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Combs M, Johnson A, Abbotsford J, Bowen AC, McLeod C, Foley DA. Evaluation of Pediatric HIV Postexposure Prophylaxis Guideline Following Child Sexual Assault in Western Australia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00856. [PMID: 38713828 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) following child sexual assault (CSA) is recommended in select cases. High rates of poor adherence to PEP are reported. We evaluated adherence to the recommended management of children following CSA at the tertiary pediatric facility in Western Australia and compared our approach with international guidelines. METHODS Medical records were reviewed for all children <16 years old assessed at Perth Children's Hospital between October 1, 2016 and November 30, 2020 following alleged CSA. Data, including exposure type, PEP adherence and follow-up, were collected. A review of contemporary national and international PEP guidelines was undertaken in parallel. RESULTS There were 511 alleged CSA events over the study period; 62/511 (12%) were appropriately risk-assessed as requiring PEP by the treating clinician. PEP was not prescribed in 8/62 (13%) events, with a reason documented for 6/8 (75%). Overall, less than half of children who were eligible for PEP were adherent to the 28-day regimen (23/54, 43%). Gastrointestinal upset contributed to early cessation in 5/54 (9%). Final 3-month blood-borne virus serology results were available in less than one in 3 children. A review of international clinical practice revealed significant heterogeneity of criteria for the provision of PEP and a paucity of pediatric-specific data. CONCLUSIONS We identified several areas of our PEP management that required strengthening, with limited direction available in current international guidelines. We have adopted a broader use of fixed drug combinations and implemented a multifaceted follow-up program. It will be essential to review the impact of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Combs
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital
| | | | | | - Asha C Bowen
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley; and
| | - Charlie McLeod
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands
| | - David A Foley
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Ramanathan A, Lee W, Peplinski J, Mace AO, Foley DA. Head-to-Head Comparison Between Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Bronchiolitis in the Setting of Increased Viral Testing. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:e139-e141. [PMID: 38100724 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We compared the epidemiology, severity and management of hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (n = 305) and human metapneumovirus (n = 39) bronchiolitis in a setting with high respiratory virus testing (95% of admissions tested). Respiratory syncytial virus-positive infants were younger and tended to require more hydration support and longer hospital stays compared to human metapneumovirus-positive infants. Respiratory support requirements were similar between groups despite significant age differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramanathan
- From the Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Weihao Lee
- From the Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joseph Peplinski
- From the Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- From the Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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3
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Foley DA, Minney-Smith CA, Lee WH, Oakes DB, Hazelton B, Ford TJ, Wadia U, Sikazwe C, Moore HC, Nicol MP, Levy A, Blyth CC. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Reinfections in Children in Western Australia. Viruses 2023; 15:2417. [PMID: 38140658 PMCID: PMC10747877 DOI: 10.3390/v15122417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) reinfection in children is poorly understood. We examined the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of hospital-attended RSV reinfections in children <16 years in Western Australia between 2012 and 2022. Individuals with repeat RSV detections ≥56 days apart were identified using laboratory data. The incidence of reinfection in the first five years of life was estimated using the total birth population from 2012 to 2017. Clinical data on a subset of reinfection episodes were obtained from two metropolitan pediatric centers. A total of 466 children with hospital-attended reinfections were identified. The median interval between RSV detections was 460 days (interquartile range: 324, 812), with a reinfection rate of 95 per 100,000 individuals (95% confidence interval: 82, 109). Reinfection was most common in children who experienced their first RSV detection <6 months of age. Predisposing factors were identified in 56% of children; children with predisposing factors were older at first and second detections, were more likely to be admitted, and had a longer length of stay. This study highlights the significant burden of hospital-attended RSV reinfections in children with and without predisposing factors. Expanded surveillance with in-depth clinical data is required to further characterize the impact of RSV reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Foley
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia (A.L.); (C.C.B.)
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (H.C.M.); (M.P.N.)
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Cara A. Minney-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia (A.L.); (C.C.B.)
| | - Wei Hao Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel B. Oakes
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (H.C.M.); (M.P.N.)
| | - Briony Hazelton
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia (A.L.); (C.C.B.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Ford
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ushma Wadia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (H.C.M.); (M.P.N.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of General Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Chisha Sikazwe
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia (A.L.); (C.C.B.)
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hannah C. Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (H.C.M.); (M.P.N.)
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (H.C.M.); (M.P.N.)
- Marshall Centre, Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia (A.L.); (C.C.B.)
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia (A.L.); (C.C.B.)
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia (H.C.M.); (M.P.N.)
