1
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Huang L, Niu H, Xia C, Li FM, Shahid Z, Xia BY. Integration Construction of Hybrid Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404773. [PMID: 38829366 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
There is notable progress in the development of efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysts, which are crucial components of fuel cells. However, these superior activities are limited by imbalanced mass transport and cannot be fully reflected in actual fuel cell applications. Herein, the design concepts and development tracks of platinum (Pt)-nanocarbon hybrid catalysts, aiming to enhance the performance of both cathodic electrocatalysts and fuel cells, are presented. This review commences with an introduction to Pt/C catalysts, highlighting the diverse architectures developed to date, with particular emphasis on heteroatom modification and microstructure construction of functionalized nanocarbons based on integrated design concepts. This discussion encompasses the structural evolution, property enhancement, and catalytic mechanisms of Pt/C-based catalysts, including rational preparation recipes, superior activity, strong stability, robust metal-support interactions, adsorption regulation, synergistic pathways, confinement strategies, ionomer optimization, mass transport permission, multidimensional construction, and reactor upgrading. Furthermore, this review explores the low-barrier or barrier-free mass exchange interfaces and channels achieved through the impressive multidimensional construction of Pt-nanocarbon integrated catalysts, with the goal of optimizing fuel cell efficiency. In conclusion, this review outlines the challenges associated with Pt-nanocarbon integrated catalysts and provides perspectives on the future development trends of fuel cells and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland (UOA), Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Huiting Niu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chenfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fu-Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zaman Shahid
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
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2
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Feidenhans’l A, Regmi YN, Wei C, Xia D, Kibsgaard J, King LA. Precious Metal Free Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst Design and Application. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5617-5667. [PMID: 38661498 PMCID: PMC11082907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The quest to identify precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts has received unprecedented attention in the past decade. In this Review, we focus our attention to recent developments in precious metal free hydrogen evolution reactions in acidic and alkaline electrolyte owing to their relevance to commercial and near-commercial low-temperature electrolyzers. We provide a detailed review and critical analysis of catalyst activity and stability performance measurements and metrics commonly deployed in the literature, as well as review best practices for experimental measurements (both in half-cell three-electrode configurations and in two-electrode device testing). In particular, we discuss the transition from laboratory-scale hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst measurements to those in single cells, which is a critical aspect crucial for scaling up from laboratory to industrial settings but often overlooked. Furthermore, we review the numerous catalyst design strategies deployed across the precious metal free HER literature. Subsequently, we showcase some of the most commonly investigated families of precious metal free HER catalysts; molybdenum disulfide-based, transition metal phosphides, and transition metal carbides for acidic electrolyte; nickel molybdenum and transition metal phosphides for alkaline. This includes a comprehensive analysis comparing the HER activity between several families of materials highlighting the recent stagnation with regards to enhancing the intrinsic activity of precious metal free hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Finally, we summarize future directions and provide recommendations for the field in this area of electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yagya N. Regmi
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Chao Wei
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dong Xia
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laurie A. King
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
- Manchester
Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester
Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, U.K.
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3
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Đukić T, Moriau L, Klofutar I, Šala M, Pavko L, González López FJ, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Pavlišič A, Hotko M, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Adjusting the Operational Potential Window as a Tool for Prolonging the Durability of Carbon-Supported Pt-Alloy Nanoparticles as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4303-4317. [PMID: 38510667 PMCID: PMC10949198 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A current trend in the investigation of state-of-the-art Pt-alloys as proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrocatalysts is to study their long-term stability as a bottleneck for their full commercialization. Although many parameters have been appropriately addressed, there are still certain issues that must be considered. Here, the stability of an experimental Pt-Co/C electrocatalyst is investigated by high-temperature accelerated degradation tests (HT-ADTs) in a high-temperature disk electrode (HT-DE) setup, allowing the imitation of close-to-real operational conditions in terms of temperature (60 °C). Although the US Department of Energy (DoE) protocol has been chosen as the basis of the study (30,000 trapezoidal wave cycling steps between 0.6 and 0.95 VRHE with a 3 s hold time at both the lower potential limit (LPL) and the upper potential limit (UPL)), this works demonstrates that limiting both the LPL and UPL (from 0.6-0.95 to 0.7-0.85 VRHE) can dramatically reduce the degradation rate of state-of-the-art Pt-alloy electrocatalysts. This has been additionally confirmed with the use of an electrochemical flow cell coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (EFC-ICP-MS), which enables real-time monitoring of the dissolution mechanisms of Pt and Co. In line with the HT-DE methodology observations, a dramatic decrease in the total dissolution of Pt and Co has once again been observed upon narrowing the potential window to 0.7-0.85 VRHE rather than 0.6-0.95 VRHE. Additionally, the effect of the potential hold time at both LPL and UPL on metal dissolution has also been investigated. The findings demonstrate that the dissolution rate of both metals is proportional to the hold time at UPL regardless of the applied potential window, whereas the hold time at the LPL does not appear to be as detrimental to the stability of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Léonard
Jean Moriau
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Iva Klofutar
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova Ulica
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | | | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Pavlišič
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Miha Hotko
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, Nova Gorica 5000, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova Ulica
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, Nova Gorica 5000, Slovenia
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4
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Do VH, Lee JM. Surface engineering for stable electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2693-2737. [PMID: 38318782 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in rational developments of electrocatalysts through constructing novel atomistic structures and modulating catalytic surface topography, realizing substantial enhancement in electrocatalytic activities. Numerous advanced catalysts were developed for electrochemical energy conversion, exhibiting low overpotential, high intrinsic activity, and selectivity. Yet, maintaining the high catalytic performance under working conditions with high polarization and vigorous microkinetics that induce intensive degradation of surface nanostructures presents a significant challenge for commercial applications. Recently, advanced operando and computational techniques have provided comprehensive mechanistic insights into the degradation of surficial functional structures. Additionally, various innovative strategies have been devised and proven effective in sustaining electrocatalytic activity under harsh operating conditions. This review aims to discuss the most recent understanding of the degradation microkinetics of catalysts across an entire range of anodic to cathodic polarizations, encompassing processes such as oxygen evolution and reduction, hydrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction. Subsequently, innovative strategies adopted to stabilize the materials' structure and activity are highlighted with an in-depth discussion of the underlying rationale. Finally, we present conclusions and perspectives regarding future research and development. By identifying the research gaps, this review aims to inspire further exploration of surface degradation mechanisms and rational design of durable electrocatalysts, ultimately contributing to the large-scale utilization of electroconversion technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet-Hung Do
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459.
- Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141
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5
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Birkner L, Foreta M, Rinaldi A, Orekhov A, Willinger MG, Eichelbaum M. Dynamic accelerated stress test and coupled on-line analysis program to elucidate aging processes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3999. [PMID: 38369606 PMCID: PMC10874950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in greenhouse gas emission free heavy-duty vehicles requires extremely durable PEMFC components with service lives in the range of 30,000 h. Hence suitable test and analysis methods are required that reflect realistic operation scenarios, but significantly accelerate aging. For this purpose, a dynamic accelerated stress test was developed, which is coupled with a comprehensive in-depth in-situ and ex-situ analysis program to determine the aging processes of a PEMFC membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The test comprehends dynamic cycling between low, moderate and high load, different temperature and humidity conditions as well as recovery sequences to distinguish between reversible and irreversible failure modes. All phases of the PEMFC system (i.e. solid, liquid and gaseous) are monitored on-line during aging by sophisticated electrochemical, mass spectrometric and ion chromatographic analytical methods. The structural and elemental composition of the MEA before and after the aging program (post-mortem) are investigated by X-ray fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This program was able to age a commercial PEMFC to end-of-life in 1000 h, while providing an accurate picture of the aging processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Birkner
- Nuremberg Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Hydrogen Research, Electro- and Thermochemical Energy Systems (H2OHM), 90489, Nuremberg, Germany
- MAN Truck & Bus SE, Material Technology and Applied Chemistry (EOMC), 90441, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Michael Foreta
- MAN Truck & Bus SE, Material Technology and Applied Chemistry (EOMC), 90441, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ali Rinaldi
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Electron Microscopy, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anton Orekhov
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Electron Microscopy, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Marc-Georg Willinger
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Electron Microscopy, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Maik Eichelbaum
- Nuremberg Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Hydrogen Research, Electro- and Thermochemical Energy Systems (H2OHM), 90489, Nuremberg, Germany.
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6
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Gunnarson A, Quast T, Dieckhöfer S, Pfänder N, Schüth F, Schuhmann W. Stability Investigations on a Pt@HGS Catalyst as a Model Material for Fuel Cell Applications: The Role of the Local pH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311780. [PMID: 37846806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the resistance of catalysts against electrochemical degradation is one of the key requirements for the wider use of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). Here, we study the degradation of one entity of a highly stable catalyst, Pt@HGS, on a nanoelectrode under accelerated mass transport conditions. We find that the catalyst degrades more rapidly than expected based on previous ensemble measurements. Corroborated by identical location transmission electron microscopy and catalyst layer experiments, we deduce that locally different pH values are likely the reason for this difference in stability. Ultimately, this work provides insights into the actual conditions present in a PEMFC and raises questions about the applicability of accelerated stress tests usually performed to evaluate catalyst stability, particularly when they are performed in half-cell setups under inert gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gunnarson
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfänder
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ferdi Schüth
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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7
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Linge J, Briega-Martos V, Hutzler A, Fritsch B, Erikson H, Tammeveski K, Cherevko S. Stability of Carbon Supported Silver Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2023; 6:11497-11509. [PMID: 38037630 PMCID: PMC10685861 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Ag-based electrocatalysts are promising candidates to catalyze the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in unitized regenerative fuel cells. However, to be competitive with existing technologies, the AEMFC with Ag electrocatalyst must demonstrate superior performance and long-term durability. The latter implies that the catalyst must be stable, withstanding harsh oxidizing conditions. Moreover, since Ag is typically supported by carbon, the strict stability requirements extend to the whole Ag/C catalyst. In this work, Ag supported on Vulcan carbon (Ag/VC) and mesoporous carbon (Ag/MC) materials is synthesized, and their electrochemical stability is studied using a family of complementary techniques. We first employ an online scanning flow cell combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SFC-ICP-MS) to estimate the kinetic dissolution stability window of Ag. Strong correlations between voltammetric features and the dissolution processes are discovered. Very high silver dissolution during the OER renders this material impractical for regenerative fuel cell applications. To address Ag stability during AEMFC load cycles, accelerated stress tests (ASTs) in O2-saturated solutions are carried out in rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) setups. Besides tracking the ORR performance evolution, an ex situ long-term Ag dissolution study is performed. Moreover, morphological changes in the catalyst/support are tracked by identical-location transmission electron microscopy (RDE-IL-TEM). Voltammetry analysis before and after AST reveals a smaller change in ORR activity for Ag/MC, confirming its higher stability. RRDE results reveal a higher increase in the H2O2 yield for Ag/VC after the ASTs. The RDE-IL-TEM measurements demonstrate different degradation processes that can explain the changes in the long term performance. The results in this work point out that the stability of carbon-supported Ag catalysts depends strongly on the morphology of the Ag nanoparticles, which, in turn, can be tuned depending on the chosen carbon support and synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas
Mart Linge
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentín Briega-Martos
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birk Fritsch
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiki Erikson
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Tammeveski
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Lim C, Fairhurst AR, Ransom BJ, Haering D, Stamenkovic VR. Role of Transition Metals in Pt Alloy Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14874-14893. [PMID: 38026811 PMCID: PMC10660348 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of higher activity and stability of electrocatalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction, it has become standard practice to alloy platinum in various structural configurations. Transition metals have been extensively studied for their ability to tune catalyst functionality through strain, ligand, and ensemble effects. The origin of these effects and potential for synergistic application in practical materials have been the subject of many theoretical and experimental analyses in recent years. Here, a comprehensive overview of these phenomena is provided regarding the impact on reaction mechanisms and kinetics through combined experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimental approaches to electrocatalysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Lim
