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Aerts A, Vovchenko M, Elahi SA, Viñuelas RC, De Maeseneer T, Purino M, Hoogenboom R, Van Oosterwyck H, Jonkers I, Cardinaels R, Smet M. A Spontaneous In Situ Thiol-Ene Crosslinking Hydrogel with Thermo-Responsive Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1264. [PMID: 38732733 PMCID: PMC11085619 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The thermo-responsive behavior of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) makes it an ideal candidate to easily embed cells and allows the polymer mixture to be injected. However, P(NiPAAm) hydrogels possess minor mechanical properties. To increase the mechanical properties, a covalent bond is introduced into the P(NIPAAm) network through a biocompatible thiol-ene click-reaction by mixing two polymer solutions. Co-polymers with variable thiol or acrylate groups to thermo-responsive co-monomer ratios, ranging from 1% to 10%, were synthesized. Precise control of the crosslink density allowed customization of the hydrogel's mechanical properties to match different tissue stiffness levels. Increasing the temperature of the hydrogel above its transition temperature of 31 °C induced the formation of additional physical interactions. These additional interactions both further increased the stiffness of the material and impacted its relaxation behavior. The developed optimized hydrogels reach stiffnesses more than ten times higher compared to the state of the art using similar polymers. Furthermore, when adding cells to the precursor polymer solutions, homogeneous thermo-responsive hydrogels with good cell viability were created upon mixing. In future work, the influence of the mechanical micro-environment on the cell's behavior can be studied in vitro in a continuous manner by changing the incubation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Aerts
- Laboratory of Organic Material Synthesis, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Maxim Vovchenko
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, P.O. Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, P.O. Box 2416, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seyed Ali Elahi
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, P.O. Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven Tervuursevest 101, P.O. Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rocío Castro Viñuelas
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven Tervuursevest 101, P.O. Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tess De Maeseneer
- Rheology and Technology, Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, P.O. Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Purino
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, UGent, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, UGent, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C, P.O. Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven Tervuursevest 101, P.O. Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruth Cardinaels
- Rheology and Technology, Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, P.O. Box 2424, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mario Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Material Synthesis, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Introduction to three-dimensional printing in medicine. 3D Print Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-89831-7.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Yan J, Liu C, Tu C, Zhang R, Tang X, Li H, Wang H, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Wu H, Sheng G. Hydrogel-hydroxyapatite-monomeric collagen type-I scaffold with low-frequency electromagnetic field treatment enhances osteochondral repair in rabbits. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:572. [PMID: 34774092 PMCID: PMC8590294 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage damage is a common medical issue in clinical practice. Complete cartilage repair remains a significant challenge owing to the inferior quality of regenerative tissue. Safe and non-invasive magnetic therapy combined with tissue engineering to repair cartilage may be a promising breakthrough. METHODS In this study, a composite scaffold made of Hydroxyapatite-Collagen type-I (HAC) and PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermogel was produced to match the cartilage and subchondral layers in osteochondral defects, respectively. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) encapsulated in the thermogel were stimulated by an electromagnetic field (EMF). Effect of EMF on the proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation potential was evaluated in vitro. 4 mm femoral condyle defect was constructed in rabbits. The scaffolds loaded with BMSCs were implanted into the defects with or without EMF treatment. Effects of the combination treatment of the EMF and composite scaffold on rabbit osteochondral defect was detected in vivo. RESULTS In vitro experiments showed that EMF could promote proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs partly by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt1/LRP6/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo results further confirmed that the scaffold with EMF enhances the repair of osteochondral defects in rabbits, and, in particular, cartilage repair. CONCLUSION Hydrogel-Hydroxyapatite-Monomeric Collagen type-I scaffold with low-frequency EMF treatment has the potential to enhance osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoxu Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaixi Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhuang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Traumatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gaohong Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Rana MM, De la Hoz Siegler H. Tuning the Properties of PNIPAm-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3154. [PMID: 34578055 PMCID: PMC8467289 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) is a three-dimensional (3D) crosslinked polymer that can interact with human cells and play an important role in the development of tissue morphogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. PNIPAm-based scaffolds possess many desirable structural and physical properties required for tissue regeneration, but insufficient mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biomimicry for tissue development remain obstacles for their application in tissue engineering. The structural integrity and physical properties of the hydrogels depend on the crosslinks formed between polymer chains during synthesis. A variety of design variables including crosslinker content, the combination of natural and synthetic polymers, and solvent type have been explored over the past decade to develop PNIPAm-based scaffolds with optimized properties suitable for tissue engineering applications. These design parameters have been implemented to provide hydrogel scaffolds with dynamic and spatially patterned cues that mimic the biological environment and guide the required cellular functions for cartilage tissue regeneration. The current advances on tuning the properties of PNIPAm-based scaffolds were searched for on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the scaffolding properties of PNIPAm-based hydrogels and the effects of synthesis-solvent and crosslinking density on tuning these properties. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of considering these two design variables for developing PNIPAm-based scaffolds are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohosin Rana
