1
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Tran P, Wang Y, Dzikovski B, Lahm ME, Xie Y, Wei P, Klepov VV, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. A Stable Aluminum Tris(dithiolene) Triradical. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16340-16347. [PMID: 38820231 PMCID: PMC11177253 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
A stable aluminum tris(dithiolene) triradical (3) was experimentally realized through a low-temperature reaction of the sterically demanding lithium dithiolene radical (2) with aluminum iodide. Compound 3 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, and theoretical computations. The quartet ground state of triradical 3 has been unambiguously confirmed by variable-temperature continuous wave EPR experiments and SQUID magnetometry. Both SQUID magnetometry and broken-symmetry DFT computations reveal a small doublet-quartet energy gap [ΔEDQ = 0.18 kcal mol-1 (SQUID); ΔEDQ = 0.14 kcal mol-1 (DFT)]. The pulsed EPR experiment (electron spin echo envelop modulation) provides further evidence for the interaction of these dithiolene-based radicals with the central aluminum nucleus of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong
M. Tran
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Boris Dzikovski
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and ACERT, National Biomedical
Center for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Mitchell E. Lahm
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Vladislav V. Klepov
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department
of Chemistry and the Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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2
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Sun Q, Chen H, Zhao Y, Wang T, Pei R, Zhao Y, Ye S, Wang X. A Discrete, Boron-Containing Triangular Triradical. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302582. [PMID: 37842967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A neutral boron-containing triangular triradical based on a triptycene derivative has been designed and synthesized. Its structure, bonding and physical property have been studied by EPR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as theoretical calculations. The triradical has a series of isosceles triangle conformations in the solution due to the Jahn-Teller distortion, leading to the splitting of the two low-lying doublet states. This factor together with negligible spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of composing light atoms quenches the spin frustration. The work represents a rare example of a neutral through-space triangular triradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haowen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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3
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Tang S, Wang X. Spin Frustration in Organic Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310147. [PMID: 37767854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spin frustration, which results from geometric frustration and a systematical inability to satisfy all antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions between unpaired spins simultaneously, is under the spotlight for its importance in physics and materials science. Spin frustration is treated as the structural basis of quantum spin liquids (QSLs). Featuring flexible chemical structures, organic radical species exhibit great potential in building spin-frustrated molecules and lattices. So far, the reported examples of spin-frustrated organic radical compounds include triradicals, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) radicals and derivatives, [Pd(dmit)2 ] compounds (dmit=1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate), nitronyl nitroxides, fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other heterocyclic compounds where the spin frustration is generated intra- or intermolecularly. In this Minireview, we provide a brief summary of the reported radical compounds that possess spin frustration. The related data, including magnetic exchange coupling parameters, spin models, frustration parameters, and crystal lattices, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Tang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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4
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Shu C, Yang Z, Rajca A. From Stable Radicals to Thermally Robust High-Spin Diradicals and Triradicals. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11954-12003. [PMID: 37831948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Stable radicals and thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals have emerged as important organic materials due to their promising applications in diverse fields. New fundamental properties, such as SOMO/HOMO inversion of orbital energies, are explored for the design of new stable radicals, including highly luminescent ones with good photostability. A relation with the singlet-triplet energy gap in the corresponding diradicals is proposed. Thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals, with energy gaps that are comparable to or greater than a thermal energy at room temperature, are more challenging to synthesize but more rewarding. We summarize a number of high-spin di- and triradicals, based on nitronyl nitroxides that provide a relation between the experimental pairwise exchange coupling constant J/k in the high-spin species vs experimental hyperfine coupling constants in the corresponding monoradicals. This relation allows us to identify outliers, which may correspond to radicals where J/k is not measured with sufficient accuracy. Double helical high-spin diradicals, in which spin density is delocalized over the chiral π-system, have been barely explored, with the sole example of such high-spin diradical possessing alternant π-system with Kekulé resonance form. Finally, we discuss a high-spin diradical with electrical conductivity and derivatives of triangulene diradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Zhimin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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5