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- HORIBA
Institute for Mobility and Connectivity, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alasdair R. Fairhurst
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- HORIBA
Institute for Mobility and Connectivity, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Ransom
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- HORIBA
Institute for Mobility and Connectivity, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dominik Haering
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- HORIBA
Institute for Mobility and Connectivity, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Vojislav R. Stamenkovic
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- HORIBA
Institute for Mobility and Connectivity, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Cipriano LA, Kristoffersen HH, Munhos RL, Pittkowski R, Arenz M, Rossmeisl J. Tuning the chemical composition of binary alloy nanoparticles to prevent their dissolution. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16697-16705. [PMID: 37772911 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution of nanoparticles under corrosive environments represents one of the main issues in electrochemical processes. Here, a model for alloying and protecting nanoparticles from corrosion with an anti-corrosive element (e.g. Au) is proposed based on the hypothesis that under-coordinated atoms are the first atoms to dissolve. The model considers the dissolution of atoms with coordination number ≤6 on A-B nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, chemical compositions, and exposed crystallographic orientations. The results revealed that the nanoparticle's size and chemical composition play a key role in the dissolution, suggesting that a certain composition of an element with corrosive resistance could be used to protect nanoparticles. DFT simulations were performed to support our model on the dissolution of four types of atoms commonly found on the surface of Au0.20Pd0.80 binary alloys - terrace, edge, kink, and ad atoms. The simulations suggest that the less coordinated ad and kink Pd atoms on Au0.20Pd0.80 alloys are dissolved in a potential window between 0.26-0.56 V, while the rest of the Pd and Au atoms are protected. Furthermore, to show that a corrosion-resistant element can indeed protect nanoparticles, we experimentally investigated the electrochemical dissolution of immobilized Pd, Au0.20Pd0.80, and Au0.40Pd0.60 nanoparticles in a harsh environment. In line with the dissolution model, the experimental results show that an Au molar fraction of the nanoparticle of 0.20, i.e., Au0.20Pd0.80 binary alloy, is a good compromise between maximizing the active surface area (Pd atoms) and corrosion protection by the inactive Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Cipriano
- Department of Chemistry, Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik H Kristoffersen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Renan L Munhos
- Department for Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Pittkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department for Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Department of Chemistry, Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Vuong VQ, Lee KH, Savara AA, Fung V, Irle S. Toward Quantum Chemical Free Energy Simulations of Platinum Nanoparticles on Titania Support. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:6471-6483. [PMID: 37647252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) supported on titania surfaces are costly but indispensable heterogeneous catalysts because of their highly effective and selective catalytic properties. Therefore, it is vital to understand their physicochemical processes during catalysis to optimize their use and to further develop better catalysts. However, simulating these dynamic processes is challenging due to the need for a reliable quantum chemical method to describe chemical bond breaking and bond formation during the processes but, at the same time, fast enough to sample a large number of configurations required to compute the corresponding free energy surfaces. Density functional theory (DFT) is often used to explore Pt-NPs; nonetheless, it is usually limited to some minimum-energy reaction pathways on static potential energy surfaces because of its high computational cost. We report here a combination of the density functional tight binding (DFTB) method as a fast but reliable approximation to DFT, the steered molecular dynamics (SMD) technique, and the Jarzynski equality to construct free energy surfaces of the temperature-dependent diffusion and growth of platinum particles on a titania surface. In particular, we present the parametrization for Pt-X (X = Pt, Ti, or O) interactions in the framework of the second-order DFTB method, using a previous parametrization for titania as a basis. The optimized parameter set was used to simulate the surface diffusion of a single platinum atom (Pt1) and the growth of Pt6 from Pt5 and Pt1 on the rutile (110) surface at three different temperatures (T = 400, 600, 800 K). The free energy profile was constructed by using over a hundred SMD trajectories for each process. We found that increasing the temperature has a minimal effect on the formation free energy; nevertheless, it significantly reduces the free energy barrier of Pt atom migration on the TiO2 surface and the transition state (TS) of its deposition. In a concluding remark, the methodology opens the pathway to quantum chemical free energy simulations of Pt-NPs' temperature-dependent growth and other transformation processes on the titania support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Quan Vuong
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ka Hung Lee
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Aditya A Savara
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Victor Fung
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Stephan Irle
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Computational Sciences & Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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11
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Cho J, Kim H, Oh HS, Choi CH. Elucidation of Electrochemically Induced but Chemically Driven Pt Dissolution. JACS AU 2023; 3:105-112. [PMID: 36711079 PMCID: PMC9875222 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Securing the electrochemical durability of noble metal platinum is of central importance for the successful implementation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Pt dissolution, a major cause of PEMFC degradation, is known to be a potential-dependent transient process, but its underlying mechanism is puzzling. Herein, we elucidate a chemical Pt dissolution process that can occur in various electrocatalytic conditions. This process intensively occurs during potential perturbations with a millisecond timescale, which has yet to be seriously considered. The open circuit potential profiles identify the dominant formation of metastable Pt species at such short timescales and their simultaneous dissolution. Considering on these findings, a proof-of-concept strategy for alleviating chemical Pt dissolution is further studied by tuning electric double layer charging. These results suggest that stable Pt electrocatalysis can be achieved if rational synthetic or systematic strategies are further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsic Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesol Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Suk Oh