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Hector De la Hoz Siegler
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhang Y, Yu J, Ren K, Zuo J, Ding J, Chen X. Thermosensitive Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1478-1492. [PMID: 30843390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Jiakuo Yu
- Knee Surgery Department of the Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 Huayuanbei Road, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Ren
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States of America
| | - Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory
of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory
of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Kabir SMF, Sikdar PP, Haque B, Bhuiyan MAR, Ali A, Islam MN. Cellulose-based hydrogel materials: chemistry, properties and their prospective applications. Prog Biomater 2018; 7:153-174. [PMID: 30182344 PMCID: PMC6173681 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-018-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on cellulose comprising many organic biopolymers including cellulose, chitin, and chitosan are the hydrophilic material, which can absorb and retain a huge proportion of water in the interstitial sites of their structures. These polymers feature many amazing properties such as responsiveness to pH, time, temperature, chemical species and biological conditions besides a very high-water absorption capacity. Biopolymer hydrogels can be manipulated and crafted for numerous applications leading to a tremendous boom in research during recent times in scientific communities. With the growing environmental concerns and an emergent demand, researchers throughout the globe are concentrating particularly on naturally derived hydrogels due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and abundance. Cellulose-based hydrogels are considered as useful biocompatible materials to be used in medical devices to treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ, or help function of the body. These hydrogels also hold a great promise for applications in agricultural activity, as smart materials and some other useful industrial purposes. This review offers an overview of the recent and contemporary research regarding physiochemical properties of cellulose-based hydrogels along with their applications in multidisciplinary areas including biomedical fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing, healthcare and hygienic products as well as in agriculture, textiles and industrial applications as smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fijul Kabir
- Department of Textiles, Apparel Design and Merchandising, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Partha P Sikdar
- Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Interiors, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - B Haque
- College of Textile Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - M A Rahman Bhuiyan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - A Ali
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
| | - M N Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, DUET, Gazipur, 1700, Bangladesh
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9
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10
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Bhardwaj N, Devi D, Mandal BB. Tissue-engineered cartilage: the crossroads of biomaterials, cells and stimulating factors. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:153-82. [PMID: 25283763 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage to cartilage represents one of the most challenging tasks of musculoskeletal therapeutics due to its limited propensity for healing and regenerative capabilities. Lack of current treatments to restore cartilage tissue function has prompted research in this rapidly emerging field of tissue regeneration of functional cartilage tissue substitutes. The development of cartilaginous tissue largely depends on the combination of appropriate biomaterials, cell source, and stimulating factors. Over the years, various biomaterials have been utilized for cartilage repair, but outcomes are far from achieving native cartilage architecture and function. This highlights the need for exploration of suitable biomaterials and stimulating factors for cartilage regeneration. With these perspectives, we aim to present an overview of cartilage tissue engineering with recent progress, development, and major steps taken toward the generation of functional cartilage tissue. In this review, we have discussed the advances and problems in tissue engineering of cartilage with strong emphasis on the utilization of natural polymeric biomaterials, various cell sources, and stimulating factors such as biophysical stimuli, mechanical stimuli, dynamic culture, and growth factors used so far in cartilage regeneration. Finally, we have focused on clinical trials, recent innovations, and future prospects related to cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Bhardwaj
- Seri-Biotechnology Unit, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035, India
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Albertine KH, Dezawa M. A new age of regenerative medicine: fusion of tissue engineering and stem cell research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:1-3. [PMID: 24293066 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H Albertine
- Editor-in-Chief, The Anatomical Record, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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12