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Foley DA, Yeoh DK, Minney-Smith CA, Shin C, Hazelton B, Hoeppner T, Moore HC, Nicol M, Sikazwe C, Borland ML, Levy A, Blyth CC. A surge in human metapneumovirus paediatric respiratory admissions in Western Australia following the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 non-pharmaceutical interventions. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:987-991. [PMID: 37219060 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Western Australian laboratory data demonstrated a decrease in human metapneumovirus (hMPV) detections through 2020 associated with SARS-CoV-2-related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), followed by a subsequent surge in metropolitan region in mid-2021. We aimed to assess the impact of the surge in hMPV on paediatric hospital admissions and the contribution of changes in testing. METHODS All respiratory-coded admissions of children aged <16 years at a tertiary paediatric centre between 2017 and 2021 were matched with respiratory virus testing data. Patients were grouped by age at presentation and by ICD-10 AM codes into bronchiolitis, other acute lower respiratory infection (OALRI), wheeze and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). For analysis, 2017-2019 was utilised as a baseline period. RESULTS hMPV-positive admissions in 2021 were more than 2.8 times baseline. The largest increase in incidence was observed in the 1-4 years group (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 3.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.5-5.9) and in OALRI clinical phenotype (IRR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.8-4.2). The proportion of respiratory-coded admissions tested for hMPV in 2021 doubled (32-66.2%, P < 0.001), with the greatest increase in wheeze (12-75% in 2021, P < 0.001). hMPV test percentage positivity in 2021 was higher than in the baseline period (7.6% vs. 10.1% in 2021, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The absence and subsequent surge underline the susceptibility of hMPV to NPIs. Increased hMPV-positive admissions in 2021 can be partially attributable to testing, but test-positivity remained high, consistent with a genuine increase. Continued comprehensive testing will help ascertain true burden of hMPV respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cara A Minney-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Briony Hazelton
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tobias Hoeppner
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Nicol
- Marshall Centre, Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chisha Sikazwe
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Marshall Centre, Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Marshall Centre, Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chris C Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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5
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Mascaro S, Wu Y, Woodberry O, Nyberg EP, Pearson R, Ramsay JA, Mace AO, Foley DA, Snelling TL, Nicholson AE. Modeling COVID-19 disease processes by remote elicitation of causal Bayesian networks from medical experts. BMC Med Res Methodol 2023; 23:76. [PMID: 36991342 PMCID: PMC10050813 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-023-01856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a new multi-organ disease causing considerable worldwide morbidity and mortality. While many recognized pathophysiological mechanisms are involved, their exact causal relationships remain opaque. Better understanding is needed for predicting their progression, targeting therapeutic approaches, and improving patient outcomes. While many mathematical causal models describe COVID-19 epidemiology, none have described its pathophysiology. METHODS In early 2020, we began developing such causal models. The SARS-CoV-2 virus's rapid and extensive spread made this particularly difficult: no large patient datasets were publicly available; the medical literature was flooded with sometimes conflicting pre-review reports; and clinicians in many countries had little time for academic consultations. We used Bayesian network (BN) models, which provide powerful calculation tools and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) as comprehensible causal maps. Hence, they can incorporate both expert opinion and numerical data, and produce explainable, updatable results. To obtain the DAGs, we used extensive expert elicitation (exploiting Australia's exceptionally low COVID-19 burden) in structured online sessions. Groups of clinical and other specialists were enlisted to filter, interpret and discuss the literature and develop a current consensus. We encouraged inclusion of theoretically salient latent (unobservable) variables, likely mechanisms by extrapolation from other diseases, and documented supporting literature while noting controversies. Our method was iterative and incremental: systematically refining and validating the group output using one-on-one follow-up meetings with original and new experts. 35 experts contributed 126 hours face-to-face, and could review our products. RESULTS We present two key models, for the initial infection of the respiratory tract and the possible progression to complications, as causal DAGs and BNs with corresponding verbal descriptions, dictionaries and sources. These are the first published causal models of COVID-19 pathophysiology. CONCLUSIONS Our method demonstrates an improved procedure for developing BNs via expert elicitation, which other teams can implement to model emergent complex phenomena. Our results have three anticipated applications: (i) freely disseminating updatable expert knowledge; (ii) guiding design and analysis of observational and clinical studies; (iii) developing and validating automated tools for causal reasoning and decision support. We are developing such tools for the initial diagnosis, resource management, and prognosis of COVID-19, parameterized using the ISARIC and LEOSS databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Mascaro
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Bayesian Intelligence Pty Ltd, Upwey, VIC 3158, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Owen Woodberry
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Bayesian Intelligence Pty Ltd, Upwey, VIC 3158, Australia
| | - Erik P Nyberg
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ross Pearson
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Jessica A Ramsay
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA 6909, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0815, Australia
| | - Ann E Nicholson
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Wu Y, Mascaro S, Bhuiyan M, Fathima P, Mace AO, Nicol MP, Richmond PC, Kirkham LA, Dymock M, Foley DA, McLeod C, Borland ML, Martin A, Williams PCM, Marsh JA, Snelling TL, Blyth CC. Predicting the causative pathogen among children with pneumonia using a causal Bayesian network. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010967. [PMID: 36913404 PMCID: PMC10035934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia remains a leading cause of hospitalization and death among young children worldwide, and the diagnostic challenge of differentiating bacterial from non-bacterial pneumonia is the main driver of antibiotic use for treating pneumonia in children. Causal Bayesian networks (BNs) serve as powerful tools for this problem as they provide clear maps of probabilistic relationships between variables and produce results in an explainable way by incorporating both domain expert knowledge and numerical data. METHODS We used domain expert knowledge and data in combination and iteratively, to construct, parameterise and validate a causal BN to predict causative pathogens for childhood pneumonia. Expert knowledge elicitation occurred through a series of group workshops, surveys and one-on-one meetings involving 6-8 experts from diverse domain areas. The model performance was evaluated based on both quantitative metrics and qualitative expert validation. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate how the target output is influenced by varying key assumptions of a particularly high degree of uncertainty around data or domain expert knowledge. RESULTS Designed to apply to a cohort of children with X-ray confirmed pneumonia who presented to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Australia, the resulting BN offers explainable and quantitative predictions on a range of variables of interest, including the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia, detection of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx, and the clinical phenotype of a pneumonia episode. Satisfactory numeric performance has been achieved including an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.8 in predicting clinically-confirmed bacterial pneumonia with sensitivity 88% and specificity 66% given certain input scenarios (i.e., information that is available and entered into the model) and trade-off preferences (i.e., relative weightings of the consequences of false positive versus false negative predictions). We specifically highlight that a desirable model output threshold for practical use is very dependent upon different input scenarios and trade-off preferences. Three commonly encountered scenarios were presented to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the BN outputs in various clinical pictures. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first causal model developed to help determine the causative pathogen for paediatric pneumonia. We have shown how the method works and how it would help decision making on the use of antibiotics, providing insight into how computational model predictions may be translated to actionable decisions in practice. We discussed key next steps including external validation, adaptation and implementation. Our model framework and the methodological approach can be adapted beyond our context to broad respiratory infections and geographical and healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Mascaro
- Bayesian Intelligence Pty Ltd, Upwey, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mejbah Bhuiyan
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Parveen Fathima
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediaitrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark P Nicol
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter C Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of General Paediaitrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Dymock
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charlie McLeod
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Martin
- Department of General Paediaitrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phoebe C M Williams
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie A Marsh
