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Subasinghe SMS, Mankad NP. Lessons from recent theoretical treatments of Al-M bonds (M = Fe, Cu, Ag, Au) that capture CO 2. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39106074 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Complexes with Al-M bonds (M = transition metal) have emerged as platforms for discovering new reaction chemistry either through cooperative bond activation behaviour of the heterobinuclear unit or by modifying the properties of the M site through its interaction with the Al centre. Therefore, elucidating the nature of Al-M bonding is critical to advancing this research area and typically involves careful theoretical modelling. This Frontier article reviews selected recent case studies that included theoretical treatments of Al-M bonds, specifically highlighting complexes capable of cooperative CO2 activation and focusing on extracting lessons particular to the Al-M sub-field that will inform future studies with theoretical/computational components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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2
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Lachguar A, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Jeanneau E, Veyre L, Thieuleux C, Camp C. π-Bonding of Group 11 Metals to a Tantalum Alkylidyne Alkyl Complex Promotes Unusual Tautomerism to Bis-alkylidene and CO 2 to Ketenyl Transformation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18306-18319. [PMID: 38936814 PMCID: PMC11240581 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A salt metathesis synthetic strategy is used to access rare tantalum/coinage metal (Cu, Ag, Au) heterobimetallic complexes. Specifically, complex [Li(THF)2][Ta(CtBu)(CH2tBu)3], 1, reacts with (IPr)MCl (M = Cu, Ag, Au, IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) to afford the alkylidyne-bridged species [Ta(CH2tBu)3(μ-CtBu)M(IPr)] 2-M. Interestingly, π-bonding of group 11 metals to the Ta─C moiety promotes a rare alkylidyne alkyl to bis-alkylidene tautomerism, in which compounds 2-M are in equilibrium with [Ta(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)2(μ-CHtBu)M(IPr)] 3-M. This equilibrium was studied in detail using NMR spectroscopy and computational studies. This reveals that the equilibrium position is strongly dependent on the nature of the coinage metal going down the group 11 triad, thus offering a new valuable avenue for controlling this phenomenon. Furthermore, we show that these uncommon bimetallic couples could open attractive opportunities for synergistic reactivity. We notably report an uncommon deoxygenative carbyne transfer to CO2 resulting in rare examples of coinage metal ketenyl species, (tBuCCO)M(IPr), 4-M (M = Cu, Ag, Au). In the case of the Ta/Li analogue 1, the bis(alkylidene) tautomer is not detected, and the reaction with CO2 does not cleanly yield ketenyl species, which highlights the pivotal role played by the coinage metal partner in controlling these unconventional reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Lachguar
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M UMR 5128), CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon, Université de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M UMR 5128), CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M UMR 5128), CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M UMR 5128), CNRS, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE-Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69616, France
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3
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Griffin LP, Ellwanger MA, Crumpton AE, Roy MMD, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Mercury-Group 13 Metal Covalent Bonds: A Systematic Comparison of Aluminyl, Gallyl and Indyl Metallo-ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404527. [PMID: 38545953 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Bimetallic compounds containing direct metal-group 13 element bonds have been shown to display unprecedented patterns of cooperative reactivity towards small molecules, which can be influenced by the identity of the group 13 element. In this context, we present here a systematic appraisal of group 13 metallo-ligands of the type [(NON)E]- (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) for E=Al, Ga and In, through a comparison of structural and spectroscopic parameters associated with the trans L or X ligands in linear d10 complexes of the types LM{E(NON)} and XM'{E(NON)}. These studies are facilitated by convenient syntheses (from the In(I) precursor, InCp) of the potassium indyl species [{K(NON)In}⋅KCp]n (1) and [(18-crown-6)2K2Cp] [(NON)In] (1'), and lead to the first structural characterisation of Ag-In and Hg-E (E=Al, In) covalent bonds. The resulting structural, spectroscopic and quantum chemical probes of Ag/Hg complexes are consistent with markedly stronger σ-donor capabilities of the aluminyl ligand, [(NON)Al]-, over its gallium and indium counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Griffin LP, Ellwanger MA, Clark J, Myers WK, Roper AF, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Bis(Aluminyl)Magnesium: A Source of Nucleophilic or Radical Aluminium-Centred Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405053. [PMID: 38536728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The homoleptic magnesium bis(aluminyl) compound Mg[Al(NON)]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) can be accessed from K2[Al(NON)]2 and MgI2 and shown to possess a non-linear geometry (∠Al-Mg-Al=164.8(1)°) primarily due to the influence of dispersion interactions. This compound acts a four-electron reservoir in the reductive de-fluorination of SF6, and reacts thermally with polar substrates such as MeI via nucleophilic attack through aluminium, consistent with the QT-AIM charges calculated for the metal centres, and a formal description as a Al(I)-Mg(II)-Al(I) trimetallic. On the other hand, under photolytic activation, the reaction with 1,5-cyclooctadiene leads to the stereo-selective generation of transannular cycloaddition products consistent with radical based chemistry, emphasizing the covalent nature of the Mg-Al bonds and a description as a Al(II)-Mg(0)-Al(II) synthon. Consistently, photolysis of Mg[Al(NON)]2 in hexane in the absence of COD generates [Al(NON)]2 together with magnesium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jonathon Clark
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - William K Myers
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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5