- Clean
Energy Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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12
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Advances in Low Pt Loading Membrane Electrode Assembly for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020773. [PMID: 36677836 PMCID: PMC9866934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen has the potential to be one of the solutions that can address environmental pollution and greenhouse emissions from traditional fossil fuels. However, high costs hinder its large-scale commercialization, particularly for enabling devices such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The precious metal Pt is indispensable in boosting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in cathode electrocatalysts from the most crucial component, i.e., the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). MEAs account for a considerable amount of the entire cost of PEMFCs. To address these bottlenecks, researchers either increase Pt utilization efficiency or produce MEAs with enhanced performance but less Pt. Only a few reviews that explain the approaches are available. This review summarizes advances in designing nanocatalysts and optimizing the catalyst layer structure to achieve low-Pt loading MEAs. Different strategies and their corresponding effectiveness, e.g., performance in half-cells or MEA, are summarized and compared. Finally, future directions are discussed and proposed, aiming at affordable, highly active, and durable PEMFCs.
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13
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Krivina RA, Zlatar M, Stovall TN, Lindquist GA, Eascalera-López D, Cook AK, Hutchison JE, Cherevko S, Boettcher SW. Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis in Acids: Atomic Tuning of the Stability Number for Submonolayer IrO x on Conductive Oxides from Molecular Precursors. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raina A. Krivina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Matej Zlatar
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Nathan Stovall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Grace A. Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Daniel Eascalera-López
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amanda K. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - James E. Hutchison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shannon W. Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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14
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Đukić T, Pavko L, Jovanovič P, Maselj N, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Stability challenges of carbon-supported Pt-nanoalloys as fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13832-13854. [PMID: 36472187 PMCID: PMC9753161 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported Pt-based nanoalloys (CSPtNs) as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are considered state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Although their ORR activity performance is already adequate to allow lowering of the Pt loading and thus commercialisation of the fuel cell technology, their stability remains an open challenge. In this Feature Article, the recent achievements and acquired knowledge on the degradation behaviour of these electrocatalysts are overviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nik Maselj
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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15
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Li FM, Huang L, Zaman S, Guo W, Liu H, Guo X, Xia BY. Corrosion Chemistry of Electrocatalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200840. [PMID: 35334145 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysts are the core components of many sustainable energy conversion technologies that are considered the most potential solution to the worldwide energy and environmental crises. The reliability of structure and composition pledges that electrocatalysts can achieve predictable and stable performance. However, during the electrochemical reaction, electrocatalysts are influenced directly by the applied potential, the electrolyte, and the adsorption/desorption of reactive species, triggering structural and compositional corrosion, which directly affects the catalytic behaviors of electrocatalysts (performance degradation or enhancement) and invalidates the established structure-activity relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the corrosion behavior and mechanism of electrocatalysts to formulate targeted corrosion-resistant strategies or use corrosion reconstruction synthesis techniques to guide the preparation of efficient and stable electrocatalysts. Herein, the most recent developments in electrocatalyst corrosion chemistry are outlined, including corrosion mechanisms, mitigation strategies, and corrosion syntheses/reconstructions based on typical materials and important electrocatalytic reactions. Finally, potential opportunities and challenges are also proposed to foresee the possible development in this field. It is believed that this contribution will raise more awareness regarding nanomaterial corrosion chemistry in energy technologies and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shahid Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xingpeng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
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16
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Validation of Voltammetric Methods for Online Analysis of Platinum Dissolution in a Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Stack. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum dissolution in PEM fuel cells is an increasingly important indicator for the state-of-health and lifetime prediction of fuel cells in real applications. For this reason, portable online analysis tools are needed that can detect and quantify platinum with high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy in the product water of fuel cells. We validated the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and non-toxic bismuth film electrodes for the voltammetric determination of platinum for this purpose. Bismuth films were prepared by reductive deposition on both a glassy carbon solid state electrode and on a screen-printed electrode (film on-chip electrode). Both bismuth film electrodes could be successfully validated for the determination of platinum by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. An LOD of 7.9 μg/L and an LOQ of 29.1 μg/L were determined for the bismuth film solid state electrode, values of 22.5 μg/L for the LOD and of 79.0 μg/L for the LOQ were obtained for the bismuth film on-chip electrode. These numbers are still much higher than the results measured with the HMDE (LOD: 0.76 ng/L; LOQ: 2.8 ng/L) and are not sufficient to detect platinum in the product water of a fuel cell run in different load tests. The amount of dissolved platinum produced by a 100 W fuel cell stack upon dynamic and continuous high load cycling, respectively, was in the range of 2.9–4.1 ng/L, which could only be detected by the HMDE.
