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Stenspil SG, Olsson AH, Mucci R, Pink M, Besnard C, Pescitelli G, Lacour J, Flood AH, Laursen BW. Supramolecular Control of Helicene Circularly Polarized Luminescence Emitters in Molecular Solids and Bright Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202412320. [PMID: 39225193 PMCID: PMC11627132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) from chiral molecules is attracting much attention due to its potential use in optical materials. However, formulation of CPL emitters as molecular solids typically deteriorates photophysical properties in the aggregated state leading to quenching and unpredictable changes in CPL behavior impeding materials development. To circumvent these shortcomings, a supramolecular approach can be used to isolate cationic dyes in a lattice of cyanostar-anion complexes that suppress aggregation-caused quenching and which we hypothesize can preserve the synthetically-crafted chiroptical properties. Herein, we verify that supramolecular assembly of small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) allows translation of molecular ECD and CPL properties to solids. A series of cationic helicenes that display increasing chiroptical response is investigated. Crystal structures of three different packing motifs all show spatial isolation of dyes by the anion complexes. We observe the photophysical and chiroptical properties of all helicenes are seamlessly translated to water soluble nanoparticles by the SMILES method. Also, a DMQA helicene is used as FRET acceptor in SMILES nanoparticles of intensely absorbing rhodamine antennae to generate an 18-fold boost in CPL brightness. These features offer promise for reliably accessing bright materials with programmable CPL properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine G. Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100København ØDenmark
| | - Andrew H. Olsson
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 East Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN47405United States
| | - Rebecca Mucci
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest Ansermet 30CH1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 East Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN47405United States
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of crystallographyUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest Ansermet 24CH1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of PisaVia Moruzzi 1356124PisaItaly
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of GenevaQuai Ernest Ansermet 30CH1211Geneva 4Switzerland
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 East Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN47405United States
| | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of ChemistryUniversity of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 52100København ØDenmark
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2
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Tripathy V, Flood AH, Raghavachari K. Accelerated Computer-Aided Screening of Optical Materials: Investigating the Potential of Δ-SCF Methods to Predict Emission Maxima of Large Dye Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:8333-8345. [PMID: 39303152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Accurate simulation of electronic excited states of large chromophores is often difficult due to the computationally expensive nature of existing methods. Common approximations such as fragmentation methods that are routinely applied to ground-state calculations of large molecules are not easily applicable to excited states due to the delocalized nature of electronic excitations in most practical chromophores. Thus, special techniques specific to excited states are needed. Δ-SCF methods are one such approximation that treats excited states in a manner analogous to that for ground-state calculations, accelerating the simulation of excited states. In this work, we employed the popular initial maximum overlap method (IMOM) to avoid the variational collapse of the electronic excited state orbitals to the ground state. We demonstrate that it is possible to obtain emission energies from the first singlet (S1) excited state of many thousands of dye molecules without any external intervention. Spin correction was found to be necessary to obtain accurate excitation and emission energies. Using thousands of dye-like chromophores and various solvents (12,318 combinations), we show that the spin-corrected initial maximum overlap method accurately predicts emission maxima with a mean absolute error of only 0.27 eV. We further improved the predictive accuracy using linear fit-based corrections from individual dye classes to achieve an impressive performance of 0.17 eV. Additionally, we demonstrate that IMOM spin density can be used to identify the dye class of chromophores, enabling improved prediction accuracy for complex dye molecules, such as dyads (chromophores containing moieties from two different dye classes). Finally, the convergence behavior of IMOM excited state SCF calculations is analyzed briefly to identify the chemical space, where IMOM is more likely to fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Huang R, Liu T, Peng H, Liu J, Liu X, Ding L, Fang Y. Molecular design and architectonics towards film-based fluorescent sensing. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6960-6991. [PMID: 38836431 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed encouraging progress in the development of high-performance film-based fluorescent sensors (FFSs) for detecting explosives, illicit drugs, chemical warfare agents (CWAs), and hazardous volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), among others. Several FFSs have transitioned from laboratory research to real-world applications, demonstrating their practical relevance. At the heart of FFS technology lies the sensing films, which play a crucial role in determining the analytes and the resulting signals. The selection of sensing fluorophores and the fabrication strategies employed in film construction are key factors that influence the fluorescence properties, active-layer structures, and overall sensing behaviors of these films. This review examines the progress and innovations in the research field of FFSs over the past two decades, focusing on advancements in fluorophore design and active-layer structural engineering. It underscores popular sensing fluorophore scaffolds and the dynamics of excited state processes. Additionally, it delves into six distinct categories of film fabrication technologies and strategies, providing insights into their advantages and limitations. This review further addresses important considerations such as photostability and substrate effects. Concluding with an overview of the field's challenges and prospects, it sheds light on the potential for further development in this burgeoning area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Haonan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore.
