1
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Li L, Zhang H, Ye F, Xiao Z, Zeng Z, Li H, Ahmad M, Wang S, Zhang Q. Few-Layer Meets Crystalline Structure: Collaborative Efforts for Improving Photocatalytic H 2O 2 Generation over Carbon Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17506-17516. [PMID: 38538567 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Although the conversion of O2 and H2O to H2O2 over graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been realized by means of the photocatalytic process, the catalytic activity of pristine g-C3N4 is still restricted by the rapid charge recombination and inadequate exposure of the active site. In this work, we propose a straightforward strategy to solve these limitations by decreasing the thickness and improving the crystallinity of g-C3N4, resulting in the preparation of few-layered crystalline carbon nitride (FL-CCN). Benefiting from the minimal thickness and highly ordered in-plane triangular cavities within the structure, FL-CCN processes an extended π-conjugated system with a reduced charge transfer resistance and expanded specific surface area. These features accelerate the efficiency of photogenerated charge separation in FL-CCN and contribute to explore of its surface active sites. Consequently, FL-CCN exhibits a significantly improved H2O2 evolution rate (63.95 μmol g-1 h-1), which is 7.8 times higher than that of pristine g-C3N4 (8.15 μmol g-1 h-1), during the photocatalytic conversion of O2 and H2O. This systematic investigation offers valuable insights into the mechanism of photocatalytic H2O2 generation and the development of efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhourong Xiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhenxing Zeng
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Houfen Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Munir Ahmad
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuaijie Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qingrui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Deep-Remediation in Water and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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2
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Wang Y, Zou J, Zhao C, Jiang H, Song Y, Zhang L, Li X, Wang F, Fan L, Liu X, Wei M, Yang L. Building a Charge Transfer Bridge between g-C 3N 4 and Perovskite with Molecular Engineering to Achieve Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13815-13827. [PMID: 38442230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Effective defect passivation and efficient charge transfer within polycrystalline perovskite grains and corresponding boundaries are necessary to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, focusing on the boundary location of g-C3N4 during the crystallization modulation on perovskite, molecular engineering of 4-carboxyl-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (BF) on g-C3N4 was designed to obtain a novel additive named BFCN. With the help of the strong bonding ability of BF with both g-C3N4 and perovskite and favorable intramolecular charge transfer within BFCN, not only has the crystal quality of perovskite films been improved due to the effective defects passivation, but the charge transfer has also been greatly accelerated due to the formation of additional charge transfer channels on the grain boundaries. As a result, the champion BFCN-based PSCs achieve the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.71% with good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Jinhang Zou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Congyu Zhao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Haipeng Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yuhuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Fengyou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Maobin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
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3
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Song Z, Hou J, Raguin E, Pedersen A, Eren EO, Senokos E, Tarakina NV, Giusto P, Antonietti M. Triazine-Based Graphitic Carbon Nitride Thin Film as a Homogeneous Interphase for Lithium Storage. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2066-2076. [PMID: 38193893 PMCID: PMC10811665 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride is a semiconductor material constituted of cross-linked triazine units, which differs from widely reported heptazine-based carbon nitrides. Its triazine-based structure gives rise to significantly different physical chemical properties from the latter. However, it is still a great challenge to experimentally synthesize this material. Here, we propose a synthesis strategy via vapor-metal interfacial condensation on a planar copper substrate to realize homogeneous growth of triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride films over large surfaces. The triazine-based motifs are clearly shown in transmission electron microscopy with high in-plane crystallinity. An AB-stacking arrangement of the layers is orientationlly parallel to the substrate surface. Eventually, the as-prepared films show dense electrochemical lithium deposition attributed to homogeneous charge transport within this thin film interphase, making it a promising solution for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Song
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Jing Hou
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Emeline Raguin
- Biomaterials
Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids
and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Angus Pedersen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K.