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Zhang F, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Du C, Li Y, Gao J, Ren X, Ma T, Li B, Bu Y. Redox-Regulated Magnetic Conversions between Ferro- and Antiferromagnetism in Organic Nitroxide Diradicals. Molecules 2023; 28:6232. [PMID: 37687060 PMCID: PMC10488413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-induced magnetic transformation in organic diradicals is an appealing phenomenon. In this study, we theoretically designed twelve couples of diradicals in which two nitroxide (NO) radical groups are connected to the redox-active couplers including p-benzoquinonyl, 1,4-naphthoquinyl, 9,10-anthraquinonyl, naphthacene-5,12-dione, pentacene-6,13-dione, hexacene-6,15-dione, pyrazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phenazinyl, 5,12-diazanaphthacene, 6,13-diazapentacene, and 6,15-diazahexacene. As evidenced at both the B3LYP and M06-2X levels of theory, the calculations reveal that the magnetic reversal can take place from ferromagnetism to antiferromagnetism, or vice versa, by means of redox method in these designed organic magnetic molecules. It was observed that p-benzoquinonyl, 1,4-naphthoquinyl, 9,10-anthraquinonyl, naphthacene-5,12-dione, pentacene-6,13-dione, and hexacene-6,15-dione-bridged NO diradicals produce antiferromagnetism while their dihydrogenated counterparts exhibit ferromagnetism. Similarly, pyrazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phenazinyl, 5,12-diazanaphthacene, 6,13-diazapentacene, and 6,15-diazahexacene-bridged NO diradicals present ferromagnetism while their dihydrogenated counterparts show antiferromagnetism. The differences in the magnetic behaviors and magnetic magnitudes of each of the twelve couples of diradicals could be attributed to their distinctly different spin-interacting pathways. It was found that the nature of the coupler and the length of the coupling path are important factors in controlling the magnitude of the magnetic exchange coupling constant J. Specifically, smaller HOMO-LUMO (HOMO: highest occupied molecular orbital, LUMO: lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) gaps of the couplers and shorter coupler lengths, as well as shorter linking bond lengths, can attain stronger magnetic interactions. In addition, a diradical with an extensively π-conjugated structure is beneficial to spin transport and can effectively promote magnetic coupling, yielding a large |J| accordingly. That is, a larger spin polarization can give rise to a stronger magnetic interaction. The sign of J for these studied diradicals can be predicted from the spin alternation rule, the shape of the singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs), and the SOMO-SOMO energy gaps of the triplet state. This study paves the way for the rational design of magnetic molecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China;
| | - Yali Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Chao Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Jiaqi Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Xiaobo Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Boqiong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China; (C.D.); (Y.L.); (J.G.); (X.R.); (T.M.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Light Materials Modification and Application, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
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6
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Han H, Huang Y, Tang C, Liu Y, Krzyaniak MD, Song B, Li X, Wu G, Wu Y, Zhang R, Jiao Y, Zhao X, Chen XY, Wu H, Stern CL, Ma Y, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Spin-Frustrated Trisradical Trication of PrismCage. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18402-18413. [PMID: 37578165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic trisradicals featuring threefold symmetry have attracted significant interest because of their unique magnetic properties associated with spin frustration. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a triangular prism-shaped organic cage for which we have coined the name PrismCage6+ and its trisradical trication─TR3(•+). PrismCage6+ is composed of three 4,4'-bipyridinium dications and two 1,3,5-phenylene units bridged by six methylene groups. In the solid state, PrismCage6+ adopts a highly twisted conformation with close to C3 symmetry as a result of encapsulating one PF6- anion as a guest. PrismCage6+ undergoes stepwise reduction to its mono-, di-, and trisradical cations in MeCN on account of strong electronic communication between its 4,4'-bipyridinium units. TR3(•+), which is obtained by the reduction of PrismCage6+ employing CoCp2, adopts a triangular prism-shaped conformation with close to C2v symmetry in the solid state. Temperature-dependent continuous-wave and nutation-frequency-selective electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of TR3(•+) in frozen N,N-dimethylformamide indicate its doublet ground state. The doublet-quartet energy gap of TR3(•+) is estimated to be -0.08 kcal mol-1, and the critical temperature of spin-state conversion is found to be ca. 50 K, suggesting that it displays pronounced spin frustration at the molecular level. To the best of our knowledge, this example is the first organic radical cage to exhibit spin frustration. The trisradical trication of PrismCage6+ opens up new possibilities for fundamental investigations and potential applications in the fields of both organic cages and spin chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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7