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Minney‐Smith CA, Foley DA, Sikazwe CT, Levy A, Smith DW. The seasonality of respiratory syncytial virus in Western Australia prior to implementation of SARS‐CoV‐2 non‐pharmaceutical interventions. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13117. [PMID: 36970572 PMCID: PMC10035409 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasonality is dependent on the local climate. We assessed the stability of RSV seasonality prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Western Australia (WA), a state spanning temperate and tropical regions. Method RSV laboratory testing data were collected from January 2012 to December 2019. WA was divided into three regions determined by population density and climate: Metropolitan, Northern and Southern. Season threshold was calculated per region at 1.2% annual cases, with onset the first of ≥2 weeks above this threshold and offset as the last week before ≥2 weeks below. Results The detection rate of RSV in WA was 6.3/10,000. The Northern region had the highest detection rate (15/10,000), more than 2.5 times the Metropolitan region (detection rate ratio 2.7; 95% CI, 2.6-2.9). Test percentage positive was similar in the Metropolitan (8.6%) and Southern (8.7%) regions, with the lowest in the Northern region (8.1%). RSV seasons in the Metropolitan and Southern regions occurred annually, with a single peak and had consistent timing and intensity. The Northern tropical region did not experience a distinct season. Proportion of RSV A to RSV B in the Northern region differed from the Metropolitan region in 5 of the 8 years studied. Conclusions Detection rate of RSV in WA is high, especially in the Northern region, where climate, an expanded at-risk population and increased testing may have contributed to greater numbers. Before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, RSV seasonality in WA was consistent in timing and intensity for the Metropolitan and Southern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Minney‐Smith
- Department of Microbiology PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - David A. Foley
- Department of Microbiology PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
- School of Medicine University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Chisha T. Sikazwe
- Department of Microbiology PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Infection, and Immunity, Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Department of Microbiology PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- Infection, and Immunity, Biomedical Sciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - David W. Smith
- Department of Microbiology PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- School of Medicine University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
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Desai V, Foley DA, Click RL. AN ABNORMAL BIOPROSTHETIC AORTIC VALVE - DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(23)03798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Khatami A, Foley DA, Warner MS, Barnes EH, Peleg AY, Li J, Stick S, Burke N, Lin RCY, Warning J, Snelling TL, Tong SYC, Iredell J. Standardised treatment and monitoring protocol to assess safety and tolerability of bacteriophage therapy for adult and paediatric patients (STAMP study): protocol for an open-label, single-arm trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065401. [PMID: 36600337 PMCID: PMC9743374 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been renewed interest in the therapeutic use of bacteriophages (phages); however, standardised therapeutic protocols are lacking, and there is a paucity of rigorous clinical trial data assessing efficacy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We propose an open-label, single-arm trial investigating a standardised treatment and monitoring protocol for phage therapy. Patients included will have exhausted other therapeutic options for control of their infection and phage therapy will be administered under Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration Special Access Scheme. A phage product with high in vitro activity against the targeted pathogen(s) must be available in line with relevant regulatory requirements. We aim to recruit 50-100 patients over 5 years, from any public or private hospitals in Australia. The standardised protocol will specify clinical assessments and biological sampling at scheduled time points. The primary outcome is safety at day 29, assessed by the frequency of adverse events, and overseen by an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board. Secondary outcomes include long-term safety (frequency of adverse events until at least 6 months following phage therapy), and feasibility, measured as the proportion of participants with>80% of minimum data available for analysis. Additional endpoints assessed include clinical response, patient/guardian reported quality of life measures, phage pharmacokinetics, human host immune responses and microbiome analysis. All trial outcomes will be summarised and presented using standard descriptive statistics. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Participant inclusion will be dependent on obtaining written informed consent from the patient or guardian. The trial protocol was approved by the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee in December 2021 (Reference 2021/ETH11861). In addition to publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, a lay summary of study outcomes will be made available for participants and the public on the Phage Australia website (https://www.phageaustralia.org/). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Registered on ANZCTR, 10 November 2021 (ACTRN12621001526864; WHO Universal Trial Number: U1111-1269-6000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Khatami
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medical WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Morgyn S Warner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Barnes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anton Y Peleg
- Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Stick
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nettie Burke
- Former CEO, Cystic Fibrosis Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruby C Y Lin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Warning
- Office for Health and Medical Research, New South Wales Ministry of Health, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Iredell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Foley DA, Wong JWS, Keane A, Ramachandran S, Blyth CC, Yeoh DK. Assessing the utility of routine viral surveillance performed in children undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation at a single centre. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e30012. [PMID: 36129388 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the utility of routine viral surveillance for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human adenovirus in children <16 years, undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) at a single centre over a 10-year period. A total of 85 ASCT were performed in 65 patients. Routine viral surveillance resulted in a high number of tests performed (median 20 tests per ASCT), without any clinically significant viral detections. These data support the limited clinical utility of routine viral surveillance in children undergoing ASCT. Adopting a clinically driven approach for viral testing is likely to be both cost-effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica Win See Wong
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aoife Keane
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shanti Ramachandran
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Tan
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zoy Goff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley MacDonald
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Strep A. and Rheumatic Heart Disease, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, University of Western Australia, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Ramsay JA, Mascaro S, Campbell AJ, Foley DA, Mace AO, Ingram P, Borland ML, Blyth CC, Larkins NG, Robertson T, Williams PCM, Snelling TL, Wu Y. Urinary tract infections in children: building a causal model-based decision support tool for diagnosis with domain knowledge and prospective data. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:218. [PMID: 35941543 PMCID: PMC9358867 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children in the emergency department (ED) is challenging due to the variable clinical presentations and difficulties in obtaining a urine sample free from contamination. Clinicians need to weigh a range of observations to make timely diagnostic and management decisions, a difficult task to achieve without support due to the complex interactions among relevant factors. Directed acyclic graphs (DAG) and causal Bayesian networks (BN) offer a way to explicitly outline the underlying disease, contamination and diagnostic processes, and to further make quantitative inference on the event of interest thus serving as a tool for decision support. METHODS We prospectively collected data on children present to ED with suspected UTIs. Through knowledge elicitation workshops and one-on-one meetings, a DAG was co-developed with clinical domain experts (the Expert DAG) to describe the causal relationships among variables relevant to paediatric UTIs. The Expert DAG was combined with prospective data and further domain knowledge to inform the development of an application-oriented BN (the Applied BN), designed to support the diagnosis of UTI. We assessed the performance of the Applied BN using quantitative and qualitative methods. RESULTS We summarised patient background, clinical and laboratory characteristics of 431 episodes of suspected UTIs enrolled from May 2019 to November 2020. The Expert DAG was presented with a narrative description, elucidating how infection, specimen contamination and management pathways causally interact to form the complex picture of paediatric UTIs. Parameterised using prospective data and expert-elicited parameters, the Applied BN achieved an excellent and stable performance in predicting Escherichia coli culture results, with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86 and a mean log loss of 0.48 based on 10-fold cross-validation. The BN predictions were reviewed via a validation workshop, and we illustrate how they can be presented for decision support using three hypothetical clinical scenarios. CONCLUSION Causal BNs created from both expert knowledge and data can integrate case-specific information to provide individual decision support during the diagnosis of paediatric UTIs in ED. The model aids the interpretation of culture results and the diagnosis of UTIs, promising the prospect of improved patient care and judicious use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ramsay
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Steven Mascaro
- Bayesian Intelligence Pty Ltd, Upwey, VIC, 3158, Australia.,Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Anita J Campbell
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Meredith L Borland
- Emergency Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Larkins
- Department of Nephrology, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tim Robertson
- Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Phoebe C M Williams
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, 2006, Camperdown, NSW , Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, 2006, Camperdown, NSW , Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0815, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, 2006, Camperdown, NSW , Australia.
