1
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Stahl EC, Gopez AR, Tsuchida CA, Fan VB, Moehle EA, Witkowsky LB, Hamilton JR, Lin-Shiao E, McElroy M, McDevitt SL, Ciling A, Tsui CK, Pestal K, Gildea HK, Keller A, Sylvain IA, Williams C, Hirsh A, Ehrenberg AJ, Kantor R, Metzger M, Nelson KL, Urnov FD, Ringeisen BR, Giannikopoulos P, Doudna JA. LuNER: Multiplexed SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical swab and wastewater samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258263. [PMID: 34758033 PMCID: PMC8580221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and surveillance testing for the SARS-CoV-2 virus relies overwhelmingly on RT-qPCR-based diagnostics, yet several popular assays require 2-3 separate reactions or rely on detection of a single viral target, which adds significant time, cost, and risk of false-negative results. Furthermore, multiplexed RT-qPCR tests that detect at least two SARS-CoV-2 genes in a single reaction are typically not affordable for large scale clinical surveillance or adaptable to multiple PCR machines and plate layouts. We developed a RT-qPCR assay using the Luna Probe Universal One-Step RT-qPCR master mix with publicly available primers and probes to detect SARS-CoV-2 N gene, E gene, and human RNase P (LuNER) to address these shortcomings and meet the testing demands of a university campus and the local community. This cost-effective test is compatible with BioRad or Applied Biosystems qPCR machines, in 96 and 384-well formats, with or without sample pooling, and has a detection sensitivity suitable for both clinical reporting and wastewater surveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Stahl
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Allan R. Gopez
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Connor A. Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Vinson B. Fan
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Moehle
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Lea B. Witkowsky
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Hamilton
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Enrique Lin-Shiao
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew McElroy
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Shana L. McDevitt
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Alison Ciling
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - C. Kimberly Tsui
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Holly K. Gildea
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda Keller
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Iman A. Sylvain
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Clara Williams
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Rose Kantor
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Metzger
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kara L. Nelson
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Fyodor D. Urnov
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Ringeisen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Petros Giannikopoulos
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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2
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Hamilton JR, Stahl EC, Tsuchida CA, Lin-Shiao E, Tsui CK, Pestal K, Gildea HK, Witkowsky LB, Moehle EA, McDevitt SL, McElroy M, Keller A, Sylvain I, Hirsh A, Ciling A, Ehrenberg AJ, Ringeisen BR, Huberty G, Urnov FD, Giannikopoulos P, Doudna JA. Robotic RNA extraction for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using saliva samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255690. [PMID: 34351984 PMCID: PMC8341588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an attractive specimen type for asymptomatic surveillance of COVID-19 in large populations due to its ease of collection and its demonstrated utility for detecting RNA from SARS-CoV-2. Multiple saliva-based viral detection protocols use a direct-to-RT-qPCR approach that eliminates nucleic acid extraction but can reduce viral RNA detection sensitivity. To improve test sensitivity while maintaining speed, we developed a robotic nucleic acid extraction method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva samples with high throughput. Using this assay, the Free Asymptomatic Saliva Testing (IGI FAST) research study on the UC Berkeley campus conducted 11,971 tests on supervised self-collected saliva samples and identified rare positive specimens containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA during a time of low infection prevalence. In an attempt to increase testing capacity, we further adapted our robotic extraction assay to process pooled saliva samples. We also benchmarked our assay against nasopharyngeal swab specimens and found saliva methods require further optimization to match this gold standard. Finally, we designed and validated a RT-qPCR test suitable for saliva self-collection. These results establish a robotic extraction-based procedure for rapid PCR-based saliva testing that is suitable for samples from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Stahl
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Connor A. Tsuchida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Enrique Lin-Shiao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - C. Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Holly K. Gildea
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Lea B. Witkowsky
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Moehle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Shana L. McDevitt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew McElroy
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Amanda Keller
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Iman Sylvain
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Alison Ciling
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Ehrenberg
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Garth Huberty
- Washington Hospital Healthcare System Clinical Laboratory, Fremont, CA, United States of America
| | - Fyodor D. Urnov
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Petros Giannikopoulos
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Doudna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
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3