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17
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An integrated platinum-nanocarbon electrocatalyst for efficient oxygen reduction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6703. [PMID: 36344552 PMCID: PMC9640595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and robust platinum-carbon electrocatalysts are of great significance for the long-term service of high-performance fuel cells. Here, we report a Pt alloy integrated in a cobalt-nitrogen-nanocarbon matrix by a multiscale design principle for efficient oxygen reduction reaction. This Pt integrated catalyst demonstrates an increased mass activity, 11.7 times higher than that of commercial Pt catalyst, and retains a stability of 98.7% after 30,000 potential cycles. Additionally, this integrated catalyst delivers a current density of 1.50 A cm−2 at 0.6 V in the hydrogen-air fuel cell and achieves a power density of 980 mW cm−2. Comprehensive investigations demonstrate that the synergistic contribution of components and structure in the platinum-carbon integrated catalyst is responsible for the high-efficiency ORR in fuel cells. Improving fuel cell technologies based on Pt-based alloys is important for efficient fuel cells. Here, the authors report a hybrid PtCo alloy electrocatalyst for acidic oxygen reduction at high current densities and H2/air fuel cell power densities.
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18
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Li L, Chen J, Mosali VSS, Liang Y, Bond AM, Gu Q, Zhang J. Hydrophobicity Graded Gas Diffusion Layer for Stable Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208534. [PMID: 35927219 PMCID: PMC9804220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate flooding associated with the gas diffusion layer (GDL) during electroreduction of CO2 , we report a hydrophobicity-graded hydrophobic GDL (HGGDL). Coating uniformly dispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binders on the carbon fiber skeleton of a hydrophilic GDL uniformizes the hydrophobicity of the GDL and also alleviates the gas blockage of pore channels. Further adherence of the PTFE macroporous layer (PMPL) to one side of the hydrophobic carbon fiber skeleton was aided by sintering. The introduced PMPL shows an appropriate pore size and enhanced hydrophobicity. As a result, the HGGDL offers spatial control of the hydrophobicity and hence water and gas transport over the GDL. Using a nickel-single-atom catalyst, the resulting HGGDL electrode provided a CO faradaic efficiency of over 83 % at a constant current density of 75 mA cm-2 for 103 h operation in a membrane electrode assembly, which is more than 16 times that achieved with a commercial GDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceSchool of ChemistryMonash UniversityClayton3800VictoriaAustralia
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceIntelligent Polymer Research InstituteAustralian Institute for Innovative MaterialsInnovation Campus, University of WollongongSquires WayNorth WollongongNSW 2500Australia
| | - Venkata Sai Sriram Mosali
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceSchool of ChemistryMonash UniversityClayton3800VictoriaAustralia
| | - Yan Liang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceSchool of ChemistryMonash UniversityClayton3800VictoriaAustralia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceSchool of ChemistryMonash UniversityClayton3800VictoriaAustralia
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO)800 Blackburn RoadClayton3168VictoriaAustralia
| | - Jie Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials ScienceSchool of ChemistryMonash UniversityClayton3800VictoriaAustralia
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19
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Li L, Chen J, Mosali VSS, Liang Y, Bond A, Gu Q, Zhang J. Hydrophobicity Graded Gas Diffusion Layer for Stable Electrochemical Reduction of CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Li
- Monash University Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Jun Chen
- University of Wollongong Intelligent Polymer Research Institute AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Yan Liang
- Monash University Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Alan Bond
- Monash University Chemistry AUSTRALIA
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron Co Ltd: The Australian Synchrotron Australian Synchrotron AUSTRALIA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Monash University School of Chemistry Clayton 3800 Melbourne AUSTRALIA
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20
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Zaman S, Wang M, Liu H, Sun F, Yu Y, Shui J, Chen M, Wang H. Carbon-based catalyst supports for oxygen reduction in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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21
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Gatalo M, Bonastre AM, Moriau L, Burdett H, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hughes E, Hodgkinson A, Šala M, Pavko L, Bele M, Hodnik N, Sharman J, Gaberšček M. Importance of Chemical Activation and the Effect of Low Operation Voltage on the Performance of Pt-Alloy Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:8862-8877. [PMID: 35909804 PMCID: PMC9326812 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pt-alloy (Pt-M) nanoparticles (NPs) with less-expensive 3d transition metals (M = Ni, Cu, Co) supported on high-surface-area carbon supports are currently the state-of-the-art (SoA) solution to reach the production phase in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, while Pt-M electrocatalysts show promise in terms of increased activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and, thus, cost reductions from the significantly lower use of expensive and rare Pt, key challenges in terms of synthesis, activation, and stability remain to unlock their true potential. This work systematically tackles them with a combination of electrocatalyst synthesis and characterization methodologies including thin-film rotating disc electrodes (TF-RDEs), an electrochemical flow cell linked to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (EFC-ICP-MS), and testing in 50 cm2 membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). In the first part of the present work, we highlight the crucial importance of the chemical activation (dealloying) step on the performance of Pt-M electrocatalysts in the MEA at high current densities (HCDs). In addition, we provide the scientific community with a preliminary and facile method of distinguishing between a "poorly" and "adequately" dealloyed (activated) Pt-alloy electrocatalyst using a much simpler and affordable TF-RDE methodology using the well-known CO-stripping process. Since the transition-metal cations can also be introduced in a PEMFC due to the degradation of the Pt-M NPs, the second part of the work focuses on presenting clear evidence on the direct impact of the lower voltage limit (LVL) on the stability of Pt-M electrocatalysts. The data suggests that in addition to intrinsic improvements in stability, significant improvements in the PEMFC lifetime can also be obtained via the correct MEA design and applied limits of operation, namely, restricting not just the upper but equally important also the lower operation voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Gatalo
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Léonard
Jean Moriau
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Harriet Burdett
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edwin Hughes
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Adam Hodgkinson
- Johnson
Matthey Fuel Cells, Lydiard
Fields, Great Western Way, Swindon SN5 8AT, U.K.
