1
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Amit E, Mondal R, Berg I, Nairoukh Z, Gross E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Metal-Oxide Films: Correlations between Adsorption Mode and Surface Functionality. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10374-10383. [PMID: 38701356 PMCID: PMC11100006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been self-assembled on various metal and semimetal surfaces, creating a covalent bond with surface metal atoms that led to high thermal and chemical stability of the self-assembled monolayer. This study explores the self-assembly of NHCs on metal-oxide films (CuOx, FeOx, and TiOx) and reveals that the properties of these metal-oxide substrates play a pivotal role in dictating the adsorption behavior of NHCs, influencing the decomposition route of the monolayer and its impact on work function values. While the attachment of NHCs onto CuOx is via coordination with surface oxygen atoms, NHCs interact with TiOx through coordination with surface metal atoms and with FeOx via coordination with both metal and oxygen surface atoms. These distinct binding modes arise due to variances in the electronic properties of the metal atoms within the investigated metal-oxide films. Contact angle and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have shown a significantly higher impact of F-NHC adsorption on CuOx than on TiOx and FeOx , correlated to a preferred, averaged upright orientation of F-NHC on CuOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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2
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Steinbrecher R, Zhang P, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P, Taubert A, Laschewsky A. Boosting the photo-switchability of double-responsive water-soluble polymers by incorporating arylazopyrazole dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1747-1750. [PMID: 38247444 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Dual thermo- and light-responsive water-soluble copolymers that respond to exclusively non-invasive triggers are obtained by functionalising poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) with arylazopyrazole side chains. The light-induced E-Z (trans-Z) photo isomerisation of these dyes provides an exceptionally effective photo-switch, which can reversibly shift the LCST-type phase transition temperatures by almost 25 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Steinbrecher
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physics Department, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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3
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Gutheil C, Roß G, Amirjalayer S, Mo B, Schäfer AH, Doltsinis NL, Braunschweig B, Glorius F. Tailored Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes by Kinetic Control. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3043-3052. [PMID: 38252154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the substantial success of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as stable and versatile surface modification ligands, their use in nanoscale applications beyond chemistry is still hampered by the failure to control the carbene binding mode, which complicates the fabrication of monolayers with the desired physicochemical properties. Here, we applied vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy to conduct a pseudokinetic surface analysis of NHC monolayers on Au thin films under ambient conditions. We observe for two frequently used carbene structures that their binding mode is highly dynamic and changes with the adsorption time. In addition, we demonstrate that this transition can be accelerated or decelerated to adjust the binding mode of NHCs, which allows fabrication of tailored monolayers of NHCs simply by kinetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gina Roß
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Boris Mo
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Amit E, Berg I, Zhang W, Mondal R, Shema H, Gutkin V, Kravchuk T, Toste FD, Nairoukh Z, Gross E. Selective Deposition of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Designated Au Microelectrodes within an Electrode Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302317. [PMID: 37667447 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in microelectronic devices requires precise spatial control over the self-assembly process. In this work, selective deposition of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on specific electrodes within a two-microelectrode array is achieved by using pulsed electrodeposition. Spectroscopic analysis of the NHC-coated electrode arrays reveals that each electrode is selectively coated with a designated NHC. The impact of NHC monolayers on the electrodes' work function is quantified using Kelvin probe force microscopy. These measurements demonstrate that the work function values of each electrode can be independently tuned by the adsorption of a specific NHC. The presented deposition method enables to selectively coat designated microelectrodes in an electrode array with chosen NHC monolayers for tuning their chemical and electronic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Vitaly Gutkin
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kravchuk
- Surface Science Laboratory of Solid-State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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5
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Jensen IM, Chowdhury S, Hu G, Jensen L, Camden JP, Jenkins DM. Seeking a Au-C stretch on gold nanoparticles with 13C-labeled N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14524-14527. [PMID: 37966800 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04973f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were functionalized with natural abundance and 13C-labeled N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to investigate the Au-C stretch. A combinatorial approach of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations highlighted vibrational modes significantly impacted by isotopic labeling at the carbene carbon. Critically, no isotopically-impacted stretching mode showed majority Au-C character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
| | - Shayanta Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Gaohe Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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6
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Berg I, Schio L, Reitz J, Molteni E, Lahav L, Bolaños CG, Goldoni A, Grazioli C, Fratesi G, Hansmann MM, Floreano L, Gross E. Self-Assembled Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Olefins on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311832. [PMID: 37743324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have been prepared on Au(111) and their thermal stability, adsorption geometry, and molecular order were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strong σ-bond character of NHO anchoring to Au induced high geometrical flexibility that enabled a flat-lying adsorption geometry via coordination to a gold adatom. The flat-lying adsorption geometry was utilized to further increase the surface interaction of the NHO monolayer by backbone functionalization with methyl groups that induced high thermal stability and a large impact on work-function values, which outperformed that of N-heterocyclic carbenes. STM measurements, supported by DFT modeling, identified that the NHOs were self-assembled in dimers, trimers, and tetramers constructed of two, three, and four complexes of NHO-Au-adatom. This self-assembly pattern was correlated to strong NHO-Au interactions and steric hindrance between adsorbates, demonstrating the crucial influence of the carbon-metal σ-bond on monolayer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Justus Reitz
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Molteni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linoy Lahav
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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7
