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Mounier A, Villotte S, Kacki S, Mora P, Espinasse L, Dempawo JZ, Gerin C, Meunier Q, Oslisly R. Population affinities in pre-colonial West Africa: The case of the burial cave Iroungou (Gabon, 14th-15th century CE). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 185:e24997. [PMID: 39073316 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our knowledge of the populations of sub-Saharan Africa in the periods before European colonization is limited. Few archeological sites containing human remains have been identified, and written sources for these periods are rare. The discovery in 2018 of the Iroungou sepulchral cave (Gabon), whose use predates the arrival of the Portuguese (14th-15th centuries CE), is an exceptional source of information: at least 28 individuals associated with numerous metal artifacts were found there. The anthropobiological remains were left in situ, but the eight best preserved crania were digitized. OBJECTIVES This study focuses on the population affinities of these crania, whose morphology was described using 237 landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS Geometric morphometric analyses were used to compare the eight Iroungou specimens with 154 individuals representing 12 well-defined African populations. After alignment (Generalized Procrustes Analysis), morphological affinity was assessed using Euclidean and Mahalanobis distances, and posterior probabilities of population membership (discriminant analysis). RESULTS Results indicate that the eight Iroungou crania have, on average, more affinity with Bayaka Pygmy, followed by Central African Bantu. Nevertheless, individually, the Iroungou specimens show an important morphological variation and the eight crania can be separated into different affinity groups: Bayaka and Central African Bantu, KhoeSan, and East-African Bantu. Finally, one individual presents strong affinity with Somalis. CONCLUSION This phenetic mapping of the Iroungou sample raises questions about the profile of the individuals deposited in the cave in a geographical area known for the Loango pre-colonial kingdom, which ruling class seemed to have had privileged relationships with the Pygmy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Mounier
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
- Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- CNRS, UAR 3129 - UMIFRE 11 3 Maison Française d'Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sébastien Villotte
- UMR 7206 Éco-Anthropologie, CNRS, MNHN, Université Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
- Quaternary Environments & Humans, OD Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Unité de Recherches Art, Archéologie Patrimoine, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sacha Kacki
- PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, Pessac, France
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Pascal Mora
- Archéovision, UMS 3657, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac, France
| | - Loic Espinasse
- Archéovision, UMS 3657, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | - Richard Oslisly
- Cellule Scientifique, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Libreville, Gabon
- UMR 208, IRD, MNHN, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Polvadore TA, Yoakum CB, Taylor PM, Holmes MA, Laird MF, Chalk-Wilayto J, Kanno CM, de Oliveira JA, Terhune CE. Ontogenetic biomechanics of tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin mandibles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 185:e25006. [PMID: 39049552 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cortical bone geometry is commonly used to investigate biomechanical properties of primate mandibles. However, the ontogeny of these properties is less understood. Here we investigate changes in cortical bone cross-sectional properties throughout capuchin ontogeny and compare captive versus wild, semi-provisioned groups. Tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp.) are known to consume relatively hard/tough foods, while untufted capuchins (Cebus spp.) exploit less mechanically challenging foods. Previous research indicates dietary differences are present early in development and adult Sapajus mandibles can resist higher bending/shear/torsional loads. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study utilized microCT scans of 22 Cebus and 45 Sapajus from early infancy to adulthood from three sample populations: one captive Cebus, one captive Sapajus, and one semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus. Mandibular cross-sectional properties were calculated at the symphysis, P3, and M1. If the tooth had not erupted, its position within the crypt was used. A series of one-way ANOVAs were performed to assess differences between and within the sample populations. RESULTS Mandible robusticity increases across ontogeny for all three sample populations. Sapajus were better able to withstand bending and torsional loading even early in ontogeny, but no difference in shear resistance was found. Semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus tend to show increased abilities to resist bending and torsional loading but not shear loading compared to captive Sapajus. DISCUSSION This study helps advance our understanding of the primate masticatory system development and opens the door for further studies into adaptive plasticity in shaping the masticatory apparatus of capuchins and differences in captive versus free-ranging sample populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Polvadore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, United States
