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Fan X, Zhai S, Xue S, Zhi L. Enzyme Immobilization using Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategy to COFs Functional Role. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39072501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes, a class of biocatalysts, exhibit remarkable catalytic efficiency, specificity, and selectivity, governing many reactions that are essential for various cascades within living cells. The immobilization of structurally flexible enzymes on appropriate supports holds significant importance in facilitating biomimetic transformations in extracellular environments. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as ideal candidates for enzyme immobilization due to high surface tunability, diverse chemical/structural designs, exceptional stability, and metal-free nature. Various immobilization techniques have been proposed to fabricate COF-enzyme biocomposites, offering significant enhancements in activity and reusability for COF-immobilized enzymes as well as new insights into developing advanced enzyme-based applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art strategies for immobilizing enzymes within COFs by focusing on their applicability and versatility. These strategies are systematically summarized and compared by categorizing them into postsynthesis immobilization and in situ immobilization, where their respective strengths and limitations are thoroughly discussed. Combined with an overview of critical emerging applications, we further elucidate the multifaceted roles of COFs in enzyme immobilization and subsequent applications, highlighting the advanced biofunctionality achievable through COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Fan
- Research Center on Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, No. 189, Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shibo Zhai
- Research Center on Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Song Xue
- Research Center on Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Linjie Zhi
- Research Center on Advanced Chemical Engineering and Energy Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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2
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Zheng G, Yang J, Zhou L, Sinelshchikova A, Lei Q, Lin J, Wuttke S, Jeffrey Brinker C, Zhu W. Multivariate Silicification-Assisted Single Enzyme Structure Augmentation for Improved Enzymatic Activity-Stability Trade-Off. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406110. [PMID: 38711195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The ability to finely tune/balance the structure and rigidity of enzymes to realize both high enzymatic activity and long-term stability is highly desired but highly challenging. Herein, we propose the concept of the "silicazyme", where solid inorganic silica undergoes controlled hybridization with the fragile enzyme under moderate conditions at the single-enzyme level, thus enabling simultaneous structure augmentation, long-term stability, and high enzymatic activity preservation. A multivariate silicification approach was utilized and occurred around individual enzymes to allow conformal coating. To realize a high activity-stability trade-off the structure flexibility/rigidity of the silicazyme was optimized by a component adjustment ternary (CAT) plot method. Moreover, the multivariate organosilica frameworks bring great advantages, including surface microenvironment adjustability, reversible modification capability, and functional extensibility through the rich chemistry of silica. Overall silicazymes represent a new class of enzymes with promise for catalysis, separations, and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guansheng Zheng
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junxian Yang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Anna Sinelshchikova
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHUSciencePark, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Qi Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Jiangguo Lin
- Research Department of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHUSciencePark, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - C Jeffrey Brinker
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Lou X, Zhang C, Xu Z, Ge S, Zhou J, Qin D, Qin F, Zhang X, Guo Z, Wang C. Enhanced Interfacial Electron Transfer in Photocatalyst-Natural Enzyme Coupled Artificial Photosynthesis System: Tuning Strategies and Molecular Simulations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404055. [PMID: 38970546 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Laccase is capable of catalyzing a vast array of reactions, but its low redox potential limits its potential applications. The use of photocatalytic materials offers a solution to this problem by converting absorbed visible light into electrons to facilitate enzyme catalysis. Herein, MIL-53(Fe) and NH2-MIL-53(Fe) serve as both light absorbers and enzyme immobilization carriers, and laccase is employed for solar-driven chemical conversion. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy results confirm that visible light irradiation causes rapid transfer of photogenerated electrons from MOF excitation to T1 Cu(II) of laccase, significantly increasing the degradation rate constant of tetracycline (TC) from 0.0062 to 0.0127 min-1. Conversely, there is only minimal or no electron transfer between MOF and laccase in the physical mixture state. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the immobilization of laccase's active site and its covalent binding to the metal-organic framework surface augment the coupled system's activity, reducing the active site accessible from 27.8 to 18.1 Å. The constructed photo-enzyme coupled system successfully combines enzyme catalysis' selectivity with photocatalysis's high reactivity, providing a promising solution for solar energy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forestry Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Fanzhi Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Physical & Computational Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Chongchen Wang
- School of Environmental and Energy Engineering and Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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Yang Y, Guo M, Guo S, Tian J, Gu D. Artificial antibody-antigen-directed immobilization of lipase for consecutive catalytic synthesis of ester: Benzyl acetate case study. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130894. [PMID: 38795924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
A strategy based on artificial antibody-antigen recognition was proposed for the specific directed immobilization of lipase. The artificial antibody was synthesized using catechol as a template, α-methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, and Fe3O4 as the matrix material. Lipase was modified with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as an artificial antigen. The artificial antibody can specifically recognize catechol fragment in the enzyme structure to achieve the immobilization of lipase. The immobilization amount, yield, specific activity, and immobilized enzyme activity were 13.2 ± 0.2 mg/g, 78.9 ± 0.4 %, 7.9 ± 0.2 U/mgprotein, and 104.6 ± 1.7 U/gcarrier, respectively. Moreover, the immobilized lipase exhibited strong reusability and regeneration ability. Additionally, the immobilized lipase successfully catalyzed the synthesis of benzyl acetate and demonstrated robust continuous catalytic activity. These results fully demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed artificial antibody-antigen-directed immobilization of lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Meishan Guo
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Dongyu Gu
- College of Marine Science and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Zheng D, Zheng Y, Tan J, Zhang Z, Huang H, Chen Y. Co-immobilization of whole cells and enzymes by covalent organic framework for biocatalysis process intensification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5510. [PMID: 38951487 PMCID: PMC11217415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-immobilization of cells and enzymes is often essential for the cascade biocatalytic processes of industrial-scale feasibility but remains a vast challenge. Herein, we create a facile co-immobilization platform integrating enzymes and cells in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to realize the highly efficient cascade of inulinase and E. coli for bioconversion of natural products. Enzymes can be uniformly immobilized in the COF armor, which coats on the cell surface to produce cascade biocatalysts with high efficiency, stability and recyclability. Furthermore, this one-pot in situ synthesis process facilitates a gram-scale fabrication of enzyme-cell biocatalysts, which can generate a continuous-flow device conversing inulin to D-allulose, achieving space-time yield of 161.28 g L-1 d-1 and high stability (remaining >90% initial catalytic efficiency after 7 days of continuous reaction). The created platform is applied for various cells (e.g., E. coli, Yeast) and enzymes, demonstrating excellent universality. This study paves a pathway to break the bottleneck of extra- and intracellular catalysis, creates a high-performance and customizable platform for enzyme-cell cascade biomanufacturing, and expands the scope