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Dong X, Luo QC, Zhao Y, Wang T, Sun Q, Pei R, Zhao Y, Zheng YZ, Wang X. A Dynamic Triradical: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spin Frustration. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17292-17298. [PMID: 37493570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyradicals, i.e., multispin organic molecules, are playing important roles in radical-based material applications for their spin-spin interaction. A dynamic covalently bonded multispin molecule may endow materials with added function such as memory and switching. However, such a species has yet to be reported. We here report the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of a dynamic triradical species. It is generated by the self-assembly of two molecules through a Lewis acid coupled electron transfer. The crystalline species is spin-frustrated without Jahn-Teller distortion at low temperature, while it dissociates back to diamagnetic starting material in solution at high temperature. The reversible process is tracked by variable-temperature NMR, EPR, and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Isolation, property study, and dynamic bonding investigation on such a species lay the foundation for the design of functional polyradicals with potential application as memory or switching devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian-Cheng Luo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Quanchun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Runbo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Zheng
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Deng W, Liu Y, Shimizu D, Tanaka T, Nakai A, Rao Y, Xu L, Zhou M, Osuka A, Song J. Facile Formation of Stable Neutral Radicals and Cations from [22]Smaragdyrin BF 2 Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203484. [PMID: 36422469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
meso-Trimesityl-substituted [20]smaragdyrin freebase was synthesized by p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyzed reaction of 5-mesityldipyrromethane and 2,14-dibromodipyrrin in an improved yield of 63 %. Unexpectedly, treatment of the [20]smaragdyrin freebase with BF3 ⋅ OEt2 and triethylamine (TEA) gave a stable radical species, in which the BF2 unit is coordinated at the tripyrrin site, probably by ready release of a hydrogen atom of a [22]smaragdyrin BF2 complex. Similar treatment of [22]smaragdyrin free base produced another [22]smaragdyrin BF2 complex, in which the BF2 unit is coordinated at the dipyrrin site. The tripyrrin site coordinated neutral radical was oxidized with AgSbF6 to give a stable antiaromatic cation; this was reduced with NaBH4 to its 22π congener, which was easily oxidized back to the neutral radical in the air and rearranged to thermodynamically stable dipyrrin site coordinated [22]smaragdyrin BF2 complex upon treatment with BF3 ⋅ OEt2 and TEA. Further, the dipyrrin site coordinated [22]smaragdyrin BF2 complex was similarly oxidized to a stable neutral radical and a stable cation in a stepwise manner. This work demonstrates a rare ability of smaragdyrin BF2 complexes to exist in multiple redox states, particularly forming a stable neutral radical by facile release of a hydrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of, Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
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9
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Ground state singlet-to-triplet conversion of copper corrole radical by β-benzo-fusion. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Pink M, Wang Y, Rajca S, Rajca A. High-Spin S = 3/2 Ground-State Aminyl Triradicals: Toward High-Spin Oligo-Aza Nanographenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19576-19591. [PMID: 36251959 PMCID: PMC10438970 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report high-spin aminyl triradicals with near-planar triphenylene backbones. Near-planarity of the fused aminyl radicals and the 2,6,10-triphenylene ferromagnetic coupling unit (FCU), magnetically equivalent to three fused 3,4'-biphenyl FCUs, assures an effective 2pπ-2pπ overlap within the cross-conjugated π-system, leading to an S = 3/2 (quartet) ground state that is well separated from low-spin excited doublet states. Thermal populations of the low-spin (S = 1/2) excited states are detectable both by SQUID magnetometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, providing doublet-quartet energy gaps, ΔEDQ, corresponding to >85% population of the quartet ground states at room temperature. Notably, EPR-based determination of ΔEDQ relies on direct detection of the quartet ground state and doublet excited states. The ΔEDQ values are 1.0-1.1 kcal mol-1, with the more sterically shielded triradical having the larger value. The half-life of the more sterically shielded triradical in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) is about 6 h at room temperature. The less sterically shielded triradical in 2-MeTHF decomposes at 158 K with a half-life of about 4 h, while at 195 K, the half-life is still about 2 h. The dominant products of the decay of triradicals are the corresponding triamines, suggesting hydrogen atom abstraction from the solvent as the primary mechanism. This study expands the frontier of the open-shell PAHs/nanographenes, of which the unique electronic, nonlinear optical, and magnetic properties could be useful in the development of novel organic electronics, photonics, and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- IUMSC, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, United States
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11
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Kumagai T, Suzuki S, Kanzaki Y, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Tanaka R, Okada K, Kozaki M. Heteroatom-Incorporated Trimethylenemethane: Synthesis and Properties of Triphenylphenylnitroxide–(Nitronyl Nitroxide) Dyad. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Kumagai