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13
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Rafie N, Foley DA, Ripoll JG, Booth-Kowalczyk ML, Arghami A, Pochettino A, Michelena HI. McConnell’s Sign Is Not Always Pulmonary Embolism. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:802-807. [PMID: 35818597 PMCID: PMC9270620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
McConnell’s sign is a well-established, specific echocardiographic sign for acute pulmonary embolism. Multiple theories have been proposed regarding the mechanism of McConnell’s sign in the context of acute pulmonary embolism. Here, we present 2 patient cases in which McConnell’s sign was seen with right ventricular ischemia without pulmonary embolism. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rafie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David A. Foley
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juan G. Ripoll
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Arman Arghami
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alberto Pochettino
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hector I. Michelena
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Hector I. Michelena, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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14
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Davidson L, Foley DA, Clifford P, Blyth CC, Bowen AC, Hazelton B, Kuthubutheen J, McLeod C, Rodrigues S, Tay SM, Campbell AJ. Infectious complications and optimising infection prevention for children with cochlear implants. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:1007-1012. [PMID: 35138003 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the clinical epidemiology of children receiving cochlear implants, as well as the management and outcomes of cochlear implant infections and adherence to infection prevention measures. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted in children ≤18 years who received cochlear implants in Western Australia's tertiary paediatric hospital. Information was obtained from medical and laboratory records regarding demographics, indication for implant, implant infection and preoperative Staphylococcus aureus screening/decolonisation. Immunisation history was examined using the Australian Immunisation Register. RESULTS Overall, 118 children received cochlear implants, with 158 devices inserted (599 cochlear implant insertion-years). An implant infection rate of 3.8% (6/158) was identified during the study period (four pneumococcal and two community-acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus infections). All required surgical management, with an overall median duration of antibiotic therapy of 37 days (interquartile range (IQR) 29-48) and median length of stay of 8 days (IQR 8-9.5). All devices were retained and there were no relapses or deaths. Half of the children who developed cochlear implant infections (50%, 3/6) were up-to-date with additional pneumococcal vaccinations and no children (0%, 0/118) received S. aureus screening/decolonisation before implant insertion. CONCLUSIONS Favourable outcomes were achieved with cochlear implant retention; however, the treatment was burdensome for families. We demonstrate significant scope to improve adherence to existing infection prevention strategies and provide direction for optimising preventative measures in the future. These include ensuring parental education, additional pneumococcal vaccinations and S. aureus decolonisation which are delivered as an infection prevention bundle to the growing population of infants receiving cochlear implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Davidson
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patricia Clifford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Briony Hazelton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Pathwest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jafri Kuthubutheen
- Department of ENT, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Division of Surgery, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Charlie McLeod
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Rodrigues
- Department of ENT, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Siu Min Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anita J Campbell
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Jepp CK, Foley DA, Chua ILJ, Kwong JC, Payne MS, Davis J, Yeoh DK. Ureaplasma urealyticum meningitis complicated by hydrocephalus in a preterm neonate. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:529-531. [PMID: 34004021 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Jepp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - I-Ly Joanna Chua
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Reference Laboratory, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason C Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Davis
- Department of Neonatology, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Talicska CN, O'Connell EC, Ward HW, Diaz AR, Hardink MA, Foley DA, Connolly D, Girard KP, Ljubicic T. Process analytical technology (PAT): applications to flow processes for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) development. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) applications pertaining to Pfizer's Flexible API Supply Technology (FAST) initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N. Talicska
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Eamon C. O'Connell
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Howard W. Ward
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Angel R. Diaz
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Mark A. Hardink
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - David A. Foley
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
- Employed at Pfizer during the time of this work, now at Merck Research and Development, 90 E Scott Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
| | - Douglas Connolly
- Contingent Worker, Eurofins Scientific for Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Kevin P. Girard
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Tomislav Ljubicic
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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17
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Ruhayel SD, Foley DA, Hamilton K, Ferguson P, Kotecha RS, Bowen AC, Yeoh DK. Viridans Group Streptococci in Pediatric Leukemia and Stem Cell Transplant: Review of a Risk-stratified Guideline for Empiric Vancomycin in Febrile Neutropenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:832-834. [PMID: 34285167 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Viridans group streptococci (VGS) are an important cause of sepsis in immunosuppressed children. We reviewed the effectiveness of risk-stratified addition of vancomycin to empiric febrile neutropenia therapy among 107 children with leukemia or undergoing an allogeneic transplant. Of 19 VGS bacteremia episodes, 78.9% were susceptible to risk-stratified antibiotics including 100% from high-risk patients. All blood cultures were flagged positive within 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Ruhayel
- From the Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital
| | - David A Foley
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Kate Hamilton
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Patricia Ferguson
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- From the Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital
- Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Foley DA, Phuong LK, Globan M, Fyfe JM, Lavender C, Williamson DA. The performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF Version G4 in a low tuberculosis incidence setting. Pathology 2021; 54:123-125. [PMID: 34218951 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Linny K Phuong
- Department of General Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Janet M Fyfe
- Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Caroline Lavender
- Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Mycobacterial Reference Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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19
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Yeoh DK, Foley DA, Minney-Smith CA, Martin AC, Mace AO, Sikazwe CT, Le H, Levy A, Blyth CC, Moore HC. Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Public Health Measures on Detections of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children During the 2020 Australian Winter. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:2199-2202. [PMID: 32986804 PMCID: PMC7543326 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health measures targeting coronavirus disease 2019 have potential to impact transmission of other respiratory viruses. We found 98.0% and 99.4% reductions in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza detections, respectively, in Western Australian children through winter 2020 despite schools reopening. Border closures have likely been important in limiting external introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Cara A Minney-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew C Martin
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Department of General Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chisha T Sikazwe
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia.,Department of General Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Huong Le
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abbotsford J, Foley DA, Goff Z, Bowen AC, Blyth CC, Yeoh DK. Clinical experience with SUBA-itraconazole at a tertiary paediatric hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:249-252. [PMID: 32929460 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Itraconazole remains a first-line antifungal agent for certain fungal infections in children, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and sporotrichosis, but poor attainment of therapeutic drug levels is frequently observed with available oral formulations. A formulation of 'SUper BioAvailability itraconazole' (SUBA-itraconazole; Lozanoc®) has been developed, with adult studies demonstrating rapid and reliable attainment of therapeutic levels, yet paediatric data are lacking. OBJECTIVES To assess the safety, efficacy and attainment of therapeutic drug levels of the SUBA-itraconazole formulation in children. METHODS A single-centre retrospective cohort study was conducted, including all patients prescribed SUBA-itraconazole from May 2018 to February 2020. The recommended initial treatment dose was 5 mg/kg twice daily (to a maximum of 400 mg/day) rounded to the nearest capsule size and 2.5 mg/kg/day for prophylaxis. RESULTS Nineteen patients received SUBA-itraconazole and the median age was 12 years. The median dose was 8.5 mg/kg/day and the median duration was 6 weeks. Indications included ABPA (16 patients), sporotrichosis (1), cutaneous fungal infection (1) and prophylaxis (1). Of patients with serum levels measured, almost 60% (10/17) achieved a therapeutic level, 3 with one dose adjustment and 7 following the initial dose. Adherence to dose-adjustment recommendations amongst the seven patients not achieving therapeutic levels was poor. Of patients with ABPA, 13/16 (81%) demonstrated a therapeutic response in IgE level. SUBA-itraconazole was well tolerated with no cessations related to adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS SUBA-itraconazole is well tolerated in children, with rapid attainment of therapeutic levels in the majority of patients, and may represent a superior formulation for children in whom itraconazole is indicated for treatment or prevention of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Abbotsford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zoy Goff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, School of Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,University of Western Australia, School of Medicine, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Davidson A, Foley DA, Frericks-Schmidt H, Ruggeri SG, Herman M, LaCasse S, Liu Y, McInturff EL, Morris R, Mugheirbi N, Samas B, Sarkar A, Singer RA, Witkos F, Yu S. pH-Dependent Degradation of T3P-Related Byproducts. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Foley DA, Yeoh DK, Minney-Smith CA, Martin AC, Mace AO, Sikazwe CT, Le H, Levy A, Moore HC, Blyth CC. The Interseasonal Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Australian Children Following the Reduction of Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Public Health Measures. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e2829-e2830. [PMID: 33594407 PMCID: PMC7929151 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Cara A Minney-Smith
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew C Martin
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Ariel O Mace
- Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Department of General Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chisha T Sikazwe
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Huong Le
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah C Moore
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia.,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abbotsford J, Goff Z, Foley DA, Yeoh DK, Brophy-Williams S. A matter of taste: Results of antibiotic suspension tasting among paediatric doctors. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:161-162. [PMID: 33493371 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Abbotsford
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Pharmacy Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zoy Goff
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Pharmacy Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David A Foley
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Brophy-Williams
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Foley DA, Phuong LK, Englund JA. Respiratory syncytial virus immunisation overview. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1865-1867. [PMID: 33089944 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) continues to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Natural infection confers incomplete protection, permitting recurrent episodes. Treatment remains limited to supportive care. Initial endeavours to develop a vaccine resulted in an unexpected enhancement of RSV disease and increased recipient mortality. Current proposed strategies to prevent RSV infection rely on the principles of active and passive immunisation and utilise the highly conserved RSV F-protein. Maternal vaccines administered in pregnancy may provide protection; trials are ongoing. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, has a moderate preventative efficacy. A similar newer longer lasting formulation appears promising. A number of other novel options are being developed and are undergoing assessment. Progress has been made, with more vaccine candidates under consideration. We are edging closer to an effective solution to prevent RSV infection. If successful, the impact on paediatric morbidity, mortality, workload and cost will be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Linny K Phuong
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janet A Englund
- University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Tippett
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC.,Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
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26
