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Su Z, Sun Y, Yu B, Yu H. In Situ PL Probes the Effect of 2D SnSe Nanosheets on the Crystallization Process of CsPbI 2Br Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43489-43497. [PMID: 39133563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Reducing defects in the active layer is important for improving the crystalline quality of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Exploring novel additives is one of the most promising approaches to minimize active layer defects. In this work, two-dimensional (2D) SnSe nanosheets with excellent optoelectronic properties are prepared using an ultrasonic exfoliation method. The prepared 2D SnSe nanosheets are introduced into a CsPbI2Br precursor, which reduces the defect formation at grain boundaries and enhances the crystallinity of CsPbI2Br perovskites. We use the in situ photoluminescence (PL) technique to investigate the role of 2D materials in the crystallization process. The results show that SnSe nanosheets primarily shorten the grain boundary merging time and reduce the defect generation during the grain boundary merging stage, thereby regulating the crystallization of perovskite. In addition, SnSe nanosheets passivate uncoordinated Pb atoms at grain boundaries by Se atoms, further reducing the defect density in perovskite. As a result, PSCs exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.24% and a Voc of 1.22 V. This study highlights the role of 2D materials in enhancing the crystalline quality and PCE of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Su
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yapeng Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Bo Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Huangzhong Yu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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2
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Zhou H, Wang W, Duan Y, Sun R, Li Y, Xie Z, Xu D, Wu M, Wang Y, Li H, Fan Q, Peng Y, Yao Y, Liao C, Peng Q, Liu S, Liu Z. Glycol Monomethyl Ether-Substituted Carbazolyl Hole-Transporting Material for Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency of 25.52 . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403068. [PMID: 38687308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Organic self-assembled molecules (OSAMs) based hole-transporting materials play a pivotal role in achieving highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). However, the reported carbazol-based OSAMs have serious drawbacks, such as poor wettability for perovskite solution spreading due to the nonpolar surface, worse matched energy arrangement with perovskite, and limited molecular species, which greatly limit the device performance. To address above problems, a novel OSAM [4-(3,6-glycol monomethyl ether-9H-carbazol-9-yl) butyl]phosphonic acid (GM-4PACz) was synthesized as hole-transporting material by introducing glycol monomethyl ether (GM) side chains at carbazolyl unit. GM groups enhance the surface energy of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/SAM substrate to facilitate the nucleation and growth of up perovskite film, suppress cation defects, release the residual stress at SAM/perovskite interface, and evaluate energy level for matching with perovskite. Consequently, the GM-4PACz based IPSC achieves a champion PCE of 25.52 %, a respectable open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.21 V, a high stability, possessing 93.29 % and 91.75 % of their initial efficiency after aging in air for 2000 h or tracking at maximum power point for 1000 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Duan
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhuang Xie
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Dongfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meizi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Youliang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qunping Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yang Peng
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Yao Yao
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Chentong Liao
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Shengzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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3
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Wang H, Wang J, He Q, Chang J, Chen S, Zhong C, Wu M, Zhao X, Chen H, Tian Q, Li M, Lai J, Yang Y, Li R, Wu B, Huang W, Qin T, Wang F. Interface Dipole Management of D-A-Type Molecules for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404289. [PMID: 38712497 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial engineering of perovskite films has been the main strategies in improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, three new donor-acceptor (D-A)-type interfacial dipole (DAID) molecules with hole-transporting and different anchoring units are designed and employed in PSCs. The formation of interface dipoles by the DAID molecules on the perovskite film can efficiently modulate the energy level alignment, improve charge extraction, and reduce non-radiative recombination. Among the three DAID molecules, TPA-BAM with amide group exhibits the best chemical and optoelectrical properties, achieving a champion PCE of 25.29 % with the enhanced open-circuit voltage of 1.174 V and fill factor of 84.34 %, due to the reduced defect density and improved interfacial hole extraction. Meanwhile, the operational stability of the unencapsulated device has been significantly improved. Our study provides a prospect for rationalized screening of interfacial dipole materials for efficient and stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Qingyun He
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jingxi Chang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Shaoyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Chongyu Zhong
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Mengyang Wu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xiangru Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Qiushuang Tian
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Mubai Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jingya Lai
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Yingguo Yang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433>, China
| | - Renzhi Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies (OEMT), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Tianshi Qin