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Pearce KG, Morris LJ, Robinson TP, Johnson AL, Mahon MF, Hill MS. From alkaline earth to coinage metal carboranyls. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6653-6659. [PMID: 38525661 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00478g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The β-diketiminato calcium and magnesium complexes, [(BDI)MgnBu] and [(BDI)CaH]2 (BDI = HC{C(Me)NDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl), react with ortho-carborane (o-C2B10H12) to provide the respective [(BDI)Ae(o-C2B10H11)] (Ae = Mg or Ca) complexes. While the lighter group 2 species is a monomer with magnesium in a distorted trigonal planar environment, the heavier analogue displays a puckered geometry at calcium in the solid state due to Ca⋯H-B intermolecular interactions. These secondary contacts are, however, readily disrupted upon addition of THF to provide the 4-coordinate monomer, [(BDI)Ca(THF)(o-C2B10H11)]. [(BDI)Mg(o-C2B10H11)] was reacted with [NHCIPrMCl] (NHCIPr = 1,3-bis(isopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene; M = Cu, Ag, Au) to provide [NHCIPrM(o-C2B10H11)], rare C-bonded examples of coinage metal derivatives of unsubstituted (o-C2B10H11)- and confirming the alkaline earth compounds as viable reagents for the transmetalation of the carboranyl anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Louis J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Thomas P Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Feng G, Chan KL, Lin Z, Yamashita M. Alumanyl-Samarium(II): Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7204-7209. [PMID: 38505938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Metal-metal bonded species involving lanthanides are intriguing but rare. The recently reported salt metathesis reaction of an Al anion and SmI2(thf)2 yields novel heterometallic compound possessing two distinctive Al-Sm bonds. Although the Al-Sm bonds were considerably long [3.518(1) and 3.543(1) Å], DFT calculations indicated polar character of the Alδ--Smδ+ bonds. This is the first example of lanthanide species containing X-type Al ligands. Reactivity studies have demonstrated that the introduction of Sm(II) produces unique reactivity. The reaction with carbodiimide led to an insertion of carbodiimide into the Al-Sm bonds and reductive coupling of carbodiimide to create an oxalamidinate moiety, facilitated by Sm(II). Exposure of the Al-Sm-Al complex toward ethylene furnished a Sm(II) salt of anionic aluminacyclopropane that was spontaneously isomerized to a 1,4-dialuminacyclohexane derivative. The important role of Sm(II) to facilitate the ring expansion through an alkyl-relay mechanism was elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genfeng Feng
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ka Lok Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
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Dankert F, Hevia E. Synthesis and Modular Reactivity of Low Valent Al/Zn Heterobimetallics Supported by Common Monodentate Amides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304336. [PMID: 38189633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances on low valent main group metal chemistry have shown the excellent potential of heterobimetallic complexes derived from Al(I) to promote cooperative small molecule activation processes. A signature feature of these complexes is the use of bulky chelating ligands which act as spectators providing kinetic stabilization to their highly reactive Al-M bonds. Here we report the synthesis of novel Al/Zn bimetallics prepared by the selective formal insertion of AlCp* into the Zn-N bond of the utility zinc amides ZnR2 (R=HMDS, hexamethyldisilazide; or TMP, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide). By systematically assessing the reactivity of the new [(R)(Cp*)AlZn(R)] bimetallics towards carbodiimides, structural and mechanistic insights have been gained on their ability to undergo insertion in their Zn-Al bond. Disclosing a ligand effect, when R=TMP, an isomerization process can be induced giving [(TMP)2AlZn(Cp*)] which displays a special reactivity towards carbodiimides and carbon dioxide involving both its Al-N bonds, leaving its Al-Zn bond untouched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestraße 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Freiestraße 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Cooperative small molecule activation by apolar and weakly polar bonds through the lens of a suitable computational protocol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1222-1238. [PMID: 38126734 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05614g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule activation processes are central in chemical research and cooperativity is a valuable tool for the fine-tuning of the efficiency of these reactions. In this contribution, we discuss recent and remarkable examples in which activation processes are mediated by bimetallic compounds featuring apolar or weakly polar metal-metal bonds. Relevant experimental breakthroughs are thoroughly analyzed from a computational perspective. We highlight how the rational and non-trivial application of selected computational approaches not only allows rationalization of the observed reactivities but also inferring of general principles applicable to activation processes, such as the breakdown of the structure-reactivity relationship in carbon dioxide activation in a cooperative framework. We finally provide a simple yet unbiased computational protocol to study these reactions, which can support experimental advances aimed at expanding the range of applications of apolar and weakly polar bonds as catalysts for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Pérez-Jiménez M, Corona H, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Campos J. Donor-Acceptor Activation of Carbon Dioxide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301428. [PMID: 37494303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The activation and functionalization of carbon dioxide entails great interest related to its abundance, low toxicity and associated environmental problems. However, the inertness of CO2 has posed a challenge towards its efficient conversion to added-value products. In this review we discuss one of the strategies that have been widely used to capture and activate carbon dioxide, namely the use of donor-acceptor interactions by partnering a Lewis acidic and a Lewis basic fragment. This type of CO2 activation resembles that found in metalloenzymes, whose outstanding performance in catalytically transforming carbon dioxide encourages further bioinspired research. We have divided this review into three general sections based on the nature of the active sites: metal-free examples (mainly formed by frustrated Lewis pairs), main group-transition metal combinations, and transition metal heterobimetallic complexes. Overall, we discuss one hundred compounds that cooperatively activate carbon dioxide by donor-acceptor interactions, revealing a wide range of structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pérez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Helena Corona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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10
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Fernández S, Fernando S, Planas O. Cooperation towards nobility: equipping first-row transition metals with an aluminium sword. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14259-14286. [PMID: 37740303 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02722h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The exploration for noble metals substitutes in catalysis has become a highly active area of research, driven by the pursuit of sustainable chemical processes. Although the utilization of base metals holds great potential as an alternative, their successful implementation in predictable catalytic processes necessitates the development of appropriate ligands. Such ligands must be capable of controlling their intricate redox chemistry and promote two-electron events, thus mimicking well-established organometallic processes in noble metal catalysis. While numerous approaches for infusing nobility to base metals have been explored, metal-ligand cooperation has garnered significant attention in recent years. Within this context, aluminium-based ligands offer interesting features to fine-tune the activity of metal centres, but their application in base metal catalysis remains largely unexplored. This perspective seeks to highlight the most recent breakthroughs in the reactivity of heterobimetallic aluminium-base-metal complexes, while also showcasing their potential to develop novel and predictable catalytic transformations. By turning the spotlight on such heterobimetallic species, we aim to inspire chemists to explore aluminium-base-metal species and expand the range of their applications as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fernández
