1
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Duez Q, van de Wiel J, van Sluijs B, Ghosh S, Baltussen MG, Derks MTGM, Roithová J, Huck WTS. Quantitative Online Monitoring of an Immobilized Enzymatic Network by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39013149 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The forward design of in vitro enzymatic reaction networks (ERNs) requires a detailed analysis of network kinetics and potentially hidden interactions between the substrates and enzymes. Although flow chemistry allows for a systematic exploration of how the networks adapt to continuously changing conditions, the analysis of the reaction products is often a bottleneck. Here, we report on the interface between a continuous stirred-tank reactor, in which an immobilized enzymatic network made of 12 enzymes is compartmentalized, and an ion mobility-mass spectrometer. Feeding uniformly 13C-labeled inputs to the enzymatic network generates all isotopically labeled reaction intermediates and products, which are individually detected by ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) based on their mass-to-charge ratios and inverse ion mobilities. The metabolic flux can be continuously and quantitatively monitored by diluting the ERN output with nonlabeled standards of known concentrations. The real-time quantitative data obtained by IMS-MS are then harnessed to train a model of network kinetics, which proves sufficiently predictive to control the ERN output after a single optimally designed experiment. The high resolution of the time-course data provided by this approach is an important stepping stone to design and control sizable and intricate ERNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van de Wiel
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van Sluijs
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu G Baltussen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Max T G M Derks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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2
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Glace M, Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Cook DW, Roper TD. Iterative Regression of Corrective Baselines (IRCB): A New Model for Quantitative Spectroscopy. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:5006-5015. [PMID: 38897609 PMCID: PMC11234360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a new model with broad utility for quantitative spectroscopy development is reported. A primary objective of this work is to create a novel modeling procedure that may allow for higher automation of the model development process. The fundamental concept is simple yet powerful even for complex spectra and is employed with no additional preprocessing. This approach is applicable for several types of spectroscopic data to develop regression models that have similar or greater quality than the current methods. The key modeling steps are a matrix transformation and subsequent feature selection process that are collectively referred to as iterative regression of corrective baselines (IRCB). The transformed matrix (Xtransform) is a linearized form of the original X data set. Features from Xtransform that are predictive of Y can be ranked and selected by ordinary least-squares regression. The best features (rows of Xtransform) are linear depictions of Y that can be utilized to develop regression models with several machine learning models. The IRCB workflow is first detailed by using a case study of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for prepared solutions of a three-component mixture. Next, IRCB is applied and compared to benchmark results for the 2006 "Chimiométrie" near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) soil composition challenge and Raman measurements of a simulated nuclear waste slurry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glace
- Department
of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | | | - Daniel W. Cook
- Medicines
for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Thomas D. Roper
- Department
of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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3
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Deckers C, Rehm TH. In situ Diazonium Salt Formation and Photochemical Aryl-Aryl Coupling in Continuous Flow Monitored by Inline NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303692. [PMID: 38462439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A novel class of diazonium salts is introduced for the photochemical aryl-aryl coupling to produce (substituted) biphenyls. As common diazonium tetrafluoroborate salts fail, soluble and safe aryl diazonium trifluoroacetates are applied. In this mild synthesis route no catalysts are required to generate an aryl-radical by irradiation with UV-A light (365 nm). This reactive species undergoes direct C-H arylation at an arene, forming the product in reasonable reaction times. With the implementation of a continuous flow setup in a capillary photoreactor 13 different biphenyl derivatives are successfully synthesized. By integrating an inline 19F-NMR benchtop spectrometer, samples are reliably quantified as the fluorine-substituents act as a probe. Here, real-time NMR spectroscopy is a perfect tool to monitor the continuously operated system, which produces fine chemicals of industrial relevance even in a multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Deckers
- Division Chemistry, Sustainable Chemical Syntheses Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas H Rehm
- Division Chemistry, Sustainable Chemical Syntheses Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 18-20, 55129, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Farkas E, Sátorhelyi P, Szakács Z, Dékány M, Vaskó D, Hornyánszky G, Poppe L, Éles J. Transaminase-catalysis to produce trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amines including a key intermediate towards cariprazine. Commun Chem 2024; 7:86. [PMID: 38637664 PMCID: PMC11026398 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cariprazine-the only single antipsychotic drug in the market which can handle all symptoms of bipolar I disorder-involves trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amine as a key structural element. In this work, production of trans-4-substituted cyclohexane-1-amines was investigated applying transaminases either in diastereotope selective amination starting from the corresponding ketone or in diastereomer selective deamination of their diasteromeric mixtures. Transaminases were identified enabling the conversion of the cis-diastereomer of four selected cis/trans-amines with different 4-substituents to the corresponding ketones. In the continuous-flow experiments aiming the cis diastereomer conversion to ketone, highly diastereopure trans-amine could be produced (de > 99%). The yield of pure trans-isomers exceeding their original amount in the starting mixture could be explained by dynamic isomerization through ketone intermediates. The single transaminase-catalyzed process-exploiting the cis-diastereomer selectivity of the deamination and thermodynamic control favoring the trans-amines due to reversibility of the steps-allows enhancement of the productivity of industrial cariprazine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Farkas
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary.