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Gibalova A, Kortekaas L, Simke J, Ravoo BJ. Multi-responsive Electropolymer Surface Coatings Based on Azo Molecular Switches and Carbazoles: Light, pH, and Electrochemical Control of Z→E Isomerization in Thin Films. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302215. [PMID: 37565655 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-responsive surfaces are attracting increasing interest, not least because their physicochemical properties can be selectively and temporally controlled by a non-invasive stimulus. Most existing immobilization strategies involve the chemical attachment of light-responsive moieties to the surface, although this approach often suffers from a low surface concentration of active species or a high inhomogeneity of applied coatings. Herein, electropolymerization of carbazoles as a facile and rapid approach for preparing light-responsive azo-based surface coatings is presented. The electrochemical oxidative polymerization of bis-carbazole containing azo-monomers yields stable films, in which the photochemical properties and specific pH sensitivity of azo molecular switches are retained. Moreover, the molecular design enables electrocatalytic control over Z→E azo double bond isomerization facilitated by the conductive polycarbazole backbone. Ultimately, the high degree of control over macromolecular properties yields conductive surface coatings responsive to a range of stimuli, showing great promise as a strategy for versatile application in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gibalova
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Luuk Kortekaas
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Simke
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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8
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Chatterjee S, Molla S, Ahmed J, Bandyopadhyay S. Light-driven modulation of electrical conductance with photochromic switches: bridging photochemistry with optoelectronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12685-12698. [PMID: 37814882 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04269c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic conducting molecules have emerged because of their unique capacity to modulate electrical conductivity upon exposure to light, toggling between high and low conductive states. This unique amalgamation has unlocked novel avenues for the application of these materials across diverse areas in optoelectronics and smart materials. The fundamental mechanism underpinning this phenomenon is based on the light-driven isomerization of conjugated π-systems which influences the extent of conjugation. The photoisomerization process discussed here involves photochromic switches such as azobenzenes, diarylethenes, spiropyrans, dimethyldihydropyrenes, and norbornadiene. The change in the degree of conjugation alters the charge transport in both single molecules and bulk states in solid samples or solutions. This article discusses a number of recent examples of photochromic conducting systems and the challenges and potentials of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheelbhadra Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Sariful Molla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Jakir Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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9
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Chen N, Li S, Zhao P, Liu R, Xie Y, Lin JL, Nijhuis CA, Xu B, Zhang L, Xu H, Li Y. Extreme long-lifetime self-assembled monolayer for air-stable molecular junctions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh3412. [PMID: 37851815 PMCID: PMC10584343 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The molecular electronic devices based on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on metal surfaces demonstrate novel electronic functions for device minimization yet are unable to realize in practical applications, due to their instability against oxidation of the sulfur-metal bond. This paper describes an alternative to the thiolate anchoring group to form stable SAMs on gold by selenides anchoring group. Because of the formation of strong selenium-gold bonds, these stable SAMs allow us to incorporate them in molecular tunnel junctions to yield extremely stable junctions for over 200 days. A detailed structural characterization supported by spectroscopy and first-principles modeling shows that the oxidation process is much slower with the selenium-gold bond than the sulfur-gold bond, and the selenium-gold bond is strong enough to avoid bond breaking even when it is eventually oxidized. This proof of concept demonstrates that the extraordinarily stable SAMs derived from selenides are useful for long-lived molecular electronic devices and can possibly become important in many air-stable applications involving SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Vehicle and Mobility, and State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Centre and Centre for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Bingqian Xu
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Liang Zhang
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Vehicle and Mobility, and State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Mukherjee A, Seyfried MD, Ravoo BJ. Azoheteroarene and Diazocine Molecular Photoswitches: Self-Assembly, Responsive Materials and Photopharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304437. [PMID: 37212536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic units tethered with an azo (-N=N-) functionality comprise a unique class of compounds, known as molecular photoswitches, exhibiting a reversible transformation between their E- and Z-isomers in response to photo-irradiation. Photoswitches have been explored extensively in the recent past to prepare dynamic self-assembled materials, optoelectronic devices, responsive biomaterials, and more. Most of such materials involve azobenzenes as the molecular photoswitch and to date, SciFinder lists more than 7000 articles and 1000 patents. Subsequently, a great deal of effort has been invested to improve the photo-isomerization efficiency and related mesoscopic properties of azobenzenes. Recently, azoheteroarenes and cyclic azobenzenes, such as arylazopyrazoles, arylazoisoxazoles, arylazopyridines, and diazocines, have emerged as second generation molecular photoswitches beyond conventional azobenzenes. These photoswitches offer distinct photoswitching behavior and responsive properties which make them highly promising candidates for multifaceted applications ranging from photoresponsive materials to photopharmacophores. In this minireview, we introduce the structural refinement and photoresponsive properties of azoheteroarenes and diazocines and summarize the state-of-the-art on utilizing these photoswitches as responsive building blocks in supramolecular assembly, material science and photopharmacology, highlighting their versatile photochemical behavior, enhanced functionality, and latest applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mukherjee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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11
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Xu W, Wang D, Guo Q, Zhu S, Zhang L, Wang T, Moloney MG, Du W. Robust Sub-5 Nanometer bis(Diarylcarbene)-Based Thin Film for Molecular Electronics and Plasmonics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303057. [PMID: 37266891 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In miniaturized electronic and optoelectronic circuits, molecular tunnel junctions have attracted enormous research interest due to their small footprint, low power consumption, and rich molecular functions. However, the most popular building blocks used in contemporary molecular tunnel junctions are thiol molecules, which attach to electrode surfaces via a metal-thiolate (MS) bond, showing low stability and usually quick degradation within several days. To pave the way for more widely applicable and stable molecular tunnel junctions, there is a need to develop new molecular anchoring groups. Here, this work demonstrates robust and air-stable molecular tunnel junctions with a sub-5 nanometer bis(diarylcarbene)-based thin film as the tunneling barrier, which anchors to the electrode surface via a AuC bond. The bis(diarylcarbene)-based molecular tunnel junctions exhibit high thermal stability against heating up to 200 °C and long storage lifetime over 5 months in an ambient environment. Both electrical and optical performance of these bis(diarylcarbene)-based molecular junctions are characterized systematically, showing similar behaviors to thiol-based junctions as well as largely improved emission stability. This research highlights the excellent performance of bis(diarylcarbene)-based molecular tunnel junctions, which could be useful for applications in molecular electronics and plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mark G Moloney
- Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research, Building A, 388 Ruo Shui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wei Du
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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12