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Selwin Fernando
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Oriol Planas
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Liu HY, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Schwamm RJ. Seven-Membered Cyclic Diamidoalumanyls of Heavier Alkali Metals: Structures and C-H Activation of Arenes. Organometallics 2023; 42:2881-2892. [PMID: 37829511 PMCID: PMC10565898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Like the previously reported potassium-based system, rubidium and cesium reduction of [{SiNDipp}AlI] ({SiNDipp} = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2) with the heavier alkali metals [M = Rb and Cs] provides dimeric group 1 alumanyl derivatives, [{SiNDipp}AlM]2. In contrast, similar treatment with sodium results in over-reduction and incorporation of a formal equivalent of [{SiNDipp}Na2] into the resultant sodium alumanyl species. The dimeric K, Rb, and Cs compounds display a variable efficacy toward the C-H oxidative addition of arene C-H bonds at elevated temperatures (Cs > Rb > K, 110 °C) to yield (hydrido)(organo)aluminate species. Consistent with the synthetic experimental observations, computational (DFT) assessment of the benzene C-H activation indicates that rate-determining attack of the Al(I) nucleophile within the dimeric species is facilitated by π-engagement of the arene with the electrophilic M+ cation, which becomes increasingly favorable as group 1 is descended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Claire L. McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ryan J. Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Bath, Claverton
Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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Liu HY, Mahon MF, Hill MS. Aluminum-Boron Bond Formation by Boron Ester Oxidative Addition at an Alumanyl Anion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15310-15319. [PMID: 37672789 PMCID: PMC10521018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The potassium diamidoalumanyl, [K{Al(SiNDipp)}]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2), reacts with the terminal B-O bonds of pinacolato boron esters, ROBpin (R = Me, i-Pr), and B(OMe)3 to provide potsassium (alkoxy)borylaluminate derivatives, [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OR)(Bpin)}]n (R = Me, n = 2; R = i-Pr, n = ∞) and [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(B(OMe)2)}]∞, comprising Al-B σ bonds. An initial assay of the reactivity of these species with the heteroallene molecules, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide and CO2, highlights the kinetic inaccessibility of their Al-B bonds; only decomposition at high temperature is observed with the carbodiimide, whereas CO2 preferentially inserts into the Al-O bond of [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(Bpin)}]2 to provide a dimeric methyl carbonate species. Treatment of the acyclic dimethoxyboryl species, however, successfully liberates a terminal alumaboronic ester featuring trigonal N2Al-BO2 coordination environments at both boron and aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
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13
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Coles MP. Controlled reductive C-C coupling of isocyanides promoted by an aluminyl anion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6278-6288. [PMID: 37325153 PMCID: PMC10266456 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the reaction of the potassium aluminyl, K[Al(NON)] ([NON]2- = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) with a series of isocyanide substrates (R-NC). In the case of tBu-NC, degradation of the isocyanide was observed generating an isomeric mixture of the corresponding aluminium cyanido-κC and -κN compounds, K[Al(NON)(H)(CN)]/K[Al(NON)(H)(NC)]. The reaction with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (Dmp-NC), gave a C3-homologation product, which in addition to C-C bond formation showed dearomatisation of one of the aromatic substituents. In contrast, using adamantyl isocyanide Ad-NC allowed both the C2- and C3-homologation products to be isolated, allowing a degree of control to be exercised over the chain growth process. These data also show that the reaction proceeds through a stepwise addition, supported in this study by the synthesis of the mixed [(Ad-NC)2(Dmp-NC)]2- product. Computational analysis of the bonding within the homologised products confirm a high degree of multiple bond character in the exocyclic ketenimine units of the C2- and C3-products. In addition, the mechanism of chain growth was investigated, identifying different possible pathways leading to the observed products, and highlighting the importance of the potassium cation in formation of the initial C2-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P. O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P. O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P. O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
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14
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Liu HY, Neale SE, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL. Structural snapshots of an Al-Cu bond-mediated transformation of terminal acetylenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2866-2876. [PMID: 36937577 PMCID: PMC10016343 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00240c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The copper(i) alumanyl derivative, [{SiNDipp}Al-Cu(NHCiPr)] (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl; NHCiPr = N,N'-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-ylidene), reacts in a stepwise fashion with up to three equivalents of various terminal alkynes. This reactivity results in the sequential formation of cuprous (hydrido)(alkynyl)aluminate, (alkenyl)(alkynyl)aluminate and bis(alkynyl)aluminate derivatives, examples of which have been fully characterised. The process of alkene liberation resulting from the latter reaction step constitutes a unique case of alkyne transfer semi-hydrogenation in which the C-H acidic alkyne itself acts as a source of proton, with the Cu-Al bond providing the requisite electrons to effect reduction. This reaction sequence is validated by DFT calculations, which rationalise the variable stability of the initially formed heterobimetallic hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY UK
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15
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Xu H, Kostenko A, Weetman C, Fujimori S, Inoue S. An Aluminum Telluride with a Terminal Al=Te Bond and its Conversion to an Aluminum Tellurocarbonate by CO 2 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216021. [PMID: 36634258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Facile access to dimeric heavier aluminum chalcogenides [(NHC)Al(Tipp)-μ-Ch]2 (NHC=IiPr (1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene, IMe4 (1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene); Tipp=2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H2 ; Ch=Se, Te) by treatment of NHC-stabilized aluminum dihydrides with elemental Se and Te is reported. The higher affinity of IMe4 in comparison with IiPr toward the Al center in [(NHC)Al(Tipp)-μ-Ch]2 can be used for ligand exchange. Additionally, the presence of excess IMe4 allows for cleavage of the dimers to form a rare example of a neutral multiply bonded heavier aluminum chalcogenide in the form of a tetracoordinate aluminum complex, (IMe4 )2 (Tipp)Al=Te. This species reacts with three equivalents of CO2 across two Al-CNHC and the Al=Te bond affording a pentacoordinate aluminum complex containing a dianionic tellurocarbonate ligand [CO2 Te]2- , which is the first example of tellurium analogue of a carbonate [CO3 ]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Catherine Weetman
