1
|
Khadem H, Mangini M, Farazpour S, De Luca AC. Correlative Raman Imaging: Development and Cancer Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:324. [PMID: 39056600 PMCID: PMC11274409 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive research efforts, cancer continues to stand as one of the leading causes of death on a global scale. To gain profound insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer onset and progression, it is imperative to possess methodologies that allow the study of cancer cells at the single-cell level, focusing on critical parameters such as cell morphology, metabolism, and molecular characteristics. These insights are essential for effectively discerning between healthy and cancerous cells and comprehending tumoral progression. Recent advancements in microscopy techniques have significantly advanced the study of cancer cells, with Raman microspectroscopy (RM) emerging as a particularly powerful tool. Indeed, RM can provide both biochemical and spatial details at the single-cell level without the need for labels or causing disruptions to cell integrity. Moreover, RM can be correlated with other microscopy techniques, creating a synergy that offers a spectrum of complementary insights into cancer cell morphology and biology. This review aims to explore the correlation between RM and other microscopy techniques such as confocal fluoresce microscopy (CFM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), digital holography microscopy (DHM), and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Each of these techniques has their own strengths, providing different perspectives and parameters about cancer cell features. The correlation between information from these various analysis methods is a valuable tool for physicians and researchers, aiding in the comprehension of cancer cell morphology and biology, unraveling mechanisms underlying cancer progression, and facilitating the development of early diagnosis and/or monitoring cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khadem
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', IEOS-Second Unit, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Mangini
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', IEOS-Second Unit, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Somayeh Farazpour
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', IEOS-Second Unit, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore', IEOS-Second Unit, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pandey Y, Ingold A, Kumar N, Zenobi R. Nanoscale visualization of phase separation in binary supported lipid monolayer using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10578-10583. [PMID: 38767416 PMCID: PMC11154864 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00816b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Supported lipid membranes are an important model system to study the phase separation behavior at the nanoscale. However, the conventional nanoanalytical tools often fail to provide reliable chemical characterization of the phase separated domains in a non-destructive and label-free manner. This study demonstrates the application of scanning tunneling microscopy-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to study the nanoscale phase separation in supported d62-DPPC : DOPC lipid monolayers. Hyperspectral TERS imaging successfully revealed a clear segregation of the d62-DPPC-rich and DOPC-rich domains. Interestingly, nanoscale deposits of d62-DPPC were observed inside the DOPC-rich domains and vice versa. High-resolution TERS imaging also revealed the presence of a 40-120 nm wide interfacial region between the d62-DPPC-rich and DOPC-rich domains signifying a smooth transition rather than a sharp boundary between them. The novel insights obtained in this study demonstrate the effectiveness of TERS in studying binary lipid monolayers at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Ingold
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buccini L, Proietti A, La Penna G, Mancini C, Mura F, Tacconi S, Dini L, Rossi M, Passeri D. Toward the nanoscale chemical and physical probing of milk-derived extracellular vesicles using Raman and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8132-8142. [PMID: 38568015 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00845f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is an advanced technique to perform local chemical analysis of the surface of a sample through the improvement of the sensitivity and the spatial resolution of Raman spectroscopy by plasmonic enhancement of the electromagnetic signal in correspondence with the nanometer-sized tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). In this work, TERS is demonstrated to represent an innovative and powerful approach for studying extracellular vesicles, in particular bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs), which are nanostructures with considerable potential in drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Raman spectroscopy has been used to analyze mEVs at the micrometric and sub-micrometric scales to obtain a detailed Raman spectrum in order to identify the 'signature' of mEVs in terms of their characteristic molecular vibrations and, therefore, their chemical compositions. With the ability to improve lateral resolution, TERS has been used to study individual mEVs, demonstrating the possibility of investigating a single mEV selected on the surface of the sample and, moreover, analyzing specific locations on the selected mEV with nanometer lateral resolution. TERS potentially allows one to reveal local differences in the composition of mEVs providing new insights into their structure. Also, thanks to the intrinsic properties of TERS to acquire the signal from only the first few nanometers of the surface, chemical investigation of the lipid membrane in correspondence with the various locations of the selected mEV could be performed by analyzing the peaks of the Raman shift in the relevant range of the spectrum (2800-3000 cm-1). Despite being limited to mEVs, this work demonstrates the potential of TERS in the analysis of extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Buccini
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anacleto Proietti
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo La Penna