| | - Parker M Taylor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Megan A Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Janine Chalk-Wilayto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, United States
| | - Cláudia Misue Kanno
- Research Center "Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego", Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - José Américo de Oliveira
- Research Center "Núcleo de Procriação de Macacos-Prego", Araçatuba Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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3
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Holmes MA, Terhune CE, Chalk-Wilayto J, Yoakum CB, Taylor P, Ramirez R, Solís MP, Polvadore TA, Ross CF, Taylor AB, Fogaca MD, Laird MF. Ontogenetic changes in jaw leverage and skull shape in tufted and untufted capuchins. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21705. [PMID: 38704727 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ontogeny of feeding is characterized by shifting functional demands concurrent with changes in craniofacial anatomy; relationships between these factors will look different in primates with disparate feeding behaviors during development. This study examines the ontogeny of skull morphology and jaw leverage in tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin monkeys. Unlike Cebus, Sapajus have a mechanically challenging diet and behavioral observations of juvenile Sapajus suggest these foods are exploited early in development. Landmarks were placed on three-dimensional surface models of an ontogenetic series of Sapajus and Cebus skulls (n = 53) and used to generate shape data and jaw-leverage estimates across the tooth row for three jaw-closing muscles (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid) as well as a weighted combined estimate. Using geometric morphometric methods, we found that skull shape diverges early and shape is significantly different between Sapajus and Cebus throughout ontogeny. Additionally, jaw leverage varies with age and position on the tooth row and is greater in Sapajus compared to Cebus when calculated at the permanent dentition. We used two-block partial least squares analyses to identify covariance between skull shape and each of our jaw muscle leverage estimates. Sapajus, but not Cebus, has significant covariance between all leverage estimates at the anterior dentition. Our findings show that Sapajus and Cebus exhibit distinct craniofacial morphologies early in ontogeny and strong covariance between leverage estimates and craniofacial shape in Sapajus. These results are consistent with prior behavioral and comparative work suggesting these differences are a function of selection for exploiting mechanically challenging foods in Sapajus, and further emphasize that these differences appear quite early in ontogeny. This research builds on prior work that has highlighted the importance of understanding ontogeny for interpreting adult morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Janine Chalk-Wilayto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas College of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Parker Taylor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rocio Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan P Solís
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Taylor A Polvadore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
| | | | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Mitchell DR, Sherratt E, Weisbecker V. Facing the facts: adaptive trade-offs along body size ranges determine mammalian craniofacial scaling. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:496-524. [PMID: 38029779 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian cranium (skull without lower jaw) is representative of mammalian diversity and is thus of particular interest to mammalian biologists across disciplines. One widely retrieved pattern accompanying mammalian cranial diversification is referred to as 'craniofacial evolutionary allometry' (CREA). This posits that adults of larger species, in a group of closely related mammals, tend to have relatively longer faces and smaller braincases. However, no process has been officially suggested to explain this pattern, there are many apparent exceptions, and its predictions potentially conflict with well-established biomechanical principles. Understanding the mechanisms behind CREA and causes for deviations from the pattern therefore has tremendous potential to explain allometry and diversification of the mammalian cranium. Here, we propose an amended framework to characterise the CREA pattern more clearly, in that 'longer faces' can arise through several kinds of evolutionary change, including elongation of the rostrum, retraction of the jaw muscles, or a more narrow or shallow skull, which all result in a generalised gracilisation of the facial skeleton with increased size. We define a standardised workflow to test for the presence of the pattern, using allometric shape predictions derived from geometric morphometrics analysis, and apply this to 22 mammalian families including marsupials, rabbits, rodents, bats, carnivores, antelopes, and whales. Our results show that increasing facial gracility with size is common, but not necessarily as ubiquitous as previously suggested. To address the mechanistic basis for this variation, we then review cranial adaptations for harder biting. These dictate that a more