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Baig M, Almeshari B, Aabid A, Junaedi H, Almajid A. The effect of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene addition on the degradation in the mechanical properties of the PP/wood composites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30510. [PMID: 38726142 PMCID: PMC11079258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on studying the influence of coupling agents on the degradation in the mechanical properties of Polypropylene (PP)/wood composites. Maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a coupling agent between the wood flour and PP matrix. As the coupling agent plays an important role in the stability of the WPC, a 10 wt% wood flour was mixed with PP granules along with a UV stabilizer and varying percentages (1, 3, 5 wt%) of MAPP in a twin-screw extruder to obtain PWC granules. The composite granules were injection molded to produce tensile samples for the mechanical characterization of the composites. To test the environmental degradation of the PWCs, the tensile samples were exposed to the environmental conditions for 0, 336 h (14 days), and 672 h (28 days) prior to testing. After the specified exposure time, the samples were mechanically characterized using tensile testing. The degradation characteristics of the WPCs were quantified in terms of the failure strains of the composite with exposure time. The experiments were designed, and various analyses, including ANOVA, regression equation, and prediction tests, were carried out to investigate the impact of parameters on the failure strain of the PWCs. Moreover, the study aimed to examine the effect of parameters such as MAPP and time, on the failure strain of the composites. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the composites containing 1 wt% of MAPP showed superior retention in the degradation of composites when compared with 3 and 5 wt% MAPP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Baig
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Almeshari
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aabid
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harri Junaedi
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakim Almajid
- Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, PO BOX 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Viet CX, Masa A, Shuib RK, Ismail H, Hayeemasae N. Properties of compatibilised kenaf-filled recycled high-density polyethylene/natural rubber blends under natural weathering condition. J RUBBER RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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3
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Eker Gümüş B. Effect of MA-g-PP addition on mechanical properties of polypropylene/hollow glass spheres/nanoclay composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Ramesh M, Rajeshkumar LN, Srinivasan N, Kumar DV, Balaji D. Influence of filler material on properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites: A review. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current day target for material scientists and researchers is developing a wholesome material to satisfy the parameters such as durability, manufacturability, low cost, and lightweight. Extensive research studies are ongoing on the possible application of polymer matrix composites in engineering and technology, since these materials have an edge over conventional materials in terms of performance. Hybridization of reinforcements is considered to be a better option to enhance the efficiency and performance of composite materials. Accordingly, research studies focus on the surface treatment of natural fibers and the addition of nanofillers (natural or synthetic) by industry and academia to take the properties and application of composites to the next level. This review purely focuses on the influence of fillers on the properties of composites along with the probable application of filler-based polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KIT-Kalaignarkarunanidhi Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641402 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Lakshmi Narasimhan Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology , Coimbatore 641407 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Nagarajan Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jansons Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641659 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Damodaran Vasanth Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. NGP Institute of Technology , Coimbatore 641048 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Devarajan Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology , Coimbatore 641407 , Tamil Nadu , India
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Effective Young's Modulus Estimation of Natural Fibers through Micromechanical Models: The Case of Henequen Fibers Reinforced-PP Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13223947. [PMID: 34833245 PMCID: PMC8618119 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Young’s modulus of henequen fibers was estimated through micromechanical modeling of polypropylene (PP)-based composites, and further corroborated through a single filament tensile test after applying a correction method. PP and henequen strands, chopped to 1 mm length, were mixed in the presence of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP). A 4 wt.% of MAPP showed an effective enhancement of the interfacial adhesion. The composites were mold-injected into dog-bone specimens and tensile tested. The Young’s modulus of the composites increased steadily and linearly up to 50 wt.% of fiber content from 1.5 to 6.4 GPa, corresponding to a 327% increase. Certainly, henequen fibers showed a comparable stiffening capacity of PP composites than glass fibers. The intrinsic Young’s modulus of the fibers was predicted through well established models such as Hirsch or Tsai-Pagano, yielding average values of 30.5 and 34.6 GPa, respectively. The single filament test performed to henequen strands resulted in values between 16 and 27 GPa depending on the gauge length, although, after applying a correction method, a Young’s modulus of 33.3 GPa was obtained. Overall, the present work presents the great potential for henequen fibers as PP reinforcement. Moreover, relationships between micromechanics models and filament testing to estimate Young’s modulus of the fibers were explored.