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Foley DA, Chew R, Raby E, Tong SYC, Davis JS. COVID-19 in the pre-pandemic period: a survey of the time commitment and perceptions of infectious diseases physicians in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J 2020; 50:924-930. [PMID: 32881266 PMCID: PMC7436897 DOI: 10.1111/imj.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases (ID) physicians perform a pivotal role in directing the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). AIM To assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on workload and the perceptions of ID physicians regarding the national response in Australia and New Zealand in the pre-pandemic. METHODS A survey of ID physicians in Australia and New Zealand was undertaken from 3 to 10 March 2020. Respondents were asked to estimate time spent on SARS-CoV-2-related activities in February and report their agreement with statements on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree'. We also asked about the intended use of investigational agents. RESULTS There were 214 respondents (36% of 600 eligible participants). The median workload due to SARS-CoV-2-related activities was 34% of one full-time equivalent (interquartile range 18-68%). Less than a quarter (50, 23%) of respondents had experience managing cases, while 33% (70) had experience preparing during similar pandemics. Nevertheless, 88% (188/213) believed they were well informed when giving testing and management advice, and 45% (95/212) believed their national response was well coordinated. Additionally, 41% (88/214) were worried about becoming infected through occupational exposure. Over half (116, 54%) the respondents intended to use lopinavir/ritonavir in confirmed cases of COVID-19 with severe disease. CONCLUSIONS ID physicians spent a large proportion of time on SARS-CoV-2-related activities. Increased staffing is required to avoid burnout. Importantly, ID physicians feel well informed when giving advice. A national body should be established to co-ordinate response. Treatment efficacy trials are needed to clarify the utility of unproven treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rusheng Chew
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Redcliffe Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua S Davis
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Foley DA, Kirk M, Jepp C, Brophy‐Williams S, Tong SYC, Davis JS, Blyth CC, O'Brien MP, Bowen AC, Yeoh DK. COVID-19 and paediatric health services: A survey of paediatric physicians in Australia and New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1219-1224. [PMID: 32364301 PMCID: PMC7267532 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS COVID-19 is now a global pandemic. At the time of survey, fewer than 150 children in Australia and New Zealand had documented infection. The aim of this study was to assess attitudes, readiness and confidence in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic through an online survey of paediatric physicians and sub-specialists across Australia and New Zealand. METHODS Multiple email list groups were used to contact paediatric physicians to undertake an online Likert scale survey between 17 and 24 March. Respondents' specialty, experience and work setting were recorded. Ordinal logistic regression was used to determine respondent factors. RESULTS There were 542 respondents from across Australia and New Zealand: an estimated 11% of the paediatric physician workforce. A minority (36.6%) agreed that their national response had been well coordinated; the majority (92.7%) agreed that senior-level hospital administrators were taking the situation seriously. Most reported a good understanding of the natural history of COVID-19 in children, and knowledge of where to find local information. A large proportion of physicians (86.1%) were worried about becoming infected through their work; few (5.8%) reported that they would not come to work to avoid infection. Closure of school and childcares would reduce the ability to continue work at current capacity for 23.6% of respondents. CONCLUSION Despite limited experience in pandemics, most paediatric physicians felt informed. Concern about exposure at work is common; most were willing to work regardless. The closure of schools and daycares may have an impact on staffing. Coordination and leadership will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Michael Kirk
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Catherine Jepp
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Sam Brophy‐Williams
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Disease ServiceRoyal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,University of MelbourneThe Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Joshua S Davis
- Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia,Department of Infectious DiseasesJohn Hunter HospitalNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Matthew P O'Brien
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia,Menzies School of Health ResearchCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia,Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentPerth Children's HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Foley DA, Yeoh DK, Karapanagiotidis T, Nhindri T, Catton M. Fever in the returned traveller: the utility of the Platelia Dengue NS1 antigen enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of dengue in a non-endemic setting. Pathology 2020; 52:370-372. [PMID: 32107080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.01.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Investigating fever in the returned traveller can be difficult and costly. Dengue is one of the most frequently reported aetiologies. NS1 is a non-structural dengue virus protein detectable during acute infection. The aim of this report is to describe the utility of the Platelia Dengue NS1 antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for detection of dengue in a non-endemic region compared to a composite gold standard of contemporaneous molecular testing and seroconversion. We performed a retrospective analysis of all dengue serology tests from 6 February 2012 to 5 December 2018. Dengue serology and in-house flavivirus molecular results were identified using the laboratory information management system. Dengue serology was performed using the Bio-Rad Platelia Dengue NS1 antigen EIA, and Abbott Panbio Dengue IgG and IgM EIA. True positive NS1 result was defined as positive molecular test within one week of the positive NS1 result or seroconversion within 120 days. NS1 negative samples that remained negative to all dengue markers on repeat more than 10 and up to 120 days after were labelled as true negatives. More than 75% of cases had a serology pattern consistent with primary dengue. Sensitivity and specificity of NS1 Ag EIA was 96.4% (95% CI 92.3-98.7%) and 98.4% (95% CI 94.5-99.8%), respectively. Performance was poorer in serotype 4 infections (sensitivity 50%). Platelia Dengue NS1 antigen EIA test performance in the returned traveller cohort fulfils the remit as a single diagnostic test for acute dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Parkville, Vic, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Daniel K Yeoh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Tinashe Nhindri
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Mike Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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Agor JK, Sir MY, Pasupathy KS, Foley DA, Scott CG, Elrashidi MY, Young NP, McKie PM. Getting to the Heart of the Matter: A Triage Model to Improve Utilization of Cardiology Consultative Services. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes 2019; 3:476-482. [PMID: 31993566 PMCID: PMC6978585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Patient and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Agor
- School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Mustafa Y. Sir
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Kalyan S. Pasupathy
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - David A. Foley
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Paul M. McKie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Correspondence: Address to Paul M. McKie, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55902.