of biocatalysis process intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunlong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Junjie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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Guo L, He R, Chen G, Yang H, Kou X, Huang W, Gao R, Huang S, Huang S, Zhu F, Ouyang G. A Synergetic Pore Compartmentalization and Hydrophobization Strategy for Synchronously Boosting the Stability and Activity of Enzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17189-17200. [PMID: 38864358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Spatial immobilization of fragile enzymes using a nanocarrier is an efficient means to design heterogeneous biocatalysts, presenting superior stability and recyclability to pristine enzymes. An immobilized enzyme, however, usually compromises its catalytic activity because of inevasible mass transfer issues and the unfavorable conformation changes in a confined environment. Here, we describe a synergetic metal-organic framework pore-engineering strategy to trap lipase (an important hydrolase), which confers lipase-boosted stability and activity simultaneously. The hierarchically porous NU-1003, featuring interconnected mesopore and micropore channels, is precisely modified by chain-adjustable fatty acids on its mesopore channel, into which lipase is trapped. The interconnected pore structure ensures efficient communication between trapped lipase and exterior media, while the fatty acid-mediated hydrophobic pore can activate the opening conformation of lipase by interfacial interaction. Such dual pore compartmentalization and hydrophobization activation effects render the catalytic center of trapped lipase highly accessible, resulting in 1.57-fold and 2.46-fold activities as native lipase on ester hydrolysis and enantioselective catalysis. In addition, the feasibility of these heterogeneous biocatalysts for kinetic resolution of enantiomer is also validated, showing much higher efficiency than native lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rongwei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huangsheng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxue Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Rui Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuyao Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
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Feng T, Shi J, Xia J, Ren X, Adesanya OI, Suo H, Zou B. Lipase in-situ immobilized in covalent organic framework: Enzymatic properties and application in the preparation of 1, 3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113873. [PMID: 38552410 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the critical importance of designing an appropriate immobilized carrier and method for free lipase to ensure exceptional biological catalytic activity and stability was emphasized. Covalent organic frameworks (COF-1) were synthesized as a novel porous carrier with an azine structure (-CN-NC-) through the condensation of hydrazine hydrate and benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde at room temperature. Simultaneously, Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was immobilized within the COF-1 carrier using an in-situ aqueous phase method. Characterization of the carrier and RML@COF-1 and evaluation of the lipase properties of RML and RML@COF-1 through p-Nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis were conducted. Additionally, application in the synthesis of 1, 3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) was explored. The results showed that RML@COF-1 exhibited a high enzymatic loading of 285.4 mg/g. Under 60℃ conditions, the activity of RML@COF-1 was 2.31 times higher than that of free RML, and RML@COF-1 retained 77.25% of its original activity after 10 cycles of repeated use, indicating its excellent thermal stability and repeatability. Under the optimal conditions (10%, 1:8 PPP/OA, 45℃, 5 h), the yield of OPO reached 47.35%, showcasing the promising application prospects of the novel immobilized enzyme synthesized via in-situ aqueous phase synthesis for OPO preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiani Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xuemei Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Hongbo Suo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, Lv Y. Boosted Enzyme Activity via Encapsulation within Metal-Organic Frameworks with Pores Matching Enzyme Size and Shape. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309243. [PMID: 38576185 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
A novel and versatile approach called "physical imprinting" is introduced to modulate enzyme conformation using mesoporous materials, addressing challenges in achieving improved enzyme activity and stability. Metal-organic frameworks with tailored mesopores, precisely matching enzyme size and shape, are synthesized. Remarkably, enzymes encapsulated within these customized mesopores exhibit over 1670% relative activity compared to free enzymes, maintaining outstanding efficiency even under harsh conditions such as heat, exposure to organic solvents, wide-ranging pH extremes from acidic to alkaline, and exposure to a digestion cocktail. After 18 consecutive cycles of use, the immobilized enzymes retain 80% of their initial activity. Additionally, the encapsulated enzymes exhibit a substantial increase in catalytic efficiency, with a 14.1-fold enhancement in kcat/KM compared to native enzymes. This enhancement is among the highest reported for immobilized enzymes. The improved enzyme activity and stability are corroborated by solid-state UV-vis, electron paramagnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The findings not only offer valuable insights into the crucial role of size and shape complementarity within confined microenvironments but also establish a new pathway for developing solid carriers capable of enhancing enzyme activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ziman Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, National Energy Research and Development Center for Biorefinery, International Joint Bioenergy Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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9
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Mu Q, Tian W, Zhang J, Li R, Ji Y. Nanocrystalline Porous Materials for Chiral Separation: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7864-7879. [PMID: 38320090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Mu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wanting Tian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiale Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
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10
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Song H, Zhang W, Zhang S, Liu Y, Su P, Song J, Yang Y. Trypsin Encapsulation in the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework for Low-Molecular Weight Protein Analysis with High Selectivity and Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:24398-24409. [PMID: 38712727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Low-molecular weight proteins (LWPs) are important sources of biological information in biomarkers, signaling molecules, and pathology. However, the separation and analysis of LWPs in complex biological samples are challenging, mainly due to their low abundance and the complex sample pretreatment procedure. Herein, trypsin modified by poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was encapsulated by a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L). Mesopores were formed on the ZIF-L with the introduction of PAA. An alternative strategy for separation and pretreatment of LWPs was developed based on the prepared ZIF-L-encapsulated trypsin with adjustable pore size. The mesoporous structure of the prepared materials selectively excluded high-molecular weight proteins from the reaction system, allowing LWPs to enter the pores and react with the internal trypsin, resulting in an improved separation efficiency. The hydrophobicity of the ZIF-L simplified the digestion process by inducing significant structural changes in substrate proteins. In addition, the enzymatic activity was significantly enhanced by the developed encapsulation method that maintained the enzyme conformation, allowed low mass transfer resistance, and possessed a high enzyme-to-substrate ratio. As a result, the ZIF-L-encapsulated trypsin can achieve highly selective separation, valid denaturation, and efficient digestion of LWPs in a short time by simply mixing with substrate proteins, greatly simplifying the separation and pretreatment process of the traditional hydrolysis method. The prepared materials and the developed strategy demonstrated an excellent size-selective assay performance in model protein mixtures, showing great potential in the application of proteomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Wenkang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Analytical Instrumentation Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ping Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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11
