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Luo S, Lian E, He J, deMello JC. Flexible Transparent Electrodes Formed from Template-Patterned Thin-Film Silver. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300058. [PMID: 37229613 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Template-patterned, flexible transparent electrodes (TEs) formed from an ultrathin silver film on top of a commercial optical adhesive - Norland Optical Adhesive 63 (NOA63) - are reported. NOA63 is shown to be an effective base-layer for ultrathin silver films that advantageously prevents coalescence of vapor-deposited silver atoms into large, isolated islands (Volmer-Weber growth), and so aids the formation of ultrasmooth continuous films. 12 nm silver films on top of free-standing NOA63 combine high, haze-free visible-light transparency (T ≈ 60% at 550 nm) with low sheet-resistance (R s ${\mathcal{R}}_s$ ≈ 16 Ω sq-1), and exhibit excellent resilience to bending, making them attractive candidates for flexible TEs. Etching the NOA63 base-layer with an oxygen plasma before silver deposition causes the silver to laterally segregate into isolated pillars, resulting in a much higher sheet resistance (R s ${\mathcal{R}}_{s}$ > 8 × 106 Ω sq-1) than silver grown on pristine NOA63 . Hence, by selectively etching NOA63 before metal deposition, insulating regions may be defined within an otherwise conducting silver film, resulting in a differentially conductive film that can serve as a patterned TE for flexible devices. Transmittance may be increased (to 79% at 550 nm) by depositing an antireflective layer of Al2O3 on the Ag layer at the cost of reduced flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Enkui Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Jiali He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - John C deMello
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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2
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Chen M, Nijboer MP, Kovalgin AY, Nijmeijer A, Roozeboom F, Luiten-Olieman MWJ. Atmospheric-pressure atomic layer deposition: recent applications and new emerging applications in high-porosity/3D materials. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37376785 PMCID: PMC10392469 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a widely recognized technique for depositing ultrathin conformal films with excellent thickness control at Ångström or (sub)monolayer level. Atmospheric-pressure ALD is an upcoming ALD process with a potentially lower ownership cost of the reactor. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent applications and development of ALD approaches emphasizing those based on operation at atmospheric pressure. Each application determines its own specific reactor design. Spatial ALD (s-ALD) has been recently introduced for the commercial production of large-area 2D displays, the surface passivation and encapsulation of solar cells and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. Atmospheric temporal ALD (t-ALD) has opened up new emerging applications such as high-porosity particle coatings, functionalization of capillary columns for gas chromatography, and membrane modification in water treatment and gas purification. The challenges and opportunities for highly conformal coating on porous substrates by atmospheric ALD have been identified. We discuss in particular the pros and cons of both s-ALD and t-ALD in combination with their reactor designs in relation to the coating of 3D and high-porosity materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M P Nijboer
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A Y Kovalgin
- Integrated Devices and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Nijmeijer
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - F Roozeboom
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M W J Luiten-Olieman
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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3
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Boysen N, Devi A. Liquid injection field desorption/ionization as a powerful tool to characterize volatile, labile, and reactive metal-organic complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:12-20. [PMID: 36579795 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221146687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) is often used to characterize volatile and thermally stable organometallic complexes relevant for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. However, this method has limitations for thermally unstable and labile organometallic complexes. In this context, EI-MS is not the preferred method of choice for characterizing such compounds. With three different representative organometallic complexes based on the transition metals yttrium, iridium, and silver, relevant as precursors for CVD of different materials, the significance of liquid injection field desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LIFDI-MS) as an important precursor characterization tool is exemplified. The precursors are not only reactive toward ambient air, but also thermally labile especially in the case of iridium and silver complexes. As a promising alternative, LIFDI-MS is used to overcome the limitations of EI-MS. For the first time, these complexes were successfully analyzed using LIFDI-MS. The comparison between EI-MS and LIFDI-MS highlights that LIFDI-MS is superior for the mass spectrometric analysis of sensitive and labile complexes. In terms of precursor characterization, LIFDI-MS can be fully exploited to gain valuable insights into the decomposition mechanisms and identifying the nuclearity of organometallic precursors used for CVD applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), 9142Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), 9142Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Samii R, Fransson A, Mpofu P, Niiranen P, Ojamäe L, Kessler V, O’Brien NJ. Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Properties of Volatile Group 11 Triazenides as Potential Precursors for Vapor Deposition. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20804-20813. [PMID: 36516988 PMCID: PMC9795554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Group 11 thin films are desirable as interconnects in microelectronics. Although many M-N-bonded Cu precursors have been explored for vapor deposition, there is currently a lack of suitable Ag and Au derivatives. Herein, we present monovalent Cu, Ag, and Au 1,3-di-tert-butyltriazenides that have potential for use in vapor deposition. Their thermal stability and volatility rival that of current state-of-the-art group 11 precursors with bidentate M-N-bonded ligands. Solution-state thermolysis of these triazenides yielded polycrystalline films of elemental Cu, Ag, and Au. The compounds are therefore highly promising as single-source precursors for vapor deposition of coinage metal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Samii