| | - Enis Oǧuzhan Eren
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Evgeny Senokos
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Paolo Giusto
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
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4
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Salahvarzi M, Setaro A, Ludwig K, Amsalem P, Schultz T, Mehdipour E, Nemati M, Chong C, Reich S, Adeli M. Synthesis of two-dimensional triazine covalent organic frameworks at ambient conditions to detect and remove water pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117078. [PMID: 37704076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of fully triazine frameworks (C3N3) by metal catalyzed reactions at high temperatures results in carbonized and less-defined structures. Moreover, metal impurities affect the physicochemical, optical and electrical properties of the synthesized frameworks, dramatically. In this work, two-dimensional C3N3 (2DC3N3) has been synthesized by in situ catalyst-free copolymerization of sodium cyanide and cyanuric chloride, as cheap and commercially available precursors, at ambient conditions on gram scale. Reaction between sodium cyanide and cyanuric chloride resulted in electron-poor polyfunctional intermediates, which converted to 2DC3N3 with several hundred micrometers lateral size at ambient conditions upon [2 + 2+2] cyclotrimerization. 2DC3N3 sheets, in bulk and individually, showed strong fluorescence with 63% quantum yield and sensitive to small objects such as dyes and metal ions. The sensitivity of 2DC3N3 emission to foreign objects was used to detect low concentration of water impurities. Due to the high negative surface charge (-37.7 mV) and dispersion in aqueous solutions, they demonstrated a high potential to remove positively charged dyes from water, exemplified by excellent removal efficiency (>99%) for methylene blue. Taking advantage of the straightforward production and strong interactions with dyes and metal ions, 2DC3N3 was integrated in filters and used for the fast detection and efficient removal of water impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Setaro
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Department of Engineering, Pegaso University, Naples, Italy
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schultz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | | | - Mohammad Nemati
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Cheng Chong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department of Physics, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
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5
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Frank B, Antonietti M, Giusto P, Zeininger L. Photocharging of Carbon Nitride Thin Films for Controllable Manipulation of Droplet Force Gradient Sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37934048 PMCID: PMC10655103 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Intentional generation, amplification, and discharging of chemical gradients is central to many nano- and micromanipulative technologies. We describe a straightforward strategy to direct chemical gradients inside a solution via local photoelectric surface charging of organic semiconducting thin films. We observed that the irradiation of carbon nitride thin films with ultraviolet light generates local and sustained surface charges in illuminated regions, inducing chemical gradients in adjacent solutions via charge-selective immobilization of surfactants onto the substrate. We studied these gradients using droplet force gradient sensors, complex emulsions with simultaneous and independent responsive modalities to transduce information on transient gradients in temperature, chemistry, and concentration via tilting, morphological reconfiguration, and chemotaxis. Fine control over the interaction between local, photoelectrically patterned, semiconducting carbon nitride thin films and their environment yields a new method to design chemomechanically responsive materials, potentially applicable to micromanipulative technologies including microfluidics, lab-on-a-chip devices, soft robotics, biochemical assays, and the sorting of colloids and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley
D. Frank
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paolo Giusto
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lukas Zeininger
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Njel C, Liu Y, Dallabernardina P, Stevens MM, Seeberger PH, Savateev O, Loeffler FF. Metal-free photoanodes for C-H functionalization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7104. [PMID: 37925550 PMCID: PMC10625597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic semiconductors, such as carbon nitride, when employed as powders, show attractive photocatalytic properties, but their photoelectrochemical performance suffers from low charge transport capability, charge carrier recombination, and self-oxidation. High film-substrate affinity and well-designed heterojunction structures may address these issues, achieved through advanced film generation techniques. Here, we introduce a spin coating pretreatment of a conductive substrate with a multipurpose polymer and a supramolecular precursor, followed by chemical vapor deposition for the synthesis of dual-layer carbon nitride photoelectrodes. These photoelectrodes are composed of a porous microtubular top layer and an interlayer between the porous film and the conductive substrate. The polymer improves the polymerization degree of carbon nitride and introduces C-C bonds to increase its electrical conductivity. These carbon nitride photoelectrodes exhibit state-of-the-art photoelectrochemical performance and achieve high yield in C-H functionalization. This carbon nitride photoelectrode synthesis strategy may be readily adapted to other reported processes to optimize their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuntao Zhu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Njel
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Dallabernardina
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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7
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Kumar P, Singh G, Guan X, Lee J, Bahadur R, Ramadass K, Kumar P, Kibria MG, Vidyasagar D, Yi J, Vinu A. Multifunctional carbon nitride nanoarchitectures for catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7602-7664. [PMID: 37830178 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalysis is at the heart of modern-day chemical and pharmaceutical industries, and there is an urgent demand to develop metal-free, high surface area, and efficient catalysts in a scalable, reproducible and economic manner. Amongst the ever-expanding two-dimensional materials family, carbon nitride (CN) has emerged as the most researched material for catalytic applications due to its unique molecular structure with tunable visible range band gap, surface defects, basic sites, and nitrogen functionalities. These properties also endow it with anchoring capability with a large number of catalytically active sites and provide opportunities for doping, hybridization, sensitization, etc. To make considerable progress in the use of CN as a highly effective catalyst for various applications, it is critical to have an in-depth understanding of its synthesis, structure and surface sites. The present review provides an overview of the recent advances in synthetic approaches of CN, its physicochemical properties, and band gap engineering, with a focus on its exclusive usage in a variety of catalytic reactions, including hydrogen evolution reactions, overall water splitting, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, nitrogen reduction reactions, pollutant degradation, and organocatalysis. While the structural design and band gap engineering of catalysts are elaborated, the surface chemistry is dealt with in detail to demonstrate efficient catalytic performances. Burning challenges in catalytic design and future outlook are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Xinwei Guan