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Liu Y, Yu J, Sun Y. Immobilized Dipeptidase in Manganese Ion-Loaded Polyethylenimine-Induced Calcium Phosphate Nanocrystals for Carnosine Synthesis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10261-10269. [PMID: 38693862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Carnosine is a natural bioactive dipeptide with important physiological functions widely used in food and medicine. Dipeptidase (PepD) from Serratia marcescens can catalyze the reverse hydrolytic reaction of β-alanine with l-histidine to synthesize carnosine in the presence of Mn2+. However, it remains challenging to practice carnosine biosynthesis due to the low activity and high cost of the enzyme. Therefore, the development of biocatalysts with high activity and stability is of significance for carnosine synthesis. Here, we proposed to chelate Mn2+ to polyethylenimine (PEI) that induced rapid formation of calcium phosphate nanocrystals (CaP), and Mn-PEI@CaP was used for PepD immobilization via electrostatic interaction. Mn-PEI@CaP as the carrier enhanced the stability of the immobilized enzyme. Moreover, Mn2+ loaded in the carrier acted as an in situ activator of the immobilized PepD for facilitating the biocatalytic process of carnosine synthesis. The as-prepared immobilized enzyme (PepD-Mn-PEI@CaP) kept similar activity with free PepD plus Mn2+ (activity recovery, 102.5%), while exhibiting elevated thermal stability and pH tolerance. Moreover, it exhibited about two times faster carnosine synthesis than the free PepD system. PepD-Mn-PEI@CaP retained 86.8% of the original activity after eight cycles of batch catalysis without the addition of free Mn2+ ions during multiple cycles. This work provides a new strategy for the co-immobilization of PepD and Mn2+, which greatly improves the operability of the biocatalysis and demonstrates the potential of the immobilized PepD system for efficient carnosine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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12
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Ran L, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Cai H, Pang H, Yan D, Xiang Y, Teng H. Covalent Organic Frameworks Based Photoenzymatic Nano-reactor for Asymmetric Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319732. [PMID: 38367015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Bio-catalysis represents a highly efficient and stereoselective method for the synthesis of valuable chiral compounds, however, the poor stability and limited reaction types of free enzymes restrict their wide application in industrial production. In this work, to overcome these problems, a multifunctional photoenzymatic nanoreactor CALB@COF-Ir was developed through the encapsulation of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in a photosensitive covalent organic framework COF-Ir. This bio-nanocluster serves as efficient catalysts in asymmetric dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of secondary amines to give a series of chiral amines in high yields (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). The well-designed COF-Ir not only acts as safety cover to prevent CALB from deactivation but promotes racemization of secondary amines via photo-induced hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. Photoelectric characterization and TDDFT calculation revealed that (ppy)2Ir units in COF-Ir play crucial role in this photocatalytic system which enhance its photo-redox properties through facilitating the separation between photoelectrons (e-) and holes (h+). Furthermore, the heterogeneous photoenzymatic nanoreactor could be recycled for five rounds with slight decline of catalytic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ran
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huanyu Cai
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huaji Pang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Dingce Yan
- Analytical and Testing Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huailong Teng
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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13
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Du Y, Zhao L, Geng Z, Huo Z, Li H, Shen X, Peng X, Yan R, Cui J, Jia S. Construction of catalase@hollow silica nanosphere: Catalase with immobilized but not rigid state for improving catalytic performances. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130381. [PMID: 38395291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization usually make use of nanomaterials to hold up biocatalysis stability in various unamiable reaction conditions, but also lead large discount on enzyme activity. Thus, there are abundant researches focus on how to deal with the relation of enzyme molecules and supports. In this work, a new state of highly active enzymes has been established through facile and novel in situ immobilization and soft template removal method to construct enzyme contained hollow silica nanosphere (catalase@HSN) biocatalysts where enzymes in the cavity exhibit "immobilized but not rigid state". The obtained catalase@HSN was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy et al. Catalase@HSN exhibits excellent activity (about 80 % activity recovery rate) and stability suffers from extreme pH, temperature, and organic solvents. Moreover, the reusability and storage stability of catalase@HSN also are satisfactory. This proposed strategy provides a facile method for preparing biocatalysts under mild conditions, facilitating the applications of immobilized enzyme in the fields of real biocatalytic industry with high apparent activity and passable stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, China; Tianjin UBasio Biotechnology Group, China
| | - Lixue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zixin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zibei Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Huihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xuejian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, China
| | - Renyi Yan
- Tianjin UBasio Biotechnology Group, China
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China.
| | - Shiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China
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14
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Li J, Li C, Zhao Z, Guo Y, Chen H, Liu P, Zhao M, Guo J. Biomolecules meet organic frameworks: from synthesis strategies to diverse applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4529-4541. [PMID: 38293903 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecules are essential in pharmaceuticals, biocatalysts, biomaterials, etc., but unfortunately they are extremely susceptible to extraneous conditions. When biomolecules meet porous organic frameworks, significantly improved thermal, chemical, and mechanical stabilities are not only acquired for raw biomolecules, but also molecule sieving, substrate enrichment, chirality property, and other functionalities are additionally introduced for application expansions. In addition, the intriguing synergistic effect stemming from elaborate and concerted interactions between biomolecules and frameworks can further enhance application performances. In this paper, the synthesis strategies of the so-called bio-organic frameworks (BOFs) in recent years are systematically reviewed and classified. Additionally, their broad applications in biomedicine, catalysis, separation, sensing, and imaging are introduced and discussed. Before ending, the current challenges and prospects in the future for this infancy-stage but significant research field are also provided. We hope that this review will offer a concise but comprehensive vision of designing and constructing multifunctional BOF materials as well as their full explorations in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Chunyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Zelong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yuxue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Hongli Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Systems, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Pai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Meiting Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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15
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Akpinar I, Wang X, Fahy K, Sha F, Yang S, Kwon TW, Das PJ, Islamoglu T, Farha OK, Stoddart JF. Biomimetic Mineralization of Large Enzymes Utilizing a Stable Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5108-5117. [PMID: 38367279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes are natural catalysts for a wide range of metabolic chemical transformations, including selective hydrolysis, oxidation, and phosphorylation. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy for the encapsulation of enzymes within a highly stable zirconium-based metal-organic framework. UiO-66-F4 was synthesized under mild conditions using an enzyme-compatible amino acid modulator, serine, at a modest temperature in an aqueous solution. Enzyme@UiO-66-F4 biocomposites were then formed by an in situ encapsulation route in which UiO-66-F4 grows around the enzymes and, consequently, provides protection for the enzymes. A range of enzymes, namely, lysozyme, horseradish peroxidase, and amano lipase, were successfully encapsulated within UiO-66-F4. We further demonstrate that the resulting biocomposites are stable under conditions that could denature many enzymes. Horseradish peroxidase encapsulated within UiO-66-F4 maintained its biological activity even after being treated with the proteolytic enzyme pepsin and heated at 60 °C. This strategy expands the toolbox of potential metal-organic frameworks with different topologies or functionalities that can be used as enzyme encapsulation hosts. We also demonstrate that this versatile process of in situ encapsulation of enzymes under mild conditions (i.e., submerged in water and at a modest temperature) can be generalized to encapsulate enzymes of various sizes within UiO-66-F4 while protecting them from harsh conditions (i.e., high temperatures, contact with denaturants or organic solvents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Akpinar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kira Fahy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Fanrui Sha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Shuliang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Tae-Woo Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215, China