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P. R. China.
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4
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Stenspil SG, Laursen BW. Photophysics of fluorescent nanoparticles based on organic dyes - challenges and design principles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8625-8638. [PMID: 38873083 PMCID: PMC11168078 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles have become attractive for bioanalysis and imaging, due to their high brightness and photostability. Many different optical materials have been applied in fluorescent nanoparticles with a broad range of properties and characteristics. One appealing approach is the incorporation of molecular organic fluorophores in nanoparticles with the intention of transferring their known attractive solution-state properties directly to the nanoparticles. However, as molecular dyes are packed closely together in the nanoparticles their interactions most often result in fluorescence quenching and change in spectral properties making this approach challenging. In this perspective we will first discuss the origins of quenching and spectral shifts observed in dye based nanoparticles. On this background, we will then describe various designs of dye based NPs and how they address the challenges of dye-dye interactions and quenching. Our aim is to provide a general framework for understanding the supramolecular mechanisms that determine the photophysics of dye based nanoparticles. This framework of molecular photophysics and its relation to the internal structure of dye based nanoparticles can hopefully serve to assist rational design and optimization of new and improved dye based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine G Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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5
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Lei Y, Wang Y, Hill SK, Cheng Z, Song Q, Perrier S. Supra-Fluorophores: Ultrabright Fluorescent Supramolecular Assemblies Derived from Conventional Fluorophores in Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401346. [PMID: 38416605 PMCID: PMC11475621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (NPs) with exceptional brightness hold significant promise for demanding fluorescence bioimaging applications. Although considerable efforts are invested in developing novel organic dyes with enhanced performance, augmenting the brightness of conventional fluorophores is still one of the biggest challenges to overcome. This study presents a supramolecular strategy for constructing ultrabright fluorescent nanoparticles in aqueous media (referred to as "Supra-fluorophores") derived from conventional fluorophores. To achieve this, this course has employed a cylindrical nanoparticle with a hydrophobic microdomain, assembled by a cyclic peptide-diblock copolymer conjugate in water, as a supramolecular scaffold. The noncovalent dispersion of fluorophore moieties within the hydrophobic microdomain of the scaffold effectively mitigates the undesired aggregation-caused quenching and fluorescence quenching by water, resulting in fluorescent NPs with high brightness. This strategy is applicable to a broad spectrum of fluorophore families, covering polyaromatic hydrocarbons, coumarins, boron-dipyrromethenes, cyanines, xanthenes, and squaraines. The resulting fluorescent NPs demonstrate high fluorescence quantum yield (>30%) and brightness per volume (as high as 12 060 m-1 cm-1 nm-3). Moreover, high-performance NPs with emission in the NIR region are constructed, showcasing up to 20-fold increase in both brightness and photostability. This Supra-fluorophore strategy offers a versatile and effective method for transforming existing fluorophores into ultrabright fluorescent NPs in aqueous environments, for applications such as bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lei
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Sophie K. Hill
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Zihe Cheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Qiao Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs InstituteSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityParkvilleVIC 3052Australia
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6
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Stenspil SG, Chen J, Liisberg MB, Flood AH, Laursen BW. Control of the fluorescence lifetime in dye based nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5531-5538. [PMID: 38638234 PMCID: PMC11023049 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent dye based nanoparticles (NPs) have received increased interest due to their high brightness and stability. In fluorescence microscopy and assays, high signal to background ratios and multiple channels of detection are highly coveted. To this end, time-resolved imaging offers suppression of background and temporal separation of spectrally overlapping signals. Although dye based NPs and time-resolved imaging are widely used individually, the combination of the two is uncommon. This is likely due to that dye based NPs in general display shortened and non-mono-exponential lifetimes. The lower quality of the lifetime signal from dyes in NPs is caused by aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) and energy migration to dark states in NPs. Here, we report a solution to this problem by the use of the small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) concept to prevent ACQ. Additionally, incorporation of FRET pairs of dyes locks the exciton on the FRET acceptor providing control of the fluorescence lifetime. We demonstrate how SMILES NPs with a few percent rhodamine and diazaoxatriangulenium FRET acceptors imbedded with a cyanine donor dye give identical emission spectra and high quantum yields but very different fluorescence lifetimes of 3 ns and 26 ns, respectively. The two spectrally identical NPs are easily distinguished at the single particle level in fluorescence lifetime imaging. The doping approach for dye based NPs provides predictable fluorescence lifetimes and allows for these bright imaging reagents to be used in time-resolved imaging detection modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine G Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Liisberg
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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7
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Ogoshi T, Azuma S, Wada K, Tamura Y, Kato K, Ohtani S, Kakuta T, Yamagishi TA. Exciplex Formation by Complexation of an Electron-Accepting Guest in an Electron-Donating Pillar[5]arene Host Liquid. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9828-9835. [PMID: 38563366 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel system, a liquid-state pillar[5]arene decorated with tri(ethylene oxide) chains, that brings electron-donor and electron-acceptor molecules into proximity for efficient exciplex formation. The electron-accepting guests exhibit a blue-purple emission from a localized excited state upon excitation in common solvents. However, directly dissolving the guests in the electron-donating pillar[5]arene liquid (a bulk system) results in visible green emission from the formed exciplexes. In the bulk system, the guest molecules are always surrounded by excess pillar[5]arene molecules, resulting in the formation of mainly inclusion-type exciplexes. In the bulk system, energy migration occurs between the pillar[5]arene molecules. Excitation of the pillar[5]arenes results in a more intense green exciplex emission than that observed upon direct excitation of the guests. In summary, the pillar[5]arene liquid is a novel system for achieving efficient exciplex formation and energy migration that is different from typical solvent and solid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shogo Azuma
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wada
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Tamura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kakuta
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tada-Aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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8
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Liu Q, Huang R, Tang J, Zhang H, Liu M, Fang Y. A Nanofilm-Based Fluorescent Sensor toward Highly Efficient Detection of Ethephon. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38302113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethephon (ETH) is widely used to promote fruit ripening and improve fruit quality. However, improper use is harmful to human health and to the environmental safety. Therefore, development of the techniques for on-site and at real-time monitoring of ETH is of importance for its safe use. In this work, we developed a nanofilm-based fluorescence film sensor (FFS) and realized highly efficient detection of ETH in vapor phase, where the detection limit (DL) is <0.2 ppb, the response time is less than 10 s, and the interference is almost free. The unusual sensing performance of the sensor was ascribed to the specific binding of the nanofilm to ETH and to its great porosity, which enables efficient adlayer mass transfer, a requirement for high signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, visualization-based qualitative sensing is also realized. The nanofilm, a key component of the sensor, was prepared at the humid air/DMSO interface. The building blocks used were a specially designed fluorescent o-carborane derivative (CB-2CHO) and a cross-linker BTN possessing three acylhydrazine groups. The nanofilm as prepared is flexible, uniform, thickness tunable, and photochemically super stable. We believe our effort not only addresses the challenging issue of on-site and at real-time detection of ETH but also provides another route for developing new FFSs via sensing film innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Xi'An Rare Matel Materials Institute Co. Ltd., Xi' an 710016, P. R. China
| | - Helan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an 710062, P. R. China
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9