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Rika Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Keiji Okada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kozaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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12
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Tang S, Ruan H, Hu Z, Zhao Y, Song Y, Wang X. A cationic sulfur-hydrocarbon triradical with an excited quartet state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1986-1989. [PMID: 35045147 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The triptycene-bridged tris(thianthrene) compound 1 was designed and synthesized. Three-electron oxidation of 1 by NO[Al(OC(CF3)3)4], followed by crystallization at two different temperatures resulted in the triradical trication salts 2a and 2b respectively, which feature different crystal packing patterns. The triradical trications in 2a and 2b both feature a doublet ground state which can be thermally populated to a quartet state, representing the first examples of cationic main-group triradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - You Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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Kira S, Miyamae T, Yoshida K, Kanzaki Y, Sugisaki K, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Suzuki S, Kozaki M, Okada K. Aurophilic Interactions in Multi-Radical Species: Electronic-Spin and Redox Properties of Bis- and Tris-[(Nitronyl Nitroxide)-Gold(I)] Complexes with Phosphine-Ligand Scaffolds. Chemistry 2021; 27:11450-11457. [PMID: 34038598 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Multinuclear AuI complexes with two or three nitronyl nitroxide-2-ide radical anion and phosphine-ligand scaffolds, (NN-Au)2 -1 o, (NN-Au)2 -1 m, and (NN-Au)2 -1 p, have been synthesized to investigate the influence of AuI -AuI (aurophilic) interactions on the properties of multispin molecular systems. The desired complexes were successfully prepared in moderate yields in a one-pot synthesis from the corresponding phosphine ligand, AuI source, parent NN, and sodium hydroxide. Among the prepared complexes, (NN-Au)2 -1 o, in which an aurophilic interaction was clearly observed by crystal structure analysis, showed characteristic spin-spin interactions, electrochemical properties, and solvatochromic behavior. The results from theoretical calculations also suggested that the differences in properties between complex (NN-Au)2 -1 o and the other complexes are due to intramolecular aurophilic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kira
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyamae
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kozaki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Keiji Okada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,Osaka City University Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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14
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Shu C, Pink M, Junghoefer T, Nadler E, Rajca S, Casu MB, Rajca A. Synthesis and Thin Films of Thermally Robust Quartet ( S = 3/2) Ground State Triradical. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5508-5518. [PMID: 33787241 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-spin (S = 3/2) organic triradicals may offer enhanced properties with respect to several emerging technologies, but those synthesized to date typically exhibit small doublet quartet energy gaps and/or possess limited thermal stability and processability. We report a quartet ground state triradical 3, synthesized by a Pd(0)-catalyzed radical-radical cross-coupling reaction, which possesses two doublet-quartet energy gaps, ΔEDQ ≈ 0.2-0.3 kcal mol-1 and ΔEDQ2 ≈ 1.2-1.8 kcal mol-1. The triradical has a 70+% population of the quartet ground state at room temperature and good thermal stability with onset of decomposition at >160 °C under an inert atmosphere. Magnetic properties of 3 are characterized by SQUID magnetometry in polystyrene glass and by quantitative EPR spectroscopy. Triradical 3 is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum to form thin films of intact triradicals on silicon substrate, as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. AFM and SEM images of the ∼1 nm thick films indicate that the triradical molecules form islands on the substrate. The films are stable under ultrahigh vacuum for at least 17 h but show onset of decomposition after 4 h at ambient conditions. The drop-cast films are less prone to degradation in air and have a longer lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Tobias Junghoefer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Nadler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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15
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Wang K, Liu P, Zhang F, Xu L, Zhou M, Nakai A, Kato K, Furukawa K, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. A Robust Porphyrin-Stabilized Triplet Carbon Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7002-7006. [PMID: 33393192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of robust high-spin carbon radicals is an important topic in organic chemistry. Toward this end, several porphyrin-stabilized radicals have been systematically explored. A singly naphthalene-fused porphyrin radical was synthesized by a reaction sequence consisting of a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of β-borylated porphyrin with 2-bromobenzaldehyde, addition of mesityl Grignard reagent, intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and final oxidation with DDQ or tBuOK/O2 . This strategy was also used to synthesize doubly naphthalene-fused porphyrins and syn- and anti-fused-anthracene-bridged porphyrin dimers. While singly naphthalene-fused porphyrin radical has been shown to be a stable monoradical, doubly naphthalene-fused porphyrins and anti-fused-anthracene-bridged porphyrin dimers have been shown to be closed-shell molecules. Finally, the syn-dimer was characterized as a surprisingly stable radical (t1/2 =28 days under ambient air and at 80 °C) that is storable for more than several months, despite its high-spin triplet ground-state carbon diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Pingting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jianxin Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