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Thimes RL, Santos AVB, Chen R, Kaur G, Jensen L, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to Unravel the Wingtip-Dependent Orientation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes on Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4219-4224. [PMID: 37125787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are an attractive alternative to thiol ligands when forming self-assembled monolayers on noble-metal surfaces; however, relative to the well-studied thiol monolayers, comparatively little is known about the binding, orientation, and packing of NHC monolayers. Herein, we combine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and first-principles theory to investigate how the alkyl "wingtip" groups, i.e., those attached to the nitrogens of N-heterocyclic carbenes, affect the NHC orientation on gold nanoparticles. Consistent with previous literature, smaller wingtip groups lead to stable flat configurations; surprisingly, bulkier wingtips also have stable flat configurations likely due to the presence of an adatom. Comparison of experimental SERS results with the theoretically calculated spectra for flat and vertical configurations shows that we are simultaneously detecting both NHC configurations. In addition to providing information on the adsorbate geometry, this study highlights the extreme SERS enhancement of vibrational modes perpendicular to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Thimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Alyssa V B Santos
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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13
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Gibalova A, Arndt NB, Burg L, Ravoo BJ. Light-Responsive Conductive Surface Coatings on the Basis of Azidomethyl-PEDOT Electropolymer Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12363-12371. [PMID: 36848114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of responsive coatings has gained increasing attention recently, with light-responsive interfaces receiving particular appreciation, as their surface properties can be modulated with excellent spatiotemporal control. In this article, we present light-responsive conductive coatings acquired through a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between electropolymerized azide-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-N3) and arylazopyrazole (AAP)-bearing alkynes. The UV/vis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate a successful post-modification, supporting a covalent attachment of AAP moieties to PEDOT-N3. The thickness and degree of PEDOT-N3 modification are accessible by varying the amount of passed charge during electropolymerization and time of reaction, respectively, providing a degree of synthetic control over the physicochemical material properties. The produced substrates demonstrate a reversible and stable light-driven switching of photochromic properties in both "dry" and swelled states, as well as efficient electrocatalytic Z → E switching. The AAP-modified polymer substrates exhibit a light-controlled wetting behavior, demonstrating a consistently reversible switching of the static water contact angle with a difference up to 10.0° for CF3-AAP@PEDOT-N3. The results highlight the application of conducting PEDOT-N3 for the covalent immobilization of molecular switches while preserving their stimuli-responsive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gibalova
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas B Arndt
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luca Burg
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 36, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Ikemoto S, Muratsugu S, Koitaya T, Tsuji Y, Das M, Yoshizawa K, Glorius F, Tada M. Coordination-Induced Trigger for Activity: N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Decorated Ceria Catalysts Incorporating Cr and Rh with Activity Induction by Surface Adsorption Site Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1497-1504. [PMID: 36511728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity is proposed on an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-decorated ceria catalyst incorporating Cr and Rh (ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz). ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz was prepared by grafting 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene (ICy) onto H2-reduced Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz (r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz) surfaces, which went on to exhibit substantial catalytic activity for the 1,4-arylation of cyclohexenone with phenylboronic acid, whereas r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz without ICy was inactive. FT-IR, Rh K-edge XAFS, XPS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the ICy carbene-coordinated Rh nanoclusters were the key active species. The coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity on the ICy-bearing Rh nanoclusters could not be attributed to electronic donation from ICy to the Rh nanoclusters. DFT calculations suggested that ICy controlled the adsorption sites of the phenyl group on the Rh nanocluster to promote the C-C bond formation of the phenyl group and cyclohexenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muratsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science (RCMS), Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), and Institute for Advanced Study, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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15
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CO2-responsive nanofibrous membranes with gas-tunable wettability for switchable oil/water separation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Yu X, Li H, Song Y. Ink-Drop Dynamics on Chemically Modified Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:15453-15462. [PMID: 36502385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing provides an efficient routine for distributing functional materials into locations with well-designed arrangements. As one of the most critical factors in determining the printing quality, the impacting and depositing behaviors of ink drops largely depend on the wettability of the target surface. In addition to printing on solids with intrinsic wettability, various ink-drop impact dynamics and deposition morphologies have been reported through modifying the surface wettability including both homogeneous and heterogeneous, which opens up possibilities for applications such as advanced optic/electric device fabrication and highly sensitive detection. In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in the modification methods of solid surface wettability and their capability in modulating the ink-drop impacting and depositing dynamics. The challenges facing ink-drop regulation by chemical modification methodologies are also envisaged at the end of the Perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Huizeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Si J, Zhao P, Guan J, Ji S, Xu H. Dynamic Fluorescent Patterning Based on Visible-Light-Responsive Diselenide Metathesis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13272-13278. [PMID: 36254851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A diselenide bond, as a dynamic covalent bond, is a versatile tool to construct smart interfaces, which can respond to visible light. In this work, we used microcontact printing (μCP) to construct diselenide patterns on quartz substrates. Fluorescent patterns were obtained on the modified surfaces via the visible-light-induced diselenide metathesis reaction, which allowed the patterning process to be fast, dynamically erasable, and compatible with different fluorescent molecules including rhodamine B and boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) used in this work. A variety of analytical methods offered comprehensive evidence for the success of the printing of diselenides here. We further printed diselenide and disulfide intersecting stripes on one single quartz substrate layer by layer and introduced rhodamine B and BODIPY to obtain a multicolored pattern simultaneously. By taking advantage of their responsiveness to different wavelengths, the composite pattern of disulfides and diselenides could be erased by two stepwise stages. The fluorescent images of the modified substrate showed a good agreement with the pattern of the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp, indicating the methodology with a potential application for information storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Si
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronic & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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18