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Lu H, Wang Y, Hill SK, Jiang H, Ke Y, Huang S, Zheng D, Perrier S, Song Q. Supra-Cyanines: Ultrabright Cyanine-Based Fluorescent Supramolecular Materials in Solution and in the Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311224. [PMID: 37840434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent materials with high brightness play a crucial role in the advancement of various technologies such as bioimaging, photonics, and OLEDs. While significant efforts are dedicated to designing new organic dyes with improved performance, enhancing the brightness of existing dyes holds equal importance. In this study, we present a simple supramolecular strategy to develop ultrabright cyanine-based fluorescent materials by addressing long-standing challenges associated with cyanine dyes, including undesired cis-trans photoisomerization and aggregation-caused quenching. Supra-cyanines are obtained by incorporating cyanine moieties in a cyclic peptide-based supramolecular scaffold, and exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields (up to 50 %) in both solution and in the solid state. These findings offer a versatile approach for constructing highly emissive cyanine-based supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicheng Lu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sophie K Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101499, China
| | - Dunjin Zheng
- LightEdge Technologies Limited, Zhongshan, 528451, China
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Qiao Song
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Haketa Y, Yamasumi K, Maeda H. π-Electronic ion pairs: building blocks for supramolecular nanoarchitectonics viaiπ- iπ interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7170-7196. [PMID: 37795542 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The pairing of charged π-electronic systems and their ordered arrangement have been achieved by iπ-iπ interactions that are derived from synergetically worked electrostatic and dispersion forces. Charged π-electronic systems that provide ion pairs as building blocks for assemblies have been prepared by diverse strategies for introducing charge in the core π-electronic systems. One method to prepare charged π-electronic systems is the use of covalent bonding that makes π-electronic ions and valence-mismatched metal complexes as well as protonated and deprotonated states. Noncovalent ion complexation is another method used to create π-electronic ions, particularly for anion binding, producing negatively charged π-electronic systems. Charged π-electronic systems afford various ion pairs, consisting of both cationic and anionic π-systems, depending on their combinations. Geometries and electronic states of the constituents in π-electronic ion pairs affect the photophysical properties and assembling modes. Recent progress in π-electronic ion pairs has revealed intriguing characteristics, including the transformation into radical pairs through electron transfer and the magnetic properties influenced by the countercations. Furthermore, the assembly states exhibit diversity as observed in crystals and soft materials including liquid-crystal mesophases. While the chemistry of ion pairs (salts) is well-established, the field of π-electronic ion pairs is relatively new; however, it holds great promise for future applications in novel materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Yamasumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
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11
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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12
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Nishiyama R, Furuya K, McCann P, Kacenauskaite L, Laursen BW, Flood AH, Hiramatsu K, Goda K. Boosting the Brightness of Raman Tags Using Cyanostar Macrocycles. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12835-12841. [PMID: 37589955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Raman probes have received growing attention for their potential use in super-multiplex biological imaging and flow cytometry applications that cannot be achieved using fluorescent probes. However, obtaining strong Raman scattering signals from small Raman probes has posed a challenge that holds back their practical implementation. Here, we present new types of Raman-active nanoparticles (Rdots) that incorporate ionophore macrocycles, known as cyanostars, to act as ion-driven and structure-directing spacers to address this problem. These macrocycle-enhanced Rdots (MERdots) exhibit sharper and higher electronic absorption peaks than Rdots. When combined with resonant broadband time-domain Raman spectroscopy, these MERdots show a ∼3-fold increase in Raman intensity compared to conventional Rdots under the same particle concentration. Additionally, the detection limit on the concentration of MERdots is improved by a factor of 2.5 compared to that of Rdots and a factor of 430 compared to that of Raman dye molecules in solution. The compact size of MERdots (26 nm in diameter) and their increased Raman signal intensity, along with the broadband capabilities of time-domain resonant Raman spectroscopy, make them promising candidates for a wide range of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nishiyama
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Furuya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Phillip McCann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kotaro Hiramatsu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for Spectrochemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