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Ehrenberg AJ, Moehle EA, Brook CE, Doudna Cate AH, Witkowsky LB, Sachdeva R, Hirsh A, Barry K, Hamilton JR, Lin-Shiao E, McDevitt S, Valentin-Alvarado L, Letourneau KN, Hunter L, Keller A, Pestal K, Frankino PA, Murley A, Nandakumar D, Stahl EC, Tsuchida CA, Gildea HK, Murdock AG, Hochstrasser ML, O’Brien E, Ciling A, Tsitsiklis A, Worden K, Dugast-Darzacq C, Hays SG, Barber CC, McGarrigle R, Lam EK, Ensminger DC, Bardet L, Sherry C, Harte A, Nicolette G, Giannikopoulos P, Hockemeyer D, Petersen M, Urnov FD, Ringeisen BR, Boots M, Doudna JA. Launching a saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance testing program on a university campus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251296. [PMID: 34038425 PMCID: PMC8153421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular surveillance testing of asymptomatic individuals for SARS-CoV-2 has been center to SARS-CoV-2 outbreak prevention on college and university campuses. Here we describe the voluntary saliva testing program instituted at the University of California, Berkeley during an early period of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020. The program was administered as a research study ahead of clinical implementation, enabling us to launch surveillance testing while continuing to optimize the assay. Results of both the testing protocol itself and the study participants' experience show how the program succeeded in providing routine, robust testing capable of contributing to outbreak prevention within a campus community and offer strategies for encouraging participation and a sense of civic responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Ehrenberg
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Moehle
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Cara E. Brook
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Lea B. Witkowsky
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rohan Sachdeva
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kerrie Barry
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Hamilton
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Enrique Lin-Shiao
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Shana McDevitt
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Luis Valentin-Alvarado
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Lauren Hunter
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda Keller
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew Murley
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Divya Nandakumar
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Stahl
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Connor A. Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Holly K. Gildea
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew G. Murdock
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Hochstrasser
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth O’Brien
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Ciling
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Kurtresha Worden
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Stephanie G. Hays
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Colin C. Barber
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Riley McGarrigle
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Lam
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Ensminger
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lucie Bardet
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Sherry
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Harte
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- University Health Services, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Guy Nicolette
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- University Health Services, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Petros Giannikopoulos
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maya Petersen
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Fyodor D. Urnov
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley R. Ringeisen
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Mike Boots
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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4
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Hamilton JR, Stahl EC, Tsuchida CA, Lin-Shiao E, Tsui CK, Pestal K, Gildea HK, Witkowsky LB, Moehle EA, McDevitt SL, McElroy M, Keller A, Sylvain I, Hirsh A, Ciling A, Ehrenberg AJ, Ringeisen BR, Huberty G, Urnov FD, Giannikopoulos P, Doudna JA. Robotic RNA extraction for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance using saliva samples. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.10.21249151. [PMID: 33532798 PMCID: PMC7852249 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.10.21249151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is an attractive specimen type for asymptomatic surveillance of COVID-19 in large populations due to its ease of collection and its demonstrated utility for detecting RNA from SARS-CoV-2. Multiple saliva-based viral detection protocols use a direct-to-RT-qPCR approach that eliminates nucleic acid extraction but can reduce viral RNA detection sensitivity. To improve test sensitivity while maintaining speed, we developed a robotic nucleic acid extraction method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva samples with high throughput. Using this assay, the Free Asymptomatic Saliva Testing (IGI-FAST) research study on the UC Berkeley campus conducted 11,971 tests on supervised self-collected saliva samples and identified rare positive specimens containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA during a time of low infection prevalence. In an attempt to increase testing capacity, we further adapted our robotic extraction assay to process pooled saliva samples. We also benchmarked our assay against the gold standard, nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Finally, we designed and validated a RT-qPCR test suitable for saliva self-collection. These results establish a robotic extraction-based procedure for rapid PCR-based saliva testing that is suitable for samples from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hamilton
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Stahl
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Connor A Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Lin-Shiao
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lea B Witkowsky
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erica A Moehle
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shana L McDevitt
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew McElroy
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Keller
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Iman Sylvain
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alison Ciling
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Ehrenberg
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bradley R Ringeisen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Garth Huberty
- Washington Hospital Healthcare System Clinical Laboratory, Fremont, CA USA
| | - Fyodor D Urnov
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Petros Giannikopoulos