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Witt CM, Elvert LA, Konik EA, Ammash NM, Foley DA, Foley TA. The RAC Sign. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:648-649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify aspects of medication management that are associated with a greater risk of hospital readmission. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study, with a thorough medication history and reconciliation performed at admission and discharge. Patients 18 years or older (N=258) were prospectively enrolled on admission to a cardiology service at a tertiary care hospital from September 1, 2011, through July 31, 2012. All patients received their hospital and outpatient care within our institution, which minimized loss to follow-up. Readmission rates within 30 days and 6 months after discharge were recorded and used to investigate associations with specific characteristics related to medication regimen and management. Nominal logistic fit tests were used to establish associations with risk factors. RESULTS A higher risk of readmission within 30 days after discharge was seen with heart failure diagnosis (P=.003) and with increased severity of comorbid conditions based on Charlson score (P=.02). Patients whose family managed their medications entirely had a higher risk of readmission at 30 days (odds ratio, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.25-5.6; P=.01) and at 6 months (odds ratio, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.70-7.65; P<.001). These findings were independent of the presence of heart failure. CONCLUSION Patients requiring family member support with medication management should be considered at increased risk for readmission. Increased focus on these patients at discharge may help decrease readmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David A. Foley
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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32
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Farley KA, Reilly U, Anderson DP, Boscoe BP, Bundesmann MW, Foley DA, Lall MS, Li C, Reese MR, Yan J. Utilizing on- and off-line monitoring tools to follow a kinetic resolution step during flow synthesis. Magn Reson Chem 2017; 55:348-354. [PMID: 27469271 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ reaction monitoring tools offer the ability to track the progress of a synthetic reaction in real time to facilitate reaction optimization and provide kinetic/mechanistic insight. Herein, we report the utilization of flow NMR, flow IR, and other off-line spectroscopy tools to monitor the progress of a flow chemistry reaction. The on-line and off-line tools were selected to facilitate the stereoselective kinetic resolution of a key racemic monomer, which lacked a chromophore, making conventional reaction monitoring difficult. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Farley
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Usa Reilly
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Dennis P Anderson
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Brian P Boscoe
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Mark W Bundesmann
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - David A Foley
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Manjinder S Lall
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Jiangli Yan
- Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
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Dunn AL, Codina A, Foley DA, Marquez BL, Zell MT. A detailed mechanistic investigation into the reaction of 3-methylpentanoic acid with Meldrum's acid utilizing online NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Chem 2016; 54:477-484. [PMID: 26332370 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A thorough investigation into the mechanism of the reaction of 3-methylpentanoic acid and Meldrum's acid using online NMR spectroscopy is reported. This study is an expansion of a previous analysis of this chemical transformation in the synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient imagabalin. The 3-methylpentanoic acid analogue reveals similar behavior under the reaction conditions. Online NMR spectroscopy and offline characterization experiments reveal new information about the mechanism, providing conclusive spectroscopic evidence for the previously hypothesized dimer anhydride intermediate species 3-methylpentanoic anhydride as a productive intermediate. The presence of an acyl chloride intermediate species, 3-methylpentanoyl chloride, is also revealed for the first time in this synthesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Dunn
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anna Codina
- Bruker UK Limited, Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
| | - David A Foley
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Mark T Zell
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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Foley DA, Dunn AL, Zell MT. Reaction monitoring using online vs tube NMR spectroscopy: seriously different results. Magn Reson Chem 2016; 54:451-456. [PMID: 26248898 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report findings from the qualitative evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) reaction monitoring techniques of how each relates to the kinetic profile of a reaction process. The study highlights key reaction rate differences observed between the various NMR reaction monitoring methods investigated: online NMR, static NMR tubes, and periodic inversion of NMR tubes. The analysis of three reaction processes reveals that rates derived from NMR analysis are highly dependent on monitoring method. These findings indicate that users must be aware of the effect of their monitoring method upon the kinetic rate data derived from NMR analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Anna L Dunn
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mark T Zell
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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Drexler MT, Foley DA, Ward HW, Clarke HJ. IR and NMR Reaction Monitoring Techniques for Nucleophilic Addition Reactions: In Situ Monitoring of the Addition of Benzimidazole to a Pyridinium Salt. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele T. Drexler
- Chemical Research & Development and ‡Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David A. Foley
- Chemical Research & Development and ‡Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Howard W. Ward
- Chemical Research & Development and ‡Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hugh J. Clarke
- Chemical Research & Development and ‡Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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36
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Foley DA, Mishra P. Rotavirus vaccine: dare to hope. N Z Med J 2015; 128:82-83. [PMID: 25829046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Foley DA, Bez E, Codina A, Colson KL, Fey M, Krull R, Piroli D, Zell MT, Marquez BL. NMR Flow Tube for Online NMR Reaction Monitoring. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12008-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502300q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Foley
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eckhard Bez
- Bruker BioSpin, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Anna Codina
- Bruker UK Limited, Banner Lane, Coventry CV4 9GH, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly L. Colson
- Bruker BioSpin, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker BioSpin, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Robert Krull
- Bruker BioSpin, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Don Piroli
- Bruker BioSpin, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Mark T. Zell
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian L. Marquez
- Analytical
Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Chanda A, Daly AM, Foley DA, LaPack MA, Mukherjee S, Orr JD, Reid GL, Thompson DR, Ward HW. Industry Perspectives on Process Analytical Technology: Tools and Applications in API Development. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op400358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arani Chanda
- Analytical Research
Laboratories, Eisai Inc., 4 Corporate
Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Adrian M. Daly
- Process
Analytical
Sciences Group, Pfizer Global Supply, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - David A. Foley
- Analytical Research
and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark A. LaPack
- Small Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Samrat Mukherjee
- Process R&D, GPRD, AbbVie Inc., Dept. R452, Bldg. R13-4, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John D. Orr
- Analytical Research
Laboratories, Eisai Inc., 4 Corporate
Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - George L. Reid
- Analytical Research
and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Duncan R. Thompson
- Analytical Sciences,
Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Howard W. Ward
- Analytical Research
and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Foley DA, Wang J, Maranzano B, Zell MT, Marquez BL, Xiang Y, Reid GL. Online NMR and HPLC as a Reaction Monitoring Platform for Pharmaceutical Process Development. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8928-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Foley
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brent Maranzano
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark T. Zell
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brian L. Marquez
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Yanqiao Xiang
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - George L. Reid
- Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Foley DA, O'Leary P, Buckley NR, Lawrence SE, Maguire AR. Synthetic approaches to the daucane sesquiterpene derivatives employing the intramolecular Buchner cyclisation of α-diazoketones. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Foley DA. Vaccination, not vacillation: a cynical viewpoint. Ir Med J 2012; 105:313. [PMID: 23240290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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McDowell PA, Foley DA, O’Leary P, Ford A, Maguire AR. Asymmetric Synthesis of cis-7-Methoxycalamenene via the Intramolecular Buchner Reaction of an α-Diazoketone. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2035-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202499j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. McDowell