gracile cranium in larger species must represent a structural sacrifice in the ability to produce or withstand harder bites, relative to size. This leads us to propose that facial gracilisation in larger species is often a product of bite force allometry and phylogenetic niche conservatism, where more closely related species tend to exhibit more similar feeding ecology and biting behaviours and, therefore, absolute (size-independent) bite force requirements. Since larger species can produce the same absolute bite forces as smaller species with less effort, we propose that relaxed bite force demands can permit facial gracility in response to bone optimisation and alternative selection pressures. Thus, mammalian facial scaling represents an adaptive by-product of the shifting importance of selective pressures occurring with increased size. A reverse pattern of facial 'shortening' can accordingly also be found, and is retrieved in several cases here, where larger species incorporate novel feeding behaviours involving greater bite forces. We discuss multiple exceptions to a bite force-mediated influence on facial proportions across mammals which lead us to argue that ecomorphological specialisation of the cranium is likely to be the primary driver of facial scaling patterns, with some developmental constraints as possible secondary factors. A potential for larger species to have a wider range of cranial functions when less constrained by bite force demands might also explain why selection for larger sizes seems to be prevalent in some mammalian clades. The interplay between adaptation and constraint across size ranges thus presents an interesting consideration for a mechanistically grounded investigation of mammalian cranial allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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5
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Rowbotham SK, Mole CG, Tieppo D, Blaszkowska M, Cordner SM, Blau S. Average thickness of the bones of the human neurocranium: development of reference measurements to assist with blunt force trauma interpretations. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:195-213. [PMID: 35486199 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The accurate interpretation of a blunt force head injury relies on an understanding of the case circumstances (extrinsic variables) and anatomical details of the individual (intrinsic variables). Whilst it is often possible to account for many of these variables, the intrinsic variable of neurocranial thickness is difficult to account for as data for what constitutes 'normal' thickness is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of age, sex and ancestry on neurocranial thickness, and develop reference ranges for average neurocranial thickness in the context of those biological variables. Thickness (mm) was measured at 20 points across the frontal, left and right parietals, left and right temporals and occipital bones. Measurements were taken from post-mortem computed tomography scans of 604 individuals. Inferential statistics assessed how age, sex and ancestry affected thickness and descriptive statistics established thickness means. Mean thickness ranged from 2.11 mm (temporal squama) to 19.19 mm (petrous portion). Significant differences were noted in thickness of the frontal and temporal bones when age was considered, all bones when sex was considered and the, right parietal, left and right temporal and occipital bones when ancestry was considered. Furthermore, significant interactions in thickness were seen between age and sex in the frontal bone, ancestry and age in the temporal bone, ancestry and sex in the temporal bone, and age, sex and ancestry in the occipital bone. Given the assorted influence of the biological variables, reference measurement ranges for average thickness incorporated these variables. Such reference measurements allow forensic practitioners to identify when a neurocranial bone is of normal, or abnormal, thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Rowbotham
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia. .,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.
| | - Calvin G Mole
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Diana Tieppo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
| | - Magda Blaszkowska
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Education, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen M Cordner
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
| | - Soren Blau
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.,Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, 65 Kavanagh St, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia
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6