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475, Budapest, Hungary.
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Sátorhelyi
- Fermentia Microbiological Ltd., Berlini út 47-49, 1405, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Miklós Dékány
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Vaskó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Hornyánszky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Poppe
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary.
- Biocatalysis and Biotransformation Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Arany János str. 11., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475, Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Wagner F, Sagmeister P, Jusner CE, Tampone TG, Manee V, Buono FG, Williams JD, Kappe CO. A Slug Flow Platform with Multiple Process Analytics Facilitates Flexible Reaction Optimization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308034. [PMID: 38273711 PMCID: PMC10987115 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Flow processing offers many opportunities to optimize reactions in a rapid and automated manner, yet often requires relatively large quantities of input materials. To combat this, the use of a flexible slug flow reactor, equipped with two analytical instruments, for low-volume optimization experiments are reported. A Buchwald-Hartwig amination toward the drug olanzapine, with 6 independent optimizable variables, is optimized using three different automated approaches: self-optimization, design of experiments, and kinetic modeling. These approaches are complementary and provide differing information on the reaction: pareto optimal operating points, response surface models, and mechanistic models, respectively. The results are achieved using <10% of the material that would be required for standard flow operation. Finally, a chemometric model is built utilizing automated data handling and three subsequent validation experiments demonstrate good agreement between the slug flow reactor and a standard (larger scale) flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wagner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Thomas G. Tampone
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Vidhyadhar Manee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
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6
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Laporte AAH, Masson TM, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Multiphasic Continuous-Flow Reactors for Handling Gaseous Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Chemical Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316108. [PMID: 38095968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of reactive gaseous reagents for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains a scientific challenge due to safety and efficiency limitations. The implementation of continuous-flow reactors has resulted in rapid development of gas-handling technology because of several advantages such as increased interfacial area, improved mass- and heat transfer, and seamless scale-up. This technology enables shorter and more atom-economic synthesis routes for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Herein, we provide an overview of literature from 2016 onwards in the development of gas-handling continuous-flow technology as well as the use of gases in functionalization of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annechien A H Laporte
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom M Masson
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D A Zondag
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Sahoo P. Complementary supramolecular drug associates in perfecting the multidrug therapy against multidrug resistant bacteria. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352483. [PMID: 38415251 PMCID: PMC10897028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate and inconsistent use of antibiotics in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria exacerbates their drug resistance through a few distinct pathways. Firstly, these bacteria can accumulate multiple genes, each conferring resistance to a specific drug, within a single cell. This accumulation usually takes place on resistance plasmids (R). Secondly, multidrug resistance can arise from the heightened expression of genes encoding multidrug efflux pumps, which expel a broad spectrum of drugs from the bacterial cells. Additionally, bacteria can also eliminate or destroy antibiotic molecules by modifying enzymes or cell walls and removing porins. A significant limitation of traditional multidrug therapy lies in its inability to guarantee the simultaneous delivery of various drug molecules to a specific bacterial cell, thereby fostering incremental drug resistance in either of these paths. Consequently, this approach prolongs the treatment duration. Rather than using a biologically unimportant coformer in forming cocrystals, another drug molecule can be selected either for protecting another drug molecule or, can be selected for its complementary activities to kill a bacteria cell synergistically. The development of a multidrug cocrystal not only improves tabletability and plasticity but also enables the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs to a specific bacterial cell, philosophically perfecting multidrug therapy. By adhering to the fundamental tenets of multidrug therapy, the synergistic effects of these drug molecules can effectively eradicate bacteria, even before they have the chance to develop resistance. This approach has the potential to shorten treatment periods, reduce costs, and mitigate drug resistance. Herein, four hypotheses are presented to create complementary drug cocrystals capable of simultaneously reaching bacterial cells, effectively destroying them before multidrug resistance can develop. The ongoing surge in the development of novel drugs provides another opportunity in the fight against bacteria that are constantly gaining resistance to existing treatments. This endeavour holds the potential to combat a wide array of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik Sahoo
- International Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- Foundation of Physics Research Center (FoPRC), Celico, Italy
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8
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Bianchi P, Monbaliu JCM. Revisiting the Paradigm of Reaction Optimization in Flow with a Priori Computational Reaction Intelligence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311526. [PMID: 37875458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of micro/meso-fluidic reactors has resulted in both new scenarios for chemistry and new requirements for chemists. Through flow chemistry, large-scale reactions can be performed in drastically reduced reactor sizes and reaction times. This obvious advantage comes with the concomitant challenge of re-designing long-established batch processes to fit these new conditions. The reliance on experimental trial-and-error to perform this translation frequently makes flow chemistry unaffordable, thwarting initial aspirations to revolutionize chemistry. By combining computational chemistry and machine learning, we have developed a model that provides predictive power tailored specifically to flow reactions. We show its applications to translate batch to flow, to provide mechanistic insight, to contribute reagent descriptors, and to synthesize a library of novel compounds in excellent yields after executing a single set of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 13, 4000, Liège (SartTilman), Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis (CiTOS), MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B6a, Room 3/19, Allée du Six Août 13, 4000, Liège (SartTilman), Belgium
- WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
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9
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Glace M, Armstrong C, Puryear N, Bailey C, Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Scott D, Abdelwahed S, Roper TD. An Automated Continuous Synthesis and Isolation for the Scalable Production of Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104213. [PMID: 37241953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a continuous system to produce multi-hundred-gram quantities of aryl sulfonyl chlorides is described. The scheme employs multiple continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) and a continuous filtration system and incorporates an automated process control scheme. The experimental process outlined is intended to safely produce the desired sulfonyl chloride at laboratory scale. Suitable reaction conditions were first determined using a batch-chemistry design of experiments (DOE) and several isolation methods. The hazards and incompatibilities of the heated chlorosulfonic acid reaction mixture were addressed by careful equipment selection, process monitoring, and automation. The approximations of the CSTR fill levels and pumping performance were measured by real-time data from gravimetric balances, ultimately leading to the incorporation of feedback controllers. The introduction of process automation demonstrated in this work resulted in significant improvements in process setpoint consistency, reliability, and spacetime yield, as demonstrated in medium- and large-scale continuous manufacturing runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glace
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Cameron Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Nathan Puryear
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Colin Bailey
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | | | - Drew Scott
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Sherif Abdelwahed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Thomas D Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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10
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Anwar A, Sun P, Rong X, Arkin A, Elham A, Yalkun Z, Li X, Iminjan M. Process analytical technology as in-process control tool in semi-continuous manufacturing of PLGA/PEG-PLGA microspheres. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15753. [PMID: 37153380 PMCID: PMC10160502 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, among 3rd generation drug delivery systems, biodegradable polymeric based long-acting injectable depot has achieved tremendous success in clinical application. So far, there have been two dozen of commercial products of Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres available in the market. Recently, continuous manufacturing concept has been successfully applied on oral solid formulation from buzzword to reality. However, the polymeric injectable microspheres are still stayed at batch manufacturing phase due to the lack of understanding of knowledge matrix. In this study, micro-mixer as a plug-and-play emulsification modules, Raman spectroscopy and focused beam reflectance measurement as real-time monitoring modules are integrated into a novel semi-continuous manufacturing streamline to provides more efficient upscaling flexibility in microspheres production. In this end to end semi-continuous manufacturing process, amphiphilic block polymer monomethoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) modified PLGA (mPEG-PLGA) was used for encapsulating Gallic acid. Additionally, with guarantee of good robustness, the correlation relationship between critical process parameters, critical material attributes and critical quality attributes were investigated. The time-space evolution process and mechanism for formation of PEG-PLGA microsphere with particular morphology were elaborated. Altogether, this study firstly established semi-continuous manufacturing streamline for PLGA/PEG-PLGA microspheres, which would not only lower the cost of production, narrow process variability and smaller equipment/environmental footprint but also applied in-process control (IPC) and QbD principle on complicated production process of microspheres. Therefore, this study build confidence in the industrial development of PLGA/PEG-PLGA microspheres and establish best practice standards, which might be a quantum leap for developing PLGA microspheres in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfidin Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Educational Psychology, Madison, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Rong
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Educational Psychology, Madison, USA
| | - Abdulaziz Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Aliya Elham
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
| | - Zilala Yalkun
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Xun Li
- Chinese Academy of Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mubarak Iminjan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Physical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830017, China
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Capaldo L, Wen Z, Noël T. A field guide to flow chemistry for synthetic organic chemists. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4230-4247. [PMID: 37123197 PMCID: PMC10132167 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry has unlocked a world of possibilities for the synthetic community, but the idea that it is a mysterious "black box" needs to go. In this review, we show that several of the benefits of microreactor technology can be exploited to push the boundaries in organic synthesis and to unleash unique reactivity and selectivity. By "lifting the veil" on some of the governing principles behind the observed trends, we hope that this review will serve as a useful field guide for those interested in diving into flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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12
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Lei Z, Ang HT, Wu J. Advanced In-Line Purification Technologies in Multistep Continuous Flow Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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13
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Monbaliu JCM, Legros J. Will the next generation of chemical plants be in miniaturized flow reactors? LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1349-1357. [PMID: 36278262 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For decades, a production paradigm based on centralized, stepwise, large scale processes has dominated the chemical industry horizon. While effective to meet an ever increasing demand for high value-added chemicals, the so-called macroscopic batch reactors are also associated with inherent weaknesses and threats; some of the most obvious ones were tragically illustrated over the past decades with major industrial disasters and impactful disruptions of advanced chemical supplies. The COVID pandemic has further emphasized that a change in paradigm was necessary to sustain chemical production with an increased safety, reliable supply chains and adaptable productivities. More than a decade of research and technology development has led to alternative and effective chemical processes relying on miniaturised flow reactors (a.k.a. micro and mesofluidic reactors). Such miniaturised reactors bear the potential to solve safety concerns and to improve the reliability of chemical supply chains. Will they initiate a new paradigm for a more localized, safe and reliable chemical production?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, MolSys Research Unit, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.