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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5
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Stahl EC, Tsuchida CA, Hamilton JR, Lin-Shiao E, McDevitt SL, Moehle EA, Witkowsky LB, Tsui CK, Pestal K, Gildea HK, McElroy M, Keller A, Sylvain I, Williams C, Hirsh A, Ciling A, Ehrenberg AJ, Urnov FD, Ringeisen BR, Giannikopoulos P, Doudna JA. IGI-LuNER: single-well multiplexed RT-qPCR test for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2020:2020.12.10.20247338. [PMID: 33330883 PMCID: PMC7743092 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.10.20247338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Commonly used RT-qPCR-based SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics require 2-3 separate reactions or rely on detection of a single viral target, adding time and cost or risk of false-negative results. Currently, no test combines detection of widely used SARS-CoV-2 E- and N-gene targets and a sample control in a single, multiplexed reaction. We developed the IGI-LuNER RT-qPCR assay using the Luna Probe Universal One-Step RT-qPCR master mix with publicly available primers and probes to detect SARS-CoV-2 N gene, E gene, and human RNase P (NER). This combined, cost-effective test can be performed in 384-well plates with detection sensitivity suitable for clinical reporting, and will aid in future sample pooling efforts, thus improving throughput of SARS-CoV-2 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Stahl
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Connor A Tsuchida
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Hamilton
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Lin-Shiao
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shana L McDevitt
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Erica A Moehle
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lea B Witkowsky
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matthew McElroy
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Keller
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Iman Sylvain
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Clara Williams
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Hirsh
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alison Ciling
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Fyodor D Urnov
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bradley R Ringeisen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Doudna
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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6
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Ringeisen BR, Rincon K, Fitzgerald LA, Fulmer PA, Wu PK. Printing soil: a single‐step, high‐throughput method to isolate micro‐organisms and near‐neighbour microbial consortia from a complex environmental sample. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. SW Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Karina Rincon
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Florida International University 10555 West Flagler St, EC 3900 Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Lisa A. Fitzgerald
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. SW Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Preston A. Fulmer
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. SW Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Peter K. Wu
- Department of Physics and Engineering Southern Oregon University 1250 Siskiyou Blvd Ashland OR 97520 USA
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7
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Jiang X, Hu J, Lieber AM, Jackan CS, Biffinger JC, Fitzgerald LA, Ringeisen BR, Lieber CM. Nanoparticle facilitated extracellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cells. Nano Lett 2014; 14:6737-6742. [PMID: 25310721 DOI: 10.1021/nl503668q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been the focus of substantial research interest due to their potential for long-term, renewable electrical power generation via the metabolism of a broad spectrum of organic substrates, although the low power densities have limited their applications to date. Here, we demonstrate the potential to improve the power extraction by exploiting biogenic inorganic nanoparticles to facilitate extracellular electron transfer in MFCs. Simultaneous short-circuit current recording and optical imaging on a nanotechnology-enabled platform showed substantial current increase from Shewanella PV-4 after the formation of cell/iron sulfide nanoparticle aggregates. Detailed characterization of the structure and composition of the cell/nanoparticle interface revealed crystalline iron sulfide nanoparticles in intimate contact with and uniformly coating the cell membrane. In addition, studies designed to address the fundamental mechanisms of charge transport in this hybrid system showed that charge transport only occurred in the presence of live Shewanella, and moreover demonstrated that the enhanced current output can be attributed to improved electron transfer at cell/electrode interface and through the cellular-networks. Our approach of interconnecting and electrically contacting bacterial cells through biogenic nanoparticles represents a unique and promising direction in MFC research and has the potential to not only advance our fundamental knowledge about electron transfer processes in these biological systems but also overcome a key limitation in MFCs by constructing an electrically connected, three-dimensional cell network from the bottom-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Pirlo RK, Wu PK, Ringeisen BR. Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing of Soft, Three-Dimensional, Multilayer, Biological Constructs via Laser Printing onto Laser Machined Composite Biopapers. J Imaging Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2014.58.4.040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Fitzgerald LA, Petersen ER, Leary DH, Nadeau LJ, Soto CM, Ray RI, Little BJ, Ringeisen BR, Johnson GR, Vora GJ, Biffinger JC. Shewanella frigidimarina microbial fuel cells and the influence of divalent cations on current output. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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Biffinger JC, Fitzgerald LA, Howard EC, Petersen ER, Fulmer PA, Wu PK, Ringeisen BR. Controlling autonomous underwater floating platforms using bacterial fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:135-42. [PMID: 22851013 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic gas has a wide range of energy applications from being used as a source for crude bio-oil components to direct ignition for heating. The current study describes the use of biogenic gases from Clostridium acetobutylicum for a new application-renewable ballast regeneration for autonomous underwater devices. Uninterrupted (continuous) and blocked flow (pressurization) experiments were performed to determine the overall biogas composition and total volume generated from a semirigid gelatinous matrix. For stopped flow experiments, C. acetobutylicum generated a maximum pressure of 55 psi over 48 h composed of 60 % hydrogen gas when inoculated in a 5 % agar (w/v) support with 5 % glucose (w/v) in the matrix. Typical pressures over 24 h at 318 K ranged from 10 to 33 psi. These blocked flow experiments show for the first time the use of microbial gas production as a way to repressurize gas cylinders. Continuous flow experiments successfully demonstrated how to deliver biogas to an open ballast control configuration for deployable underwater platforms. This study is a starting point for engineering and microbiology investigations of biogas which will advance the integration of biology within autonomous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Biffinger