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mancini
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mura
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Tacconi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bienz S, Spaggiari G, Calestani D, Trevisi G, Bersani D, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Nanoscale Chemical Analysis of Thin Film Solar Cell Interfaces Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14704-14711. [PMID: 38494603 PMCID: PMC10982994 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial regions play a key role in determining the overall power conversion efficiency of thin film solar cells. However, the nanoscale investigation of thin film interfaces using conventional analytical tools is challenging due to a lack of required sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we surmount these obstacles using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and apply it to investigate the absorber (Sb2Se3) and buffer (CdS) layers interface in a Sb2Se3-based thin film solar cell. Hyperspectral TERS imaging with 10 nm spatial resolution reveals that the investigated interface between the absorber and buffer layers is far from uniform, as TERS analysis detects an intermixing of chemical compounds instead of a sharp demarcation between the CdS and Sb2Se3 layers. Intriguingly, this interface, comprising both Sb2Se3 and CdS compounds, exhibits an unexpectedly large thickness of 295 ± 70 nm attributable to the roughness of the Sb2Se3 layer. Furthermore, TERS measurements provide compelling evidence of CdS penetration into the Sb2Se3 layer, likely resulting from unwanted reactions on the absorber surface during chemical bath deposition. Notably, the coexistence of ZnO, which serves as the uppermost conducting layer, and CdS within the Sb2Se3-rich region has been experimentally confirmed for the first time. This study underscores TERS as a promising nanoscale technique to investigate thin film inorganic solar cell interfaces, offering novel insights into intricate interface structures and compound intermixing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siiri Bienz
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Spaggiari
- Department
of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Calestani
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trevisi
- Institute
of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Danilo Bersani
- Department
of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stepanenko T, Sofińska K, Wilkosz N, Dybas J, Wiercigroch E, Bulat K, Szczesny-Malysiak E, Skirlińska-Nosek K, Seweryn S, Chwiej J, Lipiec E, Marzec KM. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) in label-free characterization of erythrocyte membranes and extracellular vesicles at the nano-scale and molecular level. Analyst 2024; 149:778-788. [PMID: 38109075 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01658g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The manuscript presents the potential of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) for label-free characterization of extracellular microvesicles (EVs) and their isolated membranes derived from red blood cells (RBCs) at the nanoscale and at the single-molecule level, providing detection of a few individual amino acids, protein and lipid membrane compartments. The study shows future directions for research, such as investigating the use of the mentioned techniques for the detection and diagnosis of diseases. We demonstrate that SERS and TERS are powerful techniques for identifying the biochemical composition of EVs and their membranes, allowing the detection of small molecules, lipids, and proteins. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles released from red blood cells (REVs) can be broadly classified into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, based on their size and biogenesis pathways. Our study specifically focuses on microvesicles that range from 100 to 1000 nanometres in diameter, as presented in AFM images. Using SERS and TERS spectra obtained for REVs and their membranes, we were able to characterize the chemical and structural properties of microvesicle membranes with high sensitivity and specificity. This information may help better distinguish and categorize different types of EVs, leading to a better understanding of their functions and potential biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Stepanenko
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Lojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Czerwone Maki 98 Str., 30-392 Krakow, Poland
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Sofińska
- Jagiellonian University, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Natalia Wilkosz
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Bobrzyńskiego 14 Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wiercigroch
- Jagiellonian Center of Innovation, Bobrzyńskiego 14 Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczesny-Malysiak
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics, Bobrzyńskiego 14 Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skirlińska-Nosek
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Lojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sara Seweryn
- Jagiellonian University, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Lojasiewicza 11, Krakow, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Chwiej
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lipiec
- Jagiellonian University, M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna M Marzec