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Lapworth JW, Hatton PV, Goodchild RL, Rimmer S. Thermally reversible colloidal gels for three-dimensional chondrocyte culture. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:362-75. [PMID: 21775322 PMCID: PMC3243393 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy cells are required in large numbers to form a tissue-engineered construct and primary cells must therefore be increased in number in a process termed 'expansion'. There are significant problems with existing procedures, including cell injury and an associated loss of phenotype, but three-dimensional culture has been reported to offer a solution. Reversible gels, which allow for the recovery of cells after expansion would therefore have great value in the expansion of chondrocytes for tissue engineering applications, but they have received relatively little attention to date. In this study, we examined the synthesis and use of thermoresponsive polymers that form reversible three-dimensional gels for chondrocyte cell culture. A series of polymers comprising N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and styrene was synthesized before studying their thermoresponsive solution behaviour and gelation. A poly(NIPAM-co-styrene-graft-N-vinylpyrrolidone) variant was also synthesized in order to provide increased water content. Both random- and graft-copolymers formed particulate gels above the lower critical solution temperature and, on cooling, re-dissolved to allow enzyme-free cell recovery. Chondrocytes remained viable in all of these materials for 24 days, increased in number and produced collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Lapworth
- Polymer and Biomaterials Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Paul V. Hatton
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Rebecca L. Goodchild
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Stephen Rimmer
- Polymer and Biomaterials Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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Peng LH, Tsang SY, Tabata Y, Gao JQ. Genetically-manipulated adult stem cells as therapeutic agents and gene delivery vehicle for wound repair and regeneration. J Control Release 2011; 157:321-30. [PMID: 21893122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound therapy remains a clinical challenge and much effort has been focused on the development of novel therapeutic approaches for wound management. New knowledge about the way in which signals control wound cellular and molecular behavior has promoted the topical application of multipotent stem cells and bioactive molecules to injured tissue, for skin regeneration with less scar formation. However, limited clinical success indicates that the effective delivery of polypeptides and therapeutic cells, with controlled releasing profile, is a major challenge which is yet to be overcome. Recently, a technique in which the genetically-manipulated stem cells were used both as the therapeutic agents and the vehicle for gene delivery for wound treatment - a method which serves to provide regenerative cells and bioactive genes within an optimal environment of regulatory molecular expression for wound sites - has emerged as a promising strategy for wound regenerative therapy. In this article, the roles of adult stem cells - as the therapeutics and the vehicles in these advanced biomimetic drug delivery systems for wound regeneration medicine - are scrutinized to indicate their mechanisms, characteristics, broad applicability and future lines of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Peng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, PR China
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Wescoe KE, Schugar RC, Chu CR, Deasy BM. The Role of the Biochemical and Biophysical Environment in Chondrogenic Stem Cell Differentiation Assays and Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 52:85-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-008-9029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Huang X, Zhang Y, Donahue HJ, Lowe TL. Porous thermoresponsive-co-biodegradable hydrogels as tissue-engineering scaffolds for 3-dimensional in vitro culture of chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:2645-52. [PMID: 17683245 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2007.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new porous, thermoresponsive, partially biodegradable, chemically crosslinked hydrogel system was developed, characterized, and tested as a cartilage tissue-engineering scaffold for in vitro chondrocyte culture over a 4-week period. The hydrogel system was composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(D,L-lactic acid), and dextran segments. Pores in the hydrogels were generated using a salt leaching technique. The hydrogels showed thermoresponsive properties, with a lower critical solution temperature at approximately 32 degrees C. They continuously swelled at physiological temperature in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) for at least 1 month. Chondrocytes isolated from embryonic chick sterna were seeded into the hydrogel scaffolds at room temperature and cultured at 37 degrees C for 4 weeks. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction quantification was conducted every week to study messenger ribonucleic acid levels of 3 chondrocyte phenotypic markers: type II collagen, type X collagen, and Indian hedgehog. Results suggested that chondrocytes maintained their phenotype during the 4-week in vitro culture and could mimic in vivo development. Chondrocytes were non-enzymatically harvested from the hydrogel scaffold at the end of the fourth week by simply lowering the temperature from 37 degrees C to room temperature. The harvested chondrocytes kept a round morphology, confirming the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype in the hydrogel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering is emerging as a technique for the regeneration of cartilage tissue damaged due to disease or trauma. Since cartilage lacks regenerative capabilities, it is essential to develop approaches that deliver the appropriate cells, biomaterials, and signaling factors to the defect site. The objective of this review is to discuss the approaches that have been taken in this area, with an emphasis on various cell sources, including chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and stem cells. Additionally, biomaterials and their interaction with cells and the importance of signaling factors on cellular behavior and cartilage formation will be addressed. Ultimately, the goal of investigators working on cartilage regeneration is to develop a system that promotes the production of cartilage tissue that mimics native tissue properties, accelerates restoration of tissue function, and is clinically translatable. Although this is an ambitious goal, significant progress and important advances have been made in recent years.