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Abdel-Hakim A, El-Basheer TM, Abd El-Aziz AM, Afifi M. Acoustic, ultrasonic, mechanical properties and biodegradability of sawdust/ recycled expanded polystyrene eco-friendly composites. POLYMER TESTING 2021; 99:107215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2021.107215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Mazzanti V, Fortini A, Malagutti L, Ronconi G, Mollica F. Tribological Behavior of a Rubber-Toughened Wood Polymer Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132055. [PMID: 34201773 PMCID: PMC8272056 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood polymer composites or WPCs are increasingly used as substitutes for natural wood in outdoor applications due to their better environmental sustainability and the consequent reduction in carbon footprint. In this paper, the presence of an elastomer used as a toughening agent (Santoprene by Exxon Mobil) in a polypropylene-based WPC containing 50 wt % wood flour was investigated in terms of its tribological behavior by dry sliding wear tests. These were performed after two environmental pre-conditioning treatments, i.e., drying and water soaking. The ball-on-disk configuration under a constant load was chosen along two sliding distances. Dynamic mechanical thermal analyses were used to reveal the effect of the toughening agent on the storage modulus and damping factor of the composites. Results in terms of weight loss measurement and coefficient of friction were obtained, together with surface morphology analysis of the worn surfaces at the scanning electron microscope and 3D profilometer. An abrasive wear mechanism was identified, and it was shown that the toughening agent improved wear resistance after both pre-treatments. This beneficial effect can be explained by the increase in strain at break of the WPC containing the elastomer. On the other hand, the water soaking pre-treatment produced severe damage, and the loss of material cannot be completely compensated by the presence of the toughening agent.
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Chang HY, Chiu PH, Tsao HK, Sheng YJ. Strengthening mechanism of the mechanical properties of graft copolymers with incompatible pendant groups: nano-clusters and weak cross-linking. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5730-5737. [PMID: 34018539 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00472g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is known that the adhesive property and mechanical strength of an apolar polymer can be improved by grafting with polar side chains, whereas the underlying mechanism is still elusive. In this work, the equilibrium structure and mechanical moduli of the melt of graft copolymers have been explored by dissipative particle dynamics. Due to the strong immiscibility of the non-polar backbone and polar side chains, nano-clusters of side chains formed and acted as physical crosslinkers. Moreover, non-affinity adsorption of polar side chains in the melt to the wall was observed, revealing an improvement in the adhesion property. Subjecting graft copolymers to cyclic deformation, the storage and loss moduli were acquired, and they grew with increasing grafting density. The melt strength in terms of the crossover frequency ascended with more side chains on the backbone. Our findings reveal that the strengthening of the mechanical properties of graft copolymers can be attributed to the formation of weakly cross-linked structures, thus offering an insight into the molecular design to aid the development of stronger graft copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Valorization of Date Palm Waste for Plastic Reinforcement: Macro and Micromechanics of Flexural Strength. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111751. [PMID: 34071915 PMCID: PMC8198676 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Date palm waste is an abundant agricultural residue in Tunisia and can be used for plastic reinforcement. Moreover, its use in plastic composites can help to reduce dependence on fossil resources for material production. In this work, the valorization of date palm residues was studied by employing high-yield processes following mechanical, chemical, and enzymatical treatments. Fibers obtained by soft chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide and enzymatic treatment with xylanases and pectinases were evaluated for their use in the reinforcement of plastic materials. The flexural strength property, truly relevant for structural, construction, automotive, or other market sectors, was adopted to assess the reinforcing potential of the fibers. Polypropylene was effectively reinforced with date palm fibers (60 wt.%), exhibiting a flexural strength increases of 80% (73.1 MPa), 93% (78.5 MPa), and 106% (83.9 MPa) for mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic fibers, respectively. The different treatments had an impact on the chemical composition of the fibers, and by extension on the final properties of the composites. The holocellulose content could provide good interfacial adhesion using a coupling agent, whereas the lignin content improved the dispersion of the phases. Two interesting outcomes were that the flexural performance of enzymatic fibers was like that of wood composites, whereas the specific flexural strength was comparable to that of glass fiber composites. Overall, the present work has shown the potential behind date palm waste in the composite sector when a specific property or application is desired. Novel treatments have been used for greater fiber compatibility, increasing the sustainability of the process, and improving the applicability of the palm residue.
