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Wu M, Wang H, Li Y, Chen R, Zhou H, Yang S, Xu D, Li K, An Z, Liu SF, Liu Z. Crystallization Regulation by Self-Assembling Liquid Crystal Template Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313472. [PMID: 37941519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
It is found that the disordered growth of bottom perovskite film deteriorates the buried interface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), so developing a new material to modify the buried interface for regulating the crystal growth and defect passivation is an effective approach for improving the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Here, we developed a new ionic liquid crystal (ILC, 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) as both crystal regulator and defect passivator to modify the buried interface of PSCs. The high lattice matching between this ILC and perovskite promotes preferential growth of perovskite film along [001] direction, while the oriented ILC with mesomorphic phase has a strong chemical interaction with perovskite to passivate the interface defect, as a result, the modified buried interface exhibits suppressed defects, improved band alignment, reduced nonradiative recombination losses, and enhanced charge extraction. The ILC-modified PSC delivers a power conversion efficiency of 24.92 % and maintains 94 % of the original value after storage in ambient for 3000 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi' an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei An
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices; Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
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2
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Huang S, Zheng J, Jiang Z, Liu J, Liu Y. Exploring the supramolecular chemistry of cyclopropeniums: halogen-bonding-induced electrostatic assembly of polymers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9820-9826. [PMID: 37736651 PMCID: PMC10510819 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring new noncovalent synthons for supramolecular assembly is essential for material innovation. Accordingly, we herein report a unique type of cyclopropenium-based supramolecular motif and demonstrate its applications to polymer self-assembly. Because of the "ion pair strain" effect, trisaminocyclopropenium iodides complex strongly with fluoroiodobenzene derivatives, forming stable adducts. Crystal structure analysis reveals that halogen-bonding between the iodide anion and the iodo substituent of the fluoroiodobenzene is the driving force for the formation of these electrostatically complexed adducts. Such halogen-bonding-induced electrostatic interactions were further successfully applied to drive the assembly of polymers in solution, on surfaces, and in bulk, demonstrating their potential for constructing supramolecular polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Huang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jianlin Zheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zihao Jiang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jiaxiong Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yiliu Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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3
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Grunwald MA, Hagenlocher SE, Turkanovic L, Bauch SM, Wachsmann SB, Altevogt LA, Ebert M, Knöller JA, Raab AR, Schulz F, Kolmangadi MA, Zens A, Huber P, Schönhals A, Bilitiewski U, Laschat S. Does thermotropic liquid crystalline self-assembly control biological activity in amphiphilic amino acids? - tyrosine ILCs as a case study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37366119 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic amino acids represent promising scaffolds for biologically active soft matter. In order to understand the bulk self-assembly of amphiphilic amino acids into thermotropic liquid crystalline phases and their biological properties a series of tyrosine ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) was synthesized, carrying a benzoate unit with 0-3 alkoxy chains at the tyrosine unit and a cationic guanidinium head group. Investigation of the mesomorphic properties by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (WAXS, SAXS) revealed smectic A bilayers (SmAd) for ILCs with 4-alkoxy- and 3,4-dialkoxybenzoates, whereas ILCs with 3,4,5-trisalkoxybenzoates showed hexagonal columnar mesophases (Colh), while different counterions had only a minor influence. Dielectric measurements revealed a slightly higher dipole moment of non-mesomorphic tyrosine-benzoates as compared to their mesomorphic counterparts. The absence of lipophilic side chains on the benzoate unit was important for the biological activity. Thus, non-mesomorphic tyrosine benzoates and crown ether benzoates devoid of additional side chains at the benzoate unit displayed the highest cytotoxicities (against L929 mouse fibroblast cell line) and antimicrobial activity (against Escherichia coli ΔTolC and Staphylococcus aureus) and promising selectivity ratio in favour of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco André Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Selina Emilie Hagenlocher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Larissa Turkanovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Soeren Magnus Bauch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Luca Alexa Altevogt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Julius Agamemnon Knöller
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Aileen Rebecca Raab
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Finn Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, D-22605 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Hybrid Nanostructures ChyN, University Hamburg, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schönhals
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), D-12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ursula Bilitiewski
- AG Compound Profiling and Screening, Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Abstract
Cyclopropenium ions are the smallest class of aromatic compounds, satisfying Hückel's rules of aromaticity with two π electrons within a three-membered ring. First prepared by Breslow in 1957, cyclopropenium ions have been found to possess extraordinary stability despite being both cationic and highly strained. In the 65 years since their first preparation, cyclopropenium ions have been the subject of innumerable studies concerning their synthesis, physical properties, and reactivity. However, prior to our work, the reactivity of these unique carbocations had not been exploited for reaction promotion or catalysis.Over the past 13 years, we have been exploring aromatic ions as unique and versatile building blocks for the development of catalysts for organic chemistry. A major portion of this work has been focused on leveraging the remarkable properties of the smallest of the aromatic ions─cyclopropeniums─as a design element in the invention of highly reactive catalysts. Indeed, because of its unique profile of hydrolytic stability, compact geometry, and relatively easy oxidizability, the