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13
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Edhborg F, Olesund A, Tripathy V, Wang Y, Sadhukhan T, Olsson AH, Bisballe N, Raghavachari K, Laursen BW, Albinsson B, Flood AH. Triplet States of Cyanostar and Its Anion Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37427990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced optical materials based on triplet states requires knowledge of the triplet energies of the molecular building blocks. To this end, we report the triplet energy of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles, which are the key structure-directing units of small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) that have emerged as programmable optical materials. Cyanostar is a cyclic pentamer of covalently linked cyanostilbene units that form π-stacked dimers when binding anions as 2:1 complexes. The triplet energies, ET, of the parent cyanostar and its 2:1 complex around PF6- are measured to be 1.96 and 2.02 eV, respectively, using phosphorescence quenching studies at room temperature. The similarity of these triplet energies suggests that anion complexation leaves the triplet energy relatively unchanged. Similar energies (2.0 and 1.98 eV, respectively) were also obtained from phosphorescence spectra of the iodinated form, I-CS, and of complexes formed with PF6- and IO4- recorded at 85 K in an organic glass. Thus, measures of the triplet energies likely reflect geometries close to those of the ground state either directly by triplet energy transfer to the ground state or indirectly by using frozen media to inhibit relaxation. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT were undertaken on a cyanostar analogue, CSH, to examine the triplet state. The triplet excitation localizes on a single olefin whether in the single cyanostar or its π-stacked dimer. Restriction of the geometrical changes by forming either a dimer of macrocycles, (CSH)2, or a complex, (CSH)2·PF6-, reduces the relaxation resulting in an adiabatic energy of the triplet state of 2.0 eV. This structural constraint is also expected for solid-state SMILES materials. The obtained T1 energy of 2.0 eV is a key guide line for the design of SMILES materials for the manipulation of triplet excitons by triplet state engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Vikrant Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Niels Bisballe
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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14
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Alvarez-Venicio V, Castro-Beltrán R, Ramos-Ortiz G, Rodríguez M, Alba-Rosales JE, Gutiérrez-Juárez G, Santillán R, Ochoa ME, Flores-Villavicencio LL, Sabanero-López M. Red fluorescent benzothiadiazole derivative loaded in different nanoformulations: Optical properties and their use in bio-imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 290:122250. [PMID: 36566533 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorophores with optimized nonlinear optical properties have become prominent as contrast labels in laser scanning microscopy (LSM). The purpose of this work is to report on a novel benzothiadiazole derivative, namely 4,7-bis(5-((9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)ethynyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (EFBT) and its optical performance when it is loaded into organic nanostructures intended as labels for LSM. Four different nanostructured labels were prepared: i) EFBT-loaded silica nanoparticles (SiNPs); ii) folate-bioconjugated SiNPs (SiNPs-FA); iii) EFBT-loaded PEGylated nanoparticles (NPs-PEG); and iv) EFBT-loaded folate-terminated PEGylated nanoparticles (NPs-PEG-FA). All these nanostructures are reported through a comparative study of their linear and nonlinear optical properties, including their performance as exogenous label agents in the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. This assessment of the performance of a specific fluorophore loaded into different nanostructured matrices (labels), and fairly compared under the same characterization conditions, including the LSM settings, is less common while previous reports had focused in comparing silica and PEGylated nanoparticles but loaded with different fluorophores. The results show that the internal molecular organization into each type of organic nanostructure impacted differently the properties of EFBT, where the silica matrix tend to preserve the optical performance of the fluorophore by preventing intermolecular interactions; in contrast, PEGylated nanoparticles favored molecular interactions and introduced non-radiative decay channels that degrades drastically the optical performance. Nevertheless, the use of functionalized ends entities produced a better cellular label uptake with PEGylated that with silica nanoparticles. In overall, the NPs-PEG-FA label produced the best HeLa imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alvarez-Venicio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico
| | - R Castro-Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - G Ramos-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico.
| | - M Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico.