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, Linköping
SE58183, Sweden
| | - Anton Fransson
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, Linköping
SE58183, Sweden
| | - Pamburayi Mpofu
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, Linköping
SE58183, Sweden
| | - Pentti Niiranen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, Linköping
SE58183, Sweden
| | - Lars Ojamäe
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, Linköping
SE58183, Sweden
| | - Vadim Kessler
- Department
of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, Uppsala75007, Sweden
| | - Nathan J. O’Brien
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping
University, Linköping
SE58183, Sweden,
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5
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Boysen N, Wree JL, Zanders D, Rogalla D, Öhl D, Schuhmann W, Devi A. High-Performance Iridium Thin Films for Water Splitting by CVD Using New Ir(I) Precursors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52149-52162. [PMID: 36351209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of iridium can be utilized in a wide range of applications and are particularly interesting for catalytic transformations. For the scalable deposition of functional Ir thin films, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is the method of choice, for which organometallic precursors that embody a high volatility and thermal stability need to be specifically tailored. Herein, we report the synthesis, analysis, and evaluation of new volatile Ir(I)-1,5-cyclooctadiene complexes bearing all-nitrogen coordinating guanidinate (N,N'-diisopropyl-2-dimethylamido-guanidinate (DPDMG)), amidinate (N,N'-diisopropyl-amidinate (DPAMD)), and formamidinate (N,N'-diisopropyl-formamidinate (DPfAMD)) ligands. The amidinate-based Ir complex [Ir(COD)(DPAMD)] together with O2 was implemented in MOCVD experiments resulting in highly crystalline, dense, and conductive Ir films on a variety of substrate materials. The Ir deposits achieved outstanding electrochemical performance with overpotentials in the range of 50 mV at -10 mA·cm-2 for catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic solution. The ability to deposit Ir layers via MOCVD exhibiting promising functional properties is a significant step toward large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan-Lucas Wree
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - David Zanders
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry─Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry─Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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6
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Boysen N, Philip A, Rogalla D, Karppinen M, Devi A. Role of Anionic Backbone in NHC-Stabilized Coinage Metal Complexes: New Precursors for Atomic Layer Deposition. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103798. [PMID: 35044704 PMCID: PMC9303662 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cu and Ag precursors that are volatile, reactive, and thermally stable are currently of high interest for their application in atomic-layer deposition (ALD) of thin metal films. In pursuit of new precursors for coinage metals, namely Cu and Ag, a series of new N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based CuI and AgI complexes were synthesized. Modifications in the substitution pattern of diketonate-based anionic backbones led to five monomeric Cu complexes and four closely related Ag complexes with the general formula [M(tBu NHC)(R)] (M=Cu, Ag; tBu NHC=1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene; R=diketonate). Thermal analysis indicated that most of the Cu complexes are thermally stable and volatile compared to the more fragile Ag analogs. One of the promising Cu precursors was evaluated for the ALD of nanoparticulate Cu metal deposits by using hydroquinone as the reducing agent at appreciably low deposition temperatures (145-160 °C). This study highlights the considerable impact of the employed ligand sphere on the structural and thermal properties of metal complexes that are relevant for vapor-phase processing of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC)Ruhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Anish Philip
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University P.O. Box 1610000076EspooFinland
| | | | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University P.O. Box 1610000076EspooFinland
| | - Anjana Devi
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry (IMC)Ruhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
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7
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Das R, Parihar V, Nagaraja CM. Strategic design of a bifunctional Ag( i)-grafted NHC-MOF for efficient chemical fixation of CO 2 from a dilute gas under ambient conditions. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facile grafting of catalytically active Ag(i) into CO2-philic NHC-MOF for simultaneous capture and conversion of CO2 from dilute gas to value-added α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate and oxazolidinones under mild conditions is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Vaibhav Parihar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - C. M. Nagaraja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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8