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16
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Gao R, Kou X, Tong L, Li ZW, Shen Y, He R, Guo L, Wang H, Ma X, Huang S, Chen G, Ouyang G. Ionic Liquid-Mediated Dynamic Polymerization for Facile Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Enzyme-Covalent Organic Framework Biocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319876. [PMID: 38183367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing covalent organic framework (COF) as a hypotoxic and porous scaffold to encapsulate enzyme (enzyme@COF) has inspired numerous interests at the intersection of chemistry, materials, and biological science. In this study, we report a convenient scheme for one-step, aqueous-phase synthesis of highly crystalline enzyme@COF biocatalysts. This facile approach relies on an ionic liquid (2 μL of imidazolium ionic liquid)-mediated dynamic polymerization mechanism, which can facilitate the in situ assembly of enzyme@COF under mild conditions. This green strategy is adaptive to synthesize different biocatalysts with highly crystalline COF "exoskeleton", as well evidenced by the low-dose cryo-EM and other characterizations. Attributing to the rigorous sieving effect of crystalline COF pore, the hosted lipase shows non-native selectivity for aliphatic acid hydrolysis. In addition, the highly crystalline linkage affords COF "exoskeleton" with higher photocatalytic activity for in situ production of H2 O2 , enabling us to construct a self-cascading photo-enzyme coupled reactor for pollutants degradation, with a 2.63-fold degradation rate as the poorly crystalline photo-enzyme reactor. This work showcases the great potentials of employing green and trace amounts of ionic liquid for one-step synthesis of crystalline enzyme@COF biocatalysts, and emphasizes the feasibility of diversifying enzyme functions by integrating the reticular chemistry of a COF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoxue Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Linjing Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yujian Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rongwei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lihong Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the, NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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17
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Zhou LL, Guan Q, Dong YB. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Opportunities for Rational Materials Design in Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314763. [PMID: 37983842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are extensively used in cancer therapy. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic porous materials with several benefits for cancer therapy, including porosity, design flexibility, functionalizability, and biocompatibility. This review examines the use of COFs in cancer therapy from the perspective of reticular chemistry and function-oriented materials design. First, the modification sites and functionalization methods of COFs are discussed, followed by their potential as multifunctional nanoplatforms for tumor targeting, imaging, and therapy by integrating functional components. Finally, some challenges in the clinical translation of COFs are presented with the hope of promoting the development of COF-based anticancer nanomedicines and bringing COFs closer to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
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18
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Gong C, Chen B, Xing Y, Zhao H. Metal-pyrimidine nanocubes immobilized enzymes with pH-switchable multienzyme-like activity for broad-pH-responsive sensing assay for organophosphorus pesticides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132849. [PMID: 37898085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase (POD)-like can only function in acidic environments and the pH mismatch restricts the application of enzyme-nanozyme cascade catalytic sensing platforms in the broad-pH-responsive assay for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Herein, the metal-pyrimidine nanocubes (MPNCs) with intrinsic pH-switchable POD-like and catalase (CAT)-like properties were synthesized via the coordination of pyrimidin-2-ol with Cu2+. Meanwhile, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (CHO) were simultaneously encapsulated in MPNCs to construct an enzyme-nanozyme cascade catalytic platform (AChE/CHO@MPNCs). AChE/CHO@MPNCs could catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline, which was subsequently converted to H2O2. The POD-like activity of MPNCs was dominant under acidic conditions, while the CAT-like activity prevailed under neutral and alkaline conditions, which could catalyze H2O2 to •OH and O2, respectively, then oxidizing dopamine (DA) to polydopamine quantum dots (PDA QDs) with different fluorescence characteristics. Consequently, OPs could be detected in a linear range from 0.05 to 1000 nM with a LOD of 0.015 nM in acidic environments and a linear range from 0.05 to 500 nM with a LOD of 0.023 nM in alkaline environments. Overall, our work expands the horizon of constructing enzyme@MOFs composites with high catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the intrinsic pH-switchable multienzyme-like property opens avenues to construct sensing platforms with broad-pH-responsive for OPs and other analytes detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yifei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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19
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Ma M, Yang Y, Huang Z, Huang F, Li Q, Liu H. Recent progress in the synthesis and applications of covalent organic framework-based composites. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1600-1632. [PMID: 38189523 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have historically been of interest to researchers in different areas due to their distinctive characteristics, including well-ordered pores, large specific surface area, and structural tunability. In the past few years, as COF synthesis techniques developed, COF-based composites fabricated by integrating COFs and other functional materials including various kinds of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, ionic liquids, metal-organic frameworks, silica, polymers, enzymes and carbon nanomaterials have emerged as a novel kind of porous hybrid material. Herein, we first provide a thorough summary of advanced strategies for preparing COF-based composites; then, the emerging applications of COF-based composites in diverse fields due to their synergistic effects are systematically highlighted, including analytical chemistry (sensing, extraction, membrane separation, and chromatographic separation) and catalysis. Finally, the current challenges associated with future perspectives of COF-based composites are also briefly discussed to inspire the advancement of more COF-based composites with excellent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghao Yang
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fuhong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quanliang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225000, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Huang S, Li J, Lin Y, Tong L, Zhong N, Huang A, Ma X, Huang S, Yi W, Shen Y, Chen G, Ouyang G. Hydrogen-Bonded Supramolecular Nanotrap Enabling the Interfacial Activation of Hosted Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1967-1976. [PMID: 38131319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Engineering nanotraps to immobilize fragile enzymes provides new insights into designing stable and sustainable biocatalysts. However, the trade-off between activity and stability remains a long-standing challenge due to the inevitable diffusion barrier set up by nanocarriers. Herein, we report a synergetic interfacial activation strategy by virtue of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular encapsulation. The pore wall of the nanotrap, in which the enzyme is encapsulated, is modified with methyl struts in an atomically precise position. This well-designed supramolecular pore results in a synergism of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with the hosted enzyme, and it can modulate the catalytic center of the enzyme into a favorable configuration with high substrate accessibility and binding capability, which shows up to a 4.4-fold reaction rate and 4.9-fold conversion enhancements compared to free enzymes. This work sheds new light on the interfacial activation of enzymes using supramolecular engineering and also showcases the feasibility of interfacial assembly to access hierarchical biocatalysts featuring high activity and stability simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yuhong Lin