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Choi Y, Park CS, Tran HV, Li CH, Crudden CM, Lee TR. Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Gold for Surface-Initiated Polymerizations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:44969-44980. [PMID: 36150129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are superior to thiol adsorbates in that they form remarkably stable bonds with gold, the generation of NHC-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) typically requires a strong base and an inert atmosphere, which limits the utility of such films in many applications. Herein, we report the development and use of bench-stable NHC adsorbates, benzimidazolium methanesulfonates, for the direct formation of NHC films on gold surfaces under an ambient atmosphere at room temperature without the need for extraordinary precautions. The generated NHC SAMs were fully characterized using ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS), and contact angle measurements, and they were compared to analogous SAMs generated from an NHC bicarbonate adsorbate. Based on these findings, a unique radical initiator α,ω-bidentate azo-terminated NHC adsorbate, NHC15AZO[OMs], was designed and synthesized for the preparation of SAMs on gold surfaces with both NHC headgroups bound to the surface. The adsorbate molecules in NHC15AZO SAMs can exist in a hairpin or a linear conformation depending on the concentration of the adsorbate solution used to prepare the SAM. These conformations were studied by a combination of ellipsometry, XPS, PM-IRRAS, and scanning electron microscopy using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a tag material. Moreover, the potential utility of these unique radical-initiating NHC films as surface-initiated polymerization platforms was demonstrated by controlling the thickness of polystyrene brush films grown from azo-terminated NHC monolayer surfaces simply by adjusting the reaction time of the photoinitiated radical polymer growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Hung-Vu Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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19
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Kunfi A, Ábrahám Á, Gyulai G, Kiss É, London G. Light‐Induced and Thermal Isomerization of Azobenzenes on Immobilized Gold Nanoparticle Aggregates. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200153. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kunfi
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences: Termeszettudomanyi Kutatokozpont Institute of Organic Chemistry HUNGARY
| | - Ágnes Ábrahám
- Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem: Eotvos Lorand Tudomanyegyetem Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanostructures HUNGARY
| | - Gergő Gyulai
- Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem: Eotvos Lorand Tudomanyegyetem Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanostructures HUNGARY
| | - Éva Kiss
- Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem: Eotvos Lorand Tudomanyegyetem Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanostructures HUNGARY
| | - Gabor London
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences Institute of Organic Chemistry Magyar tudósok körűtja 2. 1117 Budapest HUNGARY
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20
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Berg I, Amit E, Hale L, Toste FD, Gross E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Based Nanolayer for Copper Film Oxidation Mitigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201093. [PMID: 35315187 PMCID: PMC9321544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wide use of copper is limited by its rapid oxidation. Main oxidation mitigation approaches involve alloying or surface passivation technologies. However, surface alloying often modifies the physical properties of copper, while surface passivation is characterized by limited thermal and chemical stability. Herein, we demonstrate an electrochemical approach for surface‐anchoring of an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) nanolayer on a copper electrode by electro‐deposition of alkyne‐functionalized imidazolium cations. Water reduction reaction generated a high concentration of hydroxide ions that induced deprotonation of imidazolium cations and self‐assembly of NHCs on the copper electrode. In addition, alkyne group deprotonation enabled on‐surface polymerization by coupling surface‐anchored and solvated NHCs, which resulted in a 2 nm thick NHC‐nanolayer. Copper film coated with a NHC‐nanolayer demonstrated high oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures and under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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21
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Berg I, Amit E, Hale L, Toste FD, Gross E. N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene Nanolayer for Copper Film Oxidation Mitigation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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22
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Xu X, Wang G. Molecular Solar Thermal Systems towards Phase Change and Visible Light Photon Energy Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107473. [PMID: 35132792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have attracted tremendous attention for solar energy conversion and storage, which can generate high-energy metastable isomers upon capturing photon energy, and release the stored energy as heat on demand during back conversion. However, the pristine molecular photoswitches are limited by low storage energy density and UV light photon energy storage. Recently, numerous pioneering works have been focused on the development of MOST systems towards phase change (PC) and visible light photon energy storage to increase their properties. On the one hand, the strategy of simultaneously capturing isomerization enthalpy and PC energy between solid and liquid can not only offer high latent heat, but also promote the development of sustainable energy systems. On the other hand, the efficient photon energy storage in the visible light range opens a tremendously fascinating avenue to fabricate MOST systems powered under natural sunlight. Here, the recent advances of MOST systems towards PC and visible light photon energy storage are systematically summarized, the most promising advantages and current challenges are analyzed, and emerging strategies and future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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23
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Ren J, Freitag M, Gao Y, Bellotti P, Das M, Schulze Lammers B, Mönig H, Zhang Y, Daniliuc CG, Du S, Fuchs H, Glorius F. Reversible Self-Assembly of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115104. [PMID: 34985795 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of cyclohexyl cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (cyCAAC) can be realized and reversibly switched from a close-packed trimer phase to a chainlike dimer phase, enabled by the ring-flip of the cyclohexyl wingtip. Multiple methods including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations identified a distinct isomer (axial or equatorial chair conformer) in each phase, and consequently support the conclusion regarding the determination of molecular surface geometry on the self-assembly of cyCAAC. Moreover, various substrates such as Ag (111) and Cu (111) are tested to elucidate the importance of cyCAAC-surface interactions on cyCAAC based nanopatterns. These investigations of patterned surfaces prompted a deep understanding of cyCAAC binding mode, surface geometry and reversible self-assembly, which are of paramount significance in the areas of catalysis, biosensor design and surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key, Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nano-technology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuxiang Gao
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P.R. China
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P.R. China
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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24
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Westmoreland DE, López-Arteaga R, Kantt LP, Wasielewski MR, Weiss EA. Dynamic Tuning of the Bandgap of CdSe Quantum Dots through Redox-Active Exciton-Delocalizing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4300-4304. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana E. Westmoreland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Leanna Page Kantt
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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25