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Zollikofer CPE, Bienvenu T, Beyene Y, Suwa G, Asfaw B, White TD, Ponce de León MS. Endocranial ontogeny and evolution in early Homo sapiens: The evidence from Herto, Ethiopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123553119. [PMID: 35914174 PMCID: PMC9371682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123553119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossils and artifacts from Herto, Ethiopia, include the most complete child and adult crania of early Homo sapiens. The endocranial cavities of the Herto individuals show that by 160,000 y ago, brain size, inferred from endocranial size, was similar to that seen in modern human populations. However, endocranial shape differed from ours. This gave rise to the hypothesis that the brain itself evolved substantially during the past ∼200,000 y, possibly in tandem with the transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic techno-cultures. However, it remains unclear whether evolutionary changes in endocranial shape mostly reflect changes in brain morphology rather than changes related to interaction with maxillofacial morphology. To discriminate between these effects, we make use of the ontogenetic fact that brain growth nearly ceases by the time the first permanent molars fully erupt, but the face and cranial base continue to grow until adulthood. Here we use morphometric data derived from digitally restored immature and adult H. sapiens fossils from Herto, Qafzeh, and Skhul (HQS) to track endocranial development in early H. sapiens. Until the completion of brain growth, endocasts of HQS children were similar in shape to those of modern human children. The similarly shaped endocasts of fossil and modern children indicate that our brains did not evolve substantially over the past 200,000 y. Differences between the endocranial shapes of modern and fossil H. sapiens adults developed only with continuing facial and basicranial growth, possibly reflecting substantial differences in masticatory and/or respiratory function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thibault Bienvenu
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Yonas Beyene
- French Center for Ethiopian Studies (CFEE), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gen Suwa
- University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Tim D. White
- Human Evolution Research Center, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos 09002, Spain
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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7
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Sellers KC, Nieto MN, Degrange FJ, Pol D, Clark JM, Middleton KM, Holliday CM. The effects of skull flattening on suchian jaw muscle evolution. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:2791-2822. [PMID: 35661427 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Jaw muscles are key features of the vertebrate feeding apparatus. The jaw musculature is housed in the skull whose morphology reflects a compromise between multiple functions, including feeding, housing sensory structures, and defense, and the skull constrains jaw muscle geometry. Thus, jaw muscle anatomy may be suboptimally oriented for the production of bite force. Crocodylians are a group of vertebrates that generate the highest bite forces ever measured with a flat skull suited to their aquatic ambush predatory style. However, basal members of the crocodylian line (e.g., Prestosuchus) were terrestrial predators with plesiomorphically tall skulls, and thus the origin of modern crocodylians involved a substantial reorganization of the feeding apparatus and its jaw muscles. Here, we reconstruct jaw muscles across a phylogenetic range of crocodylians and fossil suchians to investigate the impact of skull flattening on muscle anatomy. We used imaging data to create 3D models of extant and fossil suchians that demonstrate the evolution of the crocodylian skull, using osteological correlates to reconstruct muscle attachment sites. We found that jaw muscle anatomy in early fossil suchians reflected the ancestral archosaur condition but experienced progressive shifts in the lineage leading to Metasuchia. In early fossil suchians, musculus adductor mandibulae posterior and musculus pterygoideus (mPT) were of comparable size, but by Metasuchia, the jaw musculature is dominated by mPT. As predicted, we found that taxa with flatter skulls have less efficient muscle orientations for the production of high bite force. This study highlights the diversity and evolution of jaw muscles in one of the great transformations in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb C Sellers
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Osteopathic Principles and Practice, Rocky Vista University, Parker, Colorado, USA
| | - Mauro Nicolas Nieto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), UNC, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Federico J Degrange
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA), UNC, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diego Pol
- CONICET, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Argentina
| | - James M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kevin M Middleton
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Casey M Holliday
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Mitchell DR, Wroe S, Ravosa MJ, Menegaz RA. More Challenging Diets Sustain Feeding Performance: Applications Toward the Captive Rearing of Wildlife. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab030. [PMID: 34888486 PMCID: PMC8653637 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rescue and rehabilitation of young fauna is of substantial importance to conservation. However, it has been suggested that incongruous diets offered in captive environments may alter craniofacial morphology and hinder the success of reintroduced animals. Despite these claims, to what extent dietary variation throughout ontogeny impacts intrapopulation cranial biomechanics has not yet been tested. Here, finite element models were generated from the adult crania of 40 rats (n = 10 per group) that were reared on 4 different diet regimes and stress magnitudes compared during incisor bite simulations. The diets consisted of (1) exclusively hard pellets from weaning, (2) exclusively soft ground pellet meal from weaning, (3) a juvenile switch from pellets to meal, and (4) a juvenile switch from meal to pellets. We hypothesized that a diet of exclusively soft meal would result in the weakest adult skulls, represented by significantly greater stress magnitudes at the muzzle, palate, and zygomatic arch. Our hypothesis was supported at the muzzle and palate, indicating that a diet limited to soft food inhibits bone deposition throughout ontogeny. This finding presents a strong case for a more variable and challenging diet during development. However, rather than the "soft" diet group resulting in the weakest zygomatic arch as predicted, this region instead showed the highest stress among rats that switched as juveniles from hard pellets to soft meal. We attribute this to a potential reduction in number and activity of osteoblasts, as demonstrated in studies of sudden and prolonged disuse of bone. A shift to softer foods in captivity, during rehabilitation after injury in the wild for example, can therefore be detrimental to healthy development of the skull in some growing animals, potentially increasing the risk of injury and impacting the ability to access full ranges of wild foods upon release. We suggest captive diet plans consider not just nutritional requirements but also food mechanical properties when rearing wildlife to adulthood for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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9
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Villamil CI. The role of developmental rate, body size, and positional behavior in the evolution of covariation and evolvability in the cranium of strepsirrhines and catarrhines. J Hum Evol 2021; 151:102941. [PMID: 33482561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on hominin craniofacial evolution have focused on phenotypic integration or covariation among traits. Covariation is thought to significantly affect evolutionary trajectories, shaping the ways in which hominins and other primates could have evolved. However, the ways in which covariation itself evolves are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the role of phylogeny, development, body size, and positional behavior in shaping the strength of covariation in strepsirrhine and catarrhine primate crania (n = 1009, representing 11 genera). These factors may have been catalysts for change in the magnitude of covariation, and they have changed significantly during primate evolution and particularly hominin evolution. Modern humans in particular have slow developmental trajectories, large bodies, and a unique form of locomotion in the form of orthograde bipedalism. Variance of eigenvalues, mean integration, mean evolvability, and mean conditional evolvability was estimated and their relationship to the various factors described earlier was assessed using phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic analyses. Results indicate that some phylogenetic signal is present, but it is not equivalent across integration statistics or cranial regions. In particular, these results suggest that closely related species are more similar than more distantly related species in evolvability of the cranial base and integration of the face. Two divergent patterns were also identified, in which covariation and evolvability of the cranial base are linked to developmental rate, but those of the face are linked to body size. Neither locomotion nor posture appears related to covariation or evolvability of the primate cranium. These results suggest that overall low covariation observed in the hominin cranium may be a result of separate trends in different cranial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina I Villamil
- School of Chiropractic, Universidad Central Del Caribe, PO Box 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA; Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, 10024, USA.
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10
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Clarifying relationships between cranial form and function in tapirs, with implications for the dietary ecology of early hominins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8809. [PMID: 32483196 PMCID: PMC7264299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleontologists and paleoanthropologists have long debated relationships between cranial morphology and diet in a broad diversity of organisms. While the presence of larger temporalis muscle attachment area (via the presence of sagittal crests) in carnivorans is correlated with durophagy (i.e. hard-object feeding), many primates with similar morphologies consume an array of tough and hard foods—complicating dietary inferences of early hominins. We posit that tapirs, large herbivorous mammals showing variable sagittal crest development across species, are ideal models for examining correlations between textural properties of food and sagittal crest morphology. Here, we integrate dietary data, dental microwear texture analysis, and finite element analysis to clarify the functional significance of the sagittal crest in tapirs. Most notably, pronounced sagittal crests are negatively correlated with hard-object feeding in extant, and several extinct, tapirs and can actually increase stress and strain energy. Collectively, these data suggest that musculature associated with pronounced sagittal crests—and accompanied increases in muscle volume—assists with the processing of tough food items in tapirs and may yield similar benefits in other mammals including early hominins.