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10
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Wastes from Agricultural Silage Film Recycling Line as a Potential Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091383. [PMID: 33922794 PMCID: PMC8123011 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for potential methods for their utilization. In the presented work, we investigated the recycling potential of wastes originated from the agricultural films recycling line. Their structure and properties were analyzed, and they were modified with 2.5 wt % of commercially available compatibilizers. The mechanical and thermal performance of modified wastes were evaluated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that incorporation of such a small amount of modifiers may overcome the drawbacks caused by the presence of impurities. The incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted compounds enhanced the tensile strength of wastes by 13–25%. The use of more ductile compatibilizers—ethylene-vinyl acetate and paraffin increased the elongation at break by 55–64%. The presence of compatibilizers also reduced the stiffness of materials resulting from the presence of solid particles. It was particularly emphasized for styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, which caused up to a 20% drop of Young’s modulus. Such effects may facilitate the further applications of analyzed wastes, e.g., in polymer film production. Thermal performance was only slightly affected by compatibilization. It caused a slight reduction in polyethylene melting temperatures (up to 2.8 °C) and crystallinity degree (up to 16%). For more contaminated materials, the addition of compatibilizers caused a minor reduction in the decomposition onset (up to 6 °C). At the same time, for the waste after three washing cycles, thermal stability was improved. Moreover, depending on the desired properties and application, materials do not have to go through the whole recycling line, simplifying the process, reducing energy and water consumption. The presented results indicate that it is possible to efficiently use the materials, which do not have to undergo the whole recycling process. Despite the presence of impurities, they could be applied in the manufacturing of products which do not require exceptional mechanical performance.
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11
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12
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Watt E, Abdelwahab MA, Snowdon MR, Mohanty AK, Khalil H, Misra M. Hybrid biocomposites from polypropylene, sustainable biocarbon and graphene nanoplatelets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10714. [PMID: 32612178 PMCID: PMC7329909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is an attractive polymer for use in automotive parts due to its ease of processing, hydrophobic nature, chemical resistance and low density. The global shift towards eliminating non-renewable resource consumption has promoted research of sustainable biocarbon (BioC) filler in a PP matrix, but this material often leads to reduction in composite strength and requires additional fillers. Graphene nano-platelets (GnPs) have been the subject of considerable research as a nanofiller due to their strength, while maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MA-g-PP) is a commonly used compatibilizer for improvement of interfacial adhesion in composites. This study compared the thermo-mechanical properties of PP/BioC/MA-g-PP/GnP composites with varying wt.% of GnP. Morphological analysis revealed uniform dispersion of BioC, while significant agglomeration of GnPs limited their even dispersion throughout the PP matrix. In the optimal blend of 3 wt.% GnP and 17 wt.% BioC biocontent, tensile strength and modulus increased by ~19% and ~22% respectively, as compared to 20 wt.% BioC biocomposites. Thermal stability and performance enhancement occurred through incorporation of the fillers. Thus, hybridization of fillers in the compatibilized matrix presents a promising route to the enhancement of material properties, while reducing petroleum-based products through use of sustainable BioC filler in composite structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Watt
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Abdelwahab
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael R Snowdon
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Hamdy Khalil
- Woodbridge Foam Corporation, 4240 Sherwoodtowne Boulevard, Mississauga, L4Z 2G6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Correlation between Mechanical Properties and Processing Conditions in Rubber-Toughened Wood Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051170. [PMID: 32443681 PMCID: PMC7313712 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of wood fibers is a deeply investigated topic in current scientific research and one of their most common applications is as filler for thermoplastic polymers. The resulting material is a biocomposite, known as a Wood Polymer Composite (WPC). For increasing the sustainability and reducing the cost, it is convenient to increase the wood fiber content as much as possible, so that the polymeric fraction within the composite is thereby reduced. On the other hand, this is often thwarted by a sharp decrease in toughness and processability—a disadvantage that could be overcome by compounding the material with a toughening agent. This work deals with the mechanical properties in tension and impact of polypropylene filled with 50 wt.% wood flour, toughened with different amounts (0%, 10%, and 20%) of a polypropylene-based thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV). Such properties are also investigated as a function of extrusion processing variables, such as the feeding mode (i.e., starve vs. flood feeding) and screw speed. It is found that the mechanical properties do depend on the processing conditions: the best properties are obtained either in starve feeding conditions, or in flood feeding conditions, but at a low screw speed. The toughening effect of TPV is significant when its content reaches 20 wt.%. For this percentage, the processing conditions are less relevant in governing the final properties of the composites in terms of the stiffness and strength.