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jonathan Sharman
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Yu H, Zachman MJ, Li C, Hu L, Kariuki NN, Mukundan R, Xie J, Neyerlin KC, Myers DJ, Cullen DA. Recreating Fuel Cell Catalyst Degradation in Aqueous Environments for Identical-Location Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20418-20429. [PMID: 35230077 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent surge in interest of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for heavy-duty vehicles increases the demand on the durability of oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts used in the fuel cell cathode. This prioritizes efforts aimed at understanding and subsequently controlling catalyst degradation. Identical-location scanning transmission electron microscopy (IL-STEM) is a powerful method that enables precise characterization of degradation processes in individual catalyst nanoparticles across various stages of cycling. Recreating the degradation processes that occur in PEMFC membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) within the aqueous cell used for IL-STEM experiments is vital for generating an accurate understanding of these processes. In this work, we investigate the type and degree of catalyst degradation achieved by cycling in an aqueous cell compared to a PEMFC MEA. While significant degradation is observed in IL-STEM experiments performed on a traditional Pt catalyst using the standard accelerated stress test potential window (0.6-0.95 VRHE), degradation of a PtCo catalyst designed for heavy-duty vehicle use is very limited compared to that observed in MEAs. We therefore explore various experimental parameters such as temperature, acid type, acid concentration, ionomer content, and potential window to identify conditions that reproduce the degradation observed in MEAs. We find that by extending the cycling potential window to 0.4-1.0 VRHE in an electrolyte containing Pt ions, the degraded particle size distribution and alloy composition better match that observed in MEAs. In particular, these conditions increase the relative contribution of Ostwald ripening, which appears to play a more significant role in the degradation of larger alloy particles supported on high-surface-area carbons than coalescence. Results from this work highlight the potential for discrepancies between ex situ aqueous experiments and MEA tests. While different catalysts may require a unique modification to the AST protocol, strategies provided in this work enable future in situ and identical-location experiments that will play an important role in the development of robust catalysts for heavy-duty vehicle applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael J Zachman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Chenzhao Li
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Leiming Hu
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Nancy N Kariuki
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Rangachary Mukundan
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kenneth C Neyerlin
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Deborah J Myers
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David A Cullen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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23
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Tang W, Ma N, Fei C, Wang Y. Regulation of Hydroxyl Radicals Generated by Fe−N−C in Heterogeneous Electro‐Fenton Reaction for Degradation of Organic Pollutants. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Tang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University 189 Huajin South Road Wuhu 241000 PR China
| | - Nannan Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University 189 Huajin South Road Wuhu 241000 PR China
| | - Chuanqi Fei
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University 189 Huajin South Road Wuhu 241000 PR China
| | - Yinling Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing College of Chemistry and Materials Science Anhui Normal University 189 Huajin South Road Wuhu 241000 PR China
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24
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Abstract
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This Review provides an overview
of the emerging concepts of catalysts,
membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for water electrolyzers
with anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), also known as zero-gap alkaline
water electrolyzers. Much of the recent progress is due to improvements
in materials chemistry, MEA designs, and optimized operation conditions.
Research on anion-exchange polymers (AEPs) has focused on the cationic
head/backbone/side-chain structures and key properties such as ionic
conductivity and alkaline stability. Several approaches, such as cross-linking,
microphase, and organic/inorganic composites, have been proposed to
improve the anion-exchange performance and the chemical and mechanical
stability of AEMs. Numerous AEMs now exceed values of 0.1 S/cm (at
60–80 °C), although the stability specifically at temperatures
exceeding 60 °C needs further enhancement. The oxygen evolution
reaction (OER) is still a limiting factor. An analysis of thin-layer
OER data suggests that NiFe-type catalysts have the highest activity.