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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11
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Fitzgerald LA, Petersen ER, Ray RI, Little BJ, Cooper CJ, Howard EC, Ringeisen BR, Biffinger JC. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Msh pilin proteins are involved in extracellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cells. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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12
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Howard EC, Hamdan LJ, Lizewski SE, Ringeisen BR. High frequency of glucose-utilizing mutants in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 327:9-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila J. Hamdan
- Marine Biogeochemistry Section, Code 6114; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Stephen E. Lizewski
- Laboratory for Biosensors & Biomaterials, Code 6910; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington; DC; USA
| | - Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Bioenergy and Biofabrication Section, Code 6115; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Washington; DC; USA
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13
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Howard EC, Petersen ER, Fitzgerald LA, Sheehan PE, Ringeisen BR. Optimal method for efficiently removing extracellular nanofilaments from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:320-4. [PMID: 21963962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification, production, and potential electron conductivity of bacterial extracellular nanofilaments is an area of great study, specifically in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. While some studies focus on nanofilaments attached to the cellular body, many studies require the removal of these nanofilaments for downstream applications. The removal of nanofilaments from S. oneidensis MR-1 for further study requires not only that the nanofilaments be detached, but also for the cell bodies to remain intact. This is a study to both qualitatively (AFM) and quantitatively (LC/MS-MS) assess several nanofilament shearing methods and determine the optimal procedure. The best method for nanofilament removal, as judged by maximizing extracellular filamentous proteins and minimizing membrane and intracellular proteins, is vortexing a washed cell culture for 10 min.
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14
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Wu PK, Fitzgerald LA, Biffinger JC, Spargo BJ, Houston BH, Bucaro JA, Ringeisen BR. Zero-power autonomous buoyancy system controlled by microbial gas production. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:055108. [PMID: 21639539 DOI: 10.1063/1.3587623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A zero-power ballast control system that could be used to float and submerge a device solely using a gas source was built and tested. This system could be used to convey sensors, data loggers, and communication devices necessary for water quality monitoring and other applications by periodically maneuvering up and down a water column. Operational parameters for the system such as duration of the submerged and buoyant states can be varied according to its design. The gas source can be of any origin, e.g., compressed air, underwater gas vent, gas produced by microbes, etc. The zero-power ballast system was initially tested using a gas pump and further tested using gas produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Using microbial gas production as the only source of gas and no electrical power during operation, the system successfully floated and submerged periodically with a period of 30 min for at least 24 h. Together with microbial fuel cells, this system opens up possibilities for underwater monitoring systems that could function indefinitely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Wu
- Department of Physics, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon 97520, USA
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15
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Pirlo RK, Sweeney AJ, Ringeisen BR, Kindy M, Gao BZ. Biochip∕laser cell deposition system to assess polarized axonal growth from single neurons and neuron∕glia pairs in microchannels with novel asymmetrical geometries. Biomicrofluidics 2011; 5:13408. [PMID: 21522498 PMCID: PMC3082345 DOI: 10.1063/1.3552998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Axon path-finding plays an important role in normal and pathogenic brain development as well as in neurological regenerative medicine. In both scenarios, axonal growth is influenced by the microenvironment including the soluble molecules and contact-mediated signaling from guiding cells and cellular matrix. Microfluidic devices are a powerful tool for creating a microenvironment at the single cell level. In this paper, an asymmetrical-channel-based biochip, which can be later incorporated into microfluidic devices for neuronal network study, was developed to investigate geometric as well as supporting cell control of polarized axonal growth in forming a defined neuronal circuitry. A laser cell deposition system was used to place single cells, including neuron-glia pairs, into specific microwells of the device, enabling axonal growth without the influence of cytophilic∕phobic surface patterns. Phase microscopy showed that a novel "snag" channel structure influenced axonal growth in the intended direction 4:1 over the opposite direction. In heterotypic experiments, glial cell influence over the axonal growth path was observed with time-lapse microscopy. Thus, it is shown that single cell and heterotypic neuronal path-finding models can be developed in laser patterned biochips.