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Linjing Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ningyi Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Anlian Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuyao Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yong Shen
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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21
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Xu J, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Ye G, Wu D. Covalent organic framework in-situ immobilized laccase for the covalent polymerization removal of sulfamethoxazole in the presence of natural phenols: Prominent enzyme stability and activity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132714. [PMID: 37827099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
In current water treatment processes, pollutants are typically degraded into small molecules and CO2 for detoxification. This study employed laccase-mediated aggregation of new pollutants with natural phenolic compounds to remove pollutants by forming large molecular substances, effectively sequestering carbon. Free laccase is susceptible to environmental influences, causing deactivation. However, immobilizing laccase onto a carrier enhances enzyme stability. In the experiment, laccase was immobilized onto the covalent organic framework TpPa-1 through an in-situ loading process, resulting in immobilized laccase Lac@TpPa-1. Stability studies revealed that immobilized laccase outperformed free laccase in terms of pH, temperature, and recyclability. Moreover, immobilized laccase was employed for catalyzing the removal of emerging pollutants containing natural phenolic compounds, achieving an 80.53% removal rate with the addition of 0.02 g of laccase within 5 h. Analytical techniques like Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry were used to uncover reaction pathways, demonstrating the presence of radical polymerization and 1, 4 nucleophilic addition. This research utilized TpPa-1 as a carrier for laccase immobilization, promoting oxidation-induced polymerization for efficient pollutant removal. It provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the interplay between emerging pollutants and phenolic compounds in natural environments and enhances the practical application of laccase through immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Guojie Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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22
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Zhang J, Liu X, Mu Q, Li R, Ji Y. Construction and Application of a Pepsin-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework with Prominent Chiral Recognition Ability. Chemistry 2024:e202303827. [PMID: 38183168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The stable Pepsin@covalent organic framework (Pepsin@COF) were constructed base on matching COF pore diameter to pepsin dimension. It exhibits excellent chiral recognition capabilities (e. e. % up to 62.63 %) and potential for enantioseparation. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the immobilized enzyme activity and chiral recognition was revealed, offering insights for the design of biocatalytic nanosystems in chiral separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qixuan Mu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
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23
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Jiang Y, Zheng J, Wang M, Xu W, Wang Y, Wen L, Dong J. Pros and Cons in Various Immobilization Techniques and Carriers for Enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-023-04838-7. [PMID: 38175415 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, enzyme immobilization technology has been developed, and studies on immobilized enzyme materials have become very prominent. With the immobilization technique, enzymes and compatible carrier materials are combined or enzyme crystals/aggregates are used in a carrier-free fashion, by physical, chemical, or biochemical methods. As a kind of biocatalyst, immobilized enzymes can catalyze certain chemical reactions with high selectivity and high efficiency under relatively mild reaction conditions and eliminate pollution to the environment. Considering the current status and applications of immobilized enzyme technology and materials emerging in the last 5 years, this mini-review introduces the advantages and disadvantages of various enzyme immobilization techniques with carriers as well as the pros and cons of different materials for immobilization. The future prospects of immobilization technology and carrier materials are outlined, aiming to provide a reference for further research and applications of sustainable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinxia Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mengna Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wanqi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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24
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Qiao S, Jin H, Zuo A, Chen Y. Integration of Enzyme and Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Rational Design to Applications. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:93-105. [PMID: 38105494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing is undergoing profound transformations, among which green biomanufacturing with low energy consumption, high efficiency, and sustainability is becoming one of the major trends. However, enzymes, as the "core chip" of biomanufacturing, are often handicapped in their application by their high cost, low operational stability, and nonreusability. Immobilization of enzymes is a technology that binds or restricts enzymes in a certain area with solid materials, allows them to still carry out their unique catalytic reaction, and allows them to be recycled and reused. Compared with free enzymes, immobilized enzymes boast numerous advantages such as enhanced storage stability, ease of separation, reusability, and controlled operation. Currently, commonly used supports for enzyme immobilization (e.g., mesoporous silica, sol-gel hydrogels, and porous polymer) can effectively improve enzyme stability and reduce product inhibition. However, they still face drawbacks such as potential leaching or conformational change during immobilization and poor machining performance. Especially, most enzyme carrier solid materials possess disordered structures, inevitably introducing deficiencies such as low loading capacity, hindered mass transfer, and unclear structure-property relationships. Additionally, it remains a notable challenge to meticulously design immobilization systems tailored to the specific characteristics of enzyme/reaction. Therefore, there is a significant demand for reliable solid materials to overcome the above challenges. Crystalline porous materials, particularly covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have garnered significant interest as a promising platform for immobilizing enzymes due to their unique properties, such as their crystalline nature, high porosity, accessible active sites, versatile synthetic conditions, and tunable structure. COFs create a stabilizing microenvironment that protects enzymes from denaturation and significantly enhances reusability. Nevertheless, some challenges still remain, including difficulties in loading large enzymes, reduced enzyme activities, and the limited functionality of carriers. Therefore, it is essential to develop innovative carriers and novel strategies to broaden the methods of immobilizing enzymes, enabling their application across a more diverse array of fields.The integration of enzymes with advanced porous materials for intensified performance and diverse applications is still in its infancy, and our group has done a series of pioneering works. This Account presents a comprehensive overview of recent research progress made by our group, including (i) the development of innovative enzyme immobilization strategies utilizing COFs to make the assembly and integration of enzymes and carriers more effective; (ii) rational design and construction of functional carriers for enzyme immobilization using COFs; and (iii) extensions of immobilized enzyme applications based on COFs from industrial catalysis to biomedicine and chiral separation. The integration of enzymes with functional crystalline materials offers mutual benefits and results in a performance that surpasses what either component can achieve individually. Additionally, immobilized enzymes exhibit enhanced functionality and intriguing characteristics that differ from those of free enzymes. Consistent with our research philosophy centered on integration, platform development, and engineering application, this Account addresses the critical challenges associated with enzyme immobilization using COFs while extending the applications of COFs and proposing future design principles for biomanufacturing and enzyme industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haiqun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Along Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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25