| | - Julien Legros
- COBRA Laboratory, CNRS, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, 76000 Rouen, France.
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14
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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
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15
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Tarange DL, Nayak N, Kumar A. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene Derivatives. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray L. Tarange
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nagaraj Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IITB), Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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16
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García-Lacuna J, Baumann M. Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has become the method of choice for many academic and industrial researchers when developing new routes to chemical compounds of interest. With this technology maturing over the last decades, robust and oftentimes automated processes are now commonly exploited to generate fine chemical building blocks. The integration of effective inline analysis and purification tools is thereby frequently exploited to achieve effective and reliable flow processes. This perspective article summarizes recent applications of different inline purification techniques such as chromatography, extractions, and crystallization from academic and industrial laboratories. A discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of these tools is provided as a guide to aid researchers in selecting the most appropriate approach for future applications. It is hoped that this perspective contributes to new developments in this field in the context of process and cost efficiency, sustainability and industrial uptake of new flow chemistry tools developed in academia.
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17
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Fu G, Chen F, Wei D, Ni L, Jiang J, Pan Y. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer of liquid-liquid two-phase flow in circular milli-channels: Sizing-up effect. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Eslami T, Steinberger M, Csizmazia C, Jungbauer A, Lingg N. Online optimization of dynamic binding capacity and productivity by model predictive control. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1680:463420. [PMID: 36007474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In preparative and industrial chromatography, the current viewpoint is that the dynamic binding capacity governs the process economy, and increased dynamic binding capacity and column utilization are achieved at the expense of productivity. The dynamic binding capacity in chromatography increases with residence time until it reaches a plateau, whereas productivity has an optimum. Therefore, the loading step of a chromatographic process is a balancing act between productivity, column utilization, and buffer consumption. This work presents an online optimization approach for capture chromatography that employs a residence time gradient during the loading step to improve the traditional trade-off between productivity and resin utilization. The approach uses the extended Kalman filter as a soft sensor for product concentration in the system and a model predictive controller to accomplish online optimization using the pore diffusion model as a simple mechanistic model. When a soft sensor for the product is placed before and after the column, the model predictive controller can forecast the optimal condition to maximize productivity and resin utilization. The controller can also account for varying feed concentrations. This study examined the robustness as the feed concentration varied within a range of 50%. The online optimization was demonstrated with two model systems: purification of a monoclonal antibody by protein A affinity and lysozyme by cation-exchange chromatography. Using the presented optimization strategy with a controller saves up to 43% of the buffer and increases the productivity together with resin utilization in a similar range as a multi-column continuous counter-current loading process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touraj Eslami
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria; Evon GmbH, Wollsdorf 154, A-8181St., Ruprecht an der Raab, Austria
| | - Martin Steinberger
- Institute of Automation and Control, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 21b, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Christian Csizmazia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria.
