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Lokhande KD, Bhakare MA, Bondarde MP, Dhumal PS, Some S. Quick self-grown ternary supramolecules embedded in sodium alginate to fabricate ultralight sponge exhibiting superior flame retardancy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133766. [PMID: 38992526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate environmental and health risks associated with the use of halogenated flame retardants, effective halogen-free solutions have been extensively explored. In this study, melamine/boric acid/phosphoric acid (MBP)‑sodium alginate (SA) sponge was synthesized by treating MBP ternary supramolecules with microwave irradiation via one-pot, facile, and speedy synthesis, obtaining an MBP-SA sponge, a polysaccharide biopolymer. Crosslinking of SA with Ca2+ ion formed an intact network, and this was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thereafter, the flame retardancy of the as-synthesized SA/MBP sponge was investigated by exposing it to a spirit lamp and a Bunsen burner; the sponge remained intact for up to 540 s and 370 s, respectively, demonstrating the enhanced flame retardancy of MBP supramolecules in the SA/MBP sponge. The limiting oxygen index of the SA/MBP sponge was up to 62 %, demonstrating the self-extinguishing and thermal insulation properties of the as-synthesized sponge. The findings of this study provide insights for developing a new strategy to use SA/MBP sponges for fire protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama D Lokhande
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Madhuri A Bhakare
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Mahesh P Bondarde
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Pratik S Dhumal
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Surajit Some
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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2
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Kumar A, Singh A, Sheikh J. Boric acid crosslinked chitosan microcapsules loaded with frankincense oil for the development of mosquito-repellent, antibacterial, antioxidant, and flame-retardant cotton. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125874. [PMID: 37473885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In ancient times, textiles were only used for covering the human body. Nowadays, people are looking for functional textiles to provide additional functional properties. In the present work, an attempt was made to develop chitosan and boric acid-based microcapsules loaded with frankincense oil. Application of these microcapsules was done on cotton using a pad-dry method. The release rate, encapsulation efficiency and microencapsulation yield of microcapsules, and functional properties of finished fabric were studied. The prepared microcapsules were also characterised by different techniques like SEM, FTIR, TGA, and EDX. The finished fabric exhibited mosquito repellency (100 %), antioxidant activity (>66 %), antibacterial activity against E. coli (88.69 %) and S. aureus (94.5 %), and LOI of 24 with a pleasant aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar
- Dept. of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Singh
- Dept. of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Javed Sheikh
- Dept. of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
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3
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Zhang X, Xu C, Wang Z, Xie H. Fabrication of flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant rigid polyurethane foam modified by hydrolyzed keratin. INT POLYM PROC 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has been fabricated and modified by hydrolyzed keratin to improve its flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Then, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter (CONE), thermogravimetric analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the modified RPUFs. It was found that the LOI of the modified RPUFs increased with the presence of hydrolyzed keratin. In addition, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the modified RPUF tended to decrease. The HRR of RPUF-HK5 reduced 28.8 kW/m2 compared with RPUF-0, and the THR of RPUF-HK5 was 0.74 MJ/m2 lower than that of RPUF-0. RPUF-HK5 had the most obvious smoke suppression effect. Compared with RPUF-0, the smoke density (Ds) and light transmittance (T) of RPUF-HK5 decreased by 8.88 and increased by 11.26%, respectively. The current research results showed that hydrolyzed keratin can improve the flame-retardant and smoke-suppression performances of RPUFs and that 5 wt% hydrolyzed keratin was the most suitable ratio for the modified RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Chen Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
| | - Hua Xie
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Fire Explosion Control and Reliability Airworthiness Technology , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
- School of Safety Engineering , Shenyang Aerospace University , Shenyang 110136 , China