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jangmee Lee
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rohan Bahadur
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kavitha Ramadass
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Devthade Vidyasagar
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiabao Yi
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, College of Engineering, Science and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Kuzkova N, Kiyan IY, Wilkinson I, Merschjann C. Ultrafast dynamics in polymeric carbon nitride thin films probed by time-resolved EUV photoemission and UV-Vis transient absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27094-27113. [PMID: 37807824 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03191h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The ground- and excited-state electronic structures of four polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials have been investigated using a combination of photoemission and optical absorption spectroscopy. To establish the driving forces for photocatalytic water-splitting reactions, the ground-state data was used to produce a band diagram of the PCN materials and the triethanolamine electron scavenger, commonly implemented in water-splitting devices. The ultrafast charge-carrier dynamics of the same PCN materials were also investigated using two femtosecond-time-resolved pump-probe techniques: extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) photoemission and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) transient absorption spectroscopy. The complementary combination of these surface- and bulk-sensitive methods facilitated photoinduced kinetic measurements spanning the sub-picosecond to few nanosecond time range. The results show that 400 nm (3.1 eV) excitation sequentially populates a pair of short-lived transient species, which subsequently produce two different long-lived excited states on a sub-picosecond time scale. Based on the spectro-temporal characteristics of the long-lived signals, they are assigned to singlet-exciton and charge-transfer states. The associated charge-separation efficiency was inferred to be between 65% and 78% for the different studied materials. A comparison of results from differently synthesized PCNs revealed that the early-time processes do not differ qualitatively between sample batches, but that materials of more voluminous character tend to have higher charge separation efficiencies, compared to exfoliated colloidal materials. This finding was corroborated via a series of experiments that revealed an absence of any pump-fluence dependence of the initial excited-state decay kinetics and characteristic carrier-concentration effects that emerge beyond few-picosecond timescales. The initial dynamics of the photoinduced charge carriers in the PCNs are correspondingly determined to be spatially localised in the immediate vicinity of the lattice-constituting motif, while the long-time behaviour is dominated by charge-transport and recombination processes. Suppressing the latter by confining excited species within nanoscale volumes should therefore affect the usability of PCN materials in photocatalytic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Kuzkova
- Institute of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Yu Kiyan
- Institute of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Merschjann
- Department Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Ji S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Lin W. Computational screening of high activity and selectivity of CO 2 reduction via transition metal single-atom catalysts on triazine-based graphite carbon nitride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24022-24030. [PMID: 37650553 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are emerging as promising catalysts in the field of the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Herein, a series of 3d to 5d transition metal atoms supported on triazine-based graphite carbon nitride (TM@TGCN) as a CO2 reduction catalyst are studied via density functional theory computations. Eventually, four TM@TGCN catalysts (TM = Ni, Rh, Os, and Ir) are selected using a five-step screening method, in which Rh@TGCN and Ni@TGCN show a low limiting potential of -0.48 and -0.58 V, respectively, for reducing CO2 to CH4. The activity mechanism shows that the catalysts with a negative d-band center and optimal positive charge can improve the CO2RR performance. Our study provides theoretical guidance for the rational design of highly active and selective catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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10
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Liu M, Zhang G, Liang X, Pan Z, Zheng D, Wang S, Yu Z, Hou Y, Wang X. Rh/Cr 2 O 3 and CoO x Cocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304694. [PMID: 37162371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In situ photo-deposition of both Pt and CoOx cocatalysts on the facets of poly (triazine imide) (PTI) crystals has been developed for photocatalytic overall water splitting. However, the undesired backward reaction (i.e., water formation) on the noble Pt surface is a spontaneously down-hill process, which restricts their efficiency to run the overall water splitting reaction. Herein, we demonstrate that the efficiency for photocatalytic overall water splitting could be largely promoted by the decoration of Rh/Cr2 O3 and CoOx as H2 and O2 evolution cocatalysts, respectively. Results reveal that the dual cocatalysts greatly extract charges from bulk to surface, while the Rh/Cr2 O3 cocatalyst dramatically restrains the backward reaction, achieving an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 20.2 % for the photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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11