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19
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Gérardy R, Nambiar AMK, Hart T, Mahesh PT, Jensen KF. Photochemical Synthesis of the Bioactive Fragment of Salbutamol and Derivatives in a Self‐Optimizing Flow Chemistry Platform. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201385. [PMID: 35570196 PMCID: PMC9400967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of self‐optimizing flow reactors has been mostly limited to model reactions or known synthesis routes. In this work, a self‐optimizing flow photochemistry platform is used to develop an original synthesis of the bioactive fragment of Salbutamol and derivatives. The key photochemical steps for the construction of the aryl vicinyl amino alcohol moiety consist of a C−C bond forming reaction followed by an unprecedented, high yielding (>80 %), benzylic oxidative cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Anirudh M. K. Nambiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Travis Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Prajwal T. Mahesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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20
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Ziegenbalg D, Pannwitz A, Rau S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Streb C. Comparative Evaluation of Light‐Driven Catalysis: A Framework for Standardized Reporting of Data**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114106. [PMID: 35698245 PMCID: PMC9401044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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21
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Nambiar AK, Breen CP, Hart T, Kulesza T, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Bayesian Optimization of Computer-Proposed Multistep Synthetic Routes on an Automated Robotic Flow Platform. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:825-836. [PMID: 35756374 PMCID: PMC9228554 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Computer-aided synthesis planning (CASP) tools can propose retrosynthetic pathways and forward reaction conditions for the synthesis of organic compounds, but the limited availability of context-specific data currently necessitates experimental development to fully specify process details. We plan and optimize a CASP-proposed and human-refined multistep synthesis route toward an exemplary small molecule, sonidegib, on a modular, robotic flow synthesis platform with integrated process analytical technology (PAT) for data-rich experimentation. Human insights address catalyst deactivation and improve yield by strategic choices of order of addition. Multi-objective Bayesian optimization identifies optimal values for categorical and continuous process variables in the multistep route involving 3 reactions (including heterogeneous hydrogenation) and 1 separation. The platform's modularity, robotic reconfigurability, and flexibility for convergent synthesis are shown to be essential for allowing variation of downstream residence time in multistep flow processes and controlling the order of addition to minimize undesired reactivity. Overall, the work demonstrates how automation, machine learning, and robotics enhance manual experimentation through assistance with idea generation, experimental design, execution, and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh
M. K. Nambiar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher P. Breen
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology,77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Travis Hart
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy Kulesza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology,77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology,77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Ziegenbalg D, Pannwitz A, Rau S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Streb C. Vergleichende Evaluierung lichtgetriebener Katalyse: Ein Rahmenkonzept für das standardisierte Berichten von Daten**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Sven Rau
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Department Funktionale Grenzflächen Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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23
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24
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Lhoste C, Lorandel B, Praud C, Marchand A, Mishra R, Dey A, Bernard A, Dumez JN, Giraudeau P. Ultrafast 2D NMR for the analysis of complex mixtures. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 130-131:1-46. [PMID: 36113916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2D NMR is extensively used in many different fields, and its potential for the study of complex biochemical or chemical mixtures has been widely demonstrated. 2D NMR gives the ability to resolve peaks that overlap in 1D spectra, while providing both structural and quantitative information. However, complex mixtures are often analysed in situations where the data acquisition time is a crucial limitation, due to an ongoing chemical reaction or a moving sample from a hyphenated technique, or to the high-throughput requirement associated with large sample collections. Among the great diversity of available fast 2D methods, ultrafast (or single-scan) 2D NMR is probably the most general and versatile approach for complex mixture analysis. Indeed, ultrafast NMR has undergone an impressive number of methodological developments that have helped turn it into an efficient analytical tool, and numerous applications to the analysis of mixtures have been reported. This review first summarizes the main concepts, features and practical limitations of ultrafast 2D NMR, as well as the methodological developments that improved its analytical potential. Then, a detailed description of the main applications of ultrafast 2D NMR to mixture analysis is given. The two major application fields of ultrafast 2D NMR are first covered, i.e., reaction/process monitoring and metabolomics. Then, the potential of ultrafast 2D NMR for the analysis of hyperpolarized mixtures is described, as well as recent developments in oriented media. This review focuses on high-resolution liquid-state 2D experiments (including benchtop NMR) that include at least one spectroscopic dimension (i.e., 2D spectroscopy and DOSY) but does not cover in depth applications without spectral resolution and/or in inhomogeneous fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lhoste
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | | | - Clément Praud
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Achille Marchand
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Rituraj Mishra
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Arnab Dey
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Aurélie Bernard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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25
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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26