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Chukwunonso Ossai I, Shahul Hamid F, Hassan A. Valorisation of keratinous wastes: A sustainable approach towards a circular economy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 151:81-104. [PMID: 35933837 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The valorisation of keratinous wastes involves biorefining and recovering the bioresource materials from the keratinous wastes to produce value-added keratin-based bioproducts with a broad application, distribution, and marketability potential. Valorisation of keratinous wastes increases the value of the wastes and enables more sustainable waste management towards a circular bioeconomy. The abundance of keratinous wastes as feedstock from agro-industrial processing, wool processing, and grooming industry benefits biorefinery and extraction of keratins, which could be the optimal solution for developing an ecologically and economically sustainable keratin-based economy. The transition from the current traditional linear models that are deleterious to the environment, which end energy and resources recovery through disposal by incineration and landfilling, to a more sustainable and closed-loop recycling and recovery approach that minimises pollution, disposal challenges, loss of valuable bioresources and potential revenues are required. The paper provides an overview of keratinous wastes and the compositional keratin proteins with the descriptions of the various keratin extraction methods in biorefinery and functional material synthesis, including enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis (acid/alkaline hydrolysis, dissolution in ionic liquids, oxidative and sulphitolysis) and chemical-free hydrolysis (steam explosion and ultrasonic). The study describes various uses and applications of keratinases and keratin-based composites fabricated through various manufacturing processes such as lyophilisation, compression moulding, solvent casting, hydrogel fabrication, sponge formation, electrospinning, and 3D printing for value-added applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Chukwunonso Ossai
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Shahul Hamid
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Auwalu Hassan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
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Anbesaw MS. Bioconversion of Keratin Wastes Using Keratinolytic Microorganisms to Generate Value-Added Products. Int J Biomater 2022; 2022:2048031. [PMID: 37251738 PMCID: PMC10212687 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2048031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of keratinous wastes generated from different industries is becoming a major concern across the world. In each year, more than a billion tons of keratin waste is released into the environment. Despite some trials that have been performed and utilize this waste into valuable products, still a huge amount of keratin waste from different sources is a less explored biomaterial for making valuable products. This indicates that the huge amount of keratin waste is neither disposed properly nor converted into usable products rather thrown away to the environment that causes environmental pollution. Due to the introduction of this waste associated with different pathogenic organisms into soil and water bodies, human beings and other small and large animals are affected by different diseases. Therefore, there is a need for modern and ecofriendly approaches to dispose and convert this waste into usable products. Hence, the objective of this review is to give a concise overview regarding the degradation of keratin waste by biological approaches using keratinase producing microorganisms. The review also focuses on the practical use of keratinases and the economical importance of bioconverted products of keratinous wastes for different applications. Various researches have been studied about the source, disposal mechanisms, techniques of hydrolysis, potential use, and physical and chemical properties of keratin wastes. However, there is negligible information with regard to the use of keratin wastes as media supplements for the growth of keratinolytic microorganisms and silver retrieval from photographic and used X-ray films. Hence, this review differs from other similar reviews in the literature in that it discusses these neglected concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Seid Anbesaw
- Wollo University, School of Bio-Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Brenner M, Weichold O. Protein Hydrolysates from Biogenic Waste as an Ecological Flame Retarder and Binder for Fiberboards. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32227-32233. [PMID: 33376860 PMCID: PMC7758885 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable building materials requires alternative flame retarders, which have superior sustainability to those previously used. In this respect, we present our initial results with protein hydrolysates made from poultry-feather waste for the preparation of flame-retardant fiberboards. Impregnated wood fibers show a significantly decreased decomposition rate in the region between 300 and 450 °C, as measured by thermogravimetric analysis. Final combustion of the impregnated fibers is shifted up by 50 °C to the interval 450-500 °C and occurs stepwise rather than instantaneously as for untreated wood. At a total protein content of approx. 10 wt %, plates produced in the "wet" process are self-extinguishing and show very little subsequent smouldering. In three-point bending tests, these fiberboard prototypes were able to withstand stresses of up to 15 N/mm2, the threshold required by DIN EN 622 for commercial, formaldehyde-bound MBH fiberboards. This indicates that the upcycled protein hydrolysates not only have an impressive flame-retarding effect but also can be used as a fully sustainable binder for a new generation of ecological fiberboards. As these boards are based solely on natural materials, they can be shredded and composted at the end of their life cycle.