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland, UK
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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16
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Boronski JT, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Ellwanger MA, Crumpton AE, Hicks J, Bekiş DF, Aldridge S, Buchner MR. Inducing Nucleophilic Reactivity at Beryllium with an Aluminyl Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4408-4413. [PMID: 36786728 PMCID: PMC9983009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of anionic aluminium or gallium nucleophiles {K[E(NON)]}2 (E = Al, 1; Ga, 2; NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-ditert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) with beryllocene (BeCp2) led to the displacement of one cyclopentadienyl ligand at beryllium and the formation of compounds containing Be-Al or Be-Ga bonds (NON)EBeCp (E = Al, 3; Ga, 4). The Be-Al bond in the beryllium-aluminyl complex [2.310(4) Å] is much shorter than that found in the small number of previous examples [2.368(2) to 2.432(6) Å], and quantum chemical calculations suggest the existence of a non-nuclear attractor (NNA) for the Be-Al interaction. This represents the first example of a NNA for a heteroatomic interaction in an isolated molecular complex. As a result of this unusual electronic structure and the similarity in the Pauling electronegativities of beryllium and aluminium, the charge at the beryllium center (+1.39) in 3 is calculated to be less positive than that of the aluminium center (+1.88). This calculated charge distribution suggests the possibility for nucleophilic behavior at beryllium and correlates with the observed reactivity of the beryllium-aluminyl complex with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide─the electrophilic carbon center of the carbodiimide undergoes nucleophilic attack by beryllium, thereby yielding a beryllium-diaminocarbene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T. Boronski
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;,
| | | | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Deniz F. Bekiş
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;,
| | - Magnus R. Buchner
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany,
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17
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García-de-Jesus OJ, Mondragón-Díaz A, Donnadieu B, Muñoz-Hernández MÁ. Tuning of Cu-Al Interactions in Complexes Derived from Tris(pyridonyl-6-methyl)aluminum Metalloligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2518-2529. [PMID: 36706381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of bioinspired polar atrane Cu-Al complexes were studied with a combined experimental and computational approach to assess the range and nature of Cu-Al interactions in these novel species. The aluminum metalloligand [Na{Me2Al(OPy-6-Me)2}] (2) was furnished in excellent yield (92%) from the nucleophilic attack of Na(OPy-6-Me) to AlMe3 and the subsequent alkane elimination reaction with 6-methyl-2-hydroxypyridine. At the same time, the metalloligand [Al(OPy-6-Me)3] (3) was isolated in an also excellent yield (95%) via alkane elimination of AlMe3 with 6-methyl-2-hydroxypyridine. The zwitterionic Cu-Al atranes [Cu{MeAl(OPy-6-Me)3}] (5Me) and [Cu{MesAl(OPy-6-Me)3}] (5Mes) were isolated (73 and 97% yields) from metalloligands 2 and 3, respectively. [(Cu{Al(OPy-6-Me)4})2(μ-Cu)]+ ([6+][B(ArCF3)4]) was isolated via a reaction that involves alkane elimination and redistribution reacting from 5Me with [H(OEt2)2][B(ArCF3)4] in benzene solution. Alkane elimination in benzene of either 5Me or 5Mes with [HNEt3][B(ArCF3)4] renders [Cu{(Et3N)Al(OPy-6-Me)3}]+ (Et3N-5+). The Lewis base-free cationic complex [Cu{Al(OPy-6-Me)3}]+ (5+) was isolated in 68% yield upon reacting 3 with [Cu(COD)2][B(ArCF3)4] in benzene. Metalloligands and complexes were fully characterized with an array of spectroscopic and analytical techniques that include multinuclear NMR, ATR-IR, ESI-spectrometry, combustion microanalysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and, whenever feasible, SCXRD. X-ray and DFT parameters indicate that the strength of the Cu→Al transannular interaction follows the trend 5+ > Et3N-5+ > [6+][B(ArCF3)4], 5Me, and 5Mes in a smooth transition from zwitterionic species where the Cu-Al interaction is nonexistent to moderate Cu-Al Z-type interactions. CV, in conjunction with DFT calculations of Et3N-5+ and 5+, hint at the generation in the electrochemical cell of the radical species 5rad at -1.82 V and the anionic complex 5- at -2.32 V vs Fc/Fc+, respectively. The proposed species 5rad exhibits 2-center/1-electron (2c/1e) σ bonding whereas 5- a 2-center/2-electron (2c/2e) bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar J García-de-Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Alexander Mondragón-Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Miguel-Ángel Muñoz-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 9573, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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18
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Abstract
The chemistry of low valent p-block metal complexes continues to elicit interest in the research community, demonstrating reactivity that replicates and in some cases exceeds that of their more widely studied d-block metal counterparts. The introduction of the first aluminyl anion, a complex containing a formally anionic Al(I) centre charge balanced by an alkali metal (AM) cation, has established a platform for a new area of chemical research. The chemistry displayed by aluminyl compounds is expanding rapidly, with examples of reactivity towards a diverse range of small molecules and functional groups now reported in the literature. Herein we present an account of the structure and reactivity of the growing family of aluminyl compounds. In this context we examine the structural relationships between the aluminyl anion and the AM cations, which now include examples of AM = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. We report on the ability of these compounds to engage in bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions, which is leading towards their application as useful reagents in chemical synthesis. Furthermore we discuss the chemistry of bimetallic complexes containing direct Al-M bonds (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn) and compounds with Al-E multiple bonds (E = NR, CR2, O, S, Se, Te), where both classes of compound are derived directly from aluminyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical of Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Mechanistic Study of Alkyne Insertion into Cu-Al and Au-Al Bonds: A Paradigm Shift for Coinage Metal Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:21095-21106. [PMID: 36493466 PMCID: PMC9795551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism of the insertion reaction of 3-hexyne into Cu-Al and Au-Al bonds in M-aluminyl (M = Cu, Au) complexes is computationally elucidated. The mechanism is found to be radical-like, with the Cu-Al and Au-Al bonds acting as nucleophiles toward the alkyne, and predicts a less efficient reactivity for the gold-aluminyl complex. The proposed mechanism well rationalizes the kinetic (or thermodynamic) control on the formation of the syn (or anti) insertion product into the Cu-Al bond (i.e., dimetallated alkene) which has been recently reported. A comparative analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the reduced reactivity at the gold site─usually showing higher efficiency than copper as a "standard" electrophile in alkyne activation─arises from a common feature, i.e., the highly stable 6s Au orbital. The relativistic lowering of the 6s orbital, making it more suitable for accepting electron density and thus enhancing the electrophilicity of gold complexes, in the gold-aluminyl system is responsible for a less nucleophilic Au-Al bond and, consequently, a less efficient alkyne insertion. These findings demonstrate that the unconventional electronic structure and the electron-sharing nature of the M-Al bond induce a paradigm shift in the properties of coinage metal complexes. In particular, the peculiar radical-like reactivity, previously shown also with carbon dioxide, suggests that these complexes might efficiently insert/activate other small molecules, opening new and unexplored paths for their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ″Giulio Natta″
