1
|
Shilov RA, Podkorytov IS, Kisel KS, Galenko EE, Karpitskaya DO, Rodionov IA, Shakirova JR, Tunik SP. DPPM-Bridged Binuclear Pt(II) Pincer Complexes: Chemistry, Structure, and Photophysics in Solution Revisited. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11194-11208. [PMID: 38836300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of luminescent binuclear ([dppm{Pt(NNC)}2]2+) and mononuclear ([PPh3Pt(NNC)]+) complexes containing pincer ligands were synthesized and characterized. Photophysical characteristics of both types of complexes were studied in dichloromethane solution. In the solid phase, the binuclear compounds adopt a syn configuration where the {Pt(NNC)} fragments are held together due to intramolecular Pt-Pt bonding and π-stacking of the pincer ligand aromatic systems. Analysis of the complexes' molecular structure in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy showed that the stacked intramolecular configuration is retained in fluid media, which is in complete agreement with a considerable red shift of the emission wavelength due to formation of the intramolecular Pt-Pt bond, leading to the transformation of an emissive excited state to 3MMLCT. It was also found that triethylamine quenches the emission of both types of complexes; the mechanism of quenching is a combination of dynamic and static channels of excited-state deactivation. In the case of binuclear complexes, deprotonation of the dppm methylene bridge by triethylamine also contributes to the chromophore quenching. To explain the observed chemistry of binuclear complex interactions with Et3N, a chemical equilibrium scheme was suggested, which was confirmed by quantitative monitoring of the 31P signal variations as a function of triethylamine concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Shilov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan S Podkorytov
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kristina S Kisel
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria O Karpitskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan A Rodionov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia R Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey P Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii av., 26, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fitzgerald SA, Xiao X, Zhao J, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Knighton RC, Ward BD, Pope SJA. Organometallic Platinum(II) Photosensitisers that Demonstrate Ligand-Modulated Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Energy Upconversion Efficiencies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203241. [PMID: 36394514 PMCID: PMC10107691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-phenylquinoxaline ligands have been synthesised that introduce either CF3 or OCF3 electron-withdrawing groups at different positions of the phenyl ring. These ligands were investigated as cyclometalating reagents for platinum(II) to give neutral complexes of the form [Pt(C^N)(acac)] (in which C^N=cyclometalating ligand; acac=acetyl acetonate). X-ray crystallographic studies on three examples showed that the complexes adopt an approximate square planar geometry. All examples revealed strong Pt-Pt linear contacts of 3.2041(6), 3.2199(3) and 3.2586(2) Å. The highly coloured complexes display efficient visible absorption at 400-500 nm (ϵ ≈5000 M-1 cm-1 ) and orange red photoluminescent characteristics (λem =603-620 nm; Φem ≤37 %), which were subtly tuned by the ligand. Triplet emitting character was confirmed by microsecond luminescence lifetimes and the photogeneration of singlet oxygen with quantum efficiencies up to 57 %. Each complex was investigated as a photosensitiser for triplet-triplet annihilation energy upconversion using 9,10-diphenylanthracene as the annihilator species: a range of good upconversion efficiencies (ΦUC 5.9-14.1 %) were observed and shown to be strongly influenced by the ligand structure in each case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Fitzgerald
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard C Knighton
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Benjamin D Ward
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamidizadeh P, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Chamyani S, Paziresh S, Shahsavari HR, Nabavizadeh SM. Fine-Tuning of Luminescence Properties of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes via Aminopyridine Derivatives. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Hamidizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Samira Chamyani
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Sareh Paziresh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - S. Masoud Nabavizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shahsavari HR, Chamyani S, Hu J, Aghakhanpour RB, Rheingold AL, Paziresh S, Rahal D, Tsuji M, Momand B, Beyzavi H. The Utilization of
Para
‐Substituted Triphenylphosphine Derivatives to Synthesize Highly Emissive Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Samira Chamyani
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Jiyun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry University of California San Diego, La Jolla California 92093 United States
| | - Sareh Paziresh
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan 45137-66731 Iran
| | - Dania Rahal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Miu Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Bilal Momand
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| | - Hudson Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Photophysical Properties and Kinetic Studies of 2-Vinylpyridine-Based Cycloplatinated(II) Complexes Containing Various Phosphine Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072034. [PMID: 33918450 PMCID: PMC8038257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of cycloplatinated(II) complexes with general formula of [PtMe(Vpy)(PR3)], Vpy = 2-vinylpyridine and PR3 = PPh3 (1a); PPh2Me (1b); PPhMe2 (1c), were synthesized and characterized by means of spectroscopic methods. These cycloplatinated(II) complexes were luminescent at room temperature in the yellow–orange region’s structured bands. The PPhMe2 derivative was the strongest emissive among the complexes, and the complex with PPh3 was the weakest one. Similar to many luminescent cycloplatinated(II) complexes, the emission was mainly localized on the Vpy cyclometalated ligand as the main chromophoric moiety. The present cycloplatinated(II) complexes were oxidatively reacted with MeI to yield the corresponding cycloplatinated(IV) complexes. The kinetic studies of the reaction point out to an SN2 mechanism. The complex with PPhMe2 ligand exhibited the fastest oxidative addition reaction due to the most electron-rich Pt(II) center in its structure, whereas the PPh3 derivative showed the slowest one. Interestingly, for the PPhMe2 analog, the trans isomer was stable and could be isolated as both kinetic and thermodynamic product, while the other two underwent trans to cis isomerization.