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Sagmeister P, Ort FF, Jusner CE, Hebrault D, Tampone T, Buono FG, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Autonomous Multi-Step and Multi-Objective Optimization Facilitated by Real-Time Process Analytics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105547. [PMID: 35106974 PMCID: PMC8981902 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous flow reactors are becoming increasingly utilized in the synthesis of organic compounds, yet the complexity of the chemical reactions and analytical methods remains limited. The development of a modular platform which uses rapid flow NMR and FTIR measurements, combined with chemometric modeling, is presented for efficient and timely analysis of reaction outcomes. This platform is tested with a four variable single-step reaction (nucleophilic aromatic substitution), to determine the most effective optimization methodology. The self-optimization approach with minimal background knowledge proves to provide the optimal reaction parameters within the shortest operational time. The chosen approach is then applied to a seven variable two-step optimization problem (imine formation and cyclization), for the synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient edaravone. Despite the exponentially increased complexity of this optimization problem, the platform achieves excellent results in a relatively small number of iterations, leading to >95% solution yield of the intermediate and up to 5.42 kg L-1 h-1 space-time yield for this pharmaceutically relevant product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - Florian F. Ort
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - Dominique Hebrault
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Thomas Tampone
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
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27
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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28
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Volk AA, Campbell ZS, Ibrahim MYS, Bennett JA, Abolhasani M. Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:45-72. [PMID: 35259931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Zachary S Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Malek Y S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
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29
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Schuett T, Wejner M, Kimmig J, Zechel S, Wilke T, Schubert US. Improvement of High-Throughput Experimentation Using Synthesis Robots by the Implementation of Tailor-Made Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030361. [PMID: 35160352 PMCID: PMC8838243 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A small, low-cost, self-produced photometer is implemented into a synthesis robot and combined with a modified UV chamber to enable automated sampling and online characterization. In order to show the usability of the new approach, two different reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymers were irradiated with UV light. Automated sampling and subsequent characterization revealed different reaction kinetics depending on polymer type. Thus, a long initiation time (20 min) is required for the end-group degradation of poly(ethylene glycol) ether methyl methacrylate (poly(PEGMEMA)), whereas poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is immediately converted. Lastly, all photometric samples are characterized via size-exclusion chromatography using UV and RI detectors to prove the results of the self-produced sensor and to investigate the molar mass shift during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schuett
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Manuel Wejner
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Education, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, August-Bebel-Strasse 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Kimmig
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Timm Wilke
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Education, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, August-Bebel-Strasse 2, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (U.S.S.)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (T.S.); (J.K.); (S.Z.)
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (U.S.S.)
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30
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Simon K, Sagmeister P, Munday RH, Leslie K, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Automated Flow and Real-Time Analytics Approach for Screening Functional Group Tolerance in Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions are widely used in synthesis, and performing them using continuous flow technologies addresses many of the safety, scalability and sustainability issues. However, one of the main potential...
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31
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Schotten C, Manson J, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Nguyen BN, Kapur N, Willans CE. Development of a multistep, electrochemical flow platform for automated catalyst screening. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An integrated flow platform enables the electrochemical synthesis of base-metal catalysts with high-throughput screening and rapid data generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Manson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nik Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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32
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Konan KE, Abollé A, Barré E, Aka EC, Coeffard V, Felpin FX. Developing flow photo-thiol–ene functionalizations of cinchona alkaloids with an autonomous self-optimizing flow reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow photo-thiol–ene reactions on cinchona alkaloids with a variety of organic thiols have been developed using enabling technologies such as a self-optimizing flow photochemical reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouakou Eric Konan
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abollé Abollé
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Elvina Barré
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Ehu Camille Aka
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Vincent Coeffard
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - François-Xavier Felpin
- CNRS, Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
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33
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Chen J, Xie X, Liu J, Yu Z, Su W. Revisiting aromatic diazotization and aryl diazonium salts in continuous flow: highlighted research during 2001–2021. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts play an important role in chemical transformations; however their explosive nature limits their applications in batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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34
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Talicska CN, O'Connell EC, Ward HW, Diaz AR, Hardink MA, Foley DA, Connolly D, Girard KP, Ljubicic T. Process analytical technology (PAT): applications to flow processes for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) development. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) applications pertaining to Pfizer's Flexible API Supply Technology (FAST) initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N. Talicska
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Eamon C. O'Connell
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Howard W. Ward
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Angel R. Diaz
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Mark A. Hardink
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - David A. Foley
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
- Employed at Pfizer during the time of this work, now at Merck Research and Development, 90 E Scott Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | - Douglas Connolly
- Contingent Worker, Eurofins Scientific for Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Kevin P. Girard
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Tomislav Ljubicic
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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35