cyclopropenium ring has proven to be a highly advantageous construction module for catalyst invention.In this Account, we describe some of our work using cyclopropenium ions as a key element in the design of novel catalysts. First, we discuss our early work aimed at promoting dehydrative reactions, starting with Appel-type chlorodehydrations of alcohols and carboxylic acids, cyclic ether formations, and Beckmann rearrangements and culminating in the realization of catalytic chlorodehydrations of alcohols and a catalytic Mitsunobu-type reaction. Next, we describe the development of cyclopropenimines as strong, neutral organic Brønsted bases and, in particular, the use of chiral cyclopropenimines for enantioselective Brønsted catalysis. We also describe the development of higher-order cyclopropenimine superbases. The use of tris(amino)cyclopropenium (TAC) ions as a novel class of phase-transfer catalysts is discussed for the reaction of epoxides with carbon dioxide. Next, we describe the formation of a cyclopropenone radical cation that has a portion of its spin density on the oxygen atom, leading to some peculiar metal ligand behavior. Finally, we discuss recent work that employs TAC electrophotocatalysts for oxidation reactions. The key intermediate for this chemistry is a TAC radical dication, which as an open-shell photocatalyst has remarkably strong excited-state oxidizing power. We describe the application of this strategy to transformations ranging from the oxidative functionalization of unactivated arenes to the regioselective derivatization of ethers, C-H aminations, vicinal C-H diaminations, and finally aryl olefin dioxygenations. Collectively, these catalytic platforms demonstrate the utility of charged aromatic rings, and cyclopropenium ions in particular, to enable unique advances in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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5
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Crocker RD, Pace DP, Zhang B, Lyons DJM, Bhadbhade MM, Wong WWH, Mai BK, Nguyen TV. Unusual Alternating Crystallization-Induced Emission Enhancement Behavior in Nonconjugated ω-Phenylalkyl Tropylium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20384-20394. [PMID: 34807589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The alternating physical properties, especially melting points, of α,ω-disubstituted n-alkanes and their parent n-alkanes had been known since Baeyer's report in 1877. There is, however, no general and comprehensive explanation for such a phenomenon. Herein, we report the synthesis and examination of a series of novel ω-phenyl n-alkyl tropylium tetrafluoroborates, which also display alternation in their physicochemical characters. Despite being organic salts, the compounds with odd numbers of carbons in the alkyl bridge exist as room temperature ionic liquids. In stark contrast to this, the analogues with even numbers of carbons in the linker are crystalline solids. These solid nonconjugated molecules exhibit curious photoluminescent properties, which can be attributed to their ability to form through-space charge-transfer complexes to cause crystallization-induced emission enhancement. Most notably, the compound with the highest photoluminescent quantum yield in this series showed an unusual arrangement of carbocationic dimer in the solid state. A combination of XRD analysis and ab initio calculations revealed interesting insights into these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece D Crocker
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Domenic P Pace
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Bolong Zhang
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Demelza J M Lyons
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohan M Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- Bio21 Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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6
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Kapernaum N, Lange A, Ebert M, Grunwald MA, Haege C, Marino S, Zens A, Taubert A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Current Topics in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100397. [PMID: 34931472 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), that is, ionic liquids exhibiting mesomorphism, liquid crystalline phases, and anisotropic properties, have received intense attention in the past years. Among others, this is due to their special properties arising from the combination of properties stemming from ionic liquids and from liquid crystalline arrangements. Besides interesting fundamental aspects, ILCs have been claimed to have tremendous application potential that again arises from the combination of properties and architectures that are not accessible otherwise, or at least not accessible easily by other strategies. The current review highlights recent developments in ILC research, starting with some key fundamental aspects. Further subjects covered include the synthesis and variations of modern ILCs, including the specific tuning of their mesomorphic behavior. The review concludes with reflections on some applications that may be within reach for ILCs and finally highlights a few key challenges that must be overcome prior and during true commercialization of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco A Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Haege
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Litterscheidt J, Bandar JS, Ebert M, Forschner R, Bader K, Lambert TH, Frey W, Bühlmeyer A, Brändle M, Schulz F, Laschat S. Self-Assembly of Aminocyclopropenium Salts: En Route to Deltic Ionic Liquid Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10557-10565. [PMID: 32119178 PMCID: PMC7317216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aminocyclopropenium ions have raised much attention as organocatalysts and redox active polymers. However, the self-assembly of amphiphilic aminocyclopropenium ions remains challenging. The first deltic ionic liquid crystals based on aminocyclopropenium ions have been developed. Differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction provided insight into the unique self-assembly and nanosegregation of these liquid crystals. While the combination of small headgroups with linear p-alkoxyphenyl units led to bilayer-type smectic mesophases, wedge-shaped units resulted in columnar mesophases. Upon increasing the size and polyphilicity of the aminocyclopropenium headgroup, a lamellar phase was formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Litterscheidt
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Max Ebert
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Robert Forschner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Korinna Bader
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical BiologyCornell University122 Baker LaboratoryIttacaNY14853USA
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10027USA
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Andrea Bühlmeyer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Marcus Brändle
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Finn Schulz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
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