Collapse
|
6
|
Maisuls I, Wang C, Gutierrez Suburu ME, Wilde S, Daniliuc CG, Brünink D, Doltsinis NL, Ostendorp S, Wilde G, Kösters J, Resch-Genger U, Strassert CA. Ligand-controlled and nanoconfinement-boosted luminescence employing Pt(ii) and Pd(ii) complexes: from color-tunable aggregation-enhanced dual emitters towards self-referenced oxygen reporters. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3270-3281. [PMID: 34164096 PMCID: PMC8179353 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the synthesis, structural and photophysical characterization of four novel Pd(ii) and Pt(ii) complexes bearing tetradentate luminophoric ligands with high photoluminescence quantum yields (Φ L) and long excited state lifetimes (τ) at room temperature, where the results were interpreted by means of DFT calculations. Incorporation of fluorine atoms into the tetradentate ligand favors aggregation and thereby, a shortened average distance between the metal centers, which provides accessibility to metal-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MMLCT) excimers acting as red-shifted energy traps if compared with the monomeric entities. This supramolecular approach provides an elegant way to enable room-temperature phosphorescence from Pd(ii) complexes, which are otherwise quenched by a thermal population of dissociative states due to a lower ligand field splitting. Encapsulation of these complexes in 100 nm-sized aminated polystyrene nanoparticles enables concentration-controlled aggregation-enhanced dual emission. This phenomenon facilitates the tunability of the absorption and emission colors while providing a rigidified environment supporting an enhanced Φ L up to about 80% and extended τ exceeding 100 μs. Additionally, these nanoarrays constitute rare examples for self-referenced oxygen reporters, since the phosphorescence of the aggregates is insensitive to external influences, whereas the monomeric species drop in luminescence lifetime and intensity with increasing triplet molecular dioxygen concentrations (diffusion-controlled quenching).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Matias E Gutierrez Suburu
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Sebastian Wilde
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Constantin-Gabriel Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dana Brünink
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stefan Ostendorp
- Institut für Materialphysik, CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Gerhard Wilde
- Institut für Materialphysik, CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Division Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 D-48149 Münster Germany
- CeNTech, CiMIC, SoN, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Heisenbergstraße 11 D-48149 Münster Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu J, Nikravesh M, Shahsavari HR, Babadi Aghakhanpour R, Rheingold AL, Alshami M, Sakamaki Y, Beyzavi H. A C^N Cycloplatinated(II) Fluoride Complex: Photophysical Studies and C sp3-F Bond Formation. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16319-16327. [PMID: 33135890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a new C^N-based cycloplatinated(II) fluoride complex, [Pt(ppy)(PPh3)F] (2; ppy = 2-phenylpyridinate), involving a Pt-F bond. The new complex is highly luminescent in the green area with a high quantum yield of 94.6% at 77 K. A comparison study of the heavier halogen derivatives reveals a descending emission quantum yield order of F > Cl > Br > I. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations ascribe the decreased emission efficiency to the decreasing trend of an intraligand (IL) transition from F to I, which accounts for the major radiative pathway. In addition, 2 is capable of the fluorinating alkyl halides, leading to Csp3-F bond formation at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Mahshid Nikravesh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Hamid R Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Reza Babadi Aghakhanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mia Alshami
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Yoshie Sakamaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Hudson Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mandegani Z, Nahaei A, Nikravesh M, Nabavizadeh SM, Shahsavari HR, Abu-Omar MM. Synthesis and Characterization of RhIII–MII (M = Pt, Pd) Heterobimetallic Complexes Based on a Bisphosphine Ligand: Tandem Reactions Using Ethanol. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mandegani
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
| | - Asma Nahaei
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
| | - Mahshid Nikravesh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - S. Masoud Nabavizadeh
- Professor Rashidi Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71467-13565, Iran
| | - Hamid R. Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shakirova JR, Hendi Z, Zhukovsky DD, Sokolov VV, Jamali S, Pavlovskiy VV, Porsev VV, Evarestov RA, Tunik SP. NIR emitting platinum pincer complexes based on the N^N^C ligand containing {benz[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin} aromatic system; synthesis, characterization and photophysical study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
10
|
Jamshidi M, Barzegar-Kiadehi SR, Golbon Haghighi M, Notash B. Dual-Emissive Bis(diphenylphosphino)amine Platinum Complexes: Structural, Reactivity, Photophysical, and Theoretical Investigations. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Jamshidi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Behrouz Notash
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Odachowski M, Marschner C, Blom B. A review on 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane bridged homo- and heterobimetallic complexes for anticancer applications: Synthesis, structure, and cytotoxicity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112613. [PMID: 32784095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we review developments in synthesis, structure, and biological (anti-cancer) activities of 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) bridged homo- and heterobimetallic systems of the type LmM(μ2-dppm)M'Ln (M and M' are transition metals which may be different or the same and Ln,m are co-ligands) since the first such reported bimetallic system in 1987 until the present time (2020). As the simplest diphosphine, dppm enables facile formation of bimetallic complexes, where, given the short spacer between the PPh2 groups, close spatial proximity of the metal centres is ensured. We concentrate on complexes bearing no M-M interaction and contrast biological activities of these complexes with mononuclear counterparts and positive control agents such as cisplatin, in an attempt to elucidate patterns in the biological activities of these complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Odachowski
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Burgert Blom
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Kapoenstraat 2, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|