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Maluangnont T, Pulphol P, Chaithaweep K, Dabsamut K, Kobkeatthawin T, Smith SM, Boonchun A, Vittayakorn N. Alternating current properties of bulk- and nanosheet-graphitic carbon nitride compacts at elevated temperatures. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25276-25283. [PMID: 37622022 PMCID: PMC10445277 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigations of temperature-dependent electrical properties in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) have been largely performed at/below room temperature on devices commonly fabricated by vacuum techniques, leaving the gap to further explore its behaviors at high-temperature. We reported herein the temperature dependence (400 → 35 °C) of alternating current (AC) electrical properties in bulk- and nanosheet-g-C3N4 compacts simply prepared by pelletizing the powder. The bulk sample was synthesized via the direct heating of urea, and the subsequent HNO3-assisted thermal exfoliation yielded the nanosheet counterpart. Their thermal stability was confirmed by variable-temperature X-ray diffraction, demonstrating reversible interlayer expansion/contraction upon heating/cooling with the thermal expansion coefficient of 2.2 × 10-5-3.1 × 10-5 K-1. It is found that bulk- and nanosheet-g-C3N4 were highly insulating (resistivity ρ ∼ 108 Ω cm unchanged with temperature), resembling layered van der Waals materials such as graphite fluoride but unlike electronically insulating oxides. Likewise, the dielectric permittivity ε', loss tangent tan δ, refractive index n, dielectric heating coefficient J, and attenuation coefficient α, were weakly temperature- and frequency-dependent (103-105 Hz). The experimentally determined ε' of bulk-g-C3N4 was reasonably close to the in-plane static dielectric permittivity (8 vs. 5.1) deduced from first-principles calculation, consistent with the anisotropic structure. The nanosheet-g-C3N4 exhibited a higher ε' ∼ 15 while keeping similar tan δ (∼0.09) compared to the bulk counterpart, demonstrating its potential as a highly insulating, stable dielectrics at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Maluangnont
- Electroceramics Research Laboratory, College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Phieraya Pulphol
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University Bangkok 10110 Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Chaithaweep
- Advanced Materials Research Unit and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Klichchupong Dabsamut
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Thawanrat Kobkeatthawin
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Meejoo Smith
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Adisak Boonchun
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Naratip Vittayakorn
- Advanced Materials Research Unit and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
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12
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Maluangnont T, Pulphol P, Pongampai S, Kobkeatthawin T, Smith SM, Vittayakorn N. TiO 2/graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet composite with enhanced sensitivity to atmospheric water. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6143-6152. [PMID: 36814882 PMCID: PMC9940629 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the fundamentals of transport properties in two-dimensional (2D) materials is essential for their applications in devices, sensors, and so on. Herein, we report the impedance spectroscopic study of carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNS) and the composite with anatase (TiO2/CNNS, 20 atom% Ti), including their interaction with atmospheric water. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption/desorption, solid state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that CNNS is highly insulating (resistivity ρ ∼ 1010 Ω cm) and its impedance barely changes during a 20 min-measurement at room temperature and 70% relative humidity. Meanwhile, incorporating the semiconducting TiO2 nanoparticles (∼10 nm) reduces ρ by one order of magnitude, and the decreased ρ is proportional to the exposure time to atmospheric water. Sorbed water shows up at low frequency (<102 Hz) with relaxation time in milliseconds, but the response intrinsic to CNNS and TiO2/CNNS is evident at higher frequency (>104 Hz) with relaxation time in microseconds. These two signals apparently correlate to the endothermic peak at ≤110 °C and >250 °C, respectively, in differential scanning calorimetry experiments. Universal power law analysis suggests charge hopping across the 3D conduction pathways, consistent with the capacitance in picofarad typical of grain response. Our work demonstrates that the use of various formalisms (i.e., impedance, permittivity, conductivity, and modulus) combined with a simple universal power law analysis provides insights into water-induced transport of the TiO2/CNNS composite without complicated curve fitting procedure or dedicated humidity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosapol Maluangnont
- Electroceramics Research Laboratory, College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Thailand
| | - Phieraya Pulphol
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot UniversityBangkok 10110Thailand
| | - Satana Pongampai
- Advanced Materials Research Unit and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology LadkrabangBangkok 10520Thailand
| | - Thawanrat Kobkeatthawin
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol UniversityNakhon Pathom 73170Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Meejoo Smith
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol UniversityNakhon Pathom 73170Thailand
| | - Naratip Vittayakorn
- Advanced Materials Research Unit and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology LadkrabangBangkok 10520Thailand
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13
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Liu C, Liu J, Godin R. ALD-Deposited NiO Approaches the Performance of Platinum as a Hydrogen Evolution Cocatalyst on Carbon Nitride. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British ColumbiaV1V 1V7, Canada
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14
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Carrier Dynamics and Surface Reaction Boosted by Polymer-based Single-atom Photocatalysts. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Zhang H, Liu J, Jiang L. Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution based on carbon nitride and organic semiconductors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:322001. [PMID: 35447618 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac68f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) presents a promising way to solve the global energy crisis. Metal-free carbon nitride (CN) and organic semiconductors photocatalysts have drawn intense interests due to their fascinating properties such as tunable molecular structure, electronic states, strong visible-light absorption, low-cost etc. In this paper, the recent progresses of photocatalytic hydrogen production based on organic photocatalysts, including CN, linear polymers, conjugated porous polymers and small molecules, are reviewed, with emphasis on the various strategies to improve PHE efficiency. Finally, the possible future research trends in the organic photocatalysts are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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16
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Das D, Sharma AK, Chattopadhyay KK, Banerjee D. Dye Removal Ability of Pure and Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride. CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017666210108092850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Rapid escalation in textile, paper, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and several other chemical based
manufacturing industries due to amplification in human requirements have proportionately contributed to the extreme
contamination of water ecosystem, resulted from the discharge of toxic pollutants from industries. Effluents from textile
industries are comprised of coloured dyes like Rhodamine B, Methyl Orange, Methylene Blue and phenolic compounds
which deserve special mention owing to their non-biodegradable, carcinogenic and severe detrimental nature. Urgent
needs to ameliorate this fast declining environmental situation are of immense necessity in current scenario.