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16
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Wang K, Liu P, Zhang F, Xu L, Zhou M, Nakai A, Kato K, Furukawa K, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. A Robust Porphyrin‐Stabilized Triplet Carbon Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Pingting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Akito Nakai
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
| | - Jianxin Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 China
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17
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Wang K, Osuka A, Song J. Pd-Catalyzed Cross Coupling Strategy for Functional Porphyrin Arrays. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2159-2178. [PMID: 33376779 PMCID: PMC7760067 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin arrays are an important class of compounds to study interporphyrin electronic interactions that are crucial in determining the rates of energy transfer and electron transfer reactions. When the electronic interactions become stronger, porphyrin arrays exhibit significantly altered optical and electronic properties owing to large oscillator strength and flexible electronic nature of porphyrins. In addition, porphyrins accept various metal cation in their cavities and the interporphyrin interactions depend upon the coordinated metal. With these in the background, porphyrin arrays have been extensively explored as sensors, multielectron catalysts, photodynamic therapy reagents, artificial photosynthetic antenna, nonlinear optical materials, and so on. Here, we review the synthesis of porphyrin arrays by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, which are quite effective to construct carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-nitrogen bonds in porphyrin substrates. Palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions employed so far are Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction, Sonogashira coupling reaction, Buchwald-Hartwig amination, Mizoroki-Heck reaction, Migita-Kosugi-Stille coupling reaction, and so on. In each case, the representative examples and synthetic advantages are discussed.
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18
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Anamimoghadam O, Jones LO, Cooper JA, Beldjoudi Y, Nguyen MT, Liu W, Krzyaniak MD, Pezzato C, Stern CL, Patel HA, Wasielewski MR, Schatz GC, Stoddart JF. Discrete Open-Shell Tris(bipyridinium radical cationic) Inclusion Complexes in the Solid State. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:163-175. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ommid Anamimoghadam
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leighton O. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James A. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Minh T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hasmukh A. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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19
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Maeda C, Shirakawa T, Ema T. Synthesis and electronic properties of carbazole-based core-modified diporphyrins showing near infrared absorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15048-15051. [PMID: 33196711 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Directly linked carbazole-based core-modified diporphyrin D2 and fused diporphyrin F2 were synthesized. These diporphyrins showed significant electronic interactions and conjugation allowing for redshifted near infrared (NIR) absorption and small HOMO-LUMO gaps as confirmed by NIR absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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20
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Li Y, Zhou M, Xu L, Zhou B, Rao Y, Nie H, Gu T, Zhou J, Liang X, Yin B, Zhu W, Osuka A, Song J. Simultaneous Implementation of N-Heterocycle-Fused Bridge and Modified Pyrrole Unit on Ni(II) Porphyrin Dimers. Org Lett 2020; 22:6001-6005. [PMID: 32692918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of NiII-porphyrin dimer 10 with PbO2 or MnO2 resulted in the simultaneous implementation of an N-heterocycle-fused bridge and a modified pyrrole to give three unprecedented porphyrin dimers 11, 12, and 13. The reduction of 12 smoothly afforded 14. The structures of these dimers were all unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These dimers show significantly red-shifted absorption bands and perturbed electrochemical properties with a decreasing HOMO-LUMO gap in the order of 14 > 13 > 11 > 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bixiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Rao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Haigen Nie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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22