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8-06123 Perugia, Italy,
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20
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Feng G, Chan KL, Lin Z, Yamashita M. Al-Sc Bonded Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reaction with Benzene in the Presence of Alkyl Halide. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22662-22668. [PMID: 36469934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
An alumanyl anion possessing N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-propanediamine ligand was synthesized and characterized. Transmetalation of this Al anion with diaminoscandium chloride precursors afforded the corresponding Al-Sc complexes possessing an unprecedented Al-Sc bond. The Al-Sc[N(SiMe3)2] complex underwent intramolecular C-H cleavage to form a bridged dinuclear complex with μ-hydrido and μ-methylene ligands. The Al-Sc(NiPr2)2 complex reacted with benzene in the presence of alkyl bromide to furnish a 1,4-dialuminated cyclohexadiene product with a concomitant formation of the alkyl-alkyl coupled product. Although the latter product seems to form through the radical mechanism, DFT calculations revealed an ionic mechanism involving bimetallic reaction pathways to react with alkyl bromide and benzene, which provides new insight into the chemistry of metal-metal bonded compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genfeng Feng
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ka Lok Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan
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21
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Corona H, Pérez-Jiménez M, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Fernández I, Campos J. Divergent CO 2 Activation by Tuning the Lewis Acid in Iron-Based Bimetallic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207581. [PMID: 35930523 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic motifs mediate the selective activation and functionalization of CO2 in metalloenzymes and some recent synthetic systems. In this work, we build on the nascent concept of bimetallic frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to investigate the activation and reduction of CO2 . Using the Fe0 fragment [(depe)2 Fe] (depe=1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane) as base, we modify the nature of the partner Lewis acid to accomplish a divergent and highly chemoselective reactivity towards CO2 . [Au(PMe2 Ar)]+ irreversibly dissociates CO2 , Zn(C6 F5 )2 and B(C6 F5 )3 yield different CO2 adducts stabilized by push-pull interactions, while Al(C6 F5 )3 leads to a rare heterobimetallic C-O bond cleavage, and thus to contrasting reduced products after exposure to dihydrogen. Computational investigations provide a rationale for the divergent reactivity, while Energy Decomposition Analysis-Natural Orbital for Chemical Valence (EDA-NOCV) method substantiates the heterobimetallic bonding situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Corona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Pérez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Felipe de la Cruz-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Evans MJ, Iliffe GH, Neale SE, McMullin CL, Fulton JR, Anker MD, Coles MP. Isolating elusive 'Al(μ-O)M' intermediates in CO 2 reduction by bimetallic Al-M complexes (M = Zn, Mg). Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10091-10094. [PMID: 35997148 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of compounds containing Al-Mg and Al-Zn bonds with N2O enabled isolation of the corresponding Al(μ-O)M complexes. Electronic structure analysis identified largely ionic Al-O and O-M bonds, featuring an anionic μ-oxo centre. Reaction with CO2 confirmed that these species correspond to the proposed intermediates in the formation of μ-carbonate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - George H Iliffe
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | | | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
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23
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Corona H, Perez-Jimenez M, de la Cruz-Martínez F, Fernández I, Campos J. Divergent CO2 Activation by Tuning the Lewis Acid in Iron‐Based Bimetallic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Corona
- CSIC: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas IIQ SPAIN
| | | | | | - Israel Fernández
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas SPAIN
| | - Jesus Campos
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Institute of Chemical Research Av. Americo Vespucio 49, Isla de la 41092 Sevilla SPAIN
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24
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Ayyappan R, Abdalghani I, Da Costa RC, Owen GR. Recent developments on the transformation of CO 2 utilising ligand cooperation and related strategies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11582-11611. [PMID: 35839074 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01609e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A portfolio of value-added chemicals, fuels and building block compounds can be envisioned from CO2 on an industrial scale. The high kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of CO2, however, present a significant barrier to its utilisation as a C1 source. In this context, metal-ligand cooperation methodologies have emerged as one of the most dominant strategies for the transformation of the CO2 molecule over the last decade or so. This review focuses on the advancements in CO2 transformation using these cooperative methodologies. Different and well-studied ligand cooperation methodologies, such as dearomatisation-aromatisation type cooperation, bimetallic cooperation (M⋯M'; M' = main group or transition metal) and other related strategies are also discussed. Furthermore, the cooperative bond activations are subdivided based on the number of atoms connecting the reactive centre in the ligand framework (spacer/linker length) and the transition metal. Several similarities across these seemingly distinct cooperative methodologies are emphasised. Finally, this review brings out the challenges ahead in developing catalytic systems from these CO2 transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Ayyappan
- School of Applied Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, CF37 4AT, UK.
| | - Issam Abdalghani
- School of Applied Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, CF37 4AT, UK.
| | | | - Gareth R Owen
- School of Applied Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, CF37 4AT, UK.