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Crystallization, Structures, and Properties of Different Polyolefins with Similar Grafting Degree of Maleic Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030675. [PMID: 32197387 PMCID: PMC7182872 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleic anhydride (MAH) grafting to different polyolefins with similar grafting degree can have different effects on crystallization, crystal structure, and mechanical and thermal properties. The grafting leads to a smaller crystal size, less ordered lamellar structure, and a shorter long period for HDPE, LLDPE, and PP. The grafting makes PP lamellar packing less ordered the most and almost no effect to LLDPE. The grafting does not have that much impact on the crystallization ability of the HDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE/PP blend, but appreciably reduces the crystalline ability of PP-g-MAH, due to a dramatical drop in its molecular weight during the grafting process. As a result, the grafting makes PP a very brittle material with a lowered average melting point than the corresponding neat PP, but the grafting has almost no effect on elongation at break for LLDPE and some effect on HDPE (decreased by one-third). However, the PP degradation due to MAH grafting can be avoided in the presence of PE component, i.e., making the grafting of PP and PE at the same time with HDPE/PP blend. The grafted HDPE/PP blend shows a significantly improved compatibility, which leads to overall appreciably better mechanical properties than the neat HDPE/PP blend.
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Xu K, Zheng Z, Du G, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhong T, Xie L, Wang S. Effects of polyamide 6 reinforcement on the compatibility of high‐density polyethylene/environmental‐friendly modified wood fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaimeng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Highly‐Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conversion and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Center for Renewable Carbon Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996
| | - Zhifeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Highly‐Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conversion and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Guanben Du
- Key Laboratory for Highly‐Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conversion and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Highly‐Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conversion and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Highly‐Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conversion and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Tuhua Zhong
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164
| | - Linkun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Highly‐Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources in the Southwest China National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Forestry Resources Conversion and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon Institute of Agriculture, The University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37996
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Sun Z. Hyperbranched Polymers in Modifying Natural Plant Fibers and Their Applications in Polymer Matrix Composites-A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8715-8724. [PMID: 31339713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant fibers have been widely used in the agricultural and forest industries, and even in the automobile industry, especially for producing fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. However, the low mechanical properties of composites remain the key problem in the applications. A hyperbranched polymer has lots of advantages such as low viscosity, high reactivity, and so on. Multireactive end groups of hyperbranched polymers are ideal for modifying natural plant fibers to achieve better interface bonding between a fiber and resin matrix. This manuscript reviews some research advances in hyperbranched-polymer-modified natural plant fibers and summarizes the applications of the modified fibers in polymer matrix composites with a particular focus on the chemical modification of fibers and interface bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Sun
- College of Material Science and Engineering and Hebei Key Laboratory of Material Near-Net Forming Technology , Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhuang 050018 , China
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17
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Processability and Degradability of PHA-Based Composites in Terrestrial Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020284. [PMID: 30642041 PMCID: PMC6359651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, composites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-HV) and waste wood sawdust (SD) fibers, a byproduct of the wood industry, were produced by melt extrusion and characterized in terms of processability, thermal stability, morphology, and mechanical properties in order to discriminate the formulations suitable for injection molding. Given their application in agriculture and/or plant nursery, the biodegradability of the optimized composites was investigated under controlled composting conditions in accordance with standard methods (ASTM D5338-98 and ISO 20200-2004). The optimized PHB-HV/SD composites were used for the production of pots by injection molding and their performance was qualitatively monitored in a plant nursery and underground for 14 months. This study presents a sustainable option of valuation of wood factory residues and lowering the production cost of PHB-HV-based compounds without affecting their mechanical properties, improving their impact resistance and biodegradability rates in terrestrial environments.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fasihah Zaaba
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
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Styrene-Assisted Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(lactic acid) as an Effective Compatibilizer for Wood Flour/Poly(lactic acid) Bio-Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110623. [PMID: 30965922 PMCID: PMC6419002 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of styrene-assisted maleic anhydride-grafted poly(lactic acid) (PLA-g-St/MAH) on the interfacial properties of wood flour/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) bio-composites. PLA-g-St/MAH was synthesized by free-radical melt grafting using styrene as a comonomer and dicumyl peroxide as an initiator. The structure of PLA-g-St/MAH was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Wood flour/PLA composites were prepared by compression molding using PLA-g-St/MAH as a compatibilizer. The effects of PLA-g-St/MAH on the rheological and mechanical properties, as well as on the fractured surface morphology of the composites were investigated. Results indicated that storage modulus, complex viscosity, equilibrium torque, and shear heat were significantly increased. The mechanical properties of the wood flour/PLA composites were also significantly increased after the addition of PLA-g-St/MAH. The maximum values were achieved at the loading rate of 3 wt % because of the improved interfacial adhesion between the wood flour and the PLA matrix.