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Fedorovich NE, Alblas J, de Wijn JR, Hennink WE, Verbout AJ, Dhert WJA. Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrices for Skeletal Tissue Engineering: State-of-the-Art and Novel Application in Organ Printing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1905-25. [PMID: 17518748 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ printing, a novel approach in tissue engineering, applies layered computer-driven deposition of cells and gels to create complex 3-dimensional cell-laden structures. It shows great promise in regenerative medicine, because it may help to solve the problem of limited donor grafts for tissue and organ repair. The technique enables anatomical cell arrangement using incorporation of cells and growth factors at predefined locations in the printed hydrogel scaffolds. This way, 3-dimensional biological structures, such as blood vessels, are already constructed. Organ printing is developing fast, and there are exciting new possibilities in this area. Hydrogels are highly hydrated polymer networks used as scaffolding materials in organ printing. These hydrogel matrices are natural or synthetic polymers that provide a supportive environment for cells to attach to and proliferate and differentiate in. Successful cell embedding requires hydrogels that are complemented with biomimetic and extracellular matrix components, to provide biological cues to elicit specific cellular responses and direct new tissue formation. This review surveys the use of hydrogels in organ printing and provides an evaluation of the recent advances in the development of hydrogels that are promising for use in skeletal regenerative medicine. Special emphasis is put on survival, proliferation and differentiation of skeletal connective tissue cells inside various hydrogel matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalja E Fedorovich
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Prabaharan M, Mano JF. Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Polysaccharides Incorporated with Thermo-Responsive Polymers as Novel Biomaterials. Macromol Biosci 2006; 6:991-1008. [PMID: 17128423 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, intelligent hydrogels which can change their swelling behavior and other properties in response to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, solvent composition and electric fields, have attracted great interest. The hydrogels based on polysaccharides incorporated with thermo-responsive polymers have shown unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological functions in addition to the stimuli-responsive characters. These "smart" hydrogels exhibit single or multiple stimuli-responsive characters which could be used in biomedical applications, including controlled drug delivery, bioengineering or tissue engineering. This review focuses on the recent developments and future trends dealing with stimuli-responsive hydrogels based on grafting/blending of polysaccharides such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, dextran and their derivatives with thermo-sensitive polymers. This review also screens the current applications of these hydrogels in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Prabaharan
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Abstract
Cell printing has been popularized over the past few years as a revolutionary advance in tissue engineering has potentially enabled heterogeneous 3-D scaffolds to be built cell-by-cell. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art cell printing techniques that utilize fluid jetting phenomena to deposit 2- and 3-D patterns of living eukaryotic cells. There are four distinct categories of jetbased approaches to printing cells. Laser guidance direct write (LG DW) was the first reported technique to print viable cells by forming patterns of embryonic-chick spinal-cord cells on a glass slide (1999). Shortly after this, modified laser-induced forward transfer techniques (LIFT) and modified ink jet printers were also used to print viable cells, followed by the most recent demonstration using an electrohydrodynamic jetting (EHDJ) method. The low cost of some of these printing technologies has spurred debate as to whether they could be used on a large scale to manufacture tissue and possibly even whole organs. This review summarizes the published results of these cell printers (cell viability, retained genotype and phenotype), and also includes a physical description of the various jetting processes with a discussion of the stresses and forces that may be encountered by cells during printing. We conclude the review by comparing and contrasting the different jet-based techniques, while providing a map for future experiments that could lead to significant advances in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Ringeisen
- Chemical Dynamics and Diagnostics Branch, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Chondrocyte is a unique cell type in articular cartilage tissue and is essential for cartilage formation and functionality. It arises from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and is regulated by a series of cytokine and transcription factor interactions, including the transforming growth factor-beta super family, fibroblast growth factors, and insulin-like growth factor-1. To understand the biomechanisms of the chondrocyte differentiation process, various cellular model systems have been employed, such as primary chondrocyte culture, clonal normal cell lines (HCS-2/8, Ch-1, ATDC5, CFK-2, and RCJ3.1C5.18), and transformed clonal cell lines (T/C-28a2, T/C-28a4, C-28/I2, tsT/AC62, and HPV-16 E6/E7). Additionally, cell culture methods, including conventional monolayer culture, three-dimensional scaffold culture, bioreactor culture, pellet culture, and organ culture, have been established to create stable environments for the expansion, phenotypic maintenance, and subsequent biological study of chondrocytes for clinical application. Knowledge gained through these study systems has allowed for the use of chondrocytes in orthopedics for the treatment of cartilage injury and epiphyseal growth plate defects using tissue-engineering approaches. Furthermore, the potential of chondrocyte implantation for facial reconstruction, the treatment of long segmental tracheal defects, and urinary incontinence and vesicoureteral reflux are being investigated. This review summarizes the present study of chondrocyte biology and the potential uses of this cell in orthopedics and other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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21