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Hu F, Hu Z, Liu Y, Tam KC, Liang R, Xie Q, Fan Z, Pan C, Tang J, Yu G, Zhang W. Aqueous Sol-Gel Synthesis and Shaping of Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27718-27727. [PMID: 38083846 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic fragility and insoluble nature of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have strongly impeded their processability for practical applications. Herein, an aqueous-based sol-gel synthetic strategy is reported for the synthesis and shaping of COFs with task-specific applications that satisfy the principles of green chemistry for gram-scale production of crystalline materials. Our successful approach involves three pivotal aspects: the "prodrug mimic" design of water-soluble monomers, the utilization of hydrolyzable bonds, and the manipulation of reaction kinetics. The generality of the method is demonstrated by the successful preparation of representative high-surface area two-dimensional (2D) COFs with several commonly used amines. By virtue of this strategy, a COF colloidal dispersion is achieved and can be formulated into processable fluids, structured films, and COF monoliths. Remarkably, the obtained lightweight (∼0.020 g cm-3) and robust aerogels displayed outstanding adsorption capacity (exceeding 57 times its own weight) toward a variety of organic solvents and exhibited superior thermal insulating properties compared to the widely used sponge and cotton. This work demonstrates a versatile strategy for the synthesis and shaping of processable COF materials in water that will contribute to the development of COF monoliths for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zeyou Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Rongran Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qiujian Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhiwen Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chunyue Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juntao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guipeng Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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26
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Gong C, Wang D, Zhao H. Biomimetic Metal-Pyrimidine Nanoflowers: Enzyme Immobilization Platforms with Boosted Activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304077. [PMID: 37612822 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
For the enzyme immobilization platform, enhancing enzyme activity retention while improving enzyme stability remains a challenge for sensitive sensing analysis. Herein, an in situ biomimetic immobilized enzyme carrier (metal-pyrimidine nanoflowers, MPNFs) synthesized by the coordination of DNA base derivative (2-aminopyrimidine) with Zn2+ in the aqueous phase at room temperature is developed. The biocompatibility of 2-aminopyrimidine and the hydrophilicity and green synthetic conditions of MPNFs allows the immobilized enzymes to retain above 91.2% catalytic activity. On this basis, a cascade catalytic platform is constructed by simultaneously immobilizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline oxidase (CHO), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in MPNFs (AChE/CHO/HRP@MPNFs) for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) colorimetric biosensing detection. The assay could specifically detect parathion-methyl within 13 min with a wider linear range (0.1-1000.0 nm) and a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.032 nm). The remarkable stability of the immobilized enzymes is also achieved under harsh environments, room temperature storage, and recycling. Furthermore, a portable and cost-effective biosensing platform is developed by integrating AChE/CHO/HRP@MPNFs with a smartphone-assisted paper device for the on-site detection of OPs. Overall, the high catalytic activity retention and the enhanced detection performance demonstrate that MPNF is a robust carrier in enzyme immobilization and holds great promise in biosensing and other field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Denghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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27
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Xue J, Zhang M, Yong J, Chen Q, Wang J, Xu J, Liang K. Light-Switchable Biocatalytic Covalent-Organic Framework Nanomotors for Aqueous Contaminants Removal. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 38011156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled nanomotors represent a promising class of adaptable and versatile technologies with broad applications in the realms of biomedicine and environmental remediation. Herein, we report a biocatalytic nanomotor based on a covalent-organic framework (COF) that demonstrates intelligent and switchable motion triggered by a blue-to-red light switch. Consequently, when exposed to blue light, the nanomotor significantly enhances the removal of contaminants in aqueous solutions due to its elevated mobility. Conversely, it effectively deactivates its motion and contaminant removal upon exposure to red light. This study explores the heterogeneous assembly strategy of the COF-based nanomotor and its light-controlled propulsion performance and provides a novel strategy for the regulation of movement, offering valuable insights for the design and practical applications of nanomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueyi Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mengnan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joel Yong
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Qianfan Chen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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28
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Li L, Wu X, Pang Y, Lou H, Li Z. In Situ Encapsulation of Cytochrome c within Covalent Organic Frames Using Deep Eutectic Solvents under Ambient Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53871-53880. [PMID: 37945537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In situ integration of enzymes with covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to form hybrid biocatalysts is both significant and challenging. In this study, we present an innovative strategy employing deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to synergistically synthesize COFs and shield cytochrome c (Cyt c). By utilizing DESs as reaction solvents in combination with water, we successfully achieved rapid and in situ encapsulation of Cyt c within COFs (specifically COF-TAPT-TFB) under ambient conditions. The resulting Cyt c@COF-TAPT-TFB composite demonstrates a remarkable preservation of enzymatic activity. This encapsulation strategy also imparts exceptional resistance to organic solvents and exhibits impressive recycling stability. Additionally, the enhanced catalytic efficiency of Cyt c@COF-TAPT-TFB in a photoenzymatic cascade reaction is also showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yuxia Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hongming Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhixian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green Fine Chemicals, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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29
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Zhou LL, Guan Q, Zhou W, Kan JL, Teng K, Hu M, Dong YB. A Multifunctional Covalent Organic Framework Nanozyme for Promoting Ferroptotic Radiotherapy against Esophageal Cancer. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20445-20461. [PMID: 37801392 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is inevitably accompanied by some degree of radiation resistance, which leads to local recurrence and even therapeutic failure. To overcome this limitation, herein, we report the room-temperature synthesis of an iodine- and ferrocene-loaded covalent organic framework (COF) nanozyme, termed TADI-COF-Fc, for the enhancement of radiotherapeutic efficacy in the treatment of radioresistant esophageal cancer. The iodine atoms on the COF framework not only exerted a direct effect on radiotherapy, increasing its efficacy by increasing X-ray absorption, but also promoted the radiolysis of water, which increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the ferrocene surface decoration disrupted redox homeostasis by increasing the levels of hydroxyl and lipid peroxide radicals and depleting intracellular antioxidants. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments substantiated the excellent radiotherapeutic response of TADI-COF-Fc. This study demonstrates the potential of COF-based multinanozymes as radiosensitizers and suggests a possible treatment integration strategy for combination oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Jing-Lan Kan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Kai Teng
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Man Hu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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30