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies (OEMT), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu, 210009, China
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4
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Wu G, Zhang R, Wang H, Ma K, Xia J, Lv W, Xing G, Chen R. Rational Strategies to Improve the Efficiency of 2D Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405470. [PMID: 39021268 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for durable photovoltaic devices, 2D halide perovskites have emerged as a focus of extensive research. However, the reduced dimension in structure is accompanied by inferior optical-electrical properties, such as widened band gap, enhanced exciton binding energy, and obstructed charge transport. As a result, the efficiency of 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) lags significantly behind their 3D counterparts. To overcome these constraints, extensive investigations into materials and processing techniques are pursued rigorously to augment the efficiency of 2D PSCs. Herein, The cutting-edge delve into developments in 2D PSCs, with a focus on chemical and material engineering, as well as their structure and photovoltaic properties. The review starts with an introduction of the crystal structure, followed by the key evaluation criteria of 2D PSCs. Then, the strategies around solution chemical engineering, processing technique, and interface optimization, to simultaneously boost efficiency and stability are systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives associated with 2D perovskites to provide insights into potential improvements in photovoltaic performance will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Kangjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Junmin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Adv. Mater. (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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5
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Zhu B, Li B, Ding G, Jin Z, Xu Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Rui Y. Eliminating Voids and Residual PbI 2 beneath a Perovskite Film via Buried Interface Modification for Efficient Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28560-28569. [PMID: 38768309 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The commercialization process of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is markedly restricted by the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability. During fabrication and operation, the bottom interface of the organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite layer frequently exhibits voids and residual PbI2, while these defects inevitably act as recombination centers and degradation sites, affecting the efficiency and stability of the devices. Therefore, the degradation and nonradiative recombination originating from the buried interface should be thoroughly resolved. Here, we report a multifunctional passivator by introducing malonic dihydrazide as an interfacial chemical bridge between the electron transport layer and the perovskite (PVK) layer. MADH with hydrazine groups improves the surface affinity of SnO2 and provides nucleation sites for the growth of PVK, leading to the reduced residual PbI2 and the voids resulting from the inhomogeneous solvent volatilization at the bottom interface. Meanwhile, the hydrazine group and carbonyl group synergistically coordinate with Pb2+ to improve the crystal growth environment, reducing the number of Pb-related defects. Eventually, the PCE of the PSCs is significantly enhanced benefiting from the reduced interfacial defects and the increased carrier transport. Moreover, the reductive nature of hydrazide further inhibits I2 generation during long-term operation, and the device retains 90% of the initial PCE under a 1 sun continuous illumination exposure of 700 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Gaiqin Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Zuoming Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yutian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jingxia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yichuan Rui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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6
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Shen C, Ye T, Yang P, Chen G. All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells: Defect Regulation and Emerging Applications in Extreme Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401498. [PMID: 38466354 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
All-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs), such as CsPbX3, have garnered considerable attention recently, as they exhibit superior thermodynamic and optoelectronic stabilities compared to the organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbX3 PSCs is generally lower than that of organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs, as they contain higher defect densities at the interface and within the perovskite light-absorbing layers, resulting in higher non-radiative recombination and voltage loss. Consequently, defect regulation has been adopted as an important strategy to improve device performance and stability. This review aims to comprehensively summarize recent progresses on the defect regulation in CsPbX3 PSCs, as well as their cutting-edge applications in extreme scenarios. The underlying fundamental mechanisms leading to the defect formation in the crystal structure of CsPbX3 PSCs are firstly discussed, and an overview of literature-adopted defect regulation strategies in the context of interface, internal, and surface engineering is provided. Cutting-edge applications of CsPbX3 PSCs in extreme environments such as outer space and underwater situations are highlighted. Finally, a summary and outlook are presented on future directions for achieving higher efficiencies and superior stability in CsPbX3 PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Tengling Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Peixia Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Guanying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang Q, Liu H, Wei X, Song Y, Lv C, Li W, Zhu L, Lan Y, Du Y, Wang K, Yin P, Lin C, Lin Z, Bai Y, Chen Q, Yang S, Chen H. Deploying a Dipole Electric Field at the CsPbI 3 Perovskite/Carbon Interface for Enhancing Hole Extraction and Photovoltaic Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402061. [PMID: 38805742 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Carbon-based CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells without hole transporter (C-PSCs) have achieved intense attention due to its simple device structure and high chemical stability. However, the severe interface energy loss at the CsPbI3/carbon interface, attributed to the lower hole selectivity for inefficient charge separation, greatly limits device performance. Hence, dipole electric field (DEF) is deployed at the above interface to address the above issue by using a pole molecule, 4-trifluoromethyl-Phenylammonium iodide (CF3-PAI), in which the ─NH3 group anchors on the perovskite surface and the ─CF3 group extends away from it and connects with carbon electrode. The DEF is proven to align with the built-in electric field, that is pointing toward carbon electrode, which well enhances hole selectivity and charge separation at the interface. Besides, CF3-PAI molecules also serve as defect passivator for reducing trap state density, which further suppresses defect-induced non-radiative recombination. Consequently, the CsPbI3 C-PSCs achieve an excellent efficiency of 18.33% with a high VOC of 1.144 V for inorganic C-PSCs without hole transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Huicong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongfa Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chunyu Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liqun Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yisha Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yujiang Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kexiang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Penggang Yin
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Changqing Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zedong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Haining Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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8
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Huang Q, Zhao Q, Zhang B, Du X, Liu D, Ji H, Gao C, Sun X, Wei Y, Shao Z, Ding J, Wang X, Cui G, Pang S. Anion Binding Interaction Enhances the Robustness of Iodide for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:26460-26467. [PMID: 38713066 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the ionic bond nature of the Pb-I bond, the iodide at the interface of perovskite polycrystalline films was easily lost during the preparation process, resulting in the formation of a large number of iodine vacancy defects. The presence of iodine vacancy defects can cause nonradiative recombination, provide a pathway for iodide migration, and be harmful to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs). Here, in order to increase the robustness of iodides at the interface, a strategy to introduce anion binding effects was developed to stabilize the perovskite films. It was demonstrated that the N,N'-diphenylurea (DPU), characterized by high anionic binding constants and a Y-shaped structure, provides a relatively strong hydrogen bond donor site to effectively reduce the iodine loss during film preparation and inhibits iodide migration in the device working condition. As expected, the reduced iodine loss considerably improves the quality of the perovskite films and suppresses nonradiative recombination. The performance of the device after DPU modification was significantly increased, with the PCE rising from 23.65 to 25.01% with huge stability enhancement as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Bingqian Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Du
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Dachang Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Hongpei Ji
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Caiyun Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhong Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Yijin Wei
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Shao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Jianxu Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Cui
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Pang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
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9
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Li Y, Duan Y, Liu Z, Yang L, Li H, Fan Q, Zhou H, Sun Y, Wu M, Ren X, Yuan N, Ding J, Yang S, Liu S. In Situ Synthesized Low-Dimensional Perovskite for >25% Efficiency Stable MA-Free Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310711. [PMID: 38528777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Developing an additive to effectively regulate the perovskite crystallization kinetics for the optimized optoelectronic properties of perovskite film plays a vital role in obtaining high efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a new additive is designed and directly synthesized in perovskite precursor solution by utilizing an addition reaction between but-3-yn-1-amine hydrochloride (BAH) and formamidinium iodide. It is found that its product may control the intermediate precursor phase for regulating perovskite nucleation, leading to advantageous 2D perovskite to induce growth of perovskite along the preferred [001] orientation with not only released lattice strain but also strong interaction with perovskite to passivate its surface defects. By taking advantage of the above synergistic effects, the optimized PSC delivers an efficiency of 25.19% and a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.22 V. Additionally, the devices demonstrate good stability, remaining over 90% of their initial efficiencies under ambient atmosphere conditions for 60 days, high temperature of 85 °C for 200 h, or maximum power point tracking for 500 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qunping Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yiqiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meizi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Jianning Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Shaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shengzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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10