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25
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Guo X, Yang T, Zhang Y, Sheong FK, Lin Z. Reactivity of Unsupported Transition Metal-Aluminyl Complexes: A Nucleophilic TM-Al Bond. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10255-10262. [PMID: 35708242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite the long history of research in transition metal (TM) complexes, the study of TM-aluminyl complexes is still in its early stage of development. It is expected that the presence of an electropositive Al donor atom would open up new possibilities in TM complex reactivity, and indeed TM-aluminyl has shown an early sign of success in small-molecule activation. On the other hand, the existing reports on TM-aluminyl reactivity are often explained to readers with different understanding on individual cases, and a general picture of TM-aluminyl reactivity is still not available. In this work, we have attempted to provide a systematic picture to explain some early explorations in this field, specifically a series of recently reported heteroallene insertion reactions involving unsupported TM-aluminyl complexes. Through density functional theory calculations of a number of TM-aluminyl complexes, covering both Au and Cu centers, we found that their reactivity against heteroallenes (including CO2 and carbodiimides) is mostly based on the strong nucleophilicity of the TM-Al σ-bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tilong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fu Kit Sheong
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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26
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Sorbelli D, Rossi E, Havenith RWA, Klein JEMN, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Gold-Aluminyl and Gold-Diarylboryl Complexes: Bonding and Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7327-7337. [PMID: 35512414 PMCID: PMC9115750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The unconventional
carbon dioxide insertion reaction of a gold-aluminyl
[tBu3PAuAl(NON)] complex has been recently shown
to be related to the electron-sharing character of the Au–Al
bond that acts as a nucleophile and stabilizes the insertion product
through a radical-like behavior. Since a gold-diarylboryl [IPrAuB(o-tol)2] complex with similar reactivity features
has been recently reported, in this work we computationally investigate
the reaction of carbon dioxide with [LAuX] (L = phosphine, N-heterocyclic
carbene (NHC); X = Al(NON), B(o-tol)2)
complexes to get insights into the Al/B anionic and gold ancillary
ligand effects on the Au–Al/B bond nature, electronic structure,
and reactivity of these compounds. We demonstrate that the Au–Al
and Au–B bonds possess a similar electron-sharing nature, with
diarylboryl complexes displaying a slightly more polarized bond as
Au(δ+)–B(δ–). This
feature reduces the radical-like reactivity toward CO2,
and the Al/B anionic ligand effect is found to favor aluminyls over
boryls, despite the greater oxophilicity of B. Remarkably, the ancillary
ligand of gold has a negligible electronic trans effect on the Au–X
bond and only a minor impact on the formation of the insertion product,
which is slightly more stable with carbene ligands. Surprisingly,
we find that the modification of the steric hindrance at the carbene
site may exert a sizable control over the reaction, with more sterically
hindered ligands thermodynamically disfavoring the formation of the
CO2 insertion product. The Au−Al and Au−B
bonds have both an electron-sharing
nature, with the diarylboryl gold complexes displaying a more polarized
Auδ+−Bδ− bond. The
gold ligand (phosphine or N-heterocyclic carbene) has a negligible
electronic effect on the Au−X bond, consistently with a radical-like
reactivity of the complexes with carbon dioxide, which favors the
gold-aluminyl over the gold-diarylboryl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Remco W A Havenith
- Chemistry of (bio)Molecular Materials and Devices, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.,Ghent Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,CNR Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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27
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Sinhababu S, Lakliang Y, Mankad NP. Recent advances in cooperative activation of CO 2 and N 2O by bimetallic coordination complexes or binuclear reaction pathways. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6129-6147. [PMID: 35355033 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00210h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gaseous small molecules, CO2 and N2O, play important roles in climate change and ozone layer depletion, and they hold promise as underutilized reagents and chemical feedstocks. However, productive transformations of these heteroallenes are difficult to achieve because of their inertness. In nature, these gases are cycled through ecological systems by metalloenzymes featuring multimetallic active sites that employ cooperative mechanisms. Thus, cooperative bimetallic chemistry is an important strategy for synthetic systems, as well. In this Perspective, recent advances (since 2010) in cooperative activation of CO2 and N2O are reviewed, including examples involving s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block metals and different combinations thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Yutthana Lakliang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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28
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Caise A, Griffin LP, McManus C, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Reversible Uptake of CO
2
by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117496. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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29
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Liu HY, Neale SE, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL. On the reactivity of Al-group 11 (Cu, Ag, Au) bonds. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3913-3924. [PMID: 35169824 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00404f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the seven-membered heterocyclic potassium diamidoalumanyl, [K{Al(SiNDipp)}]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-di-isopropylphenyl), with a variety of Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) chloride N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) adducts are described. The resultant group 11-Al bonded derivatives have been characterised in solution by NMR spectroscopy and, in the case of [{SiNDipp}Al-Au(NHCiPr)] (NHCiPr = N,N'-di-isopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-ylidene), by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Although similar reactions of LAgCl and LAuCl, where L is a more basic cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC), generally resulted in reduction of the group 11 cations to the base metals, X-ray analysis of [(CyCAAC)AgAl(SiNDipp)] (CyCAAC = 2-[2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-2-azaspiro[4.5]dec-1-ylidene) provides the first solid-state authentication of an Ag-Al σ bond. The reactivity of the NHC-supported Cu, Ag and Au alumanyl derivatives was assayed with the isoelectronic unsaturated small molecules, N,N'-di-isopropylcarbodiimide and CO2. While these reactions generally provided products consistent with nucleophilic attack of the group 11 atom at the electrophilic heteroallene carbon centre, treatment of the NHC-supported copper and silver alumanyls with N,N'-di-isopropylcarbodiimide yielded less symmetric Cu-C and Ag-C-bonded isomers. In contrast to the previously described copper and silver alumanyl derivatives, [(NON)Al(O2C)M(Pt-Bu3)] (M = Cu or