains the heliconical phase is only field-induced, but once formed it is stable in a distinct temperature range, even after switching off the field. The presence of the helix changes the phase properties and the switching mechanism from the naturally preferred rotation around the molecular long axis, which reverses the chirality, to a precession on a cone, which retains the chirality. These observations are explained by diastereomeric relations between two coexisting modes of superstructural chirality. One is the layer chirality, resulting from the combination of tilt and polar order, and the other one is the helical twist evolving between the layers. At lower temperature the helical structure is replaced by a non-tilted and ferreoelectric switching lamellar phase, providing an alternative non-chiral way for the transition from anticlinic to synclinic tilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lehmann
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Mohamed Alaasar
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of ChemistryCairo University12613GizaEgypt
| | - Marco Poppe
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Marko Prehm
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - Mamatha Nagaraj
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringTrinity College, Dublin, The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Sithara P. Sreenilayam
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringTrinity College, Dublin, The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Yuri P. Panarin
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringTrinity College, Dublin, The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Jagdish K. Vij
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringTrinity College, Dublin, The University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Department of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergKurt Mothes Str. 206120Halle (Saale)Germany
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18
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Reppe T, Dressel C, Poppe S, Tschierske C. Controlling spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking in cubic liquid crystalline phases by the cycloaliphatic ring size. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:711-714. [PMID: 31845930 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rod-like molecules combining a fork-like triple chain end and a cycloaliphatic apex are introduced as a new design concept for materials with broad ranges of bicontinuous cubic (Cubbi) phases. By ring expansion from n = 4 to 12 a sequence of three Cubbi phases is observed; the achiral double gyroid la3[combining macron]d phase, a chiral "Im3m" phase and an achiral re-entrant la3[combining macron]d phase. The chiral "Im3m" phase is formed if the helical twist between the molecules along the networks is in the range of 8.6°-9.5°, either for the individual compounds or their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Reppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Christian Dressel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Silvio Poppe
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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19
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He X, Wu J, Gao C. Novel amphiphilic graft block azobenzene-containing copolymer with polypeptide block: synthesis, self-assembly and photo-responsive behavior. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5747-5757. [PMID: 35497441 PMCID: PMC9049285 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined amphiphilic graft block azobenzene-containing copolymer with polypeptide block was synthesized via a combination of copper-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), ring-opening polymerization and click reaction. The alkyne-terminated poly[6-(4-methoxy-azobenzene-4′-oxy)hexyl methacrylate] (PAzoMA) was synthesized by ATRP with a bromine-containing alkyne bifunctional initiator, and the azido-terminated poly(γ-2-chloroethyl-l-glutamate) (PCELG) was synthesized by ROP of γ-2-chloroethyl-l-glutamate-N-carboxyanhydride (CELG-NCA), then the two homopolymers were conjugated by click reaction to afford block azobenzene-containing copolymer PAzoMA-b-PCELG. The chloro groups in PCELG block were transformed into azido groups via azide reactions, and the alkyne-terminated MPEG was grafted to the polypeptide block to afford the final product PAzoMA-b-poly((l-glutamate)-graft-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)) (PAzoMA-b-(PELG-g-MPEG)) by click reaction. Giant vesicles (micrometer size) were obtained from the amphiphilic graft block copolymer PAzoMA-b-(PELG-g-MPEG) through a solution self-assembly due to the rigid PAzoMA chains and polypeptide chains with the α-helical structure. The investigation of the photo-isomerization behavior of PAzoMA-b-(PELG-g-MPEG) in solution and in vesicular solution showed trans–cis isomerization in solution was quicker than that in vesicular solution and azobenzene J-aggregates in the vesicle solution were only observed. The formation mechanisms of the vesicles were also explored. The research results may provide guidelines for the study of complex copolymers containing different types of rigid chains. Giant vesicles (micrometer size) were prepared from novel amphiphilic graft block azobenzene-containing copolymer with polypeptide block synthesized via a combination of ATRP, ROP and click reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Chunyan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
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20
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Сhiral and Racemic Fields Concept for Understanding of the Homochirality Origin, Asymmetric Catalysis, Chiral Superstructure Formation from Achiral Molecules, and B-Z DNA Conformational Transition. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The four most important and well-studied phenomena of mirror symmetry breaking of molecules were analyzed for the first time in terms of available common features and regularities. Mirror symmetry breaking of the primary origin of biological homochirality requires the involvement of an external chiral inductor (environmental chirality). All reviewed mirror symmetry breaking phenomena were considered from that standpoint. A concept of chiral and racemic fields was highly helpful in this analysis. A chiral gravitational field in combination with a static magnetic field (Earth’s environmental conditions) may be regarded as a hypothetical long-term chiral inductor. Experimental evidences suggest a possible effect of the environmental chiral inductor as a chiral trigger on the mirror symmetry breaking effect. Also, this effect explains a conformational transition of the right-handed double DNA helix to the left-handed double DNA helix (B-Z DNA transition) as possible DNA damage.