Objectives:
Objectives: In this regard, graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) is a distinguished material for water purification-based
applications because of its exclusive characteristics making it highly prospective for degradation of toxic dyes from water
by catalysis and adsorption techniques. GCN has been a material of conspicuous interest in recent times owing to its two
dimensional sheets like structure with favourable surface area, and cost-effective synthesis approaches along with high
production yield. This article presents a detail study of different aspects of GCN as a material of potential for water
purification. Through extensive literature survey it has been shown that GCN is an effective material to be used in the
fields of application. Several effective procedures like catalysis or adsorption for removal of dyes from water have been
discussed with their basic science behind.
Conclusions:
This systematic effort shows that GCN can be considered to be one of the most efficient water purifier with
further advantages arising from its easy and cost effective large scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Das
- School of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata,India
| | - Amit Kuamr Sharma
- Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP 244001,India
| | | | - Diptonil Banerjee
- Faculty of Engineering and Computing Sciences, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP 244001,India
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17
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Kröger J, Podjaski F, Savasci G, Moudrakovski I, Jiménez-Solano A, Terban MW, Bette S, Duppel V, Joos M, Senocrate A, Dinnebier R, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Conductivity Mechanism in Ionic 2D Carbon Nitrides: From Hydrated Ion Motion to Enhanced Photocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107061. [PMID: 34870342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides are among the most studied materials for photocatalysis; however, limitations arise from inefficient charge separation and transport within the material. Here, this aspect is addressed in the 2D carbon nitride poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) by investigating the influence of various counterions, such as M = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+ , Ba2+ , NH4 + , and tetramethyl ammonium, on the material's conductivity and photocatalytic activity. These ions in the PHI pores affect the stacking of the 2D layers, which further influences the predominantly ionic conductivity in M-PHI. Na-containing PHI outperforms the other M-PHIs in various relative humidity (RH) environments (0-42%RH) in terms of conductivity, likely due to pore-channel geometry and size of the (hydrated) ion. With increasing RH, the ionic conductivity increases by 4-5 orders of magnitude (for Na-PHI up to 10-5 S cm-1 at 42%RH). At the same time, the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate is observed for Na-PHI, which is mirrored by increased photogenerated charge-carrier lifetimes, pointing to efficient charge-carrier stabilization by, e.g., mobile ions. These results indicate that also ionic conductivity is an important parameter that can influence the photocatalytic activity. Besides, RH-dependent ionic conductivity is of high interest for separators, membranes, or sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Senocrate
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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18
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Burmeister D, Tran HA, Müller J, Guerrini M, Cocchi C, Plaickner J, Kochovski Z, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Bojdys MJ. Optimierte Synthese von in Lösung verarbeitbarem kristallinem Poly(triazinimid) mit minimalen Defekten für OLED‐Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Ha Anh Tran
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Institute of Physics Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Institute of Physics Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – IAS e.V. Schwarzschildstraße 8 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Michael J. Bojdys
- Department of Chemistry Kings College London Britannia House Guy's Campus, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB Vereinigtes Königreich
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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19
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Liu M, Wei C, Zhuzhang H, Zhou J, Pan Z, Lin W, Yu Z, Zhang G, Wang X. Fully Condensed Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals: Extended π‐Conjugation and Structural Defects for Overall Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Changgeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Hangyu Zhuzhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
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20
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Chakraborty J, Nath I, Verpoort F. A physicochemical introspection of porous organic polymer photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1124-1138. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A detailed physicochemical explanation for experimental observations is provided for POPs as powerful photocatalysts for organic transformations and wastewater decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeet Chakraborty
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ipsita Nath
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Centre for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Verpoort
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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21
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Liu M, Wei C, Zhuzhang H, Zhou J, Pan Z, Lin W, Yu Z, Zhang G, Wang X. Fully Condensed Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals: Extended π-Conjugation and Structural Defects for Overall Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113389. [PMID: 34750939 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Conventional polymerization for the synthesis of carbon nitride usually generates amorphous heptazine-based melon with an abundance of undesired structural defects, which function as charge carrier recombination centers to decrease the photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a fully condensed poly (triazine imide) crystal with extended π-conjugation and deficient structure defects was obtained by conducting the polycondensation in a mild molten salt of LiCl/NaCl. The melting point of the binary LiCl/NaCl system is around 550 °C, which substantially restrain the depolymerization of triazine units and extend the π-conjugation. The optimized polymeric carbon nitride crystal exhibits a high apparent quantum efficiency of 12 % (λ=365 nm) for hydrogen production by one-step excitation overall water splitting, owing to the efficient exciton dissociation and the subsequent fast transfer of charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Changgeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Hangyu Zhuzhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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22