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Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249678. [PMID: 33353232 PMCID: PMC7766749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of keratin waste in new materials formulations can prevent its environmental disposal problem. Here, novel composites based on biodegradable blends consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and filled with hydrolyzed keratin with loading from 1 to 20 wt % were prepared and their properties were investigated. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties were characterized by tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and rheology measurements. The addition of acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) significantly affected the mechanical properties of the materials. It was found that the filled PLA/PHB/ATBC composite at the highest keratin loading exhibited similar shear moduli compared to the un-plasticized blend as a result of the much stronger interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix compared to composites with lower keratin content. The differences in dynamic moduli for PLA/PHB/ATBC blend filled with keratin depended extensively on the keratin content while loss the factor values progressively decreased with keratin loading. Softening interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix resulted in lower glass transitions temperature and reduced polymer chain mobility. The addition of keratin did not affect the extent of degradation of the PLA/PHB blend during melt blending. Fast hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed for composites with all keratin loadings. The developed keratin-based composites possess properties comparable to commonly used thermoplastics applicable for example as packaging materials.
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8
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Hu P, Zheng X, Zhu J, Wu B. Effects of chicken feather keratin on smoke suppression characteristics and flame retardancy of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Po Hu
- School of Safety Engineering & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Safety and Airworthiness Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- School of Safety Engineering & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Safety and Airworthiness Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- School of Safety Engineering & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Safety and Airworthiness Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
| | - Baolin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
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9
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Novel and eco-friendly flame-retardant cotton fabrics with lignosulfonate and chitosan through LbL: Flame retardancy, smoke suppression and flame-retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Liu Y, Guo Y, Ren Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Liu X. Phosphorylation of sodium copper chlorophyll enables color-fasten and durable flame retardant wool fibers. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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12
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Donato RK, Mija A. Keratin Associations with Synthetic, Biosynthetic and Natural Polymers: An Extensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E32. [PMID: 31878054 PMCID: PMC7023547 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the biopolymers from animal sources, keratin is one the most abundant, with a major contribution from side stream products from cattle, ovine and poultry industry, offering many opportunities to produce cost-effective and sustainable advanced materials. Although many reviews have discussed the application of keratin in polymer-based biomaterials, little attention has been paid to its potential in association with other polymer matrices. Thus, herein, we present an extensive literature review summarizing keratin's compatibility with other synthetic, biosynthetic and natural polymers, and its effect on the materials' final properties in a myriad of applications. First, we revise the historical context of keratin use, describe its structure, chemical toolset and methods of extraction, overview and differentiate keratins obtained from different sources, highlight the main areas where keratin associations have been applied, and describe the possibilities offered by its chemical toolset. Finally, we contextualize keratin's potential for addressing current issues in materials sciences, focusing on the effect of keratin when associated to other polymers' matrices from biomedical to engineering applications, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo K. Donato
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
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Liu J, Dunne FO, Fan X, Fu X, Zhong WH. A protein-functionalized microfiber/protein nanofiber Bi-layered air filter with synergistically enhanced filtration performance by a viable method. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Manfredi A, Carosio F, Ferruti P, Alongi J, Ranucci E. Disulfide-containing polyamidoamines with remarkable flame retardant activity for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Sanchez-Olivares G, Sanchez-Solis A, Calderas F, Alongi J. Keratin fibres derived from tannery industry wastes for flame retarded PLA composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reddy N. Non-food industrial applications of poultry feathers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 45:91-107. [PMID: 26092473 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feathers are one of the unique coproducts that have versatile applications ranging from composites, fibers, tissue engineering scaffolds, nano and micro particles, electronic devices and many others. Despite their low cost, abundant availability, wide applicability and unique properties, non-food industrial applications of feather keratin are very limited. Poor-thermoplasticity, difficulty in dissolving keratin and limited knowledge on the processability and properties of products developed are some of the limitations for the large scale use of feather/keratin. Nevertheless, increasing interests in using renewable and sustainable raw materials and need to decrease dependence on non-renewable petroleum resources make feathers an attractive raw material for bioproducts. This review provides an overview of the products developed from poultry feathers and their limitations and advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Reddy
- Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramanagara District, Bengaluru 562112, India.
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