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21
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Alaasar M, Prehm M, Belau S, Sebastián N, Kurachkina M, Eremin A, Chen C, Liu F, Tschierske C. Polar Order, Mirror Symmetry Breaking, and Photoswitching of Chirality and Polarity in Functional Bent‐Core Mesogens. Chemistry 2019; 25:6362-6377. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alaasar
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Marko Prehm
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sebastian Belau
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of PhysicsOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| | - Nerea Sebastián
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of PhysicsOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| | - Marharyta Kurachkina
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of PhysicsOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| | - Alexey Eremin
- Department of Nonlinear Phenomena, Institute of PhysicsOtto von Guericke University Magdeburg Magdeburg Germany
| | - Changlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Carsten Tschierske
- Institute of ChemistryMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt Mothes Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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22
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23
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Devi S, Bala I, Gupta SP, Kumar P, Pal SK, Venkataramani S. Reversibly photoswitchable alkoxy azobenzenes connected benzenetricarboxamide discotic liquid crystals with perpetual long range columnar assembly. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1947-1954. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01579a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reversibly photoswitchable discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) with no change in columnar assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Devi
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Manauli-140306
- India
| | - Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Manauli-140306
- India
| | | | - Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Manauli-140306
- India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Manauli-140306
- India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Manauli-140306
- India
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24
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Yamada S, Morita M, Agou T, Kubota T, Ichikawa T, Konno T. Thermoresponsive luminescence properties of polyfluorinated bistolane-type light-emitting liquid crystals. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5609-5617. [PMID: 30027986 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed and characterized four polyfluorinated bistolane derivatives. These compounds, which possess either two alkoxy substituents or an alkoxy group and a bromine atom in their two molecular terminals, were synthesized from readily available 4-alkoxy-1-ethynylbenzene with a facile three-step procedure. Their thermodynamic and photophysical properties were evaluated in detail, and they were found to display both liquid-crystalline (LC) and photoluminescence properties. Remarkably, the photoluminescence behaviors dramatically changed during the thermal phase transition between the crystal and LC phases. Thus, these polyfluorinated bistolanes may be promising candidates for thermoresponsive luminous molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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25
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Wang H, Han Y, Yuan W, Wu M, Chen Y. Self-Assembly of Azobenzene Derivatives into Organogels and Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1173-1179. [PMID: 29453904 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new class of coil-rod-coil molecules with an azobenzene core was synthesized. They were found to form robust organogels in several organic solvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that in these organogels, the molecules self-assembled into a nanofiber network with an H-type aggregation mode under the joint effect of π-π stacking, intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Interestingly, the incorporation of the azobenzene mesogene into the rigid core led to photoisomerizable liquid crystal materials, which exhibited quick responsiveness to light and temperature, along with the trans-cis transition stimulated by UV light and heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, P. R. China
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26
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Sasaki H, Takanishi Y, Yamamoto J, Yoshizawa A. Photo-Driven Chirality Switching in a Dark Conglomerate Phase of an Achiral Liquid Crystal Trimer. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Sasaki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Hirosaki 036-8561 Japan
| | - Yoichi Takanishi
- Department of Physics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Department of Physics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshizawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Hirosaki 036-8561 Japan
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27
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Kato T, Uchida J, Ichikawa T, Sakamoto T. Von funktionellen Flüssigkristallen zur nächsten Generation von Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
- PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi 332-0012 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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28
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Kato T, Uchida J, Ichikawa T, Sakamoto T. Functional Liquid Crystals towards the Next Generation of Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [PMID: 29534321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the liquid-crystalline state in 1888, liquid crystal science has made great advances through fusion with various technologies and disciplines. Recently, new molecular design strategies and new self-assembled structures have been developed as a result of the progress made in synthetic procedures and characterization techniques. Since these liquid crystals exhibit new functions and properties derived from their nanostructures and alignment, a variety of new functions for liquid crystals, such as transport for energy applications, separation for environmental applications, chromism, sensing, electrooptical effects, actuation, and templating have been proposed. This Review presents recent advances of liquid crystals that should contribute to the next generation of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junya Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.,PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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