| | - J E Alba-Rosales
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A.P. 1-948, 37000 León, Gto., Mexico; Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - G Gutiérrez-Juárez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Física, División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Loma del Bosque 103, Lomas del Campestre, C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - R Santillán
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 07000, Apdo. Postal. 14-740, México D.F., Mexico
| | - M E Ochoa
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, 07000, Apdo. Postal. 14-740, México D.F., Mexico
| | - L L Flores-Villavicencio
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - M Sabanero-López
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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15
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Dhara A, Fadler RE, Chen Y, Köttner LA, Van Craen D, Carta V, Flood AH. Orthogonal, modular anion-cation and cation-anion self-assembly using pre-programmed anion binding sites. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2585-2595. [PMID: 36908961 PMCID: PMC9993851 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcomponent self-assembly relies on cation coordination whereas the roles of anions often only emerge during the assembly process. When sites for anions are instead pre-programmed, they have the potential to be used as orthogonal elements to build up structure in a predictable and modular way. We explore this idea by combining cation (M+) and anion (X-) binding sites together and show the orthogonal and modular build up of structure in a multi-ion assembly. Cation binding is based on a ligand (L) made by subcomponent metal-imine chemistry (M+ = Cu+, Au+) while the site for anion binding (X- = BF4 -, ClO4 -) derives from the inner cavity of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles. The two sites are connected by imine condensation between a pyridyl-aldehyde and an aniline-modified cyanostar. The target assembly [LM-CS-X-CS-ML],+ generates two terminal metal complexation sites (LM and ML) with one central anion-bridging site (X) defined by cyanostar dimerization. We showcase modular assembly by isolating intermediates when the primary structure-directing ions are paired with weakly coordinating counter ions. Cation-directed (Cu+) or anion-bridged (BF4 -) intermediates can be isolated along either cation-anion or anion-cation pathways. Different products can also be prepared in a modular way using Au+ and ClO4 -. This is also the first use of gold(i) in subcomponent self-assembly. Pre-programmed cation and anion binding sites combine with judicious selection of spectator ions to provide modular noncovalent syntheses of multi-component architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Wayne State University Law School, Wayne State University 471 W Palmer Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Laura A Köttner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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16
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Zhou X, Zhao L, Zhang K, Yang C, Li S, Kang X, Li G, Wang Q, Ji H, Wu M, Liu J, Qin Y, Wu L. Ultrabright AIEdots with tunable narrow emission for multiplexed fluorescence imaging. Chem Sci 2022; 14:113-120. [PMID: 36605751 PMCID: PMC9769110 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04862k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIEgen doped fluorescent nanodots (AIEdots) have attracted lots of attention, due to their superior characteristics as fluorescent probes, such as excellent photostability, large Stokes shift, high brightness and tunable emission. Unfortunately, most of the currently available AIEdots exhibit broad emission bandwidth, which limits their applications in multiplexed fluorescence imaging and detection. In this work, the strategy of designing and fabricating narrow emissive AIEdots (NE-AIEdots) with tunable wavelengths was presented by constructing a light-harvesting system with high energy transfer efficiency. Efficient intra-particle energy transfer from highly doped AIEgens, serving as the light-harvesting antenna, to the lightly doped narrow emissive fluorophore, resulted in high brightness and narrow emission. The emission band of NE-AIEdots with the full-width-at-half-maximum varied from 18 to 36 nm was 3-6.3 times narrower than that of traditional AIEdots. The single-particle brightness of NE-AIEdots was over 5-times that of commercial quantum dots under the same excitation and collection conditions. Taking advantage of the superior performance of these NE-AIEdots, multiplexed fluorescence imaging of lymph nodes in living mice was realized, which supported the future applications of NE-AIEdots for in vivo multiplexed labeling and clinical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhou
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Lingfeng Zhao
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Chaojie Yang
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Shijie Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Xiaoxia Kang
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Guo Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Haiwei Ji
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Mingmin Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Jinxia Liu
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Yuling Qin
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
| | - Li Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong UniversityNantong 226019JiangsuChina
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17
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Fluorescent Multifunctional Organic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Bioimaging: A Tutorial Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112498. [PMID: 36432688 PMCID: PMC9698844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) are a large family of nanostructures constituted by organic components that emit light in different spectral regions upon excitation, due to the presence of organic fluorophores. FONs are of great interest for numerous biological and medical applications, due to their high tunability in terms of composition, morphology, surface functionalization, and optical properties. Multifunctional FONs combine several functionalities in a single nanostructure (emission of light, carriers for drug-delivery, functionalization with targeting ligands, etc.), opening the possibility of using the same nanoparticle for diagnosis and therapy. The preparation, characterization, and application of these multifunctional FONs require a multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we present FONs following a tutorial approach, with the aim of providing a general overview of the different aspects of the design, preparation, and characterization of FONs. The review encompasses the most common FONs developed to date, the description of the most important features of fluorophores that determine the optical properties of FONs, an overview of the preparation methods and of the optical characterization techniques, and the description of the theoretical approaches that are currently adopted for modeling FONs. The last part of the review is devoted to a non-exhaustive selection of some recent biomedical applications of FONs.