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Sigmund LM, Ebner F, Jöst C, Spengler J, Gönnheimer N, Hartmann D, Greb L. An Air-Stable, Neutral Phenothiazinyl Radical with Substantial Radical Stabilization Energy. Chemistry 2020; 26:3152-3156. [PMID: 31944465 PMCID: PMC7079145 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vital effect of radical states on the pharmacological activity of phenothiazine-based drugs has long been speculated. Whereas cationic radicals of N-substituted phenothiazines show high stability, the respective neutral radicals of N-unsubstituted phenothiazines have never been isolated. Herein, the 1,9-diamino-3,7-di-tert-butyl-N1 ,N9 -bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-10H-phenothiazin-10-yl radical (SQH2 . ) is described as the first air-stable, neutral phenothiazinyl free radical. The crystalline dark-blue species is characterized by means of EPR and UV/Vis/near-IR spectroscopy, as well as cyclic voltammetry, spectro-electrochemical analysis, single-crystal XRD, and computational studies. The SQH2 . radical stands out from other aminyl radicals by an impressive radical stabilization energy and its parent amine has one of the weakest N-H bond dissociation energies ever determined. In addition to serving as open-shell reference in medicinal chemistry, its tridentate binding pocket or hydrogen-bond-donor ability might enable manifold uses as a redox-active ligand or proton-coupled electron-transfer reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M. Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Fabian Ebner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Christoph Jöst
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonas Spengler
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nils Gönnheimer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Deborah Hartmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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23
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Nagata A, Hiraoka S, Suzuki S, Kozaki M, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Tanaka R, Okada K. Redox‐Induced Modulation of Exchange Interaction in a High‐Spin Ground‐State Diradical/Triradical System. Chemistry 2020; 26:3166-3172. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Nagata
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Hiraoka
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kozaki
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
- Osaka City UniversityAdvanced Research Institute for, Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA) Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Rika Tanaka
- X-ray Crystal Analysis LaboratoryGraduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Keiji Okada
- Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City University Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
- Osaka City UniversityAdvanced Research Institute for, Natural Science and Technology (OCARINA) Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Osaka 558-8585 Japan
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24
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Farinone M, Cybińska J, Pawlicki M. BODIPY-amino acid conjugates – tuning the optical response with a meso-heteroatom. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a heteroatom at the meso-position of BODIPY significantly influences the π-cloud of the main chromophore, modifying the final optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
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25
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Yamamoto T, Kato K, Shimizu D, Tanaka T, Osuka A. Phenylene-bridged Porphyrin meso-Oxy Radical Dimers. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4031-4034. [PMID: 31419053 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable meta- and para-phenylene bridged porphyrin meso-oxy radical dimers and their NiII and ZnII complexes were synthesized. All the dimers exhibited optical and electrochemical properties similar to the corresponding porphyrin meso-oxy radical monomers, indicating small electronic interaction between the two spins. Intramolecular spin-spin interaction through the π-spacer was determined to be J/kB =-15.9 K for m-phenylene bridged ZnII porphyrin dimer. The observed weak antiferromagnetic interaction has been attributed to less effective conjugation between the porphyrin radical and linking π-spacer due to large dihedral angle. In the case of ZnII complexes, both para- and meta-phenylene bridged dimers formed 1D-chain in solutions and in the solid states through Zn-O coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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26
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Adinarayana B, Shimizu D, Furukawa K, Osuka A. Stable radical versus reversible σ-bond formation of (porphyrinyl)dicyanomethyl radicals. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6007-6012. [PMID: 31360409 PMCID: PMC6566382 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(Porphyrinyl)dicyanomethyl radicals were produced by oxidation of dicyanomethyl-substituted porphyrins with PbO2. These radicals constitute a rare example displaying stable radical versus dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) depending upon the substitution position of the dicyanomethyl radical. meso-Dicyanomethyl-substituted radicals exist as stable monomeric species and do not undergo any dimerization processes either in the solid state or in solution. In contrast, β-dicyanomethyl-substituted radicals are isolated as σ-dimers that are stable in the solid-state but display reversible σ-dimerization behavior in solution; monomeric radical species exist predominantly at high temperatures, while σ-dimerization is favoured at low temperatures. This dynamic behaviour has been confirmed by variable-temperature 1H NMR, UV-vis and EPR measurements. The structures of the stable radical and σ-dimer have been revealed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The observed different reactivities of the two (porphyrinyl)dicyanomethyl radicals have been rationalized in terms of their spin delocalization behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Centre for Instrumental Analysis , Niigata University , Nishiku , Niigata , 950-2181 , Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan .