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical
and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David A. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical
and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick O’Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical
and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan Ford
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical
and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry & School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Foley DA, Doecke CW, Buser JY, Merritt JM, Murphy L, Kissane M, Collins SG, Maguire AR, Kaerner A. ReactNMR and ReactIR as Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Elucidation Tools: The NCS Mediated Cascade Reaction of α-Thioamides to α-Thio-β-chloroacrylamides. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9630-40. [PMID: 22029382 DOI: 10.1021/jo201212p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Foley
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher W. Doecke
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonas Y. Buser
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jeremy M. Merritt
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Linda Murphy
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marie Kissane
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andreas Kaerner
- Analytical
Sciences Research and Development and ‡Chemical Product Research and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
46285, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and ∥School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry
Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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O'Callaghan YC, Foley DA, O'Connell NM, McCarthy FO, Maguire AR, O'Brien NM. Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of the oxidized derivatives of stigmasterol in the U937 human monocytic cell line. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:10793-10798. [PMID: 20828195 DOI: 10.1021/jf1023017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to phytosterols has increased in recent years due to the incorporation of these compounds into cholesterol-lowering products. Previous studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of the oxidized derivatives of β-sitosterol and determined that phytosterol oxidation products (POP) have a similar but less potent toxicity compared to their cholesterol equivalents. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the oxidized derivatives of stigmasterol were investigated in the U937 cell line. The stigmasta-5,22-diene-3β,7β-diol (7β-OH), 5,6-epoxystigmasta-22,23-diol (epoxydiol), 5,6,22,23-diepoxystigmastane (diepoxide), and (22R,23R)-stigmast-5-ene-3β,22,23-triol (22R,23R-triol) derivatives were identified as the most cytotoxic, and the mode of cell death was identified as apoptosis in cells incubated with 7β-OH, epoxydiol, and diepoxide stigmasterol. The antioxidants α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and β-carotene did not protect against apoptosis induced by 7β-OH and diepoxide stigmasterol; however, α-tocopherol was found to protect against epoxydiol-induced apoptosis. The cellular antioxidant, glutathione, was depleted and the apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, was down-regulated by the stigmasterol oxides identified as apoptotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C O'Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Analytical andBiological Chemistry Research Facility , University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Foley DA, O'Callaghan Y, O'Brien NM, McCarthy FO, Maguire AR. Synthesis and characterization of stigmasterol oxidation products. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:1165-1173. [PMID: 20025271 DOI: 10.1021/jf9024745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of a series of oxides of stigmasterol is described providing a valuable series of reference standards for these oxides, analogous to the cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) which have been shown to have detrimental biological effects. Biological evaluation of the oxides of phytosterols is significant in the context of increased dietary use of phytosterols in the drive to reduce cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Foley
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ting HH, Ommen SR, Foley DA, Timimi FK, Hayes DL. Perfecting patient-centered care: the needs of the patient come first. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2008; 1:295-300. [PMID: 20559940 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-008-9071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Ting
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Avierinos JF, Brown RD, Foley DA, Nkomo V, Petty GW, Scott C, Enriquez-Sarano M. Cerebral ischemic events after diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse: a community-based study of incidence and predictive factors. Stroke 2003; 34:1339-44. [PMID: 12738894 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000072274.12041.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Association of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) with ischemic neurological events (INEs) is uncertain. METHODS In the community of Olmsted County (Minn), we identified all MVP diagnosed (1989 to 1998) in patients in sinus rhythm with no prior history of INE. We measured INE rates and compared them with expected rates in our community to define the excess risk of INE. RESULTS Among 777 eligible subjects (age, 49+/-20 years; 66% female; follow-up, 5.5+/-3.0 years), 30 patients had at least 1 INE during follow-up (at 10 years, 7+/-1%). Compared with expected INEs in the same community, subjects with MVP showed excess risk of lifetime INE (relative risk [RR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5 to 3.2; P<0.001) and during follow-up under purely medical management (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.8; P=0.009). Independent determinants of INE were older age (RR, 1.08 per year; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.11; P<0.001), mitral thickening (RR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.4; P=0.008), atrial fibrillation (AFib) during follow-up (RR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.9 to 10.0; P<0.001), and need for cardiac surgery (RR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.8; P=0.03). INE 10-year rates were low in patients <50 years of age (0.4+/-0.4%, P=0.60 versus expected) but were excessive in patients >50 years of age (16+/-3%, P<0.001 versus expected) or with thickened leaflets (7+/-2%, P<0.001 versus expected). Predictors of follow-up AFib were age, mitral regurgitation, and left atrium diameter (all P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In the community, subjects with MVP display a lifetime excess rate of INE compared with expected. Clinical (older age) and echocardiographic (leaflets thickening) characteristics define patients with MVP at high risk for INE, and subsequent AFib or need for cardiac surgery, both related to the degree of mitral regurgitation, increase the risk of INE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Avierinos
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn 55905, USA
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Abstract
Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red cell mass and frequently complicated by venous and arterial thrombosis. The mechanism underlying the increased incidence of thrombotic events remains illusive. Presented in this report are a case of a 77-year-old man diagnosed with polycythemia vera and a review of the current literature on the mechanisms underlying the increased incidence of thrombotic events in polycythemia vera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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50
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Nanda NC, Wistran DC, Karlsberg RP, Hack TC, Smith WB, Foley DA, Picard MH, Cotter B. Multicenter evaluation of SonoVue for improved endocardial border delineation. Echocardiography 2002; 19:27-36. [PMID: 11884252 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2002.00027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two multicenter studies were conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SonoVue as a contrast agent for enhanced left ventricular endocardial border delineation (LVEBD), and to compare the efficacy of SonoVue and Albunex in adult patients with a suboptimal, nonenhanced echocardiogram. BACKGROUND The use of contrast to enhance echocardiographic assessment of LVEBD is well-established. SonoVue is a new microbubble contrast agent that contains sulfur hexafluoride. METHODS Patients were randomized to receive four injections of SonoVue (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 ml), or two injections of Albunex and two injections of hand-agitated saline (0.08 and 0.22 ml/kg). Echocardiographic images were evaluated at the study centers and by four blinded, offsite reviewers for degree of left ventricle opacification (LVO), duration of contrast enhancement, and LVEBD. RESULTS LVO scores were significantly higher for all doses of SonoVue. Patients with complete LVO ranged from 34%-87% for SonoVue and from 0%-16% for Albunex. The mean duration of useful contrast effect ranged from 0.8-4.1 minutes for SonoVue and < 15 seconds for Albunex. Mean increases in LVEBD scores ranged from 3.8-18.2 for SonoVue and 0.1-4.3 for Albunex. SonoVue (cumulative 7.5 ml dose) was well-tolerated, with a safety profile similar to that observed in the control group. CONCLUSIONS SonoVue is superior to Albunex for improving visualization of endocardial borders in patients with suboptimal noncontrast echocardiograms. Optimal increases in LVEBD, LVO, and duration of useful contrast effect were observed at the 2.0 ml dose of SonoVue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin C Nanda
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Heart Station SW-S102, 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35249.
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