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Wang H, Zhang Q, Lin Z, Liu H, Wei X, Song Y, Lv C, Li W, Zhu L, Wang K, Cui Z, Wang L, Lin C, Yin P, Song T, Bai Y, Chen Q, Yang S, Chen H. Spatially selective defect management of CsPbI 3 films for high-performance carbon-based inorganic perovskite solar cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1050-1060. [PMID: 38341351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Defects formed at the surface, buried interface and grain boundaries (GB) of CsPbI3 perovskite films considerably limit photovoltaic performance. Such defects could be passivated effectively by the most prevalent post modification strategy without compromising the photoelectric properties of perovskite films, but it is still a great challenge to make this strategy comprehensive to different defects spatially distributed throughout the films. Herein, a spatially selective defect management (SSDM) strategy is developed to roundly passivate various defects at different locations within the perovskite film by a facile one-step treatment procedure using a piperazine-1,4-diium tetrafluoroborate (PZD(BF4)2) solution. The small-size PZD2+ cations could penetrate into the film interior and even make it all the way to the buried interface of CsPbI3 perovskite films, while the BF4- anions, with largely different properties from I- anions, mainly anchor on the film surface. Consequently, virtually all the defects at the surface, buried interface and grain boundaries of CsPbI3 perovskite films are effectively healed, leading to significantly improved film quality, enhanced phase stability, optimized energy level alignment and promoted carrier transport. With these films, the fabricated CsPbI3 PSCs based on carbon electrode (C-PSCs) achieve an efficiency of 18.27%, which is among the highest-reported values for inorganic C-PSCs, and stability of 500 h at 85 °C with 65% efficiency maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qixian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zedong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Huicong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongfa Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunyu Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liqun Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kexiang Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenhua Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Changqing Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Penggang Yin
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tinglu Song
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Haining Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
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11
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Nie T, Fang Z, Yang T, Zhao K, Ding J, Liu SF. Anti-Solvent-Free Preparation for Efficient and Photostable Pure-Iodide Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400205. [PMID: 38436587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell (TSC) has attracted tremendous attention due to its potential to breakthrough the theoretical efficiency set for single-junction solar cells. However, the perovskite solar cell (PSC) designed as its top component cell suffers from severe photo-induced halide segregation owing to its mixed-halide strategy for achieving desirable wide-bandgap (1.68 eV). Developing pure-iodide wide-bandgap perovskites is a promising route to fabricate photostable perovskite/silicon TSCs. Here, we report efficient and photostable pure-iodide wide-bandgap PSCs made from an anti-solvent-free (ASF) technique. The ASF process is achieved by mixing two precursor solutions, both of which are capable of depositing corresponding perovskite films without involving anti-solvent. The mixed solution finally forms Cs0.3DMA0.2MA0.5PbI3 perovskite film with a bandgap of 1.68 eV. Furthermore, methylammonium chloride additive is applied to enhance the crystallinity and reduce the trap density of perovskite films. As a result, the pure-iodide wide-bandgap PSC delivers efficiency as high as 21.30 % with excellent photostability, the highest for this type of solar cells. The ASF method significantly improves the device reproducibility as compared with devices made from other anti-solvent methods. Our findings provide a novel recipe to prepare efficient and photostable wide-bandgap PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Nie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhimin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, 225127, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutralization, Yangzhou University, 225127, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 710119, Xi'an, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023, Dalian, China
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12
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Cao L, Tong Y, Ke Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Wang H, Wang K. Dual Buried Interface Engineering for Improving Air-Processed Inverted FAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38357887 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in an ambient environment provides low-cost preparation routes for solar cells that are suitable for large-scale production. Compared with methylammonium (MA)- based perovskite materials, formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) possesses a more favorable bandgap for light harvesting and better thermostability. However, the phase transition from the α-phase to the δ-phase easily occurs, making it challenging for ambient-air processing. Herein, we develop a buried interface engineering strategy via two molecules including 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (DPPB) as well as [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl] phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) to optimize air-processed inverted FAPbI3 PSCs. This strategy regulates the crystallization process of the air-fabricated FAPbI3 perovskite film, leading to a purer α-phase with significantly enhanced crystallinity and enlarged grain sizes. Apart from improving the bulk perovskite film, the defects at the NiOx/perovskite interface are passivated, and the energy levels are better matched in the modified device, which facilitates efficient carrier extraction. Resultantly, the target device processed in the open air achieves a dramatically improved power conversion efficiency from 11.37% to 18.45%, in association with an enhanced device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Yewen Ke
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yali Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Li
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 401135, P. R. China
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13