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Koay SC, Chan MY, Pang MM, Tshai KY. Influence of filler loading and palm oil-based green coupling agent on torque rheological properties of polypropylene/cocoa pod husk composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Chun Koay
- School of Engineering; Taylor's University; Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ming Yeng Chan
- Centre of Engineering Programmes; HELP College of Arts and Technology; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ming Meng Pang
- School of Engineering; Taylor's University; Subang Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kim Yeow Tshai
- Faculty of Engineering; The University of Nottingham; Semenyih Selangor Malaysia
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Nikmatin S, Syafiuddin A, Hong Kueh AB, Maddu A. Physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites filled with rattan nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jart.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Valente M, Quitadamo A. Polymeric matrix composites at reduced environmental impact. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Valente
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering; University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Quitadamo
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering; University of Rome La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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Liu W, Liu T, Liu H, Xin J, Zhang J, Muhidinov ZK, Liu L. Properties of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and sunflower head residue biocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangcheng Liu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center; Washington State University; Pullman Washington 99164
| | - Tian Liu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center; Washington State University; Pullman Washington 99164
| | - Hang Liu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center; Washington State University; Pullman Washington 99164
- Department of Apparel, Merchandizing, Design and Textiles; Washington State University; Pullman Washington 99164
| | - Junna Xin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center; Washington State University; Pullman Washington 99164
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering Center; Washington State University; Pullman Washington 99164
| | | | - Linshu Liu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture; Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service; Wyndmoor Pennsylvania 19038
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Effect of green coupling agent from waste oil fatty acid on the properties of polypropylene/cocoa pod husk composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Effect of Wood Fillers on the Viscoelastic and Thermophysical Properties of HDPE-Wood Composite. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/9032525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood polymer composites (WPC) have well proven their applicability in several fields of the plasturgy sector, due to their aesthetics and low maintenance costs. However, for plasturgy applications, the characterization of viscoelastic behavior and thermomechanical and thermophysical properties of WPC with the temperature and wood filler contents is essential. Therefore, the processability of polymer composites made up with different percentage of wood particles needs a better understanding of materials behaviors in accordance with temperature and wood particles contents. To this end, a numerical analysis of the viscoelastic, mechanical, and thermophysical properties of composite composed of high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with soft wood particles is evaluated.
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Kaseem M, Hamad K, Deri F, Ko YG. Material properties of polyethylene/wood composites: A review of recent works. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x15070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nomai J, Jarapanyacheep R, Jarukumjorn K. Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Sawdust/Poly(lactic acid) Composites: Effects of Alkali Treatment and Poly(butylene adipate-co
-terephthalate) Content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Nomai
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Rapisa Jarapanyacheep
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Kasama Jarukumjorn
- School of Polymer Engineering, Institute of Engineering; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
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Soccalingame L, Bourmaud A, Perrin D, Bénézet JC, Bergeret A. Reprocessing of wood flour reinforced polypropylene composites: Impact of particle size and coupling agent on composite and particle properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effect of Rubberwood Content on Biodegradability of Poly(butylene succinate) Biocomposites. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/368341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) biocomposites incorporated with rubberwood powder (RWP) were fabricated with various RWP weight fractions (i.e., 0 to 40% wt) by injection moulding process. The soil burial test was employed to examine the biodegradability of such biocomposites under outdoor environment for 60 days. The physical appearance, percentage weight loss, chemical structure, and mechanical properties before and after the soil burial test were determined. Apparent changes in physical appearance of the biocomposites from optical micrographs were detected in terms of surface morphology and colour. The percentage of crystallinity of PBS/RWP biocomposites was studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, and the XRD pattern revealed a decrease in percentage of crystallinity due to enhancing RWP weight fractions. This may be attributed to a presence of rubberwood powders providing more disordered molecular chain arrangement of PBS matrix and also an agglomeration of the rubberwood powder content at greater concentration as seen in SEM micrographs. With increasing RWP weight fractions and burial time, the results exhibited a considerable change in chemical structure (essentially ester linkage due to biodegradation mechanism of PBS), relatively greater percentage weight loss, and a substantial decrease in flexural properties. Consequently, the results indicate that incorporating RWP enhances biodegradability of PBS/RWP biocomposites; that is, the biodegradation rate of biocomposites increases with increasing RWP weight fractions and burial time.