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Honnigfort C, Topp L, García Rey N, Heuer A, Braunschweig B. Dynamic Wetting of Photoresponsive Arylazopyrazole Monolayers is Controlled by the Molecular Kinetics of the Monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4026-4038. [PMID: 35212522 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smart surfaces that can change their wettability on demand are interesting for applications such as self-cleaning surfaces or lab-on-a-chip devices. We have synthesized arylazopyrazole (AAP) phosphonic acids as a new class of photoswitchable molecules for functionalization of aluminum oxide surfaces. AAP monolayers were deposited on α-Al2O3(0001) and showed reversible E/Z photoswitching that can trigger contact angle changes of up to ∼10°. We monitored these changes on the macroscopic level by recording the contact angle while the monolayer was switched in situ. On the molecular level, time-dependent vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy provided information on the kinetic changes within the AAP monolayer and the characteristic times for E/Z switching. In addition, vibrational SFG at different relative humidity indicates that the thermal stability of the Z configuration is largely influenced by the presence of water which can stabilize the Z state and hinder E → Z switching of the AAP monolayer when it is wetted with H2O. Having established the switching times on the molecular scale, we additionally measured the dynamic contact angle and show that the time scales of the substrate and droplet dynamics can be extracted individually. For that, we report on a relaxation model that is solved analytically and is verified via a comparison with simulations of a Lennard-Jones system and with experimental data. The slower E to Z switching in the presence of the droplet as compared to the vapor phase is rationalized in terms of specific interactions of water with the exposed AAP moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Honnigfort
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Center of Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Leon Topp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia García Rey
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Center of Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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26
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Tyler BJ, Kassenböhmer R, Peterson RE, Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Glorius F, Ravoo BJ, Arlinghaus HF. Denoising of Mass Spectrometry Images via Inverse Maximum Signal Factors Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2835-2843. [PMID: 35107995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Improving signal-to-noise and, thereby, image contrast is one of the key challenges needed to expand the useful applications of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Both instrumental and data analysis approaches are of importance. Univariate denoising techniques have been used to improve contrast in MSI images with varying levels of success. Additionally, various multivariate analysis (MVA) methods have proven to be effective for improving image contrast. However, the distribution of important but low intensity ions can be obscured in the MVA analysis, leading to a loss of chemically specific information. In this work we propose inverse maximum signal factors (MSF) denoising as an alternative approach to both denoising and multivariate analysis for MSI imaging. This approach differs from the standard MVA techniques in that the output is denoised images for each original mass peak rather than the frequently difficult to interpret scores and loadings. Five tests have been developed to optimize and validate the resulting denoised images. The algorithm has been tested on a range of simulated data with different levels of noise, correlated noise, varying numbers of underlying components, and nonlinear effects. In the simulations, an excellent correlation between the true images and the denoised images was observed for peaks with an original signal-to-noise ratio as low as 0.1, as long as there was sufficient intensity in the sum of the selected peaks. The power of the approach was then demonstrated on two time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) images that contained largely uncorrelated noise and a laser post-ionization matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-2-MS) image that contained strongly correlated noise. The improvements in signal-to-noise increased with decreasing intensity of the original peaks. A signal-to-noise improvement of as much as two orders of magnitude was achieved for very low intensity peaks. MSF denoising is a powerful addition to the suite of image processing techniques available for studying mass spectrometry images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Kassenböhmer
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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27
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Liu H, Zhang L, Huang J, Mao J, Chen Z, Mao Q, Ge M, Lai Y. Smart surfaces with reversibly switchable wettability: Concepts, synthesis and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 300:102584. [PMID: 34973464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a growing hot research topic, manufacturing smart switchable surfaces has attracted much attention in the past a few years. The state-of-the-art study on reversibly switchable wettability of smart surfaces has been presented in this systematic review. External stimuli are brought about to render the alteration in chemical conformation and surface morphology to drive the wettability switch. Here, starting from the fundamental theories related to the surfaces wetting principles, highlights on different triggers for switchable wettability, such as pH, light, ions, temperature, electric field, gas, mechanical force, and multi-stimuli are discussed. Different applications that have various wettability requirement are targeted, including oil-water separation, droplets manipulation, patterning, liquid transport, and so on. This review aims to provide a deep insight into responsive interfacial science and offer guidance for smart surface engineering. It ends with a summary of current challenges, future opportunities, and potential solutions on smart switch of wettability on superwetting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PR China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PR China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Jianying Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst (NERC-CFC), College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Jiajun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qinghui Mao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PR China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Taian 271000, PR China.
| | - Mingzheng Ge
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, School of Textile & Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PR China; National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Taian 271000, PR China.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst (NERC-CFC), College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou 350116, PR China.
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28
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Arabczyk W, Rogowski J, Pelka R, Lendzion-Bieluń Z. Application of TOF-SIMS Method in the Study of Wetting the Iron (111) Surface with Promoter Oxides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030648. [PMID: 35163911 PMCID: PMC8840287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a simplified model of the Fe(111) surface’s promoter-oxide system was investigated in order to experimentally verify the previously proposed and known models concerning the structure and chemical composition of the surfaces of iron nanocrystallites in the ammonia-synthesis catalyst. It was shown that efficient oxygen diffusion from metal oxides to the clean Fe(111) iron surface took place even at temperatures lower than 100 °C. The effective wetting of the iron surface by potassium oxide is possible when the surface is covered with oxygen at temperatures above 250 °C. In the TOF-SIMS spectra of the surface of iron wetted with potassium, an emission of secondary FeOK+ ions was observed that implies that potassium atoms are bound to the iron surface atoms through oxygen. As a result of further wetting the iron surface with potassium ions, a heterogeneous surface structure was formed consisting of a thin K2O layer, next to which there was an iron-oxide phase covered with potassium ions. Only a limited increase in calcium concentration was observed on the Fe(111) iron surface upon sample annealing at up to 350 °C. As a result of wetting the iron surface with calcium ions, an oxide solution of CaO-FexOy was formed. In the annealing process of the sample containing alumina, only traces of this promoter diffusing to the iron surface were observed. Alumina formed a solution with a passive layer on the iron surface and under the process conditions (350 °C) it did not wet the pure iron (111) surface. The decrease in Fe+-ion emission from the Fe-Ca and Fe-Al samples at 350 °C implies a reduction in the oxygen concentration on the sample surface at this temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walerian Arabczyk
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 42 Piastów Ave., 71065 Szczecin, Poland; (W.A.); (Z.L.-B.)