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Zhu Q, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Enzyme immobilization on covalent organic framework supports. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3080-3125. [PMID: 37674094 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are natural catalysts with high catalytic activity, substrate specificity and selectivity. Their widespread utilization in industrial applications is limited by their sensitivity to harsh reaction conditions and difficulties relating to their removal and re-use after the reaction is complete. These limitations can be addressed by immobilizing the enzymes in solid porous supports. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are ideal candidate carriers because of their good biocompatibility, long-term water stability and large surface area. In post-synthetic immobilization, the enzyme is added to an existing COF; this has had limited success because of enzyme leaching and pore blockage by enzymes that are too large. Direct-immobilization methods-building the COF around the enzyme-allow tailored incorporation of proteins of any size and result in materials with lower levels of leaching and better mass transport of reactants and products. This protocol describes direct-immobilization methods that can be used to fabricate enzyme@COF (@ = engulfing) biocomposites with rationally programmed structures and functions. If COF construction requires harsh reaction conditions, the enzyme can be protected by using a removable metal-organic framework. Alternatively, a direct in situ approach, in which the enzyme and the COF monomers assemble under very mild conditions, can be used. Examples of both approaches are described: enzyme@COF-42-B/43-B capsules (enzymes including catalase, glucose oxidase, etc.) with ZIF-90 or ZPF-2 as protectors, and lipase@NKCOF-98/99 via in situ direct-immobilization methods (synthesis timing: 30-100 min). Example assays for physical and functional characterization of the COF and enzyme@COF materials are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
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31
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Liang W, Flint K, Yao Y, Wu J, Wang L, Doonan C, Huang J. Enhanced Bioactivity of Enzyme/MOF Biocomposite via Host Framework Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20365-20374. [PMID: 37671920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the successful development of a sustainable synthesis protocol for a phase-pure metal azolate framework (MAF-6) and its application in enzyme immobilization. An esterase@MAF-6 biocomposite was synthesized, and its catalytic performance was compared with that of esterase@ZIF-8 and esterase@ZIF-90 in transesterification reactions. Esterase@MAF-6, with its large pore aperture, showed superior enzymatic performance compared to esterase@ZIF-8 and esterase@ZIF-90 in catalyzing transesterification reactions using both n-propanol and benzyl alcohol as reactants. The hydrophobic nature of the MAF-6 platform was shown to activate the immobilized esterase into its open-lid conformation, which exhibited a 1.5- and 4-times enzymatic activity as compared to free esterase in catalyzing transesterification reaction using n-propanol and benzyl alcohol, respectively. The present work offers insights into the potential of MAF-6 as a promising matrix for enzyme immobilization and highlights the need to explore MOF matrices with expanded pore apertures to broaden their practical applications in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Liang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Kate Flint
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Yuchen Yao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Christian Doonan
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
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32
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Gao R, Kou X, He R, Shen Y, Guo L, Wang H, Huang S, Chen G, Ouyang G. Protocol for mechanochemistry-guided assembly strategy for enzyme encapsulation using covalent organic frameworks. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102421. [PMID: 37432851 PMCID: PMC10362197 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization into porous frameworks is an emerging strategy for enhancing the stability of dynamic conformation and prolonging the lifespan of enzymes. Here, we present a protocol for a de novo mechanochemistry-guided assembly strategy for enzyme encapsulation using covalent organic frameworks. We describe steps for mechanochemical synthesis, enzyme loading measurements, and material characterizations. We then detail evaluations of biocatalytic activity and recyclability. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Gao et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoxue Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rongwei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yujiang Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lihong Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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33
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Feng J, Huang QY, Zhang C, Ramakrishna S, Dong YB. Review of covalent organic frameworks for enzyme immobilization: Strategies, applications, and prospects. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125729. [PMID: 37422245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient enzyme immobilization systems offer a promising approach for improving enzyme stability and recyclability, reducing enzyme contamination in products, and expanding the applications of enzymes in the biomedical field. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) possess high surface areas, ordered channels, optional building blocks, highly tunable porosity, stable mechanical properties, and abundant functional groups, making them ideal candidates for enzyme immobilization. Various COF-enzyme composites have been successfully synthesized, with performances that surpass those of free enzymes in numerous ways. This review aims to provide an overview of current enzyme immobilization strategies using COFs, highlighting the characteristics of each method and recent research applications. The future opportunities and challenges of enzyme immobilization technology using COFs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing-Yun Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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34
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Feng M, Niu Z, Xing C, Jin Y, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang B. Covalent Organic Framework Based Crosslinked Porous Microcapsules for Enzymatic Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306621. [PMID: 37310867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design of porous microcapsules with selective mass transfer and mechanical robustness for enzyme encapsulation is highly desired for biocatalysis, yet the construction remains challenging. Herein, we report the facile fabrication of porous microcapsules by assembling covalent organic framework (COF) spheres at the interfaces of emulsion droplets followed by interparticle crosslinking. The COF microcapsules could offer an enclosed aqueous environment for enzymes, with size-selective porous shells that allow for the fast diffusion of substrates and products while excluding larger molecules such as protease. Crosslinking of COF spheres not only enhances the structural stability of capsules but also imparts enrichment effects. The enzymes encased in the COF microcapsules show enhanced activity and durability in organic media as verified in both batch reaction and continuous-flow reaction. The COF microcapsules offer a promising platform for the encapsulation of biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchu Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ziru Niu
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xing
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yehao Jin
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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35
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Huang W, Yuan H, Yang H, Ma X, Huang S, Zhang H, Huang S, Chen G, Ouyang G. Green synthesis of stable hybrid biocatalyst using a hydrogen-bonded, π-π-stacking supramolecular assembly for electrochemical immunosensor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3644. [PMID: 37339954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational integration of native enzymes and nanoscaffold is an efficient means to access robust biocatalyst, yet remains on-going challenges due to the trade-off between fragile enzymes and harsh assembling conditions. Here, we report a supramolecular strategy enabling the in situ fusion of fragile enzymes into a robust porous crystal. A c2-symmetric pyrene tecton with four formic acid arms is utilized as the building block to engineer this hybrid biocatalyst. The decorated formic acid arms afford the pyrene tectons high dispersibility in minute amount of organic solvent, and permit the hydrogen-bonded linkage of discrete pyrene tectons to an extended supramolecular network around an enzyme in almost organic solvent-free aqueous solution. This hybrid biocatalyst is covered by long-range ordered pore channels, which can serve as the gating to sieve the catalytic substrate and thus enhance the biocatalytic selectivity. Given the structural integration, a supramolecular biocatalyst-based electrochemical immunosensor is developed, enabling the pg/mL detection of cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 519082, Zhuhai, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University), 518020, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huangsheng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuyao Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, 519082, Zhuhai, China.