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Solis FJ, Weiss-Malik R, Vernon B. Local Monomer Activation Model for Phase Behavior and Calorimetric Properties of LCST Gel-Forming Polymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Solis
- Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85069, and The Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Rachael Weiss-Malik
- Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85069, and The Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Brent Vernon
- Integrated Natural Sciences, Arizona State University West, Phoenix, Arizona 85069, and The Harrington Department of Bioengineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
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22
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Villar-Suárez V, Colaço B, Calles-Venal I, Bravo IG, Fernández-Alvarez JG, Fernández-Caso M, Villar-Lacilla JM. Effects of extracellular matrix on the morphology and behaviour of rabbit auricular chondrocytes in culture. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005; 2005:364-73. [PMID: 16489269 PMCID: PMC1361486 DOI: 10.1155/jbb.2005.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated chondrocytes dedifferentiate to a fibroblast-like shape on plastic substrata and proliferate extensively, but rarely form nodules. However, when dissociation is not complete and some cartilage remnants are included in the culture, proliferation decreases and cells grow in a reticular pattern with numerous nodules, which occasionally form small cartilage-like fragments. In an attempt to reproduce this stable chondrogenic state, we added a cartilage protein extract, a sugar extract, and hyaluronan to the medium of previously dedifferentiated chondrocytes. When protein extract was added, many cartilaginous nodules appeared. Hyaluronan produced changes in cell phenotype and behaviour, but not nodule formation. Protein extract has positive effects on the differentiation of previously proliferated chondrocytes and permits nodule formation and the extensive production of type-II collagen. A comparison with incompletely dissociated chondrocyte cultures suggests that the presence of some living cells anchored to their natural extracellular matrix provides some important additional factors for the phenotypical stability of chondrocytes on plastic surfaces. In order to elucidate if it is possible that the incidence of apoptosis is related to the results, we also characterized the molecular traits of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vega Villar-Suárez
- Departamento Biología Celular y Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Léon, 24071 Léon, Spain.
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23
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Lee CY, Liu X, Hsu HC, Wang DY, Luo ZP. A modified cell culture method for autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Connect Tissue Res 2005; 46:93-9. [PMID: 16019419 DOI: 10.1080/03008200590954122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) is a promising method to treat chondral and osteochondral defects. This study introduced a modified method for cell culture in ACT. Porcine chondrocytes were cultured for 3 weeks under low hydrostatic pressure at 250 Pa. The results showed that the dry weight of the cartilage-like membrane in the loading group was 3.0 times more than the control group (no loading) (p < 0.01), and cell numbers were significantly increased by 3.1 times (p < 0.01) after a 3-week culture. Compared with the fresh tissue sample, the mRNA expression of collagen II was not statistically different and the mRNA of aggrecan was only slightly decreased by 19%. These data suggest that the hydrostatic pressure at this level significantly increased the cell numbers and biosynthesis of cultured chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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25
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Cho JH, Kim SH, Park KD, Jung MC, Yang WI, Han SW, Noh JY, Lee JW. Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells using a thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and water-soluble chitosan copolymer. Biomaterials 2004; 25:5743-51. [PMID: 15147820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is known to be thermally responsive material and has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST, 32 degrees C) at which a macromolecular transition from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic structure occurs. Chitosan is a useful natural polymeric biomaterial due to its biocompatibility and biodegradable properties. It has good characteristics for cell attachment, proliferation and viability. The aim of this study was to assess the ability to differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to chondrocytes and mass formation using a newly developed injectable material, a thermosensitive (water-soluble chitosan-g-PNIPAAm) gel, and evaluate cartilage formation in vivo after injecting a cell-thermosensitive gel complex. The MSCs were cultured in the chitosan-PNIPAAm in vitro. Fluorescence-activated cell sort analysis, viability test, collagen type I, II, X formation and the aggrecan levels were examined. These cultured cells can be easily recovered from a copolymer gel by simply lowering the temperature. An animal study was performed to assess cartilage formation in the submucosal layer of the bladder of rabbits. The cartilage formation could be detected. This can be used to treat vesicoureteral reflux or reflux esophagitis by the effective mass effect. This is a simple method (sol-gel technique in LCST), and good cartilage formation occurs in the bladder tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ajou University College of Medicine, San 5, Wonchun-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon 442-749, South Korea