| | - Jacek Rogowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Zeromskiego 116, 90924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Rafał Pelka
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 42 Piastów Ave., 71065 Szczecin, Poland; (W.A.); (Z.L.-B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zofia Lendzion-Bieluń
- Department of Inorganic Chemical Technology and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 42 Piastów Ave., 71065 Szczecin, Poland; (W.A.); (Z.L.-B.)
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29
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Arndt NB, Schlüter F, Böckmann M, Adolphs T, Arlinghaus HF, Doltsinis NL, Ravoo BJ. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Arylazopyrazoles on Glass and Silicon Oxide: Photoisomerization and Photoresponsive Wettability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:735-742. [PMID: 34989243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface coatings that respond to external influences and change their physical properties upon application of external stimuli are of great interest, with light being a particularly desirable choice. Photoswitches such as azobenzenes have been employed in a range of photoresponsive coatings. One striking change in physical property of many photoresponsive coatings is their responsive wettability upon illumination. In this work, we present photoswitchable self-assembled monolayers based on arylazopyrazoles (AAPs). In solution, AAPs offer significant improvements in terms of the photostationary state, thermal stability, and fatigue resistance. The AAP photoswitch is coupled to triethoxysilanes for an easy, one-step functionalization of glass and silicon oxide surfaces. We show the synthesis of AAP-based silanes and the successful surface functionalization, and we confirm the excellent photoswitchability of the AAPs in a self-assembled monolayer upon alternating irradiation with UV (365 nm) and green (520 nm) light. The self-assembled monolayers are investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and contact angle goniometry. We furthermore investigate the effect of substitution of the AAPs on the photoresponsive wetting behavior and compare this with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the dipole moments of the AAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas B Arndt
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Friederike Schlüter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Institute of Solid State Theory, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Adolphs
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Institute of Solid State Theory, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Ren J, Freitag M, Gao Y, Bellotti P, Das M, Lammers BS, Mönig H, Zhang Y, Daniliuc CG, Du S, Fuchs H, Glorius F. Reversible Self‐Assembly of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Ren
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics GERMANY
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Yuxiang Gao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics GERMANY
| | - Harry Mönig
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics GERMANY
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Shixuan Du
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Physics CHINA
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster GERMANY
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31
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Kaur G, Thimes RL, Camden JP, Jenkins DM. Fundamentals and applications of N-heterocyclic carbene functionalized gold surfaces and nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13188-13197. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved stability and higher degree of synthetic tunability has allowed N-heterocyclic carbenes to supplant thiols as ligands for gold surface functionalization. This review article summarizes the basic science and applications of NHCs on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurkiran Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Thimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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32
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Gupta D, Gaur AK, Chauhan D, Thakur SK, Jeyapalan V, Singh S, Rajaraman G, Venkataramani S. Solid-state photochromic arylazopyrazole based transition metal complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new class of photoactive and chelating ligands L1-3 have been designed and synthesized by incorporating arylazo-3,5-dimethylpyrazole units in the ligand frameworks. Significantly they are designed in such a way...
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33
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Dominique NL, Strausser SL, Olson JE, Boggess WC, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Probing N-Heterocyclic Carbene Surfaces with Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13534-13538. [PMID: 34582180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces stems from their exceptional stability compared to conventional thiol-SAMs. The prospect of biological applications for NHC-SAMs on gold shows the need for biocompatible techniques (e.g., large biomolecule detection and high throughput) that assesses SAM molecular composition. Herein, we demonstrate that laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) is a powerful and facile probe of NHC surface chemistry. LDI-MS of prototypical imidazole-NHC- and benzimidazole-NHC-functionalized AuNPs yields exclusively [NHC2Au]+ ions and not larger gold clusters. Employing benzimidazole-NHC isotopologues, we explore how monolayers pack on a single AuNP and the lability of the NHCs once ligated. Quantitative analysis of the homoleptic and heteroleptic [NHC2Au]+ ions is performed by comparing to a binomial model representative of a randomized monolayer. Lastly, the reduction of nitro-NHC-AuNPs to amine-NHC-AuNPs is tracked via LDI-MS signals, illustrating the ability of LDI-MS to probe postsynthetic modifications of the anchored NHCs, which is critical for current and future applications of NHC surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L Dominique
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shelby L Strausser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jacob E Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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34
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Poyatos M, Peris E. Insights into the past and future of Janus-di-N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12748-12763. [PMID: 34581341 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Janus di-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are a subclass of poly-NHCs that feature coordination to two transition metals in a facially opposed manner. The combination of the structural features of Janus type ligands, with the properties conferred by the NHC ligands, has conferred Janus-di-NHCs with privileged attributes for their use in diverse areas of research, such as homogeneous catalysis, materials chemistry and supramolecular chemistry. In molecular chemistry, Janus di-NHCs constitute one of the most useful chemical platforms for constructing dimetallic structures, and this includes both homo- and hetero-dimetallic compounds. This review aims to cover the most relevant advances in the use of Janus-di-NHCs during the last 15 years, by classifying them according to their specific structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Poyatos
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-1271, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-1271, Spain.