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Wang Z, Gu Z, Wang F, Hermawan A, Hirata S, Asakura Y, Hasegawa T, Zhu J, Inada M, Yin S. An ultra-sensitive room temperature toluene sensor based on molten-salts modified carbon nitride. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Burmeister D, Trunk MG, Bojdys MJ. Development of metal-free layered semiconductors for 2D organic field-effect transistors. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11559-11576. [PMID: 34661213 PMCID: PMC8521667 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To this day, the active components of integrated circuits consist mostly of (semi-)metals. Concerns for raw material supply and pricing aside, the overreliance on (semi-)metals in electronics limits our abilities (i) to tune the properties and composition of the active components, (ii) to freely process their physical dimensions, and (iii) to expand their deployment to applications that require optical transparency, mechanical flexibility, and permeability. 2D organic semiconductors match these criteria more closely. In this review, we discuss a number of 2D organic materials that can facilitate charge transport across and in-between their π-conjugated layers as well as the challenges that arise from modulation and processing of organic polymer semiconductors in electronic devices such as organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Burmeister
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias G Trunk
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael J Bojdys
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Integrative Research Institute for the Sciences Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House Guy's Campus, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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24
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Li C, Adler C, Krivtsov I, Mitoraj D, Leiter R, Kaiser U, Beranek R, Dietzek B. Ultrafast anisotropic exciton dynamics in a water-soluble ionic carbon nitride photocatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10739-10742. [PMID: 34585184 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03812e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast transient absorption anisotropy spectroscopy (TAA) reveals the orientational dynamics of light-induced excitations in a water soluble poly(heptazine imide). The results provide insights into the fast charge transfer processes in the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Christiane Adler
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Igor Krivtsov
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Robert Leiter
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena 07743, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (Leibniz-IPHT), Research Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, Jena 07745, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, Jena 07743, Germany
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25
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Burmeister D, Tran HA, Müller J, Guerrini M, Cocchi C, Plaickner J, Kochovski Z, List-Kratochvil EJW, Bojdys MJ. Optimized Synthesis of Solution-Processable Crystalline Poly(Triazine Imide) with Minimized Defects for OLED Application. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111749. [PMID: 34634165 PMCID: PMC9300060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide) (PTI) is a highly crystalline semiconductor, and though no techniques exist that enable synthesis of macroscopic monolayers of PTI, it is possible to study it in thin layer device applications that are compatible with its polycrystalline, nanoscale morphology. We find that the by‐product of conventional PTI synthesis is a C−C carbon‐rich phase that is detrimental for charge transport and photoluminescence. An optimized synthetic protocol yields a PTI material with an increased quantum yield, enabled photocurrent and electroluminescence. We report that protonation of the PTI structure happens preferentially at the pyridinic N atoms of the triazine rings, is accompanied by exfoliation of PTI layers, and contributes to increases in quantum yield and exciton lifetimes. This study describes structure–property relationships in PTI that link the nature of defects, their formation, and how to avoid them with the optical and electronic performance of PTI. On the basis of our findings, we create an OLED prototype with PTI as the active, metal‐free material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ha Anh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-IAS e.V., Schwarzschildstrasse 8, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael J Bojdys
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, Britannia House Guy's Campus, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Kulkarni R, Huang J, Trunk M, Burmeister D, Amsalem P, Müller J, Martin A, Koch N, Kass D, Bojdys MJ. Direct growth of crystalline triazine-based graphdiyne using surface-assisted deprotection-polymerisation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12661-12666. [PMID: 34703551 PMCID: PMC8494036 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphdiyne polymers have interesting electronic properties due to their π-conjugated structure and modular composition. Most of the known synthetic pathways for graphdiyne polymers yield amorphous solids because the irreversible formation of carbon–carbon bonds proceeds under kinetic control and because of defects introduced by the inherent chemical lability of terminal alkyne bonds in the monomers. Here, we present a one-pot surface-assisted deprotection/polymerisation protocol for the synthesis of crystalline graphdiynes over a copper surface starting with stable trimethylsilylated alkyne monomers. In comparison to conventional polymerisation protocols, our method yields large-area crystalline thin graphdiyne films and, at the same time, minimises detrimental effects on the monomers like oxidation or cyclotrimerisation side reactions typically associated with terminal alkynes. A detailed study of the reaction mechanism reveals that the deprotection and polymerisation of the monomer is promoted by Cu(ii) oxide/hydroxide species on the as-received copper surface. These findings pave the way for the scalable synthesis of crystalline graphdiyne-based materials as cohesive thin films. We present a one-pot deprotection/polymerisation protocol for the synthesis of crystalline graphdiynes on top of a copper surface starting with stable trimethylsilylated alkyne monomers. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kulkarni