There is debate on the active-site mechanism of the NiFe catalysts,
and their long-term stability needs to be understood. Addition of
Co to NiFe increases the conductivity of these catalysts. The same
analysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) shows carbon-supported
Pt to be dominating, although PtNi alloys and clusters of Ni(OH)2 on Pt show competitive activities. Recent advances in forming
and embedding well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles on functionalized high-surface-area
carbon supports show promising HER activities. However, the stability
of these catalysts under actual AEMWE operating conditions needs to
be proven. The field is advancing rapidly but could benefit through
the adaptation of new in situ techniques, standardized evaluation
protocols for AEMWE conditions, and innovative catalyst-structure
designs. Nevertheless, single AEM water electrolyzer cells have been
operated for several thousand hours at temperatures and current densities
as high as 60 °C and 1 A/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Du
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Claudie Roy
- Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,National Research Council of Canada, 2620 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada
| | - Retha Peach
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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25
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Liu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z, Han J, Song C, Xu P, Wang X, Fu S, Jian X. Investigation into the performance decay of proton-exchange membranes based on sulfonated heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone)s in Fenton's reagent. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1760-1769. [PMID: 34985063 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04531h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonated N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether) proton-exchange membranes have potential applications in the fuel-cell field due to their favorable proton conduction capacity and stability. This paper investigates the changes in mass and performance decay, such as proton conduction and mechanical strength, of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)s (SPEEKs) and three sulfonated N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone) (SPPEK, SPBPEK-P-8, and SPPEKK-P) membranes in Fenton's oxidative experiment. The SPEEK membrane exhibited the worst oxidative stability. The oxidative stability of the SPPEK membrane is enhanced due to the introduction of phthalazinone units in the chains. The SPPEKK-P and SPBPEK-P-8 membranes exhibit better radical tolerance than the SPPEK membrane, with proton conductivity retention rates of 66% and 73% for 1 h oxidative treatment, respectively. In addition, the molecular chains of SPPEKK-P and SPBPEK-P-8 exhibit relatively little disruption. The pendant benzenesulfonic groups enhance the steric effects for reducing radical attacks on the ether bonds and reduce the hydration of molecular chains. The introduction of phthalazinone units decreases the rupture points in the main chain. Therefore, the radical tolerance of the membranes is improved. These results provide a reference for the design of highly stable sulfonated heterocyclic poly(aryl ether) membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Shouhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jianhua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Ce Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Peiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Shaokui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning High-Performance Polymer Engineering Research Center, Dalian Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Dalian, 116024, China.
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26
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Đukić T, Moriau LJ, Pavko L, Kostelec M, Prokop M, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Šala M, Dražić G, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Understanding the Crucial Significance of the Temperature and Potential Window on the Stability of Carbon Supported Pt-Alloy Nanoparticles as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2022; 12:101-115. [PMID: 35028189 PMCID: PMC8749953 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present research provides a study of carbon-supported intermetallic Pt-alloy electrocatalysts and assesses their stability against metal dissolution in relation to the operating temperature and the potential window using two advanced electrochemical methodologies: (i) the in-house designed high-temperature disk electrode (HT-DE) methodology as well as (ii) a modification of the electrochemical flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (EFC-ICP-MS) methodology, allowing for highly sensitive time- and potential-resolved measurements of metal dissolution. While the rate of carbon corrosion follows the Arrhenius law and increases exponentially with temperature, the findings of the present study contradict the generally accepted hypothesis that the kinetics of Pt and subsequently the less noble metal dissolution are supposed to be for the most part unaffected by temperature. On the contrary, clear evidence is presented that in addition to the importance of the voltage/potential window, the temperature is one of the most critical parameters governing the stability of Pt and thus, in the case of Pt-alloy electrocatalysts, also the ability of the nanoparticles (NPs) to retain the less noble metal. Lastly, but also very importantly, results indicate that the rate of Pt redeposition significantly increases with temperature, which has been the main reason why mechanistic interpretation of the temperature-dependent kinetics related to the stability of Pt remained highly speculative until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leonard Jean Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Kostelec
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Prokop
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Dejvice, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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27
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Liu Q, Ranocchiari M, van Bokhoven JA. Catalyst overcoating engineering towards high-performance electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:188-236. [PMID: 34870651 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00270h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clean and sustainable energy needs the development of advanced heterogeneous catalysts as they are of vital importance for electrochemical transformation reactions in renewable energy conversion and storage devices. Advances in nanoscience and material chemistry have afforded great opportunities for the design and optimization of nanostructured electrocatalysts with high efficiency and practical durability. In this review article, we specifically emphasize the synthetic methodologies for the versatile surface overcoating engineering reported to date for optimal electrocatalysts. We discuss the recent progress in the development of surface overcoating-derived electrocatalysts potentially applied in polymer electrolyte fuel cells and water electrolyzers by correlating catalyst intrinsic structures with electrocatalytic properties. Finally, we present the opportunities and perspectives of surface overcoating engineering for the design of advanced (electro)catalysts and their deep exploitation in a broad scope of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. .,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. .,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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28
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Huang L, Su YQ, Qi R, Dang D, Qin Y, Xi S, Zaman S, You B, Ding S, Xia BY. Boosting Oxygen Reduction via Integrated Construction and Synergistic Catalysis of Porous Platinum Alloy and Defective Graphitic Carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25530-25537. [PMID: 34562296 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Integrated fabrication through the strong interaction between catalyst and carrier is crucial to realize efficient oxygen electrocatalysis for fuel cells. We report herein a porous Pt-rich alloy encapsulated by graphitic carbon via integration engineering, where a synergistic catalysis between ternary PtCuCo alloy and graphitic Co-N-C results in the optimized reaction pathway and improved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. The hybrid catalyst PtCuCo@Co-N-C delivers a mass activity of 1.14 A mgPt -1 at 0.9 V vs. RHE and a peak power density of 960 mW cm-2 in the full-cell assessment, outperforming commercial Pt/C catalyst (0.12 A mgPt -1 and 780 mW cm-2 ). Experimental results combined with theoretical simulations suggest that the mutual assistance between porous Pt alloy and Co-N-C accounts for the enhanced catalytic performance. Such integrated engineering concept is significant for strengthening the anti-corrosion capabilities and improving the ORR performance of Pt-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE), Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dai Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanyang Qin