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Shi B, Wang Y, Gong L, Chang Y, Liu T, Zhao X, Lin A, Feng J, Jiang T. Correlation of skull morphology and bite force in a bird-eating bat ( Ia io; Vespertilionidae). Front Zool 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 32206076 PMCID: PMC7082990 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic and ecological factors influence morphology, and morphology is compatible with function. The morphology and bite performance of skulls of bats show a number of characteristic feeding adaptations. The great evening bat, Ia io (Thomas, 1902), eats both insects and birds (Thabah et al. J Mammal 88: 728-735, 2007), and as such, it is considered to represent a case of dietary niche expansion from insects to birds. How the skull morphology or bite force in I. io are related to the expanded diet (that is, birds) remains unknown. We used three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the skulls and measurements of bite force and diets from I. io and 13 other species of sympatric or closely related bat species to investigate the characteristics and the correlation of skull morphology and bite force to diets. Results Significant differences in skull morphology and bite force among species and diets were observed in this study. Similar to the carnivorous bats, bird-eaters (I. io) differed significantly from insectivorous bats; I. io had a larger skull size, taller crania, wider zygomatic arches, shorter but robust mandibles, and larger bite force than the insectivores. The skull morphology of bats was significantly associated with bite force whether controlling for phylogeny or not, but no significant correlations were found between diets and the skulls, or between diets and residual bite force, after controlling for phylogeny. Conclusions These results indicated that skull morphology was independent of diet, and phylogeny had a greater impact on skull morphology than diet in these species. The changes in skull size and morphology have led to variation in bite force, and finally different bat species feeding on different foods. In conclusion, I. io has a larger skull size, robust mandibles, shortened dentitions, longer coronoid processes, expanded angular processes, low condyles, and taller cranial sagittal crests, and wider zygomatic arches that provide this species with mechanical advantages; their greater bite force may help them use larger and hard-bodied birds as a dietary component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biye Shi
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Yuze Wang
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Lixin Gong
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Yang Chang
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Tong Liu
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Aiqing Lin
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Jiang Feng
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,3College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China.,2Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117 China
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Buvinic S, Balanta-Melo J, Kupczik K, Vásquez W, Beato C, Toro-Ibacache V. Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606947. [PMID: 33732211 PMCID: PMC7959242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck are known to have a different embryonic origin, morphology, biomechanical demands, and biochemical characteristics than the trunk and limbs, their particular molecular basis and cell biology have been much less explored. In the last decade, the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk has emerged, comprising both the loads generated during muscle contraction and a biochemical component through soluble molecules. Bone cells embedded in the mineralized tissue respond to the biomechanical input by releasing molecular factors that impact the homeostasis of the attaching skeletal muscle. In the same way, muscle-derived factors act as soluble signals that modulate the remodeling process of the underlying bones. This concept of muscle-bone crosstalk at a molecular level is particularly interesting in the mandible, due to its tight anatomical relationship with one of the biggest and strongest masticatory muscles, the masseter. However, despite the close physical and physiological interaction of both tissues for proper functioning, this topic has been poorly addressed. Here we present one of the most detailed reviews of the literature to date regarding the biomechanical and biochemical interaction between muscles and bones of the masticatory system, both during development and in physiological or pathological remodeling processes. Evidence related to how masticatory function shapes the craniofacial bones is discussed, and a proposal presented that the masticatory muscles and craniofacial bones serve as secretory tissues. We furthermore discuss our current findings of myokines-release from masseter muscle in physiological conditions, during functional adaptation or pathology, and their putative role as bone-modulators in the craniofacial system. Finally, we address the physiological implications of the crosstalk between muscles and bones in the masticatory system, analyzing pathologies or clinical procedures in which the alteration of one of them affects the homeostasis of the other. Unveiling the mechanisms of muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system opens broad possibilities for understanding and treating temporomandibular disorders, which severely impair the quality of life, with a high cost for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC2016, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Sonja Buvinic,
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Evidence-Based Practice Unit Univalle, Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Vásquez
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Beato