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16
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Biffinger JC, Fitzgerald LA, Ray R, Little BJ, Lizewski SE, Petersen ER, Ringeisen BR, Sanders WC, Sheehan PE, Pietron JJ, Baldwin JW, Nadeau LJ, Johnson GR, Ribbens M, Finkel SE, Nealson KH. The utility of Shewanella japonica for microbial fuel cells. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:290-297. [PMID: 20663660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shewanella-containing microbial fuel cells (MFCs) typically use the fresh water wild-type strain Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 due to its metabolic diversity and facultative oxidant tolerance. However, S. oneidensis MR-1 is not capable of metabolizing polysaccharides for extracellular electron transfer. The applicability of Shewanella japonica (an agar-lytic Shewanella strain) for power applications was analyzed using a diverse array of carbon sources for current generation from MFCs, cellular physiological responses at an electrode surface, biofilm formation, and the presence of soluble extracellular mediators for electron transfer to carbon electrodes. Critically, air-exposed S. japonica utilizes biosynthesized extracellular mediators for electron transfer to carbon electrodes with sucrose as the sole carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Biffinger
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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17
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Fitzgerald LA, Wu PK, Gurnon JR, Biffinger JC, Ringeisen BR, Van Etten JL. Isolation of the phycodnavirus PBCV-1 by biological laser printing. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:223-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Ray R, Lizewski S, Fitzgerald LA, Little B, Ringeisen BR. Methods for imaging Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 nanofilaments. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 82:187-91. [PMID: 20561956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanofilament production by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was evaluated as a function of lifestyle (planktonic vs. sessile) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using different sample preparation techniques prior to imaging with scanning electron microscopy. Nanofilaments could be imaged on MR-1 cells grown in biofilms or planktonically under both aerobic and anaerobic batch culture conditions after fixation, critical point drying and coating with a conductive metal. Critical point drying was a requirement for imaging nanofilaments attached to planktonically grown MR-1 cells, but not for cells grown in a biofilm. Techniques described in this paper cannot be used to differentiate nanowires from pili or flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ray
- US Naval Research Laboratory, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
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19
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Wu PK, Ringeisen BR. Development of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and human umbilical vein smooth muscle cell (HUVSMC) branch/stem structures on hydrogel layers via biological laser printing (BioLP). Biofabrication 2010; 2:014111. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/014111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Biffinger JC, Ray R, Little BJ, Fitzgerald LA, Ribbens M, Finkel SE, Ringeisen BR. Simultaneous analysis of physiological and electrical output changes in an operating microbial fuel cell withShewanella oneidensis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:524-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Biological laser printing (BioLP) is a unique tool capable of printing high resolution two- and three-dimensional patterns of living mammalian cells, with greater than 95% viability. These results have been extended to primary cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), harvested from adult Sprague-Dawley rats. OECs have been found to provide stimulating environments for neurite outgrowth in spinal cord injury models. BioLP is unique in that small load volumes ( approximately microLs) are required to achieve printing, enabling low numbers of OECs to be harvested, concentrated and printed. BioLP was used to form several 8 mm lines of OECs throughout a multilayer hydrogel scaffold. The line width was as low as 20 microm, with most lines comprising aligned single cells. Fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to determine the functionality of the printed OECs, to monitor interactions between printed OECs, and to determine the extent of cell migration throughout the 3D scaffold. High-resolution printing of low cell count, harvested OECs is an important advancement for in vitro study of cell interactions and functionality. In addition, these cell-printed scaffolds may provide an alternative for spinal cord repair studies, as the single-cell patterns formed here are on relevant size scales for neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Othon
- Naval Research Laboratory/Code 6113, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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22
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Biffinger JC, Byrd JN, Dudley BL, Ringeisen BR. Oxygen exposure promotes fuel diversity for Shewanella oneidensis microbial fuel cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:820-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Fundamental research into how microbes generate electricity within microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has far outweighed the practical application and large scale development of microbial energy harvesting devices. MFCs are considered alternatives to standard commercial polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology because the fuel supply does not need to be purified, ambient operating temperatures are maintained with biologically compatible materials, and the biological catalyst is self-regenerating. The generation of electricity during wastewater treatment using MFCs may profoundly affect the approach to anaerobic treatment technologies used in wastewater treatment as a result of developing this energy harvesting technology. However, the materials and engineering designs for MFCs were identical to commercial fuel cells until 2003. Compared to commercial fuel cells, MFCs will remain underdeveloped as long as low power densities are generated from the best systems. The variety of designs for MFCs has expanded rapidly in the last five years in the literature, but the patent protection has lagged behind. This review will cover recent and important patents relating to MFC designs and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Biffinger
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW., Code 6113, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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24