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18
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Kacenauskaite L, Stenspil SG, Olsson AH, Flood AH, Laursen BW. Universal Concept for Bright, Organic, Solid-State Emitters─Doping of Small-Molecule Ionic Isolation Lattices with FRET Acceptors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19981-19989. [PMID: 36256621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brightly fluorescent solid-state materials are highly desirable for bioimaging, optoelectronic applications, and energy harvesting. However, the close contact between π-systems most often leads to quenching. Recently, we developed small-molecule ionic isolation lattices (SMILES) that efficiently isolate fluorophores while ensuring very high densities of the dyes. Nevertheless, efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) energy migration in such dense systems is inevitable. While attractive for energy harvesting applications, FRET also significantly compromises quantum yields of fluorescent solids by funneling the excitation energy to dark trap states. Here, we investigate the underlying property of FRET and exploit it to our favor by intentionally introducing fluorescent dopants into SMILES materials, acting as FRET acceptors with favorable photophysical properties. This doping is shown to outcompete energy migration to dark trap states while also ruling out reabsorption effects in dense SMILES materials, resulting in universal fluorescent solid-state materials (thin films, powders, and crystals) with superior properties. These include emission quantum yields reaching as high as 50-65%, programmable fluorescence lifetimes with mono-exponential decay, and independent selection of absorption and emission maxima. The volume normalized brightness of these FRET-based SMILES now reach values up to 32,200 M-1 cm-1 nm-3 and can deliver freely tunable spectroscopic properties for the fabrication of super-bright advanced optical materials. It is found that SMILES prohibit PET quenching between donor and acceptor dyes that is observed for non-SMILES mixtures of the same dyes. This allows a very broad selection of donor and acceptor dyes for use in FRET SMILES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kacenauskaite
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Stine G Stenspil
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington 47405, Indiana, United States
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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19
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Chen J, Zhang W, Pullerits T. Two-photon absorption in halide perovskites and their applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2255-2287. [PMID: 35727018 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh02074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active research on halide perovskites has given us a deep understanding of this family of materials and their potential for applications in advanced optoelectronic devices. One of the prominent outcomes is the use of perovskite materials for nonlinear optical applications. Two-photon absorption in perovskites, in particular their nanostructures, has been extensively studied and shows huge promise for many applications. However, we are still far from a thorough understanding of two-photon absorption in halide perovskites from a micro to macro perspective. Here we summarize different techniques for studying the two-photon absorption in nonlinear optical materials. We discuss the in-depth photophysics in two-photon absorption in halide perovskites. A comprehensive summary about the factors which influence two-photon absorption provides the direction to improve the two-photon absorption properties of halide perovskites. A summary of the recent applications of two-photon absorption in halide perovskites provides inspirations for engineers to utilize halide perovskites in two-photon absorption device development. This review will help readers to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the research field of two-photon absorption of halide perovskites from microscopic mechanisms to applications. The article can serve as a manual and give inspiration for future researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Chen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden.
| | - Tönu Pullerits
- Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 124, Lund 22100, Sweden.
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20
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Piwoński H, Nozue S, Habuchi S. The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:253-283. [PMID: 37102065 PMCID: PMC10125152 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Shortwave infrared (SWIR) fluorescence detection gradually becomes a pivotal real-time imaging modality, allowing one to elucidate biological complexity in deep tissues with subcellular resolution. The key challenge for the further growth of this imaging modality is the design of new brighter biocompatible fluorescent probes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the development of organic-based nanomaterials with an emphasis on new strategies that extend the fluorescence wavelength from the near-infrared to the SWIR spectral range and amplify the fluorescence brightness. We first introduce the most representative molecular design strategies to obtain near-infrared-SWIR wavelength fluorescence emission from small organic molecules. We then discuss how the formation of nanoparticles based on small organic molecules contributes to the improvement of fluorescence brightness and the shift of fluorescence to SWIR, with a special emphasis on the excited-state engineering of molecular probes in an aggregate state and spatial packing of the molecules in nanoparticles. We build our discussion based on a historical perspective on the photophysics of molecular aggregates. We extend this discussion to nanoparticles made of conjugated polymers and discuss how fluorescence characteristics could be improved by molecular design and chain conformation of the polymer molecules in nanoparticles. We conclude the article with future directions necessary to expand this imaging modality to wider bioimaging applications including single-particle deep tissue imaging. Issues related to the characterization of SWIR fluorophores, including fluorescence quantum yield unification, are also mentioned.