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Amson E, Billet G, de Muizon C. Evolutionary adaptation to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths can lead to systemic alteration of bone structure. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0270. [PMID: 29743254 PMCID: PMC5966604 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Through phenotypic plasticity, bones can change in structure and morphology, in response to physiological and biomechanical influences over the course of individual life. Changes in bones also occur in evolution as functional adaptations to the environment. In this study, we report on the evolution of bone mass increase (BMI) that occurred in the postcranium and skull of extinct aquatic sloths. Although non-pathological BMI in postcranial skeleton has been known in aquatic mammals, we here document general BMI in the skull for the first time. We present evidence of thickening of the nasal turbinates, nasal septum and cribriform plate, further thickening of the frontals, and infilling of sinus spaces by compact bone in the late and more aquatic species of the extinct sloth Thalassocnus Systemic bone mass increase occurred among the successively more aquatic species of Thalassocnus, as an evolutionary adaptation to the lineage's changing environment. The newly documented pachyostotic turbinates appear to have conferred little or no functional advantage and are here hypothesized as a correlation with or consequence of the systemic BMI among Thalassocnus species. This could, in turn, be consistent with a genetic accommodation of a physiological adjustment to a change of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Amson
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin 10115, Germany .,AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany.,Bild Wissen Gestaltung, Ein Interdisziplinäres Labor, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Sophienstraße 22a, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Guillaume Billet
- Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements-CR2P (UMR 7207, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 8 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian de Muizon
- Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements-CR2P (UMR 7207, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 8 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
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DEL OLMO LIANES IRENE, BRUNER EMILIANO, CAMBRA-MOO OSCAR, MOLINA MORENO MARÍA, GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN ARMANDO. Cranial vault thickness measurement and distribution: a study with a magnetic calliper. ANTHROPOL SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- IRENE DEL OLMO LIANES
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
| | - EMILIANO BRUNER
- Programa de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos
| | - OSCAR CAMBRA-MOO
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
- Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Antigua y Medieval, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo
| | - MARÍA MOLINA MORENO
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
| | - ARMANDO GONZÁLEZ MARTÍN
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid
- Grupo de Investigación en Arqueología Antigua y Medieval, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo
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Snell-Rood EC, Steck MK. Behaviour shapes environmental variation and selection on learning and plasticity: review of mechanisms and implications. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Snell-Rood EC, Kobiela, ME, Sikkink, KL, Shephard AM. Mechanisms of Plastic Rescue in Novel Environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive phenotypic plasticity provides a mechanism of developmental rescue in novel and rapidly changing environments. Understanding the underlying mechanism of plasticity is important for predicting both the likelihood that a developmental response is adaptive and associated life-history trade-offs that could influence patterns of subsequent evolutionary rescue. Although evolved developmental switches may move organisms toward a new adaptive peak in a novel environment, such mechanisms often result in maladaptive responses. The induction of generalized physiological mechanisms in new environments is relatively more likely to result in adaptive responses to factors such as novel toxins, heat stress, or pathogens. Developmental selection forms of plasticity, which rely on within-individual selective processes, such as shaping of tissue architecture, trial-and-error learning, or acquired immunity, are particularly likely to result in adaptive plasticity in a novel environment. However, both the induction of plastic responses and the ability to be plastic through developmental selection come with significant costs, resulting in delays in reproduction, increased individual investment, and reduced fecundity. Thus, we might expect complex interactions between plastic responses that allow survival in novel environments and subsequent evolutionary responses at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie C. Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;, , ,
| | - Megan E. Kobiela,
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;, , ,
| | - Kristin L. Sikkink,
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;, , ,
| | - Alexander M. Shephard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA;, , ,
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Magnus LZ, Machado RF, Cáceres N. Ecogeography of South-American Rodentia and Lagomorpha (Mammalia, Glires): Roles of size, environment, and geography on skull shape. ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Beaudet A, Carlson KJ, Clarke RJ, de Beer F, Dhaene J, Heaton JL, Pickering TR, Stratford D. Cranial vault thickness variation and inner structural organization in the StW 578 hominin cranium from Jacovec Cavern, South Africa. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:204-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Amson E, Billet G, de Muizon C. Evolutionary adaptation to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths can lead to systemic alteration of bone structure. Proc Biol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29743254 DOI: 10.18563/journal.m3.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Through phenotypic plasticity, bones can change in structure and morphology, in response to physiological and biomechanical influences over the course of individual life. Changes in bones also occur in evolution as functional adaptations to the environment. In this study, we report on the evolution of bone mass increase (BMI) that occurred in the postcranium and skull of extinct aquatic sloths. Although non-pathological BMI in postcranial skeleton has been known in aquatic mammals, we here document general BMI in the skull for the first time. We present evidence of thickening of the nasal turbinates, nasal septum and cribriform plate, further thickening of the frontals, and infilling of sinus spaces by compact bone in the late and more aquatic species of the extinct sloth Thalassocnus Systemic bone mass increase occurred among the successively more aquatic species of Thalassocnus, as an evolutionary adaptation to the lineage's changing environment. The newly documented pachyostotic turbinates appear to have conferred little or no functional advantage and are here hypothesized as a correlation with or consequence of the systemic BMI among Thalassocnus species. This could, in turn, be consistent with a genetic accommodation of a physiological adjustment to a change of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Amson