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Wu S, Yun T, Zheng C, Luo X, Qiu P, Yu H, Wang Q, Gao J, Lu X, Gao X, Shui L, Wu S, Liu JM. Ionic Liquid Bridge Assisting Bifacial Defect Passivation for Efficient All-Inorganic Perovskite Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7297-7309. [PMID: 38305856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Serious open-circuit voltage (Voc) loss originating from nonradiative recombination and mismatch energy level at TiO2/perovskite buried interface dramatically limits the photovoltaic performance of all-inorganic CsPbIxBr3-x (x = 1, 2) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated through low-temperature methods. Here, an ionic liquid (IL) bridge is constructed by introducing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIMAc) IL to treat the TiO2/perovskite buried interface, bilaterally passivate defects and modulate energy alignment. Therefore, the Voc of all-inorganic CsPbIBr2 PSCs modified by BMIMAc (Target-1) significantly increases by 148 mV (from 1.213 to 1.361 V), resulting in the efficiency increasing to 10.30% from 7.87%. Unsealed Target-1 PSCs show outstanding long-term and thermal stability. During the accelerated degradation process (85 °C, RH: 50∼60%), the Target-1 PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 11.94% with a remarkable Voc of 1.403 V, while the control PSC yields a promising PCE of 10.18% with a Voc of 1.319 V. In particular, the Voc of 1.403 V is the highest Voc reported so far in carbon-electrode-based CsPbIBr2 PSCs. Moreover, this strategy enables the modified all-inorganic CsPbI2Br PSCs to achieve a Voc of 1.295 V and a champion efficiency of 15.20%, which is close to the reported highest PCE of 15.48% for all-inorganic CsPbI2Br PSCs prepared by a low-temperature process. This study provides a simple BMIMAc IL bridge to assist bifacial defect passivation and elevate the photovoltaic performance of all-inorganic CsPbIxBr3-x (x = 1, 2) PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcheng Wu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Yun
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunqiu Zheng
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Qiu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongyang Yu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinwei Gao
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xubing Lu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingsen Gao
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingling Shui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sujuan Wu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun-Ming Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Wang Y, Ye S, Sun Z, Zhu J, Liu Y, Wang R, Lin F, Zhang W, Yang Y, Wang C. Multifunctional Regioisomeric Passivation Strategy for Fabricating Self-Driving, High Detectivity All-Inorganic Perovskite Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59005-59015. [PMID: 38055857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluorination of the aromatic multifunctional Lewis base passivation strategy has been demonstrated recently as an effective approach to markedly enhance the performance of perovskite photovoltaic devices. However, the regulation mechanisms of the passivation efficiency by varying the functional group position of fluorine (F) in the regioisomers have received little attention and inadequate research. Herein, a pair of bifluorine-substituted aminobenzoic acid regioisomers [3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoic acid (13-FABA) and 4-amino-3,5-difluorobenzoic acid (14-FABA)] were employed to investigate the passivation effects of Lewis bases dependent on behaviors of the ortho/meta-substituted position of fluorine. The density functional theory calculation on electron cloud density, interaction energy, and the basicity of Lewis bases combined with experimental evidence reveal that the ortho-effect induced by fluorine substitution weakens the passivating effect of 13-FABA Lewis base and induces its molecular propensity to form internal salts, accelerating the degradation and deterioration of the device performance. Conversely, 14-FABA with meta-connected fluorine atoms exhibit superior efficacy in suppressing defects and enhancing hydrophobicity. Eventually, the 14-FABA-modified photodetectors (PDs) achieved a high detectivity of 1.69 × 1013 Jones, the comparatively lower dark current density of 2.2 × 10-10 A/cm2 among all-inorganic perovskite PD systems. Our work has not only clarified the fundamental mechanisms of the F-substituted position effects of Lewis base on suppressing defects but also provided a promising passivation strategy for perovskite films via designing the regioisomeric atoms in a multifunctional Lewis base molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shuming Ye
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Rongfei Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lin
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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15
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Abate SY, Qi Y, Zhang Q, Jha S, Zhang H, Ma G, Gu X, Wang K, Patton D, Dai Q. Eco-Friendly Solvent Engineered CsPbI 2.77 Br 0.23 Ink for Large-Area and Scalable High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310279. [PMID: 38088488 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The performance of large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been assessed for typical compositions, such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 ), using a blade coater, slot-die coater, solution shearing, ink-jet printing, and thermal evaporation. However, the fabrication of large-area all-inorganic perovskite films is not well developed. This study develops, for the first time, an eco-friendly solvent engineered all-inorganic perovskite ink of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a main solvent with the addition of acetonitrile (ACN), 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME), or a mixture of ACN and 2-ME to fabricate large-area CsPbI2.77 Br0.23 films with slot-die coater at low temperatures (40-50 °C). The perovskite phase, morphology, defect density, and optoelectrical properties of prepared with different solvent ratios are thoroughly examined and they are correlated with their respective colloidal size distribution and solar cell performance. The optimized slot-die-coated CsPbI2.77 Br0.23 perovskite film, which is prepared from the eco-friendly binary solvents dimethyl sulfoxide:acetonitrile (0.8:0.2 v/v), demonstrates an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.05%. Moreover, the device maintains ≈91% of its original PCE after 1 month at 20% relative humidity in the dark. It is believed that this study will accelerate the reliable manufacturing of perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seid Yimer Abate
