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Migliore JM, Hewitt P, Dingemans TJ, Simone DL, Monzel WJ. Effect of Water-Soluble Polymers on the Rheology and Microstructure of Polymer-Modified Geopolymer Glass-Ceramics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2856. [PMID: 38930225 PMCID: PMC11204717 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This work explores the effects of rigid (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt. %) and semi-flexible (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 wt. %) all-aromatic polyelectrolyte reinforcements as rheological and morphological modifiers for preparing phosphate geopolymer glass-ceramic composites. Polymer-modified aluminosilicate-phosphate geopolymer resins were prepared by high-shear mixing of a metakaolin powder with 9M phosphoric acid and two all-aromatic, sulfonated polyamides. Polymer loadings between 0.5-2.5 wt. % exhibited gel-like behavior and an increase in the modulus of the geopolymer resin as a function of polymer concentration. The incorporation of a 0.5 wt. % rigid polymer resulted in a three-fold increase in viscosity relative to the control phosphate geopolymer resin. Hardening, dehydration, and crystallization of the geopolymer resins to glass-ceramics was achieved through mold casting, curing at 80 °C for 24 h, and a final heat treatment up to 260 °C. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a decrease in microstructure porosity in the range of 0.78 μm to 0.31 μm for geopolymer plaques containing loadings of 0.5 wt. % rigid polymer. Nano-porosity values of the composites were measured between 10-40 nm using nitrogen adsorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method) and transmission electron microscopy. Nanoindentation studies revealed geopolymer composites with Young's modulus values of 15-24 GPa and hardness values of 1-2 GPa, suggesting an increase in modulus and hardness with polymer incorporation. Additional structural and chemical analyses were performed via thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared radiation, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the processing, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of water-soluble, high-performance polyelectrolyte-reinforced geopolymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Migliore
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.M.M.); (T.J.D.)
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RXNP, Dayton, OH 45324, USA; (P.H.); (D.L.S.)
- UES, Inc. A BlueHalo Company, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RXNP, Dayton, OH 45324, USA; (P.H.); (D.L.S.)
- UES, Inc. A BlueHalo Company, Dayton, OH 45432, USA
| | - Theo J. Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.M.M.); (T.J.D.)
| | - Davide L. Simone
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RXNP, Dayton, OH 45324, USA; (P.H.); (D.L.S.)
| | - William Jacob Monzel
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/RXNP, Dayton, OH 45324, USA; (P.H.); (D.L.S.)
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Selection of suitable surfactants for the incorporation of organic liquids into fresh geopolymer pastes. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Heat Treatment of Geopolymer Samples Obtained by Varying Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide as Constituent of Alkali Activator. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060333. [PMID: 35735677 PMCID: PMC9222481 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, raw natural metakaolin (MK, Serbia) clay was used as a starting material for the synthesis of geopolymers for thermal treatment. Metakaolin was obtained by calcination of kaolin at 750 °C for 1 h while geopolymer samples were calcined at 900 °C, which is the key transition temperature. Metakaolin was activated by a solution of NaOH of various concentrations and sodium silicate. During the controlled heat treatment, the geopolymer samples began to melt slightly and coagulate locally. The high-temperature exposure of geopolymer samples (900 °C) caused a significant reduction in oxygen, and even more sodium, which led to the formation of a complex porous structure. As the concentration of NaOH (6 mol dm−3 and 8 mol dm−3) increased, new semi-crystalline phases of nepheline and sanidine were formed. Thermal properties were increasingly used to better understand and improve the properties of geopolymers at high temperatures. Temperature changes were monitored by simultaneous use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The loss of mass of the investigated samples at 900 °C was in the range of 8–16%. Thermal treatment of geopolymers at 900 °C did not have much effect on the change in compressive strength of investigated samples. The results of thermal treatment of geopolymers at 900 °C showed that this is approximately the temperature at which the structure of the geopolymer turns into a ceramic-like structure. All investigated properties of the geopolymers are closely connected to the precursors and the constituents of the geopolymers.
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Tran K, Chalamet Y, Mignard N, Carrot C, Gyppaz F, Auvray T. Kinetics of geopolymerization followed by rheology: a general model. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2549-2557. [PMID: 35293404 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01718g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The geopolymerization process necessitates the activation of an aluminosilicate source by an alkaline solution. Its kinetics is followed by rheology. The storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') are monitored through oscillatory rheological measurements from the early stage, geopolymer paste, to the gel point with the formation of a geopolymer network. The results show that the temperature increase shortens the reaction time. The principle of Reaction Time-Temperature Superposition (RTTS) is introduced to predict this phenomenon. Furthermore, it is pointed out that using metakaolin blends with different reactivities allows modifying and controlling the reaction time. A critical weight fraction of reactive metakaolin is identified as necessary for the formation of the geopolymer network. The reaction times of the different formulations are linked to the temperature and the weight fraction of metakaolin by the Arrhenius law. A model is established to predict the reaction time according to the temperature and the weight fraction between the two metakaolins used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Tran
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IMP, UMR 5223, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Yvan Chalamet
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IMP, UMR 5223, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Nathalie Mignard
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IMP, UMR 5223, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Christian Carrot
- Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, IMP, UMR 5223, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Geopolymers and Functionalization Strategies for the Development of Sustainable Materials in Construction Industry and Cultural Heritage Applications: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051725. [PMID: 35268955 PMCID: PMC8910959 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, new synthetic hybrid materials, with an inorganic and organic nature, have been developed to promote their application as protective coatings and/or structural consolidants for several substrates in the construction industry and cultural heritage field. In this context, the scientific community paid attention to geopolymers and their new hybrid functional derivatives to design and develop innovative and sustainable composites with better chemical resistance, durability and mechanical characteristics. This review offers an overview of the latest progress in geopolymer-based hybrid nanofunctional materials and their use to treat and restore cultural heritage, as well as their employment in the building and architectural engineering field. In addition, it discusses the influence of some parameters, such as the chemical and physical characteristics of the substrates, the dosage of the alkaline activator, and the curing treatment, which affect their synthesis and performance.