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36
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Zhang Y, Xing C, Mu Z, Niu Z, Feng X, Zhang Y, Wang B. Harnessing Self-Repairing and Crystallization Processes for Effective Enzyme Encapsulation in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37285591 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of fragile enzymes in crystalline porous materials offers new opportunities to expand the applications of biocatalysts. However, limited by the pore size and/or harsh synthesis conditions of the porous hosts, enzymes often suffer from dimension limitation or denaturation during the immobilization process. Taking advantage of the dynamic covalent chemistry feature of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), herein, we report a preprotection strategy to encapsulate enzymes in COFs during the self-repairing and crystallization process. Enzymes were first loaded in the low-crystalline polymer networks with mesopores formed at the initial growth stage, which could offer effective protection for enzymes from the harsh reaction conditions, and subsequently the encapsulation proceeded during the self-repairing and crystallization of the disordered polymer into the crystalline framework. Impressively, the biological activity of the enzymes can be well-maintained after encapsulation, and the obtained enzyme@COFs also show superior stability. Furthermore, the preprotection strategy circumvents the size limitation for enzymes, and its versatility was verified by enzymes with different sizes and surface charges, as well as a two-enzyme cascade system. This study offers a universal design idea to encapsulate enzymes in robust porous supports and holds promise for developing high-performance immobilized biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ziru Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material, Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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37
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Chen G, Huang S, Ma X, He R, Ouyang G. Encapsulating and stabilizing enzymes using hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks. Nat Protoc 2023:10.1038/s41596-023-00828-5. [PMID: 37198321 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding natural catalysts with exquisite 3D structures, initiating countless life-sustaining biotransformations in living systems. The flexible structure of an enzyme, however, is highly susceptible to non-physiological environments, which greatly limits its large-scale industrial applications. Seeking suitable supports to immobilize fragile enzymes is one of the most efficient routes to ameliorate the stability problem. This protocol imparts a new bottom-up strategy for enzyme encapsulation using a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF-101). In short, the surface residues of the enzyme can trigger the nucleation of HOF-101 around its surface through the hydrogen-bonded biointerface. As a result, a series of enzymes with different surface chemistries are able to be encapsulated within a highly crystalline HOF-101 scaffold, which has long-range ordered mesochannels. The details of experimental procedures are described in this protocol, which involve the encapsulating method, characterizations of materials and biocatalytic performance tests. Compared with other immobilization methods, this enzyme-triggering HOF-101 encapsulation is easy to operate and affords higher loading efficiency. The formed HOF-101 scaffold has an unambiguous structure and well-arranged mesochannels, favoring mass transfer and understanding of the biocatalytic process. It takes ~13.5 h for successful synthesis of enzyme-encapsulated HOF-101, 3-4 d for characterizations of materials and ~4 h for the biocatalytic performance tests. In addition, no specific expertise is necessary for the preparation of this biocomposite, although the high-resolution imaging requires a low-electron-dose microscope technology. This protocol can provide a useful methodology to efficiently encapsulate enzymes and design biocatalytic HOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Siming Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongwei He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
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38
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Le Ouay B, Minami R, Boruah PK, Kunitomo R, Ohtsubo Y, Torikai K, Ohtani R, Sicard C, Ohba M. Water-Soluble Ionic Metal-Organic Polyhedra as a Versatile Platform for Enzyme Bio-immobilization. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37192338 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) can act as elementary structural units for the design of modular porous materials; however, their association with biological systems remains greatly restricted by their typically low stabilities and solubilities in water. Herein, we describe the preparation of novel MOPs bearing either anionic or cationic groups and exhibiting a high affinity for proteins. Simple mixing of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ionic MOP aqueous solutions resulted in the spontaneous formation of MOP-protein assemblies, in a colloidal state or as solid precipitates depending on the initial mixing ratio. The versatility of the method was further illustrated using two enzymes, catalase and cytochrome c, with different sizes and isoelectric points (pI's) below and above 7. This mode of assembly led to the high retention of catalytic activity and enabled recyclability. Furthermore, the co-immobilization of cytochrome c with highly charged MOPs resulted in a substantial 44-fold increase of its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Le Ouay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Minami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Purna K Boruah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rin Kunitomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuta Ohtsubo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan Named after Mirzo Ulugbek, 4 University Street, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Ryo Ohtani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Clémence Sicard
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UVSQ, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des États-Unis, Bâtiment Lavoisier, Versailles 78035, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris 75005, France
| | - Masaaki Ohba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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39
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Wan GZ, Ma XH, Jin L, Chen J. Fabrication of a Magnetic Porous Organic Polymer for α-Glucosidase Immobilization and Its Application in Inhibitor Screening. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5239-5249. [PMID: 37014629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The technology based on immobilized enzymes was employed to screen the constituents inhibiting disease-related enzyme activity from traditional Chinese medicine, which is expected to become an important approach of innovative drug development. Herein, the Fe3O4@POP composite with a core-shell structure was constructed for the first time with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as the core, 1,3,5-tris (4-aminophenyl) benzene (TAPB) and 2,5-divinylterephthalaldehyde (DVA) as organic monomers, and used as the support for immobilizing α-glucosidase. Fe3O4@POP was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Fe3O4@POP exhibited a distinct core-shell structure and excellent magnetic response (45.2 emu g-1). α-Glucosidase was covalently immobilized on core-shell Fe3O4@POP magnetic nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. The immobilized α-glucosidase possessed improved pH stability and thermal stability as well as good storage stability and reusability. More importantly, the immobilized enzyme exhibited a lower Km value and enhanced affinity for the substrate than the free one. The immobilized α-glucosidase was subsequently used for inhibitor screening from 18 traditional Chinese medicines in combination with capillary electrophoresis analysis among which Rhodiola rosea exhibited the highest enzyme inhibitory activity. These positive results demonstrated that such magnetic POP-based core-shell nanoparticles were a promising carrier for enzyme immobilization and the screening strategy based on immobilized enzyme provided an effective way to rapidly explore the targeted active compounds from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ling Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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40
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Sicard C. In Situ Enzyme Immobilization by Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213405. [PMID: 36330829 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization is a widely reported method to favor the applicability of enzymes by enhancing their stability and re-usability. Among the various existing solid supports and immobilization strategies, the in situ encapsulation of enzymes within crystalline porous matrices is a powerful tool to design biohybrids with a stable and protected catalytic activity. However, to date, only a few metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have been reported. Excitingly, for the first time, Y. Chen and co-workers expanded the in situ bio-encapsulation to a new class of crystalline porous materials, namely covalent organic frameworks (COFs). The enzyme@COF materials not only exhibited high enzyme loading with minimal leaching, high catalytic activity and selectivity, chemical and long-term stability and recyclability but could also be scaled up to a few grams. Undoubtedly, this work opens new striking opportunities for enzymatic immobilization and will stimulate new research on COF-based matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Sicard
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles cedex, France
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41
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Lu F, Pan L, Wu T, Pan W, Gao W, Li N, Tang B. Endoperoxide-containing covalent organic framework as a singlet oxygen reservoir for cancer therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11013-11016. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A porphyrin-based COF containing dialkylnaphthalene derivative was constructed to deliver extracellular singlet oxygen (1O2) into cancer cells through the Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder reaction between dialkylnaphthalene and 1O2 to realize a light- and...
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