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str., 30-418 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mrđenović D, Combes BF, Ni R, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Probing Chemical Complexity of Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mice using Hyperspectral Raman Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:78-85. [PMID: 38096362 PMCID: PMC10767745 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the distinctive pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the deposition of amyloid plaques within the brain of affected individuals. These plaques have traditionally been investigated using labeling techniques such as immunohistochemical imaging. However, the use of labeling can disrupt the structural integrity of the molecules being analyzed. Hence, it is imperative to employ label-free imaging methods for noninvasive examination of amyloid deposits in their native form, thereby providing more relevant information pertaining to AD. This study presents compelling evidence that label-free and nondestructive confocal Raman imaging is a highly effective approach for the identification and chemical characterization of amyloid plaques within cortical regions of an arcAβ mouse model of AD. Furthermore, this investigation elucidates how the spatial correlation of Raman signals can be exploited to identify robust Raman marker bands and discern proteins and lipids from amyloid plaques. Finally, this study uncovers the existence of distinct types of amyloid plaques in the arcAβ mouse brain, exhibiting significant disparities in terms of not only shape and size but also molecular composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1−5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin F. Combes
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine, University of
Zürich, Wagistrasse
12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute
for Regenerative Medicine, University of
Zürich, Wagistrasse
12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Institute
for Biomedical Engineering, University of
Zurich and ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1−5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1−5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mrđenović D, Tang ZX, Pandey Y, Su W, Zhang Y, Kumar N, Zenobi R. Regioselective Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Lipid Membranes with Sub-Nanometer Axial Resolution. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3939-3946. [PMID: 37096805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive and label-free analysis of cell membranes at the nanoscale is essential to comprehend vital cellular processes. However, conventional analytical tools generally fail to meet this challenge due to the lack of required sensitivity and/or spatial resolution. Herein, we demonstrate that tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful nanoanalytical tool to analyze dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers and human cell membranes with submolecular resolution in the vertical direction. Unlike the far-field Raman measurements, TERS spectra of the DPPC bilayers reproducibly exhibited a uniquely shaped C-H band. These unique spectral features were also reproducibly observed in the TERS spectrum of human pancreatic cancer cells. Spectral deconvolution and DFT simulations confirmed that the TERS signal primarily originated from vibrations of the CH3 groups in the choline headgroup of the lipids. The reproducible TERS results obtained in this study unequivocally demonstrate the ultrahigh sensitivity of TERS for nanoanalysis of lipid membranes under ambient conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zi-Xi Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Weitao Su
- School of Sciences, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, 230026 Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Lee D, Wei L. Toward the Next Frontiers of Vibrational Bioimaging. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:3-17. [PMID: 37122829 PMCID: PMC10131268 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical imaging based on vibrational contrasts can extract molecular information entangled in complex biological systems. To this end, nonlinear Raman scattering microscopy, mid-infrared photothermal (MIP) microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based force-detected photothermal microscopies are emerging with better chemical sensitivity, molecular specificity, and spatial resolution than conventional vibrational methods. Their utilization in bioimaging applications has provided biological knowledge in unprecedented detail. This Perspective outlines key methodological developments, bioimaging applications, and recent technical innovations of the three techniques. Representative biological demonstrations are also highlighted to exemplify the unique advantages of obtaining vibrational contrasts. With years of effort, these three methods compose an expanding vibrational bioimaging toolbox to tackle specific bioimaging needs, benefiting many biological investigations with rich information in both label-free and labeling manners. Each technique will be discussed and compared in the outlook, leading to possible future directions to accommodate growing needs in vibrational bioimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dongkwan Lee
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lu Wei
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mrđenović D, Cai ZF, Pandey Y, Bartolomeo GL, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:963-974. [PMID: 36541047 PMCID: PMC9851175 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) molecular materials have attracted immense attention due to their unique properties, promising a wide range of exciting applications. To understand the structure-property relationship of these low-dimensional materials, sensitive analytical tools capable of providing structural and chemical characterisation at the nanoscale are required. However, most conventional analytical techniques fail to meet this challenge, especially in a label-free and non-destructive manner under ambient conditions. In the last two decades, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for nanoscale chemical characterisation by combining the high spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy and the chemical sensitivity and specificity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In this review article, we provide an overview of the application of TERS for nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials, including 2D polymers, biomimetic lipid membranes, biological cell membranes, and 2D reactive systems. The progress in the structural and chemical characterisation of these 2D materials is demonstrated with key examples from our as well as other laboratories. We highlight the unique information that TERS can provide as well as point out the common pitfalls in experimental work and data interpretation and the possible ways of averting them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|