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Yifang Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Surabhi Jha
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Haixin Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Goral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Guorong Ma
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Goral Gables, FL, 33124, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Derek Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qilin Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
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16
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Zhang J, Niu X, Peng C, Jiang H, Yu L, Zhou H, Zhou Z. Inhibiting Ion Migration Through Chemical Polymerization and Chemical Chelation Toward Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314106. [PMID: 37877646 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The migration of ions is known to be associated with various detrimental phenomena, including current density-voltage hysteresis, phase segregation, etc., which significantly limit the stability and performance of perovskite solar cells, impeding their progress toward commercial applications. To address these challenges, we propose incorporating a polymerizable organic small molecule monomer, N-carbamoyl-2-propan-2-ylpent-4-enamide (Apronal), into the perovskite film to form a crosslinked polymer (P-Apronal) through thermal crosslinking. The carbonyl and amino groups in Apronal effectively interact with shallow defects, such as uncoordinated Pb2+ and iodide vacancies, leading to the formation of high-quality films with enhanced crystallinity and reduced lattice strain. Furthermore, the introduction of P-Apronal improves energy level alignment, and facilitates charge carrier extraction and transport, resulting in a champion efficiency of 25.09 %. Importantly, P-Apronal can effectively suppress the migration of I- ions and improve the long-term stability of the devices. The present strategy sets forth a path to attain long-term stability and enhanced efficiency in perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haokun Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Le Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, P. R. China
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17
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Zhang H, Pfeifer L, Zakeeruddin SM, Chu J, Grätzel M. Tailoring passivators for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:632-652. [PMID: 37464018 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing global effort to advance emerging perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and many of these endeavours are focused on developing new compositions, processing methods and passivation strategies. In particular, the use of passivators to reduce the defects in perovskite materials has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of PSCs. Organic passivators have received increasing attention since the late 2010s as their structures and properties can readily be modified. First, this Review discusses the main types of defect in perovskite materials and reviews their properties. We examine the deleterious impact of defects on device efficiency and stability and highlight how defects facilitate extrinsic degradation pathways. Second, the proven use of different passivator designs to mitigate these negative effects is discussed, and possible defect passivation mechanisms are presented. Finally, we propose four specific directions for future research, which, in our opinion, will be crucial for unlocking the full potential of PSCs using the concept of defect passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Xue T, Li T, Chen D, Wang X, Guo K, Wang Q, Zhang F. Preparation of TiO 2/SnO 2 Electron Transport Layer for Performance Enhancement of All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells Using Electron Beam Evaporation at Low Temperature. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1549. [PMID: 37630085 PMCID: PMC10456962 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
SnO2 has attracted much attention due to its low-temperature synthesis (ca. 140 °C), high electron mobility, and low-cost manufacturing. However, lattice mismatch and oxygen vacancies at the SnO2/CsPbI3-xBrx interface generally lead to undesirable nonradiative recombination in optoelectronic devices. The traditional TiO2 used as the electron transport layer (ETL) for all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) requires high-temperature sintering and crystallization, which are not suitable for the promising flexible PSCs and tandem solar cells, raising concerns about surface defects and device uniformity. To address these challenges, we present a bilayer ETL consisting of a SnO2 layer using electron beam evaporation and a TiO2 layer through the hydrothermal method, resulting in an enhanced performance of the perovskite solar cell. The bilayer device exhibits an improved power conversion efficiency of 11.48% compared to the single-layer device (8.09%). The average fill factor of the bilayer electron transport layer is approximately 15% higher compared to the single-layer electron transport layer. Through a systematic investigation of the use of ETL for CsPb3-xBrx PSCs on optical and electronic properties, we demonstrate that the SnO2/TiO2 is an efficient bilayer ETL for PSCs as it significantly enhances the charge extraction capability, suppresses carrier recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface, facilitates efficient photogenerated carrier separation and transport, and provides high current density and reduced hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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19