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Knoll S, Jusner CE, Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Horn M, Kappe CO. Autonomous model-based experimental design for rapid reaction development. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00208f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To automate and democratize model-based experimental design for flow chemistry applications, we report the development of open-source software, Optipus. Reaction models are built in an iterative and automated fashion, for rapid reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Knoll
- Institute of Automation and Control, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 21b, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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36
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Sivo A, Kim TK, Ruta V, Luisi R, Osorio-Tejada J, Escriba-Gelonch M, Hessel V, Sponchioni M, Vilé G. Enhanced flow synthesis of small molecules by in-line integration of sequential catalysis and benchtop twin-column continuous chromatography. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-line integration of sequential catalysis and continuous multi-column purification. Adapted for small compound amounts (hit-to-lead). Suitable for large-scale purification (process chemistry).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Tae Keun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, IT-70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20131 Milano, Italy
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37
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Cosgrove S, Mattey A. Reaching new biocatalytic reactivity using continuous flow reactors. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103607. [PMID: 34882844 PMCID: PMC9303305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow reactors in biocatalysis has increased significantly in recent years. Chemists have begun to design flow systems that even allow new biocatalytic reactions to take place. This concept article will focus on the design of flow systems that have allowed enzymes to go beyond their limits in batch. The case is made for moving towards fully continuous systems. With flow chemistry increasingly seen as an enabling technology for automated synthesis, and with advancements in AI‐assisted enzyme design, there is a real possibility to fully automate the development and implementation of a continuous biocatalytic processes. This will lead to significantly improved enzyme processes for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Cosgrove
- Keele University, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Keele, UNITED KINGDOM
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38
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De la Rosa MVG, Báez JPF, Romañach RJ, López-Mejías V, Stelzer T. Real-time concentration monitoring using a compact composite sensor array for in situ quality control of aqueous formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 206:114386. [PMID: 34607202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements have demonstrated the feasibility of refrigerator-sized pharmaceutical manufacturing platforms (PMPs) for integrated end-to-end manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into formulated drug products. Unlike typical laboratory- or industrial-scale setups, PMPs present unique requirements for process analytical technology (PAT) with respect to versatility, flexibility, and physical size to fit into the PMP space constraints. In this proof of principle study, a novel compact composite sensor array (CCSA) combining ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) features at four different wavelengths (280, 340, 600, 860 nm) with temperature measuring capability in a 380 × 30 mm housing (length x diameter, 7 mm diameter at the probe head), were evaluated. The results indicate that the CCSA prototype is capable of measuring the solution and suspension concentrations in aqueous formulations of four model APIs (warfarin sodium isopropanol solvate, lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate, 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate, acetaminophen) in situ and in real-time with similar accuracy as an established Raman spectrometer commonly applied for method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Vet George De la Rosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - Jean P Feng Báez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA
| | - Rodolfo J Romañach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus,. Mayagüez, PR, 00681, USA
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA.
| | - Torsten Stelzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936, USA; Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00926, USA.
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39
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Ollerton K, Greenaway RL, Slater AG. Enabling Technology for Supramolecular Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:774987. [PMID: 34869224 PMCID: PMC8634592 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.774987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular materials-materials that exploit non-covalent interactions-are increasing in structural complexity, selectivity, function, stability, and scalability, but their use in applications has been comparatively limited. In this Minireview, we summarize the opportunities presented by enabling technology-flow chemistry, high-throughput screening, and automation-to wield greater control over the processes in supramolecular chemistry and accelerate the discovery and use of self-assembled systems. Finally, we give an outlook for how these tools could transform the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ollerton
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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40
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Schuett T, Geitner R, Zechel S, Schubert US. Dialysis Diffusion Kinetics in Polymer Purification. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schuett
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Geitner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Zechel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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41
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Patil NB, Atapalkar RS, Chavan SP, Kulkarni AA. Multi-Step Synthesis of Miltefosine: Integration of Flow Chemistry with Continuous Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:17695-17699. [PMID: 34697844 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report for the first time, an advanced continuous flow synthesis of the blockbuster Leishmaniasis drug miltefosine from simple starting materials by a sequence involving four steps of chemical transformation including a continuous mechanochemical step. First three reaction steps were performed in simple tubular reactors in a telescopic mode, while in the last step the product precipitated from the 3rd step was used for a continuous mechanochemical synthesis of miltefosine. When compared to a typical batch protocol that takes 15 h, miltefosine was obtained in 58 % overall yield in flow synthesis mode at the laboratory scale in a total residence time 34 min at synthesis rate of 10 g/hr, which is sufficient to treat 4800 patients per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niteen B Patil
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ranjit S Atapalkar
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subhash P Chavan
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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42