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Hybrid Fly Ash-Based Geopolymeric Foams: Microstructural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132919. [PMID: 32610547 PMCID: PMC7372487 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates the preparation and characterization of new organic–inorganic geopolymeric foams obtained by simultaneously reacting coal fly ash and an alkali silicate solution with polysiloxane oligomers. Foaming was realized in situ using Si0 as a blowing agent. Samples with density ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 g/cm3 that show good mechanical properties (with compressive strength up to ≈5 MPa for a density of 0.7 g/cm3) along with thermal performances (λ = 0.145 ± 0.001 W/m·K for the foamed sample with density 0.330 g/cm3) comparable to commercial lightweight materials used in the field of thermal insulation were prepared. Since these foams were obtained by valorizing waste byproducts, they could be considered as low environmental impact materials and, hence, with promising perspectives towards the circular economy.
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Roviello G, Ricciotti L, Molino AJ, Menna C, Ferone C, Cioffi R, Tarallo O. Hybrid Geopolymers from Fly Ash and Polysiloxanes. Molecules 2019; 24:E3510. [PMID: 31569664 PMCID: PMC6804191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of innovative organic-inorganic hybrid geopolymers, obtained by valorizing coal fly ash generated from thermoelectric power plants, is reported for the first time. These hybrid materials are prepared by simultaneously reacting fly ash and dimethylsiloxane oligomers at 25 °C in a strongly alkaline environment. Despite their lower density, the obtained materials are characterized by highly improved mechanical properties when compared to the unmodified geopolymer obtained without the use of polysiloxanes, hence confirming the effectiveness of the applied synthetic strategy which specifically aims at obtaining hybrid materials with better mechanical properties in respect to conventional ones. This study is an example of the production of new materials by reusing and valorizing waste raw resources and by-products, thus representing a possible contribution towards the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Roviello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
- INSTM Research Group Napoli Parthenope, National Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Via G. Giusti, 9 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Laura Ricciotti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
- INSTM Research Group Napoli Parthenope, National Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Via G. Giusti, 9 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Antonio Jacopo Molino
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Costantino Menna
- Dipartimento di Strutture per l'Ingegneria e l'Architettura, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
- INSTM Research Group Napoli Parthenope, National Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Via G. Giusti, 9 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli 'Parthenope', Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
- INSTM Research Group Napoli Parthenope, National Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Via G. Giusti, 9 50121 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Oreste Tarallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Chindaprasirt P, Rattanasak U. Characterization of the high-calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar with hot-weather curing systems for sustainable application. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Strength and resistance to sulfate and sulfuric acid of ground fluidized bed combustion fly ash–silica fume alkali-activated composite. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chindaprasirt P, Rattanasak U. Utilization of blended fluidized bed combustion (FBC) ash and pulverized coal combustion (PCC) fly ash in geopolymer. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 30:667-672. [PMID: 19854038 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, synthesis of geopolymer from fluidized bed combustion (FBC) ash and pulverized coal combustion (PCC) fly ash was studied in order to effectively utilize both ashes. FBC-fly ash and bottom ash were inter-ground to three different finenesses. The ashes were mixed with as-received PCC-fly ash in various proportions and used as source material for synthesis of geopolymer. Sodium silicate (Na(2)SiO(3)) and 10M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions at mass ratio of Na(2)SiO(3)/NaOH of 1.5 and curing temperature of 65 degrees C for 48h were used for making geopolymer. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), degree of reaction, and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed on the geopolymer pastes. Compressive strength was also tested on geopolymer mortars. The results show that high strength geopolymer mortars of 35.0-44.0MPa can be produced using mixture of ground FBC ash and as-received PCC-fly ash. Fine FBC ash is more reactive and results in higher degree of reaction and higher strength geopolymer as compared to the use of coarser FBC ash. Grinding increases reactivity of ash by means of increasing surface area and the amount of reactive phase of the ash. In addition, the packing effect due to fine particles also contributed to increase in strength of geopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinya Chindaprasirt
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Hou M, Liu W, Su Q, Liu Y. Studies on the Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resins Modified with Polysiloxane Containing Organophosphorus and Epoxide Groups. Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2006111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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