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Chen Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu X, Miao Y, Zhao Y. Functional organic cation induced 3D-to-0D phase transformation and surface reconstruction of CsPbI 3 inorganic perovskite. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:706-712. [PMID: 36966116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficiency and stability are the main research focuses for perovskite solar cells. Inorganic perovskites like CsPbI3 possess higher chemical stability than those with organic A-site cations, while they also exhibit higher defect density. Nonetheless, it is highly challenging to induce orderly secondary arrangement or reconstruction of inorganic perovskites with reduced defects because of their unique chemical properties. In this work, in-situ three-dimension-to-zero-dimension (3D-to-0D) phase transformation and surface reconstruction on CsPbI3 film is achieved as induced by a functional organic cation, benzyldodecyldimethylammonium (BDA), a process of which that is similar to phase-transfer catalysis. With the help of BDABr salt treatment, 0D Cs4PbI6 perovskites are secondarily formed along CsPbI3 grain boundaries with Cs-related cationic defects passivated, yielding structures of higher stability. The BDA-CsPbI3 films exhibit reduced non-radiative recombination and promoted charge transfer, leading to inorganic perovskite solar cells with a high power conversion efficiency of 20.63% and good operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xingtao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanfeng Miao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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20
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Zhang Z, Fu J, Chen Q, Zhang J, Huang Z, Cao J, Ji W, Zhang L, Wang A, Zhou Y, Dong B, Song B. Dopant-Free Polymer Hole Transport Materials for Highly Stable and Efficient CsPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206952. [PMID: 36541718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 contains no volatile organic components and is a thermally stable photoactive material for wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, CsPbI3 readily undergoes undesirable phase transitions due to the hygroscopic nature of the ionic dopants used in commonly used hole transport materials. In the current study, the popular donor material PM6 in organic solar cells is used as a hole transport layer (HTL). The benzodithiophene-based backbone-conjugated polymer requires no dopant and leads to a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD). Moreover, PM6 also shows priorities in hole mobility, hydrophobicity, cascade energy level alignment, and even defect passivation of perovskite films. With PM6 as the dopant-free HTL, the PSCs achieve a champion PCE of 18.27% with a competitive fill factor of 82.8%. Notably, the present PCE is based on the dopant-free HTL in CsPbI3 PSCs reported thus far. The PSCs with PM6 as the HTL retain over 90% of the initial PCE stored in a glovebox filled with N2 for 3000 h. In contrast, the PSCs with Spiro-OMeTAD as the HTL maintain ≈80% of the initial PCE under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianfei Fu
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiaoyun Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhezhi Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wenxi Ji
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Longgui Zhang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Ailian Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Bo Song
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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21
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Ding Z, Li S, Jiang Y, Wang D, Yuan M. Open-circuit voltage loss in perovskite quantum dot solar cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3713-3729. [PMID: 36723157 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite quantum dots are a competitive candidate for next-generation solar cells owing to their superior phase stability and multiple exciton generation effects. However, given the voltage loss in perovskite quantum dot solar cells (PQDSCs) is mainly caused by various surface and interfacial defects and the energy band mismatch in the devices, tremendous achievements have been made to mitigate the Voc loss of PQDSCs. Herein, we elucidate the potential threats that hinder the high Voc of PQDSCs. Then, we summarize recent progress in minimizing open-circuit voltage (Voc) loss, including defect manipulation and device optimization, based on band-alignment engineering. Finally, we attempt to shed light on the methodologies used to further improve the performance of PQDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Saisai Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China.
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22
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Zhang B, Chen C, Wang X, Du X, Liu D, Sun X, Li Z, Hao L, Gao C, Li Y, Shao Z, Wang X, Cui G, Pang S. A Multifunctional Polymer as an Interfacial Layer for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213478. [PMID: 36372778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-cation defects and halogen-anion defects in perovskite films are critical to the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a random polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) (PMMA-AM), was synthesized to serve as an interfacial passivation layer for synergistically passivating the under-coordinated Pb2+ and anchor the I- of the [PbI6 ]4- octahedron. Additionally, the interfacial PMMA-AM passivation layer cannot be destroyed during the hole transport layer deposition because of its low solubility in chlorobenzene. This passivation leads to an enhancement in the open-circuit voltage from 1.12 to 1.22 V and improved stability in solar cell devices, with the device maintaining 95 % of the initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 1000 h of maximum power point tracking. Additionally, a large-area solar cell module was fabricated using this approach, achieving a PCE of 20.64 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhao Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Du
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Dachang Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xiuhong Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Lianzheng Hao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Caiyun Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Yimeng Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Shao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Cui
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Pang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China.,Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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23