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Bornemann‐Pfeiffer M, Wolf J, Meyer K, Kern S, Angelone D, Leonov A, Cronin L, Emmerling F. Standardisierung und Kontrolle von Grignard‐Reaktionen mittels Online‐NMR in einer universellen chemischen Syntheseplattform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann‐Pfeiffer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering Technische Universität Berlin Marchstr. 23 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Jakob Wolf
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Klas Meyer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Simon Kern
- S-PACT GmbH Burtscheiderstr. 1 52064 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Davide Angelone
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Artem Leonov
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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43
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Bornemann‐Pfeiffer M, Wolf J, Meyer K, Kern S, Angelone D, Leonov A, Cronin L, Emmerling F. Standardization and Control of Grignard Reactions in a Universal Chemical Synthesis Machine using online NMR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23202-23206. [PMID: 34278673 PMCID: PMC8597166 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A big problem with the chemistry literature is that it is not standardized with respect to precise operational parameters, and real time corrections are hard to make without expert knowledge. This lack of context means difficult reproducibility because many steps are ambiguous, and hence depend on tacit knowledge. Here we present the integration of online NMR into an automated chemical synthesis machine (CSM aka. "Chemputer" which is capable of small-molecule synthesis using a universal programming language) to allow automated analysis and adjustment of reactions on the fly. The system was validated and benchmarked by using Grignard reactions which were chosen due to their importance in synthesis. The system was monitored in real time using online-NMR, and spectra were measured continuously during the reactions. This shows that the synthesis being done in the Chemputer can be dynamically controlled in response to feedback optimizing the reaction conditions according to the user requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann‐Pfeiffer
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
- Chair of Chemical and Process EngineeringTechnische Universität BerlinMarchstr. 2310587BerlinGermany
| | - Jakob Wolf
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Klas Meyer
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Simon Kern
- S-PACT GmbHBurtscheiderstr. 152064AachenGermany
| | | | - Artem Leonov
- School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of ChemistryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department 1: Analytical Chemistry, Reference MaterialsBundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfungRichard-Willstätter-Straße 1112489BerlinGermany
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44
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Abstract
Azetidinium salts are important motifs in organic synthesis but are difficult to obtain due to extremely long synthetic protocols. Herein, a rapid continuous-flow process for the on-demand synthesis of azetidinium salts is described. In particular, the nucleophilic addition of secondary amines and the subsequent intramolecular N-cyclization have been investigated in batch and continuous-flow modes, exploring the effects of solvent type, temperature, reaction time, and amine substituent on the synthesis of azetidinium salts. This has enabled us to quickly identify optimal reaction conditions and obtain microkinetic parameters, verifying that the use of a flow reactor leads to a reduction of the activation energy for the epichlorohydrin aminolysis due to the better control of mass and heat transfer during reaction. This confirms the key role of continuous-flow technologies to affect the kinetics of a reaction and make synthetic protocols ultrarapid and more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
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45
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Glotz G, Waniek K, Schöggl JP, Cantillo D, Stueckler C, Arzt A, Gollner A, Schipfer R, Baumgartner RJ, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Synthesis of a Blocked Polyisocyanate: Process Intensification, Reaction Monitoring Via In-Line FTIR Analysis, and Comparative Life Cycle Assessment. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Waniek
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable Product Management, Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef-Peter Schöggl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable Product Management, Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Anton Arzt
- Allnex Austria GmbH, Bundesstrasse 175, 8402 Werndorf, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Allnex Austria GmbH, Bundesstrasse 175, 8402 Werndorf, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schipfer
- Allnex Austria GmbH, Bundesstrasse 175, 8402 Werndorf, Austria
| | - Rupert J. Baumgartner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable Product Management, Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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46
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Telescoped lithiation, C-arylation and methoxylation in flow-batch hybrid toward the synthesis of canagliflozin. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Morin MA, Zhang W(P, Mallik D, Organ MG. Sampling and Analysis in Flow: The Keys to Smarter, More Controllable, and Sustainable Fine‐Chemical Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Wenyao (Peter) Zhang
- Department of Chemistry York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Debasis Mallik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Michael G. Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- Department of Chemistry York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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Morin MA, Zhang WP, Mallik D, Organ MG. Sampling and Analysis in Flow: The Keys to Smarter, More Controllable, and Sustainable Fine-Chemical Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20606-20626. [PMID: 33811800 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) is a system designed to help chemists better understand and control manufacturing processes. PAT systems operate through the combination of analytical devices, reactor control elements, and mathematical models to ensure the quality of the final product through a quality by design (QbD) approach. The expansion of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industry requires the development of PAT tools suitable for continuous operation in the environment of flow reactors. This requires innovative approaches to sampling and analysis from flowing media to maintain the integrity of the reactor content and the analyte of interest. The following Review discusses examples of PAT tools implemented in flow chemistry for the preparation of small organic molecules, and applications of self-optimization tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Wenyao Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Debasis Mallik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael G Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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Sommer F, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. A small footprint oxycodone generator based on continuous flow technology and real-time analytics. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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