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35
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Greenfield JL, Gerkman MA, Gibson RSL, Han GGD, Fuchter MJ. Efficient Electrocatalytic Switching of Azoheteroarenes in the Condensed Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15250-15257. [PMID: 34519491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Azo-based photoswitches have shown promise as molecular solar-thermal (MOST) materials due to their ability to store energy in their metastable Z isomeric form. The energy is then released, in the form of heat, upon photoisomerization to the thermodynamically stable E form. However, obtaining a high energy density and recovering the stored energy with high efficiency requires the materials to be employed in the condensed phase and display a high degree of Z to E switching, both of which are challenging to engineer. Here, we show that arylazopyrazole motifs undergo efficient redox-induced Z to E switching in both the solution and the condensed phase to a higher completeness of switching than achieved photochemically. This redox-initiated pathway lowers the barrier of Z to E isomerization by 27 kJ/mol, while in the condensed phase, the efficiency of electrochemical switching is improved by over an order of magnitude relative to that in the solution state. The influence of the photoswitch's phase, electrical conductivity, and viscosity on the electrochemical switching in the condensed phase is reported, culminating in a set of design rules to facilitate further investigations. We anticipate the use of an alternative stimulus to light will facilitate the application of MOST materials in situations where phototriggered heat release is unachievable or inefficient, e.g., indoor or at night. Furthermore, exploiting the electrocatalytic mechanism, whereby a catalytic amount of charge triggers Z to E switching via a redox process, bypasses the need for fine tuning of the photoswitching chromophore to achieve complete Z to E switching, thus providing an alternative approach to photoswitch molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake L Greenfield
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mihael A Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Rosina S L Gibson
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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36
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Bellotti P, Koy M, Hopkinson MN, Glorius F. Recent advances in the chemistry and applications of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:711-725. [PMID: 37118184 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes, despite being isolated and characterized three decades ago, still capture scientists' interest as versatile, modular and strongly coordinating moieties. In the last decade, driven by the increasingly refined fundamental understanding of their behaviour, the emergence of new carbene frameworks and cogent sustainability issues, N-heterocyclic carbenes have experienced a tremendous increase in utilization across several disparate fields. In this Review, a concise overview of N-heterocyclic carbenes encompassing their history, properties and applications in transition metal catalysis, on-surface chemistry, main group chemistry and organocatalysis is provided. Emphasis is placed on developments emerging in the last seven years and on envisaging future directions.
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37
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Dery S, Alshanski I, Mervinetsky E, Feferman D, Yitzchaik S, Hurevich M, Gross E. The influence of surface proximity on photoswitching activity of stilbene-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6233-6236. [PMID: 34095904 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of photo-responsive molecules is a robust technology for reversibly tuning the properties of functional materials. Herein, we probed the crucial role of surface-adsorbate interactions on the adsorption geometry of stilbene-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (stilbene-NHCs) monolayers and its impact on surface potential. Stilbene-NHCs on Au film accumulated in a vertical orientation that enabled high photoisomerization efficiency and reversible changes in surface potential. Strong metal-adsorbate interactions led to flat-lying adsorption geometry of stilbene-NHCs on Pt film, which quenched the photo-isomerization influence on surface potential. It is identified that photo-induced response can be optimized by positioning the photo-active group in proximity to weakly-interacting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Israel Alshanski
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Evgeniy Mervinetsky
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Daniel Feferman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Yitzchaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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38
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Sherman LM, Strausser SL, Borsari RK, Jenkins DM, Camden JP. Imidazolinium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Enhanced Stability on Gold Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5864-5871. [PMID: 33914540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as versatile and robust ligands for noble metal surface modifications due to their ability to form compact, self-assembled monolayers. Despite a growing body of research, previous NHC surface modification schemes have employed just two structural motifs: the benzimidazolium NHC and the imidazolium NHC. However, different NHC moieties, including saturated NHCs, are often more effective in homogenous catalysis chemistry than these aforementioned motifs and may impart numerous advantages to NHC surfaces, such as increased stability and access to chiral groups. This work explores the preparation and stability of NHC-coated gold surfaces using imidazolium and imidazolinium NHC ligands. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy demonstrate the attachment of NHC ligands to the gold surface and show enhanced stability of imidazolinium compared to the traditional imidazolium under harsh acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy M Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, South Bend 46556, Indiana, United States
| | - Shelby L Strausser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, Tennessee, United States
| | - Rowan K Borsari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, Tennessee, United States
| | - David M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jon P Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, South Bend 46556, Indiana, United States
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39
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Nánási D, Kunfi A, Ábrahám Á, Mayer PJ, Mihály J, Samu GF, Kiss É, Mohai M, London G. Construction and Properties of Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adducts on Gold Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3057-3066. [PMID: 33645991 PMCID: PMC8031373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The construction of a donor-acceptor Stenhouse adduct molecular layer on a gold surface is presented. To avoid the incompatibility of the thiol surface-binding group with the donor-acceptor polyene structure of the switch, an interfacial reaction approach was followed. Poly(dopamine)-supported gold nanoparticles on quartz slides were chosen as substrates, which was expected to facilitate both the interfacial reaction and the switching process by providing favorable steric conditions due to the curved particle surface. The reaction between the surface-bound donor half and the CF3-isoxazolone-based acceptor half was proved to be successful by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). However, UV-vis measurements suggested that a closed, cyclopentenone-containing structure of the switch formed on the surface irreversibly. Analysis of the wetting behavior of the surface revealed spontaneous water spreading that could be associated with conformational changes of the closed isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalma
Edit Nánási
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kunfi
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Ábrahám
- Laboratory
of Interfaces and Nanostructures, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter J. Mayer
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich tér 1, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Biological
Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, Magyar tudósok
körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely F. Samu
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence
Centre, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Kiss
- Laboratory
of Interfaces and Nanostructures, Eötvös
Loránd University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mohai
- Institute
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural
Sciences, Magyar tudósok
körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor London
- MTA
TTK Lendület Functional Organic Materials Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for
Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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40