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany .,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House Guy's Campus 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Jieyang Huang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Trunk
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - David Burmeister
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Amsalem
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof Newtonstraße 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof Newtonstraße 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andréa Martin
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik and IRIS Adlershof Newtonstraße 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Dustin Kass
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael J Bojdys
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany .,Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Britannia House Guy's Campus 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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27
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Abstract
A heterogeneous photocatalyst amenable to catalyze different chemical reactions is a highly enabling and sustainable material for organic synthesis. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of an azobenzene-based organic π–conjugated porous polymer (AzoCPP) as heterogeneous dual photocatalyst manifesting net-oxidative bromination of arenes and dehydroxylation of boronic acids to corresponding phenols. Hierarchical porosity and high surface area of the nano-sized AzoCPP allowed superior catalyst-substrate contact during catalyses, whereas the inherent structural defect present in the CPP backbone resulted in low-energy sinks functioning as de facto catalytic sites. A combination of these two structure-property aspects of AzoCPP, in addition to the dielectric constant manipulation of the system, led to excellent catalytic performance. The protocols remained valid for a wide substrate scope and the catalyst was recycled multiple times without substantial loss in catalytic activity. With the aid of subsequent control experiments and analytical characterizations, mechanisms for each catalysis are proposed and duly corroborated.
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28
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Fritz PW, Coskun A. The Prospect of Dimensionality in Porous Semiconductors. Chemistry 2021; 27:7489-7501. [PMID: 33493354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of silicon-based semiconductors, a plethora of previously unknown technologies became possible. The development of lightweight low-dimensional organic semiconductors followed soon after. However, the efficient charge/electron transfers enabled by the non-porous 3D structure of silicon is rather challenging to be realized by their (metal-)organic counterparts. Nevertheless, the demand for lighter, more efficient semiconductors is steadily increasing resulting in a growing interest in (metal-)organic semiconductors. These novel materials are faced with a variety of challenges originating from their chemical design, their packing and crystallinity. Although the effect of molecular design is quite well understood, the influence of dimensionality and the associated change in properties (porosity, packing, conjugation) is still an uncharted area in (metal-)organic semiconductors, yet highly important for their practical utilization. In this Minireview, an overview on the design and synthesis of porous semiconductors, with a particular emphasis on organic semiconductors, is presented and the influence of dimensionality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fritz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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29
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Xiao Y, Guo S, Tian G, Jiang B, Ren Z, Tian C, Li W, Fu H. Synergetic enhancement of surface reactions and charge separation over holey C 3N 4/TiO 2 2D heterojunctions. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:275-283. [PMID: 36654333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Efficient charge separation and rapid interfacial reaction kinetics are crucial factors that determine the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, a fascinating 2D heterojunction photocatalyst with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance - holey C3N4 nanosheets nested with TiO2 nanocrystals (denoted as HCN/TiO2) - is designed and fabricated via an in situ exfoliation and conversion strategy. The HCN/TiO2 is found to exhibit an ultrathin 2D heteroarchitecture with intimate interfacial contact, highly porous structures and ultrasmall TiO2 nanocrystals, leading to drastically improved charge carrier separation, maximized active sites and the promotion of mass transport for photocatalysis. Consequently, the HCN/TiO2 delivers an impressive hydrogen production rate of 282.3 μmol h-1 per 10 mg under AM 1.5 illumination and an apparent quantum efficiency of 13.4% at a wavelength of 420 nm due to the synergetic enhancement of surface reactions and charge separation. The present work provides a promising strategy for developing high-performance 2D heterojunctions for clean energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shien Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Inorganic Membrane Materials Engineering Research Centre, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Guohui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Baojiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhiyu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chungui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Honggang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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30
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Vidyasagar D, Bhoyar T, Singh G, Vinu A. Recent Progress in Polymorphs of Carbon Nitride: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2000676. [PMID: 33448072 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CN) materials are at the forefront of contemporary solar energy conversion applications, owing to their extraordinary physicochemical properties. Having such multifunctional properties, CN photocatalytic materials are practically significant; however, due to the indistinguishable physical properties, all solid CN materials in most literature reports are referred to as graphitic C3 N4 phase, which is incorrect. This perspective discourses the various identified polymeric forms of CN, their molecular structure, synthesis, photophysical properties, and their applications. The article attempts to simplify the conjectures in CN terminology and discuss future perspectives, challenges, and opportunities in the developing field of CN chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devthade Vidyasagar