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27
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Kato K, Osuka A. meta
‐ and
para
‐Phenylenediamine‐Fused Porphyrin Dimers: Synthesis and Magnetic Interactions of Their Dication Diradicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8546-8550. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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28
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Kato K, Osuka A. meta
‐ and
para
‐Phenylenediamine‐Fused Porphyrin Dimers: Synthesis and Magnetic Interactions of Their Dication Diradicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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29
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Shimizu D, Ide Y, Ikeue T, Osuka A. Coordination‐Induced Spin‐State Switching of an Aminyl‐Radical‐Bridged Nickel(II) Porphyrin Dimer between Doublet and Sextet States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5023-5027. [PMID: 30761702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and EngineeringShimane University, Nishikawatsu-Cho Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and EngineeringShimane University, Nishikawatsu-Cho Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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30
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Synthesis of Carbon Showing Weak Antiferromagnetic Behavior at a Low Temperature. CONDENSED MATTER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat4010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this short communication, we report a new carbon material prepared from meta-linked polyaniline that exhibits weak antiferromagnetic interactions at low temperature. The synthesis of poly(meta-aniline), abbreviated as m-PANI, was conducted using the Ullmann reaction with the aid of Cu+ as a catalyst in the presence of K2CO3. After the generation of radical cations by vapor-phase doping with iodine, carbonization was performed to prepare carbon polyaniline (C-PANI), which comprises condensed benzene rings. Analysis with a superconducting quantum interference device revealed that the resultant carbon exhibits antiferromagnetism at low temperatures. The discovery of this weak antiferromagnetic carbon may contribute to the development of carbon magnets.
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31
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Shimizu D, Ide Y, Ikeue T, Osuka A. Coordination‐Induced Spin‐State Switching of an Aminyl‐Radical‐Bridged Nickel(II) Porphyrin Dimer between Doublet and Sextet States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and EngineeringShimane University, Nishikawatsu-Cho Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and EngineeringShimane University, Nishikawatsu-Cho Matsue 690-8504 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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32
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Gallagher N, Zhang H, Junghoefer T, Giangrisostomi E, Ovsyannikov R, Pink M, Rajca S, Casu MB, Rajca A. Thermally and Magnetically Robust Triplet Ground State Diradical. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4764-4774. [PMID: 30816035 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High spin ( S = 1) organic diradicals may offer enhanced properties with respect to several emerging technologies, but typically exhibit low singlet triplet energy gaps and possess limited thermal stability. We report triplet ground state diradical 2 with a large singlet-triplet energy gap, Δ EST ≥ 1.7 kcal mol-1, leading to nearly exclusive population of triplet ground state at room temperature, and good thermal stability with onset of decomposition at ∼160 °C under inert atmosphere. Magnetic properties of 2 and the previously prepared diradical 1 are characterized by SQUID magnetometry of polycrystalline powders, in polystyrene glass, and in other matrices. Polycrystalline diradical 2 forms a novel one-dimensional (1D) spin-1 ( S = 1) chain of organic radicals with intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling of J'/ k = -14 K, which is associated with the N···N and N···O intermolecular contacts. The intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling in 2 is by far strongest among all studied 1D S = 1 chains of organic radicals, which also makes 1D S = 1 chains of 2 most isotropic, and therefore an excellent system for studies of low-dimensional magnetism. In polystyrene glass and in frozen benzene or dibutyl phthalate solution, both 1 and 2 are monomeric. Diradical 2 is thermally robust and is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum to form thin films of intact diradicals on silicon substrate, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on C-K NEXAFS spectra and AFM images of the ∼1.5 nm thick films, the diradical molecules form islands on the substrate with molecules stacked approximately along the crystallographic a-axis. The films are stable under ultrahigh vacuum for at least 60 h but show signs of decomposition when exposed to ambient conditions for 7 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Tobias Junghoefer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB) , Albert-Einstein-Str 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB) , Albert-Einstein-Str 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405-7102 , United States
| | - Suchada Rajca
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
| | - Maria Benedetta Casu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Andrzej Rajca