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Knecht P, Zhang B, Reichert J, Duncan DA, Schwarz M, Haag F, Ryan PTP, Lee TL, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Allegretti F, Auwärter W, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Assembly and Manipulation of a Prototypical N-Heterocyclic Carbene with a Metalloporphyrin Pedestal on a Solid Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4433-4439. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Paul T. P. Ryan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université de Recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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41
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Kang S, Byeon SE, Yoon HJ. N
‐Heterocyclic
Carbene Anchors in Electronics Applications. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Eun Byeon
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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42
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Sun N, Zhang S, Simon F, Steiner AM, Schubert J, Du Y, Qiao Z, Fery A, Lissel F. Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s Functionalized with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Robust and Conductive Ligands for the Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3912-3917. [PMID: 33135279 PMCID: PMC7898828 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are explored as anchor groups to bind organic ligands to colloidal gold (i.e. gold nanoparticles, Au NPs), yet these efforts are confined to non-conjugated ligands so far-that is, focused solely on exploiting the stability aspect. Using NHCs to link Au NPs and electronically active organic components, for example, conjugated polymers (CPs), will allow capitalizing on both the stability as well as the inherent conductivity of the NHC anchors. Here, we report three types of Br-NHC-Au-X (X=Cl, Br) complexes, which, when used as starting points for Kumada polymerizations, yield regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophenes)-NHC-Au (P3HTs-NHC-Au) with narrow molecular weight distributions. The corresponding NPs are obtained via direct reduction and show excellent thermal as well as redox stability. The NHC anchors enable electron delocalization over the gold/CP interface, resulting in an improved electrochromic response behavior in comparison with P3HT-NHC-Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Sun
- Institute of Macromolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Shi‐Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and MaterialsCollege of ChemistryJilin UniversityChangchun130012China
| | - Frank Simon
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Anja Maria Steiner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Yixuan Du
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Institute of Macromolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
- Technische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401064DresdenGermany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
- Technische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401064DresdenGermany
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Institute of Macromolecular ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Polymer ResearchHohe Strasse 601069DresdenGermany
- Technische Universität DresdenMommsenstrasse 401064DresdenGermany
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43
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Chi J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Shao C, Shang L, Zhao Y. Bio-inspired wettability patterns for biomedical applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:124-144. [PMID: 34821293 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the remarkable wettability heterogeneity, bio-inspired wettability patterns present a progressive and versatile platform for manipulating and patterning liquids, which provides an emerging strategy for operating liquid samples with crucial values in biomedical applications. In this review, we present a general summary of bio-inspired wettability patterns. After a compendious introduction of natural wettability phenomena and their underlying mechanisms, we summarize the general design principles and fabrication methods for preparing artificial wettability materials. Next, we shift to patterned surface wettability with an emphasis on the fabrication approaches. Then, we discuss in detail the various practical applications of wettability patterns in the biomedical field, including cell culture, drug screening and biosensors. Critical thinking about the current challenges and future outlook is also provided. We believe that this review would propel the prosperous development of bio-inspired wettability patterns to flourish in the field of biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.
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44
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Berg I, Hale L, Carmiel-Kostan M, Toste FD, Gross E. Using silyl protecting group to enable post-deposition C–C coupling reactions of alkyne-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers on Au surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5342-5345. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkyne-functionalized NHC ligands were protected by TIPS group that enabled surface-anchoring of NHCs with chemically-sensitive functionality and providing access, following TIPS removal, to on-surface Sonogashira cross–coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- California 94720
- USA
| | - Mazal Carmiel-Kostan
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- California 94720
- USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
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45
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Sun N, Zhang S, Simon F, Steiner AM, Schubert J, Du Y, Qiao Z, Fery A, Lissel F. Mit N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen funktionalisierte Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) als robuste und leitfähige Liganden zur Stabilisierung von Goldnanopartikeln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningwei Sun
- Institut Makromolekulare Chemie Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Shi‐Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Frank Simon
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Anja Maria Steiner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Yixuan Du
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Institut Makromolekulare Chemie Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01064 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Physik der Polymere Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01064 Dresden Deutschland
| | - Franziska Lissel
- Institut Makromolekulare Chemie Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Deutschland
- Technische Universität Dresden Mommsenstraße 4 01064 Dresden Deutschland
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46
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Amirjalayer S, Bakker A, Freitag M, Glorius F, Fuchs H. Cooperation of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes on a Gold Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21230-21235. [PMID: 32822093 PMCID: PMC7702088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise tailoring of interface structures is crucial for developing functional materials. We demonstrate an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based molecular tool, which modifies the structure of a gold surface with atomic accuracy by the formation of gold nanorods. After adsorption on the gold surface, individual surface atoms are pulled out by the NHCs, generating single-atom surface defects and mobile NHC-Au species. Atomistic calculations reveal that these molecular "ballbots" can act as assembling tools to dislocate individual surface atoms. The predicted functionality of these carbene-based complexes is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. Cooperative operation of these NHC-Au species induces a step-wise formation of gold nanorods. Consequently, the surface is re-structured by a zipper-type mechanism. Our work presents a foundation to utilize molecular-based nanotools to design surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätWilhelm-Klemm-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and ComputationWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Anne Bakker
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätWilhelm-Klemm-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätWilhelm-Klemm-Straße 1048149MünsterGermany
- Center for NanotechnologyHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
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47
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Amirjalayer S, Bakker A, Freitag M, Glorius F, Fuchs H. Kooperative Zusammenarbeit von N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen auf einer Goldoberfläche. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Anne Bakker
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Nanotechnology Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Deutschland
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