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Volatile and thermally stable silver pyrazolate complexes containing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Boysen N, Misimi B, Muriqi A, Wree JL, Hasselmann T, Rogalla D, Haeger T, Theirich D, Nolan M, Riedl T, Devi A. A carbene stabilized precursor for the spatial atomic layer deposition of copper thin films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13752-13755. [PMID: 33063069 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a carbene stabilized precursor [Cu(tBuNHC)(hmds)] with suitable volatility, reactivity and thermal stability, that enables the spatial plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (APP-ALD) of copper thin films at atmospheric pressure. The resulting conductive and pure copper layers were thoroughly analysed and a comparison of precursor and process with the previously reported silver analogue [Ag(tBuNHC)(hmds)] revealed interesting similarities and notable differences in precursor chemistry and growth characteristics. This first report of APP-ALD grown copper layers is an important starting point for high throughput, low-cost manufacturing of copper films for nano- and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Boysen
- Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Chen D, Kang Z, Li W. Thin Ag films adhesive onto flexible substrates with excellent properties for multi‐application. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Chen
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University Guangzhou China
- Shaoguan Institute of Jinan University Shaoguan China
| | - Zhixin Kang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials Processing School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Advanced Wear & Corrosion Resistant and Functional Materials, Jinan University Guangzhou China
- Shaoguan Institute of Jinan University Shaoguan China
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11
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Orr SA, Kelly JA, Boutland AJ, Blair VL. Structural Elucidation of Silver(I) Amides and Their Application as Catalysts in the Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration of Carbonyls. Chemistry 2020; 26:4947-4951. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Orr
- School of ChemistryMonash University Wellington Road Clayton, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - John A. Kelly
- School of ChemistryMonash University Wellington Road Clayton, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Aaron J. Boutland
- School of ChemistryMonash University Wellington Road Clayton, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Victoria L. Blair
- School of ChemistryMonash University Wellington Road Clayton, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
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12
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Griffiths MBE, Dubrawski ZS, Bačić G, Japahuge A, Masuda JD, Zeng T, Barry ST. Controlling the Thermal Stability and Volatility of Organogold(I) Compounds for Vapor Deposition with Complementary Ligand Design. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. E. Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive K1S 5B6 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Zachary S. Dubrawski
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive K1S 5B6 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Goran Bačić
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive K1S 5B6 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Achini Japahuge
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive K1S 5B6 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Jason D. Masuda
- Department of Chemistry Saint Mary's University 923 Robie Street B3H 3C3 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive K1S 5B6 Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Seán T. Barry
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive K1S 5B6 Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Prabusankar G, Muthukumaran N, Vaddamanu M, Raju G, Velappan K, Sathyanarayana A, Masaya Y, Sugiyama S, Hisano K, Tsutsumi O. Blue-emitting acridine-tagged silver(i)-bis-N-heterocyclic carbene. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7543-7550. [PMID: 35519949 PMCID: PMC9061350 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00281b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the photophysical properties of an acridine derivative of a bis-N-heterocyclic carbene silver complex were investigated. The HOMO and LUMO energy differences between 9-[(N-methyl imidazol-2-ylidene)]acridine and 4,5-bis[(N-methyl-imidazol-2-ylidene)methyl]acridine were theoretically compared. Based on the calculation, the 4,5-bis N-heterocyclic carbene-tethered acridine type of ligand was found to be a potential source for tuning the fluorescent nature of the resultant metal derivatives. Thus, a 4,5-bis N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-tethered acridine silver(i) salt was synthesized, and its photophysical properties were investigated. The 4,5-bis[(N-isopropylimidazol-2-ylidene)methyl]acridine silver(i) hexafluorophosphate complex was obtained from the reaction between [4,5-bis{(N-isopropylimidazolium)methyl}acridine] hexafluorophosphate and Ag2O in very good yield; this molecule was characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR, multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structure has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, which has revealed that the complex is a homoleptic mononuclear silver(i) cationic solid. The charge of the Ag(i)–NHC cation is balanced by the hexafluorophosphate anion. The cationic moieties are closely packed in the chair and inverted chair forms where silver(i) possesses a quasi-linear geometry. Moreover, the silver complex provided blue emission from all the three excitations with good fluorescence quantum yield. The fluorescence lifetime of the silver(i) complex has been determined using the time-correlated single photon counting technique. Interestingly, the fluorescence decay pattern and the fluorescence lifetimes of the silver complex are largely different from those of the parent ligand acridine imidazolium salt. Moreover, the theoretical predictions have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The synthesis and photophysical properties of blue-emitting acridine-tagged silver(i)-bis-N-heterocyclic carbene are reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moulali Vaddamanu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- India-502285
| | - Gembali Raju
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- India-502285
| | | | | | - Yamane Masaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525-8577
- Japan
| | - Shohei Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525-8577
- Japan
| | - Kyohei Hisano
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525-8577
- Japan
| | - Osamu Tsutsumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525-8577
- Japan
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