- Material Science and Engineering Department, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Toshali Bhoyar
- Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010, India
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Build Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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31
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Optimizing the crystallization process of conjugated polymer photocatalysts to promote electron transfer and molecular oxygen activation. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Allendorf MD, Dong R, Feng X, Kaskel S, Matoga D, Stavila V. Electronic Devices Using Open Framework Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:8581-8640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Allendorf
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dariusz Matoga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
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33
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Faghani A, Gholami MF, Trunk M, Müller J, Pachfule P, Vogl S, Donskyi I, Li M, Nickl P, Shao J, Huang MRS, Unger WES, Arenal R, Koch CT, Paulus B, Rabe JP, Thomas A, Haag R, Adeli M. Metal-Assisted and Solvent-Mediated Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Triazine Structures on Gram Scale. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12976-12986. [PMID: 32597176 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent triazine frameworks are an emerging material class that have shown promising performance for a range of applications. In this work, we report on a metal-assisted and solvent-mediated reaction between calcium carbide and cyanuric chloride, as cheap and commercially available precursors, to synthesize two-dimensional triazine structures (2DTSs). The reaction between the solvent, dimethylformamide, and cyanuric chloride was promoted by calcium carbide and resulted in dimethylamino-s-triazine intermediates, which in turn undergo nucleophilic substitutions. This reaction was directed into two dimensions by calcium ions derived from calcium carbide and induced the formation of 2DTSs. The role of calcium ions to direct the two-dimensionality of the final structure was simulated using DFT and further proven by synthesizing molecular intermediates. The water content of the reaction medium was found to be a crucial factor that affected the structure of the products dramatically. While 2DTSs were obtained under anhydrous conditions, a mixture of graphitic material/2DTSs or only graphitic material (GM) was obtained in aqueous solutions. Due to the straightforward and gram-scale synthesis of 2DTSs, as well as their photothermal and photodynamic properties, they are promising materials for a wide range of future applications, including bacteria and virus incapacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Faghani
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Mohammad Fardin Gholami
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Trunk
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Vogl
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ievgen Donskyi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.,BAM-Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mingjun Li
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Center for Health Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People's Republic of China
| | - Philip Nickl
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.,BAM-Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingjing Shao
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Michael R S Huang
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang E S Unger
- BAM-Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry, Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.,Fundacion ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragon, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christoph T Koch
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Mohsen Adeli
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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34
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Zhu H, Ni N, Govindarajan S, Ding X, Leong DT. Phototherapy with layered materials derived quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:43-57. [PMID: 31799539 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07886j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) originating from two-dimensional (2D) sheets of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), monoatomic buckled crystals (phosphorene), germanene, silicene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are emerging zero-dimensional materials. These QDs possess diverse optical properties, are chemically stable, have surprisingly excellent biocompatibility and are relatively amenable to surface modifications. It is therefore not difficult to see that these QDs have potential in a variety of bioapplications, including biosensing, bioimaging and anticancer and antimicrobial therapy. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent progress of these exciting QD based nanoagents and strategies for phototherapy. In addition, we will discuss about the current limitations, challenges and future prospects of QDs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore. and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Nengyi Ni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
| | - Suresh Govindarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
| | - Xianguang Ding
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore. and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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35
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Yang W, Godin R, Kasap H, Moss B, Dong Y, Hillman SAJ, Steier L, Reisner E, Durrant JR. Electron Accumulation Induces Efficiency Bottleneck for Hydrogen Production in Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11219-11229. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hatice Kasap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sam A. J. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ludmilla Steier
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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