Ag; NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-di-isopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene), which were prone to facile CO extrusion and formation of carbonate derivatives, the NHC-supported dioxocarbene species, [(NHCiPr)M(CO2)Al(SiNDipp)] (M = Cu, Ag, Au), are all stable at room and moderately elevated temperatures. The stabilising role of the NHC co-ligand was, thus, assessed by preparation of the t-Bu3P adducted copper-alumanyl, [(t-Bu3P)CuAl(SiNDipp)]. Treatment of this latter compound, which was also structurally characterised by X-ray analysis, with both N,N'-di-isopropylcarbodiimide and CO2 again provided smooth heteroallene insertion and formation of the relevant Cu-C-bonded products. Although both compounds were quite stable at room temperature, heating of [(t-Bu3P)Cu(CO2)Al(SiNDipp)] at 60 °C induced elimination of CO and formation of the analogous carbonate, [(t-Bu3P)Cu(OCO2)Al(SiNDipp)], which was identified by 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Reflective of the more reliable nucleophilic behaviour of the gold centres in these group 11 alumanyls, computational (QTAIM and NBO) analysis highlighted a lower level of covalency of the Al-Au linkage in comparison to the analogous Al-Cu and Al-Ag interactions. Although substitution of the co-ligand significantly perturbs the charge distribution across the Cu-Al bond of [LCuAl(SiNDipp)] (L = NHCiPr or t-Bu3P), only a negligible difference is observed between the phosphine-coordinated copper systems derived from either the [SiNDipp]- or (NON)-based alumanyl ligands. Computational mapping of the reaction profiles arising from treatment of the various group 11 alumanyls with N,N'-di-isopropylcarbodiimide indicates that the observed formation of the Cu-N and Ag-N bound isomers do not provide the thermodynamic reaction outcome. In contrast, examination of the CO2-derived reactions, and their potential toward CO extrusion and subsequent carbonate formation, implies that the identity of the co-ligand exerts a greater influence on this aspect of reactivity than the architecture of the diamidoalumanyl anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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30
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Sinhababu S, Radzhabov MR, Telser J, Mankad NP. Cooperative Activation of CO 2 and Epoxide by a Heterobinuclear Al-Fe Complex via Radical Pair Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3210-3221. [PMID: 35157448 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of inert molecules like CO2 is often mediated by cooperative chemistry between two reactive sites within a catalytic assembly, the most common form of which is Lewis acid/base bifunctionality observed in both natural metalloenzymes and synthetic systems. Here, we disclose a heterobinuclear complex with an Al-Fe bond that instead activates CO2 and other substrates through cooperative behavior of two radical intermediates. The complex Ldipp(Me)AlFp (2, Ldipp = HC{(CMe)(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)}2, Fp = FeCp(CO)2, Cp = η5-C5H5) was found to insert CO2 and cyclohexene oxide, producing LdippAl(Me)(μ:κ2-O2C)Fp (3) and LdippAl(Me)(μ-OC6H10)Fp (4), respectively. Detailed mechanistic studies indicate unusual pathways in which (i) the Al-Fe bond dissociates homolytically to generate formally AlII and FeI metalloradicals, then (ii) the metalloradicals add to substrate in a pairwise fashion initiated by O-coordination to Al. The accessibility of this unusual mechanism is aided, in part, by the redox noninnocent nature of Ldipp that stabilizes the formally AlII intermediates, instead giving them predominantly AlIII-like physical character. The redox noninnocent nature of the radical intermediates was elucidated through direct observation of LdippAl(Me)(OCPh2) (22), a metalloradical species generated by addition of benzophenone to 2. Complex 22 was characterized by X-band EPR, Q-band EPR, and ENDOR spectroscopies as well as computational modeling. The "radical pair" pathway represents an unprecedented mechanism for CO2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Maxim R Radzhabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois 60605, United States
| | - Neal P Mankad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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31
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Caise A, Griffin LP, McManus C, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Reversible Uptake of CO2 by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- University of Oxford Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Simon Aldridge
- University of Oxford Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks Road SN77RR Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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32
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Escomel L, Soulé N, Robin E, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Jeanneau E, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Rational Preparation of Well-Defined Multinuclear Iridium–Aluminum Polyhydride Clusters and Comparative Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5715-5730. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Naïme Soulé
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Robin
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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33
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. What Singles out Aluminyl Anions? A Comparative Computational Study of the Carbon Dioxide Insertion Reaction in Gold-Aluminyl, -Gallyl, and -Indyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1704-1716. [PMID: 34986633 PMCID: PMC8790757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anionic aluminum(I) anions ("aluminyls") are the most recent discovery along Group 13 anions, and the understanding of the unconventional reactivity they are able to induce at a coordinated metal site is at an early stage. A striking example is the efficient insertion of carbon dioxide into the Au-Al bond of a gold-aluminyl complex. The reaction occurs via a cooperative mechanism, with the gold-aluminum bond being the actual nucleophile and the Al site also behaving as an electrophile. In the complex, the Au-Al bond has been shown to be mainly of an electron-sharing nature, with the two metal fragments displaying a diradical-like reactivity with CO2. In this work, the analogous reactivity with isostructural Au-X complexes (X = Al, Ga, and In) is computationally explored. We demonstrate that a kinetically and thermodynamically favorable reactivity with CO2 may only be expected for the gold-aluminyl complex. The Au-Al bond nature, which features the most (nonpolar) electron-sharing character among the Group 13 anions analyzed here, is responsible for its highest efficiency. The radical-like reactivity appears to be a key ingredient to stabilize the CO2 insertion product. This investigation elucidates the special role of Al in these hetero-binuclear compounds, providing new insights into the peculiar electronic structure of aluminyls, which may help for the rational control of their unprecedented reactivity toward carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNR
Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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34
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McManus C, Crumpton A, Aldridge S. Alkyne insertion into Cu-Al bonds and selective functionalization to form copper acyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8274-8277. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02578g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the insertion of alkynes into heterometallic M–M' bonds, producing (aluminylalkenyl)copper compounds which possess differential reactivity at the two derived M–C functions. Uniquely, this system is capable of...