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Biffinger JC, Pietron J, Ray R, Little B, Ringeisen BR. A biofilm enhanced miniature microbial fuel cell using Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 and oxygen reduction cathodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:1672-9. [PMID: 16939710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A miniature-microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC, chamber volume: 1.2 mL) was used to monitor biofilm development from a pure culture of Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 on graphite felt (GF) under minimal nutrient conditions. ESEM evidence of biofilm formation on GF is supported by substantial power density (per device cross-section) from the mini-MFC when using an acellular minimal media anolyte (1500 mW/m2). These experiments demonstrate that power density per volume for a biofilm flow reactor MFC should be calculated using the anode chamber volume alone (250W/m3), rather than with the full anolyte volume. Two oxygen reduction cathodes (uncoated GF or a Pt/vulcanized carbon coating on GF) were also compared to a cathode using uncoated GF and a 50mM ferricyanide catholyte solution. The Pt/C-GF (2-4% Pt by mass) electrodes with liquid cultures of DSP10 produced one order of magnitude larger power density (150W/m3) than bare graphite felt (12W/m3) in this design. These advances are some of the required modifications to enable the mini-MFC to be used in real-time, long-term environmental power generating situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Biffinger
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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25
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Abstract
The use of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) in biological fuel cells limits the diversity of novel designs for increasing output power or enabling autonomous function in unique environments. Here we show that selected nanoporous polymer filters (nylon, cellulose, or polycarbonate) can be used effectively in place of PEMs in a miniature microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC, device cross-section 2 cm2), generating a power density of 16 W/m3 with an uncoated graphite felt oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) cathode. The incorporation of polycarbonate or nylon membranes into biological fuel cell designs produced comparable power and durability to Nafion-117 membranes. Also, high power densities for novel larger (5 cm3 anode volume, 0.6 W/m3) and smaller (0.025 cm3 projected geometric volume, average power density 10 W/m3) chamberless and pumpless microbial fuel cells were observed. As an additional benefit, the nanoporous membranes isolated the anode from invading natural bacteria, increasing the potential applications for MFCs beyond aquatic sediment environments. This work is a practical solution for decreasing the cost of biological fuel cells while incorporating new features for powering long-term autonomous devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Biffinger
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
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26
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Abstract
Cell printing has been popularized over the past few years as a revolutionary advance in tissue engineering has potentially enabled heterogeneous 3-D scaffolds to be built cell-by-cell. This review article summarizes the state-of-the-art cell printing techniques that utilize fluid jetting phenomena to deposit 2- and 3-D patterns of living eukaryotic cells. There are four distinct categories of jetbased approaches to printing cells. Laser guidance direct write (LG DW) was the first reported technique to print viable cells by forming patterns of embryonic-chick spinal-cord cells on a glass slide (1999). Shortly after this, modified laser-induced forward transfer techniques (LIFT) and modified ink jet printers were also used to print viable cells, followed by the most recent demonstration using an electrohydrodynamic jetting (EHDJ) method. The low cost of some of these printing technologies has spurred debate as to whether they could be used on a large scale to manufacture tissue and possibly even whole organs. This review summarizes the published results of these cell printers (cell viability, retained genotype and phenotype), and also includes a physical description of the various jetting processes with a discussion of the stresses and forces that may be encountered by cells during printing. We conclude the review by comparing and contrasting the different jet-based techniques, while providing a map for future experiments that could lead to significant advances in the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Ringeisen
- Chemical Dynamics and Diagnostics Branch, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
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27
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Ringeisen BR, Henderson E, Wu PK, Pietron J, Ray R, Little B, Biffinger JC, Jones-Meehan JM. High power density from a miniature microbial fuel cell using Shewanella oneidensis DSP10. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:2629-34. [PMID: 16683602 DOI: 10.1021/es052254w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A miniature microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC) is described that demonstrates high output power per device cross-section (2.0 cm2) and volume (1.2 cm3). Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 in growth medium with lactate and buffered ferricyanide solutions were used as the anolyte and catholyte, respectively. Maximum power densities of 24 and 10 mW/m2 were measured using the true surface areas of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and graphite felt (GF) electrodes without the addition of exogenous mediators in the anolyte. Current densities at maximum power were measured as 44 and 20 mA/m2 for RVC and GF, while short circuit current densities reached 32 mA/m2 for GF anodes and 100 mA/m2 for RVC. When the power density for GF was calculated using the cross sectional area of the device or the volume of the anode chamber, we found values (3 W/m2, 500 W/m3) similar to the maxima reported in the literature. The addition of electron mediators resulted in current and power increases of 30-100%. These power densities were surprisingly high considering a pure S. oneidensis culture was used. We found that the short diffusion lengths and high surface-area-to-chamber volume ratio utilized in the mini-MFC enhanced power density when compared to output from similar macroscopic MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Ringeisen