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588-0304 , United States
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33
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Adinarayana B, Shimizu D, Osuka A. Stable (BIII
-Subporphyrin-5-yl)dicyanomethyl Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 25:1706-1710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Adinarayana
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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34
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Farinone M, Cybińska J, Pawlicki M. A controlled blue-shift in meso-nitrogen aryl fused DIPY and BODIPY skeletons. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An aryl-amine attached to the meso-position of the BODIPY skeleton quenches the fluorescence. The observed edge fusion creates a new heterocyclic subunit simultaneously increasing the efficiency of emission. The quantitative deprotonation of meso NH functionality leads to absorbance blue shift and increased emission quantum yield showing potential for formation of BODIPY based changeable chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii
- Uniwersytet Wrocławski
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
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35
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Fujimoto K, Shimizu D, Osuka A. Porphyrin‐Stabilized Nitrenium Dication. Chemistry 2018; 25:521-525. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceKyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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36
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Shimizu D, Fujimoto K, Osuka A. Stable Diporphyrinylaminyl Radical and Nitrenium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9434-9438. [PMID: 29882340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitrenium ions, isoelectronic nitrogen counterparts of carbenes, are important intermediates in various biological and chemical processes. Herein we describe the first synthesis and characterization of a stable nitrenium ion without resonance stabilization by adjoining amino groups. Namely, a stable salt of a diporphyrinylnitrenium ion was synthesized by stepwise oxidation of the corresponding diporphyrinylamine through a stable aminyl radical. The nitrenium ion exhibits characteristic features such as a singlet ground state, enhanced double-bond character of the central C-N bonds, no reactivity toward water and methanol, and negative solvatochromic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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37
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Shimizu D, Fujimoto K, Osuka A. Stable Diporphyrinylaminyl Radical and Nitrenium Ion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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38
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Kato K, Furukawa K, Osuka A. A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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39
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Kato K, Furukawa K, Osuka A. A Stable Trimethylenemethane Triplet Diradical Based on a Trimeric Porphyrin Fused π-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9491-9494. [PMID: 29858542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylenemethane (TMM) diradical is the simplest non-Kekulé non-disjoint molecule with the triplet ground state (ΔEST =+16.1 kcal mol-1 ) and is extremely reactive. It is a challenge to design and synthesize a stable TMM diradical with key properties, such as actual aliphatic TMM diradical centers and the triplet ground state with a large positive ΔEST value, since such species provide detailed information on the electronic structure of TMM diradical. Herein we report a TMM derivative, in which the TMM segment is fused with three NiII meso-triarylporphyrins, that satisfies the above criteria. The diradical shows delocalized spin density on the propeller-like porphyrin π-network and the triplet ground state owing to the strong ferromagnetic interaction. Despite the apparent TMM structure, the diradical can be handled under ambient conditions and can be stored for months in the solid state, thus allowing its X-ray diffraction structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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40
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Fujimoto K, Osuka A. A 1,5-Naphthyridine-Fused Porphyrin Dimer: Intense NIR Absorption and Facile Redox Interconversion with Its Reduced Congener. Chemistry 2018. [PMID: 29536577 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PtII -catalyzed cyclization of β-to-β ethynylene-bridged meso-amino NiII porphyrin dimer 4 followed by oxidation with PbO2 afforded 1,5-naphthyridine-fused porphyrin dimer 5 in good yield. This dimer possesses a redox-active 1,4-diazabutadiene linkage that is interconvertible with its reduced 1,2-diaminoethene linkage upon treatments with NaBH4 or PbO2 . The dimer 5 exhibits an intense NIR absorption and a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap with a remarkably low reduction potential mainly due to effective bonding interactions in the LUMO through the 1,4-diazabutadiene linkage. In contrast, the reduced dimer 7 is fairly electron-rich with high HOMO energy and shows a relatively large HOMO-LUMO gap compared to that of 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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