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26
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Cheng X, Wang Y, Hanein Y, Böhringer KF, Ratner BD. Novel cell patterning using microheater-controlled thermoresponsive plasma films. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004; 70:159-68. [PMID: 15227660 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is reported for cell patterning based on addressable microheaters and a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM) themoresponsive coating. This thermoresponsive coating is created by a radio frequency NIPAM plasma and is denoted as plasma polymerized NIPAM (ppNIPAM). Films of ppNIPAM with a good retention of monomer side-chain functionality are produced using low-power continuous plasma deposition. Cell adhesion and cell detachment tests indicate that the surface switches between adhesive and nonadhesive behaviors as a function of temperature. The use of a photolithographically fabricated microheater array allows the ppNIPAM transition to occur spatially under the control of individual heaters. This localized change in the surface adhesive behavior is used to direct site-specific cell attachment. Patterned adhesion of two types of cells has been visualized on the array through fluorescent markers. Applications for diagnostic devices, cell-based sensors, tissue engineering, and cell transfection are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Cheng
- Bioengineering Department, University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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27
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Freyria AM, Cortial D, Ronzière MC, Guerret S, Herbage D. Influence of medium composition, static and stirred conditions on the proliferation of and matrix protein expression of bovine articular chondrocytes cultured in a 3-D collagen scaffold. Biomaterials 2004; 25:687-97. [PMID: 14607507 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in chemical and physical modifications of culture conditions and composition, as a way to improve engineered cartilage, has grown over the last decade. To address some of these aspects, articular bovine chondrocytes seeded in collagen sponges (2.3x10(6) cells/cm(3), whose growth and metabolism have been previously reported) were grown under static or stirred conditions (orbital shaker at 30 rpm), in either 10% FCS-supplemented or serum-free media (1% ITS+1mM cysteine). Under stirred conditions, we observed a 2-fold increase in both cell proliferation and sulphated glycosaminoglycan deposition after 1 month of culture, compared to static conditions, and after 3 months, a more homogeneous distribution of both cells and neomatrix in the constructs. During the first month of culture, the substitution of FCS by ITS led to low cell proliferation and poor neomatrix deposition but, after 2 months a steep increase was observed with ITS for these two parameters that reached, after 3 months the levels observed with FCS. Aggrecan was the more abundant component at both gene and protein levels, whereas the collagenous network formed was looser than with FCS. In conclusion, the use of these simple culture conditions should improve, in long-term culture, the quality of the cartilage construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Freyria
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086, CNRS-Université Lyon I & IFR, 128-Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
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28
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Abstract
There are many different types of scaffold materials now available for tissue engineering applications. Hydrogels form one group of materials that have been used in a wide variety of applications. These hydrogels can be formed using natural materials, synthetic materials, or some combination of the two. There are advantages and disadvantages to using each type of material, and detailed investigations into the effects on various aspects of cell behavior of chemical and physical properties of the materials are needed to make an informed decision as to which material is best suited for a given application. By combining appropriate scaffold materials, such as hydrogels, with cells and proper signaling for those cells, more commercial tissue engineering products will become available for general use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda K Mann
- Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
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29
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Mironov V, Boland T, Trusk T, Forgacs G, Markwald RR. Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2003; 21:157-61. [PMID: 12679063 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(03)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology promises to solve the organ transplantation crisis. However, assembly of vascularized 3D soft organs remains a big challenge. Organ printing, which we define as computer-aided, jet-based 3D tissue-engineering of living human organs, offers a possible solution. Organ printing involves three sequential steps: pre-processing or development of "blueprints" for organs; processing or actual organ printing; and postprocessing or organ conditioning and accelerated organ maturation. A cell printer that can print gels, single cells and cell aggregates has been developed. Layer-by-layer sequentially placed and solidified thin layers of a thermo-reversible gel could serve as "printing paper". Combination of an engineering approach with the developmental biology concept of embryonic tissue fluidity enables the creation of a new rapid prototyping 3D organ printing technology, which will dramatically accelerate and optimize tissue and organ assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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