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Current proteomics experiments rely upon printing techniques such as ink jet, pin, or quill arrayers that were developed for the creation of cDNA microarrays. These techniques often do not meet the requirements needed for successful spotting of proteins to perform high-throughput, array-based proteomic profiling. Biological laser printing (BioLP) is a spotting technology that does not rely on solid pins, quill pins, or capillary-based fluidics. The non-contact mechanism of BioLP utilizes a focused laser pulse to transfer protein solutions, thereby eliminating the potential for orifice clogging, air bubbles, and unnecessary volume loss potentially encountered in commercially available spotting technologies. The speed and spot-to-spot reproducibility of BioLP is comparable to other techniques, while the minimum spot diameter and volume per printed droplet is significantly less at 30 microm and approximately 500 fL, respectively. The transfer of fluid by BioLP occurs through a fluid jetting mechanism, as observed by high-speed images of the printing process. Arraying a solution of BSA with subsequent immunodetection demonstrates the reproducible spotting of protein in an array format with CVs of <3%. Printing of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase followed by a positive reaction with a colorimetric substrate demonstrates that functional protein can be spotted using this laser-based printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barron
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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29
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Hood BL, Darfler MM, Guiel TG, Furusato B, Lucas DA, Ringeisen BR, Sesterhenn IA, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Krizman DB. Proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed prostate cancer tissue. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1741-53. [PMID: 16091476 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500102-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue would enable retrospective biomarker investigations of this vast archive of pathologically characterized clinical samples that exist worldwide. These FFPE tissues are, however, refractory to proteomic investigations utilizing many state of the art methodologies largely due to the high level of covalently cross-linked proteins arising from formalin fixation. A novel tissue microdissection technique has been developed and combined with a method to extract soluble peptides directly from FFPE tissue for mass spectral analysis of prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Hundreds of proteins from PCa and BPH tissue were identified, including several known PCa markers such as prostate-specific antigen, prostatic acid phosphatase, and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1. Quantitative proteomic profiling utilizing stable isotope labeling confirmed similar expression levels of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in BPH and PCa cells, whereas the expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 was found to be greater in PCa as compared with BPH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Hood
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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30
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Abstract
Methods to print patterns of mammalian cells to various substrates with high resolution offer unique possibilities to contribute to a wide range of fields including tissue engineering, cell separation, and functional genomics. This manuscript details experiments demonstrating that BioLP Biological Laser Printing, can be used to rapidly and accurately print patterns of single cells in a noncontact manner. Human osteosarcoma cells were deposited into a biopolymer matrix, and after 6 days of incubation, the printed cells are shown to be 100% viable. Printing low numbers of cells per spot by BioLP is shown to follow a Poisson distribution, indicating that the reproducibility for the number of cells per spot is therefore determined not by the variance in printed volume per drop but by random sampling statistics. Potential cell damage during the laser printing process is also investigated via immunocytochemical studies that demonstrate minimal expression of heat shock proteins by printed cells. Overall, we find that BioLP is able to print patterns of osteosarcoma cells with high viability, little to no heat or shear damage to the cells, and at the ultimate single cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Barron
- Chemical Dynamics and Diagnostics Branch, Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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31
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Abstract
We have developed a laser-based printing technique, called biological laser printing (BioLP). BioLP is a non-contact, orifice-free technique that rapidly deposits fL to nL scale volumes of biological material with spatial accuracy better than 5 microm. The printer's orifice-free nature allows for transfer of a wide range of biological material onto a variety of substrates. Control of transfer is performed via a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system which allows for deposition rates up to 100 pixels of biological material per second using the current laser systems. In this article, we present a description of the apparatus, a model of the transfer process, and a comparison to other biological printing techniques. Further, examples of current system capabilities, such as adjacent deposition of multiple cell types, large-scale cell arrays, and preliminary experiments on creating multi-layer cell constructs are presented. These cell printing experiments not only demonstrate near 100% viability, they also are the first steps toward using BioLP to create heterogeneous 3-dimensional constructs for use in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barron
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Barron JA, Rosen R, Jones-Meehan J, Spargo BJ, Belkin S, Ringeisen BR. Biological laser printing of genetically modified Escherichia coli for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 20:246-52. [PMID: 15308228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary requirements of cell- or tissue-based sensors is the placement of cells and cellular material at or near the sensing elements of the device. The ability to achieve precise, reproducible and rapid placement of cells is the focus of this study. We have developed a technique, biological laser printing or BioLP, which satisfies these requirements and has advantages over current technologies. BioLP is capable of rapidly depositing patterns of active biomolecules and living cells onto a variety of material surfaces. Unlike ink jet or manual spotting techniques, this process delivers small volume (nl to fl) aliquots of biomaterials without the use of an orifice, thus eliminating potential clogging issues and enabling diverse classes of biomaterials to be deposited. This report describes the use of this laser-based printing method to transfer genetically-modified bacteria capable of responding to various chemical stressors onto agar-coated slides and into microtiter plates. The BioLP technology enables smaller spot sizes, increased resolution, and improved reproducibility compared to related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barron