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21
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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22
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Facile construction of luminescent silicone elastomers from the compatibilization of porphyrins via the Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Guernelli M, Bakalis E, Mavridi-Printezi A, Petropoulos V, Cerullo G, Zerbetto F, Montalti M. Photothermal motion: effect of low-intensity irradiation on the thermal motion of organic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7233-7241. [PMID: 35511223 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of local photo-triggered heat release on the motion of organic nanopartcles (NP), a process that is itself thermal, is largely unexplored under low-intensity irradiation. Here, we develop organic NP specifically tailored for this study and demonstrate, comparing three different irradiation intensity regimes, that indeed the NP undergo "acceleration" upon light absorption (Photothermal Motion). These NP have a well-defined chemical composition and extremely high molar absorbance coefficient, and upon excitation, they deactivate mostly non radiatively with localized heat dissipation. The residual fluorescence efficiency is high enough to allow the detection of their trajectory in a simple wide field fluorescence microscope under low-intensity irradiation, a typical condition for NP bio-applications. The NP were characterized in detail from the photophysical point of view using UV-VIS absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and ultra-fast transient absorption (UF-TA). A detailed analysis of the trajectories of the NP reveals a strong dependency of the diffusion coefficient on the irradiation intensity even in a low power regime. This behavior demonstrates the inhomogeneity of the environment surrounding the NP as a result of local heat generation. Upon irradiation, the effective temperature increase, that emerges from the analysis, is much larger than that expected for plasmonic NP. Anomalous diffusion object-motion analysis (ADOMA) revealed that, in the more intense irradiation regime, the motion of the NP is a fractional Brownian motion, which is a simple generalization of Brownian motion where the steps are not independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Guernelli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Evangelos Bakalis
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | | | - Vasilis Petropoulos
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Marco Montalti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy.
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Mahalingavelar P, Kanvah S. α-Cyanostilbene: A Multifunctional Spectral Engineering Motif. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23049-23075. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02686d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable photophysical phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission offers excellent strategies to obtain the molecular materials possessing unique spectral signatures such as high fluorescence intensity, excellent quantum yield, large Stokes shift...
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Andreiuk B, Aparin IO, Reisch A, Klymchenko AS. Bulky Barbiturates as Non-Toxic Ionic Dye Insulators for Enhanced Emission in Polymeric Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2021; 27:12877-12883. [PMID: 34164869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bulky hydrophobic counterions (weakly coordinating anions) can insulate ionic dyes against aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and enable preparation of highly fluorescent dye-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) for bioimaging, biosensing and light harvesting. Here, we introduce a family of hydrophobic anions based on fluorinated C-acyl barbiturates with delocalized negative charge and bulky non-polar groups. Similarly to fluorinated tetraphenylborates, these barbiturates prevent ACQ of cationic dye alkyl rhodamine B inside polymer NPs made of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Their efficiency to prevent ACQ increases for analogues with higher acidity and bulkiness. Their structure controls dye-dye communication, yielding bright NPs with on/off switching or stable emission. They enhance dye encapsulation inside NPs, allowing intracellular imaging without dye leakage. Compared to fluorinated tetraphenylborates known as cytotoxic transmembrane ion transporters, the barbiturates display a significantly lower cytotoxicity. These chemically available and versatile barbiturate derivatives are promising counterion scaffolds for preparation of bright non-toxic fluorescent nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Andreiuk
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, ITI Chimie des Systèmes Complexes, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Ilya O Aparin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, ITI Chimie des Systèmes Complexes, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, ITI Chimie des Systèmes Complexes, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, ITI Chimie des Systèmes Complexes, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch, France
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