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Mihai M, Chapleau N, Denault J. Processing-formulation-performance relationships of polypropylene/short flax fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Mihai
- Polymer Bioproducts-Industrial Biomaterials; Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada; Boucherville Quebec Canada J4B 6Y4
| | - Nathalie Chapleau
- Polymer Bioproducts-Industrial Biomaterials; Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada; Boucherville Quebec Canada J4B 6Y4
| | - Johanne Denault
- Polymer Bioproducts-Industrial Biomaterials; Automotive and Surface Transportation, National Research Council of Canada; Boucherville Quebec Canada J4B 6Y4
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Shohrawardy MHS, Alam MK, Mina MF, Khan MA. Fabrication of strong and thermally more stable jute fabric/polypropylene composites by compression molding along with γ-ray irradiation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tazi M, Erchiqui F, Godard F, Kaddami H, Ajji A. Characterization of rheological and thermophysical properties of HDPE-wood composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mosfafa Tazi
- Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue; École de génie Rouyn-Noranda Quebec Canada
| | - Fouad Erchiqui
- Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue; École de génie Rouyn-Noranda Quebec Canada
| | - François Godard
- Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue; École de génie Rouyn-Noranda Quebec Canada
| | - Hamid Kaddami
- Université Caddi Ayad Marrakech; Laboratoire ‘LCO2MC,’ B.P. 549 Marrakech 40000 Maroc
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- Chemical Engineering Department; Polytechnique; Montreal Quebec Canada
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LEE HS, WAKISAKA M, NAGASAWA N, NISHIDA H, ANDOU Y. Development of Biocomposites Containing Erianthus Arudinaceus as Cellulose Resource Crops. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Darie RN, Bodirlau R, Teaca CA, Macyszyn J, Kozlowski M, Spiridon I. Influence of Accelerated Weathering on the Properties of Polypropylene/Polylactic Acid/Eucalyptus Wood Composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2013.784936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Idrus MAMM, Hamdan S, Islam MS, Roslee AA, Sobuz HR. The effects of binder on the physical and mechanical properties of chemically treated sawdust-reinforced polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sobczak L, Brüggemann O, Putz RF. Polyolefin composites with natural fibers and wood-modification of the fiber/filler-matrix interaction. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang Y, Cao J, Zhu L, Zhao G. Interfacial compatibility of wood flour/polypropylene composites by stress relaxation method. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ghahri S, Najafi SK, Mohebby B, Tajvidi M. Impact strength improvement of wood flour-recycled polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rimdusit S, Atthakorn D, Damrongsakkul S, Saramas D, Tiptipakorn S. Mechanical, thermal, and water uptake characteristics of woodflour-filled polyvinyl chloride/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lin Z, Chen C, Guan Z, Tan S, Zhang X. A compatibilized composite of recycled polypropylene filled with cellulosic fiber from recycled corrugated paper board: Mechanical properties, morphology, and thermal behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang P, Liu J, Yu W, Zhou C. Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Highly Filled Wood Plastic Composites: Effect of Wood Particles Content and Compatibilizer. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.562070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- a Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianye Liu
- a Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Yu
- a Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chixing Zhou
- a Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Advanced Rheology Institute , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
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Intawong N, Kantala C, Lotaisong W, Sombatsompop N. A die rotating system for moderations of extrusion load and pressure drop profiles for molten PP and wood/polypropylene composites in extrusion processes. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dynamic rheological properties of wood polymer composites: from linear to nonlinear behaviors. Polym Bull (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-010-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Yao F, Wu Q, Liu H, Lei Y, Zhou D. Rice straw fiber reinforced high density polyethylene composite: Effect of coupled compatibilizating and toughening treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Rimdusit S, Wongsongyot S, Jittarom S, Suwanmala P, Tiptipakorn S. Effects of gamma irradiation with and without compatibilizer on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/wood flour composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Effect of oxidized polypropylene as a new compatibilizer on the water absorption and mechanical properties of wood flour-polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pan MZ, Zhou DG, Deng J, Zhang SY. Preparation and properties of wheat straw fiber-polypropylene composites. I. Investigation of surface treatments on the wheat straw fiber. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pan MZ, Zhou DG, Bousmina M, Zhang SY. Effects of wheat straw fiber content and characteristics, and coupling agent concentration on the mechanical properties of wheat straw fiber-polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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