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Zou H, Duan Y, Yang S, Xu D, Yang L, Cui J, Zhou H, Wu M, Wang J, Lei X, Zhang N, Liu Z. 20.67%-Efficiency Inorganic CsPbI 3 Solar Cells Enabled by Zwitterion Ion Interface Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206205. [PMID: 36399648 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been extensively studied due to their high thermal stability and unprecedented rise in power conversion efficiency (PCE). Recently, the champion PCE of CsPbI3 PSCs has reached up to 21%; however, it is still much lower than that of organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs. Interface modification to passivate surface defects and minimize charge recombination and trapping is important to further improve the efficiency of CsPbI3 PSCs. Herein, a new zwitterion ion is deposited at the interface between electron transporting layer (ETL) and perovskite layer to passivate the defects therein. The zwitterion ions can not only passivate oxygen vacancy (VO ) and iodine vacancy (VI ) defects, but also improve the band alignment at the ETL-perovskite interface. After the interface treatment, the PCE of CsPbI3 device reaches up to 20.67%, which is among the highest values of CsPbI3 PSCs so far. Due to the defect passivation and hydrophobicity improvement, the PCE of optimized device remains 94% of its original value after 800 h storing under ambient condition. These results provide an efficient way to improve the quality of ETL-perovskite interface by zwitterion ions for achieving high performance inorganic CsPbI3 PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dongfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meizi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jungang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuruo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhike Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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24
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Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: material science. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Lu H, Li T, Ma S, Xue X, Wen Q, Feng Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Wu Z, Wang K, Liu SF. Lewis Acid-Base Adducts for Efficient and Stable Cesium-Based Lead Iodide-Rich Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201117. [PMID: 36372547 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic cesium-lead-iodide (CsPbI3 Br3- x (2 < x < 3)) perovskite presents preeminent photovoltaic performance and chemical stability. Unfortunately, this kind of material suffers from phase transition to a nonperovskite phase under oxidative chemical stresses. Herein, the introduction of a low concentration of Lewis acid-base adducts (LABAs) is reported to synergistically reduce defect density, optimize interfacial energy alignment, and improve device stability of CsPbI2.75 Br0.24 Cl0.01 (CsPbTh3 ) solar cells. Both theoretical simulations and experimental measurements reveal that the noncoordinating anions, PF6 - , as a Lewis base can more effectively bind with undercoordinated Pb2+ to passivate iodide vacancy defects than the BF4 - and absorbed I- , and thus the point defects are well suppressed. In addition, N-propyl-methyl piperidinium (NPMP+ ) is selected to assemble with PF6 - in CsPbTh3 film. The NPMP+ can regulate the crystal growth and finally homogenize the grain size and decrease the trap density. Consequently, the LABAs strategy can improve the power conversion efficiency of CsPbTh3 solar cells to 19.02% under 1-sun illumination (100 mW cm-2 ). Fortunately, the NPMP+ and PF6 - -treated CsPbTh3 film shows great phase stability after storage in ambient air for 250 days, and the power conversion efficiency of corresponding solar cells is almost 76% of the initial value after 60 days aging under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Simin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Yajuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan, 756000, P. R. China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Powder Material & Advanced Ceramics International Scientific & Technological Cooperation Base of Industrial Waste Recycling and Advanced Materials, Ningxia Research Center of Silicon Target and Silicon-Carbon Negative Materials Engineering Technology, School of Materials Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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26
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Wang C, Shao W, Liang J, Chen C, Hu X, Cui H, Liu C, Fang G, Tao C. Suppressing Phase Segregation in Wide Bandgap Perovskites for Monolithic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells with Reduced Voltage Loss. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204081. [PMID: 36310130 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wide bandgap (WBG) perovskites through tuning iodine/bromine ratios are capable of merging with narrow bandgap organic bulk heterojunctions to construct tandem solar cells to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limitation. However, WBG perovskites readily suffer from light-induced halide ion migration, leading to detrimental phase segregation and hence severe open-circuit voltage (VOC ) loss. Here, to solve this issue, lead thiocyanate (Pb(SCN)2 ) and 2-thiopheneethylammonium chloride (TEACl) are synergistically employed to passivate and stabilize WBG perovskites with 1.79 eV bandgap. It is demonstrated that the synergetic employment of Pb(SCN)2 and TEACl suppresses light-induced phase segregation, passivates WBG perovskite defects, and reduces non-radiative recombination, hence alleviating VOC loss. As a result, optimized WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are obtained with an impressive VOC of 1.26 V and power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 17.0%. Furthermore, the interconnection layer is optimized to minimize the VOC loss and construct two-terminal perovskite/organic tandem solar cells with a narrow bandgap organic blend bulk heterojunction of PM6:Y6 and achieve a champion PCE of 22.29% with a high VOC of 2.072 V. In addition, these tandem solar cells maintain 81% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h continuous tracking at the maximum power point (MPP) under 100 mW cm-2 white light illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hongsen Cui
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chenwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guojia Fang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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