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A✶STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shahid Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bo You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Rd, Wuhan, 430074, China
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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30
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Zang L, Yan J, Pang M, Zhang B, Chen J, Guo P. Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Alloyed Palladium-Lead Nanoparticles toward Electrooxidation of Ethanol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13132-13140. [PMID: 34714658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although many researchers have made great efforts to pursue promising high-efficiency electrocatalysts, a formidable challenge remains for designing excellent palladium-based electrocatalysts for commercializing direct liquid fuel cells. This study reports the synthesis of bimetallic PdPb nanoparticles (NPs) via a mixed solution containing cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as the capping agent. Alloyed PdPb NPs are formed, where the size of the NPs increases as Pb atoms are introduced gradually. However, Pd3Pb NPs are obtained with the same molar ratio of Pd and Pb in the raw systems. Among all of the as-made NPs, Pd9Pb1 NPs exhibit superior catalytic activity (2620 mA mg-1) toward ethanol electrooxidation, 4.3 times higher than commercial Pd/C catalysts (613 mA mg-1). The overall rate of the EOR for PdPb NPs is determined, demonstrating that the electrocatalytic activity of the PdPb NPs increases at high catalytic temperatures, in high pH environments, and/or at high ethanol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yan
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Pang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Chen
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Guo
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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31
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Huang L, Su Y, Qi R, Dang D, Qin Y, Xi S, Zaman S, You B, Ding S, Xia BY. Boosting Oxygen Reduction via Integrated Construction and Synergistic Catalysis of Porous Platinum Alloy and Defective Graphitic Carbon. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Rd Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ya‐Qiong Su
- School of Chemistry Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) Department of Electronics East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Dai Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yanyang Qin
- School of Chemistry Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A✶STAR) 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Singapore
| | - Shahid Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Rd Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Bo You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Rd Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Bao Yu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education) Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) 1037 Luoyu Rd Wuhan 430074 China
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32
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Speck FD, Kim JH, Bae G, Joo SH, Mayrhofer KJJ, Choi CH, Cherevko S. Single-Atom Catalysts: A Perspective toward Application in Electrochemical Energy Conversion. JACS AU 2021; 1:1086-1100. [PMID: 34467351 PMCID: PMC8397360 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) hold great promise for maximized metal utilization, exceptional tunability of the catalytic site, and selectivity. Moreover, they can substantially contribute to lower the cost and abundancy challenges associated with raw materials. Significant breakthroughs have been achieved over the past decade, for instance, in terms of synthesis methods for SACs, their catalytic activity, and the mechanistic understanding of their functionality. Still, great challenges lie ahead in order to render them viable for application in important fields such as electrochemical energy conversion of renewable electrical energy. We have identified three particular development fields for advanced SACs that we consider crucial, namely, the scale-up of the synthesis, the understanding of their performance in real devices such as fuel cells and electrolyzers, and the understanding and mitigation of their degradation. In this Perspective, we review recent activities of the community and provide our outlook with respect to the aspects required to bring SACs toward application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D. Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jae Hyung Kim
- Clean
Energy Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunsu Bae
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Joo
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of
Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Hersbach TJP, Garcia AC, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Koper MTM, Garcia-Esparza AT. Base-Accelerated Degradation of Nanosized Platinum Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. P. Hersbach
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C. Garcia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angel T. Garcia-Esparza
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
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34
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Liu Q, Meissel H, Sadykov I, Jones S, Van Dijk N, Rzepka P, Artiglia L, Ranocchiari M, Bokhoven JA. On the Stability of Pt‐Based Catalysts in HBr/Br
2
Solution. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hubert Meissel
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Ilia Sadykov
- Operando spectroscopy group Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Simon Jones
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Nick Van Dijk
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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35
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Du J, Quinson J, Zana A, Arenz M. Elucidating Pt-Based Nanocomposite Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Rotating Disk Electrode and Gas Diffusion Electrode Measurements. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Zana
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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36
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Ehelebe K, Knöppel J, Bierling M, Mayerhöfer B, Böhm T, Kulyk N, Thiele S, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Platinum Dissolution in Realistic Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8882-8888. [PMID: 33410273 PMCID: PMC8048487 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pt dissolution has already been intensively studied in aqueous model systems and many mechanistic insights have been gained. Nevertheless, transfer of new knowledge to real‐world fuel cell systems is still a significant challenge. To close this gap, we present a novel in situ method combining a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half‐cell with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). With this setup, Pt dissolution in realistic catalyst layers and the transport of dissolved Pt species through Nafion membranes were evaluated directly. We observed that 1) specific Pt dissolution increased significantly with decreasing Pt loading, 2) in comparison to experiments on aqueous model systems with flow cells, the measured dissolution in GDE experiments was considerably lower, and 3) by adding a membrane onto the catalyst layer, Pt dissolution was reduced even further. All these phenomena are attributed to the varying mass transport conditions of dissolved Pt species, influencing re‐deposition and equilibrium potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Ehelebe
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julius Knöppel
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bierling
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Britta Mayerhöfer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Böhm
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadiia Kulyk
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Thiele
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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