- Biological Chemistry Section, Chemistry Division, Chemical Dynamics and Diagnostics Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Bldg. 207, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Ringeisen BR, Kim H, Barron JA, Krizman DB, Chrisey DB, Jackman S, Auyeung RYC, Spargo BJ. Laser Printing of Pluripotent Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 10:483-91. [PMID: 15165465 DOI: 10.1089/107632704323061843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A technique by which to print patterns and multilayers of scaffolding and living cells could be used in tissue engineering to fabricate tissue constructs with cells, materials, and chemical diversity at the micron scale. We describe here studies using a laser forward transfer technology to print single-layer patterns of pluripotent murine embryonal carcinoma cells. This report focuses on verifying cell viability and functionality as well as the ability to differentiate cells after laser transfer. We find that when cells are printed onto model tissue scaffolding such as a layer of hydrogel, greater than 95% of the cells survive the transfer process and remain viable. In addition, alkaline comet assays were performed on transferred cells, showing minimal single-strand DNA damage from potential ultraviolet-cell interaction. We also find that laser-transferred cells express microtubular associated protein 2 after retinoic acid stimulus and myosin heavy chain protein after dimethyl sulfoxide stimulus, indicating successful neural and muscular pathway differentiation. These studies provide a foundation so that laser printing may next be used to build heterogeneous multilayer cellular structures, enabling cell growth and differentiation in heterogeneous three-dimensional environments to be uniquely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Chrisey
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5345, USA
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Ringeisen BR, Wu PK, Kim H, Piqué A, Auyeung RYC, Young HD, Chrisey DB, Krizman DB. Picoliter-scale protein microarrays by laser direct write. Biotechnol Prog 2002; 18:1126-9. [PMID: 12363367 DOI: 10.1021/bp015516g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the accurate picoliter-scale dispensing of active proteins using a novel laser transfer technique. Droplets of protein solution are dispensed onto functionalized glass slides and into plastic microwells, activating as small as 50-microm diameter areas on these surfaces. Protein microarrays fabricated by laser transfer were assayed using standard fluorescent labeling techniques to demonstrate successful protein and antigen binding. These results indicate that laser transfer does not damage the active site of the dispensed protein and that this technique can be used to successfully fabricate a functioning protein microarray. Also, as a result of the efficient nature of the process, material usage is reduced by two to four orders of magnitude compared to conventional pin dispensing methods for protein spotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ringeisen
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375, USA.
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Ringeisen BR, Muenter AH, Nathanson GM. Collisions of HCl, DCl, and HBr with Liquid Glycerol: Gas Uptake, D → H Exchange, and Solution Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013960w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinMadison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Annabel H. Muenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinMadison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinMadison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
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Ringeisen BR, Muenter AH, Nathanson GM. Collisions of DCl with Liquid Glycerol: Evidence for Rapid, Near-Interfacial D → H Exchange and Desorption. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013959x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinMadison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Annabel H. Muenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinMadison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of WisconsinMadison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
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Ringeisen BR, Chrisey DB, Piqué A, Young HD, Jones-Meehan J, Modi R, Bucaro M, Spargo BJ. Generation of mesoscopic patterns of viable Escherichia coli by ambient laser transfer. Biomaterials 2002; 23:161-6. [PMID: 11762834 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have generated mesoscopic patterns of viable Escherichia coli on Si(1 1 1), glass, and nutrient agar plates by using a novel laser-based transfer process termed matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation direct write (MAPLE DW). We observe no alterations to the E. coli induced by the laser-material interaction or the shear forces during the transfer. Transferred E. coli patterns were observed by optical and electron microscopes, and cell viability was shown through green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression and cell culturing experiments. The transfer mechanism for our approach appears remarkably gentle and suggests that active biomaterials such as proteins, DNA and antibodies could be serially deposited adjacent to viable cells. Furthermore, this technique is a direct write technology and therefore does not involve the use of masks, etching, or other lithographic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ringeisen
- Plasma Processing Section/Code 6372, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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Ringeisen BR, Piqué A, Chrisey DB. Next-generation applications for laser-based tools in biotechnology. Am Clin Lab 2001; 20:36-8. [PMID: 11505877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B R Ringeisen
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Code 6372, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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Morris JR, Behr P, Antman MD, Ringeisen BR, Splan J, Nathanson GM. Molecular Beam Scattering from Supercooled Sulfuric Acid: Collisions of HCl, HBr, and HNO3 with 70 wt D2SO4. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp000105o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Peter Behr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Melissa D. Antman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jennifer Splan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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