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35
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Zhang X, Liu LL. A Free Aluminylene with Diverse σ‐Donating and Doubly σ/π‐Accepting Ligand Features for Transition Metals**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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36
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Zhang X, Liu LL. A Free Aluminylene with Diverse σ-Donating and Doubly σ/π-Accepting Ligand Features for Transition Metals*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27062-27069. [PMID: 34614275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis, characterization, and coordination chemistry of a free N-aluminylene, namely a carbazolylaluminylene 2 b. This species is prepared via a reduction reaction of the corresponding carbazolyl aluminium diiodide. The coordination behavior of 2 b towards transition metal centers (W, Cr) is shown to afford a series of novel aluminylene complexes 3-6 with diverse coordination modes. We demonstrate that the tri-active ambiphilic Al center in 2 b can behave as: 1. a σ-donating and doubly π-accepting ligand; 2. a σ-donating, σ-accepting and π-accepting ligand; and 3. a σ-donating and doubly σ-accepting ligand. Additionally, we show ligand exchange at the aluminylene center providing access to the modulation of electronic properties of transition metals without changing the coordinated atoms. Investigations of 2 b with IDippCuCl (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) show an unprecedented aluminylene-alumanyl transformation leading to a rare terminal Cu-alumanyl complex 8. The electronic structures of such complexes and the mechanism of the aluminylene-alumanyl transformation are investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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37
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Schwamm RJ, Hill MS, Liu HY, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Rajabi NA. Seven-Membered Cyclic Potassium Diamidoalumanyls. Chemistry 2021; 27:14971-14980. [PMID: 34403562 PMCID: PMC8596455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The seven-membered cyclic potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNMes }AlK]2 [{SiNMes }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Mes)}2 ; Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ], which adopts a dimeric structure supported by flanking K-aryl interactions, has been isolated either by direct reduction of the iodide precursor, [{SiNMes }AlI], or in a stepwise manner via the intermediate dialumane, [{SiNMes }Al]2 . Although the intermediate dialumane has not been observed by reduction of a Dipp-substituted analogue (Dipp=2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 ), partial oxidation of the potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , where {SiNDipp }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Dipp)}2 , provided the extremely encumbered dialumane [{SiNDipp }Al]2 . [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 reacts with toluene by reductive activation of a methyl C(sp3 )-H bond to provide the benzyl hydridoaluminate, [{SiNDipp }AlH(CH2 Ph)]K, and as a nucleophile with BPh3 and RN=C=NR (R=i-Pr, Cy) to yield the respective Al-B- and Al-C-bonded potassium aluminaborate and alumina-amidinate products. The dimeric structure of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 can be disrupted by partial or complete sequestration of potassium. Equimolar reactions with 18-crown-6 result in the corresponding monomeric potassium alumanyl, [{SiNDipp }Al-K(18-cr-6)], which provides a rare example of a direct Al-K contact. In contrast, complete encapsulation of the potassium cation of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , either by an excess of 18-cr-6 or 2,2,2-cryptand, allows the respective isolation of bright orange charge-separated species comprising the 'free' [{SiNDipp }Al]- alumanyl anion. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on this moiety indicate HOMO-LUMO energy gaps in the of order 200-250 kJ mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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38
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McManus C, Hicks J, Cui X, Zhao L, Frenking G, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Coinage metal aluminyl complexes: probing regiochemistry and mechanism in the insertion and reduction of carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13458-13468. [PMID: 34777765 PMCID: PMC8528051 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04676d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of coinage metal aluminyl complexes, featuring M-Al covalent bonds, is reported via a salt metathesis approach employing an anionic Al(i) ('aluminyl') nucleophile and group 11 electrophiles. This approach allows access to both bimetallic (1 : 1) systems of the type ( t Bu3P)MAl(NON) (M = Cu, Ag, Au; NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) and a 2 : 1 di(aluminyl)cuprate system, K[Cu{Al(NON)}2]. The bimetallic complexes readily insert heteroallenes (CO2, carbodiimides) into the unsupported M-Al bonds to give systems containing a M(CE2)Al bridging unit (E = O, NR), with the μ-κ1(C):κ2(E,E') mode of heteroallene binding being demonstrated crystallographically for carbodiimide insertion in the cases of all three metals, Cu, Ag and Au. The regiochemistry of these processes, leading to the formation of M-C bonds, is rationalized computationally, and is consistent with addition of CO2 across the M-Al covalent bond with the group 11 metal acting as the nucleophilic partner and Al as the electrophile. While the products of carbodiimide insertion are stable to further reaction, their CO2 analogues have the potential to react further, depending on the identity of the group 11 metal. ( t Bu3P)Au(CO)2Al(NON) is inert to further reaction, but its silver counterpart reacts slowly with CO2 to give the corresponding carbonate complex (and CO), and the copper system proceeds rapidly to the carbonate even at low temperatures. Experimental and quantum chemical investigations of the mechanism of the CO2 to CO/carbonate transformation are consistent with rate-determining extrusion of CO from the initially-formed M(CO)2Al fragment to give a bimetallic oxide that rapidly assimilates a second molecule of CO2. The calculated energetic barriers for the most feasible CO extrusion step (ΔG ‡ = 26.6, 33.1, 44.5 kcal mol-1 for M = Cu, Ag and Au, respectively) are consistent not only with the observed experimental labilities of the respective M(CO)2Al motifs, but also with the opposing trends in M-C (increasing) and M-O bond strengths (decreasing) on transitioning from Cu to Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Xianlu Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M−Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Anne‐Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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40
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Belanzoni P. Reactivity of a Gold-Aluminyl Complex with Carbon Dioxide: A Nucleophilic Gold? J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14433-14437. [PMID: 34472349 PMCID: PMC8447181 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A gold-aluminyl complex has been recently reported to feature an unconventional gold nucleophilic center, which was revealed through reactivity with carbon dioxide leading to the Au-CO2 coordination mode. In this work, we computationally investigate the reaction mechanism, which is found to be cooperative, with the gold-aluminum bond being the actual nucleophile and Al also behaving as electrophile. The Au-Al bond is shown to be mainly of an electron-sharing nature, with the two metal fragments displaying a diradical-like reactivity with CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sorbelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) c/o Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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41
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Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M-Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22301-22306. [PMID: 34396660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to lithium, magnesium, and zinc aluminyl complexes are reported, allowing for the first structural characterization of an unsupported lithium-aluminium bond. Crystallographic and quantum-chemical studies are consistent with the presence of a highly polar Li-Al interaction, characterized by a low bond order and relatively little charge transfer from Al to Li. Comparison with magnesium and zinc aluminyl systems reveals changes to both the M-Al bond and the (NON)Al fragment (where NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene), consistent with a more covalent character, with the latter complex being shown to react with CO2 via a pathway that implies that the zinc centre acts as the nucleophilic partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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42
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Liu HY, Schwamm RJ, Hill MS, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Rajabi NA. Ambiphilic Al-Cu Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14390-14393. [PMID: 33899319 PMCID: PMC8252794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Copper-alumanyl complexes, [LCu-Al(SiNDipp )], where L=carbene=NHCiPr (N,N'-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-ylidene) and Me2 CAAC (1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene) and featuring unsupported Al-Cu bonds, have been prepared. Divergent reactivity observed with carbodiimides and CO2 implies an ambiphilicity in the Cu-Al interaction that is dependent on the identity of the carbene co-ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ryan J Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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