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin 10115, Germany
- AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Bild Wissen Gestaltung, Ein Interdisziplinäres Labor, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Sophienstraße 22a, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Guillaume Billet
- Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements-CR2P (UMR 7207, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 8 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian de Muizon
- Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements-CR2P (UMR 7207, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 8 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
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Amson E, Billet G, de Muizon C. Evolutionary adaptation to aquatic lifestyle in extinct sloths can lead to systemic alteration of bone structure. Proc Biol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29743254 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.7gq2tb0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Through phenotypic plasticity, bones can change in structure and morphology, in response to physiological and biomechanical influences over the course of individual life. Changes in bones also occur in evolution as functional adaptations to the environment. In this study, we report on the evolution of bone mass increase (BMI) that occurred in the postcranium and skull of extinct aquatic sloths. Although non-pathological BMI in postcranial skeleton has been known in aquatic mammals, we here document general BMI in the skull for the first time. We present evidence of thickening of the nasal turbinates, nasal septum and cribriform plate, further thickening of the frontals, and infilling of sinus spaces by compact bone in the late and more aquatic species of the extinct sloth Thalassocnus Systemic bone mass increase occurred among the successively more aquatic species of Thalassocnus, as an evolutionary adaptation to the lineage's changing environment. The newly documented pachyostotic turbinates appear to have conferred little or no functional advantage and are here hypothesized as a correlation with or consequence of the systemic BMI among Thalassocnus species. This could, in turn, be consistent with a genetic accommodation of a physiological adjustment to a change of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Amson
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin 10115, Germany
- AG Morphologie und Formengeschichte, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Bild Wissen Gestaltung, Ein Interdisziplinäres Labor, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Sophienstraße 22a, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Guillaume Billet
- Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements-CR2P (UMR 7207, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 8 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian de Muizon
- Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements-CR2P (UMR 7207, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, Sorbonne Université), 8 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France
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Ibrová A, Dupej J, Stránská P, Velemínský P, Poláček L, Velemínská J. Facial skeleton asymmetry and its relationship to mastication in the Early Medieval period (Great Moravian Empire, Mikulčice, 9th–10th century). Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Joganic JL, Willmore KE, Richtsmeier JT, Weiss KM, Mahaney MC, Rogers J, Cheverud JM. Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio) and its relationship to body and cranial size. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 165:269-285. [PMID: 29154459 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determining the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and genetic correlations among them is important for understanding morphological evolution patterns. We address two questions regarding papionin evolution: (1) what effect do body and cranial size, age, and sex have on phenotypic (VP ) and additive genetic (VA ) variation in baboon crania, and (2) how might additive genetic correlations between craniofacial traits and body mass affect morphological evolution? MATERIALS AND METHODS We use a large captive pedigreed baboon sample to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for craniofacial dimensions (EIDs). Our models include nested combinations of the covariates listed above. We also simulate the correlated response of a given EID due to selection on body mass alone. RESULTS Covariates account for 1.2-91% of craniofacial VP . EID VA decreases across models as more covariates are included. The median genetic correlation estimate between each EID and body mass is 0.33. Analysis of the multivariate response to selection reveals that observed patterns of craniofacial variation in extant baboons cannot be attributed solely to correlated response to selection on body mass, particularly in males. DISCUSSION Because a relatively large proportion of EID VA is shared with body mass variation, different methods of correcting for allometry by statistically controlling for size can alter residual VP patterns. This may conflate direct selection effects on craniofacial variation with those resulting from a correlated response to body mass selection. This shared genetic variation may partially explain how selection for increased body mass in two different papionin lineages produced remarkably similar craniofacial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Joganic
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MCC, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, (PACEA), UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | - Katherine E Willmore
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan T Richtsmeier
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth M Weiss
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Mahaney
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Ravosa MJ, Kane RJ. Dietary variation and mechanical properties of articular cartilage in the temporomandibular joint: implications for the role of plasticity in mechanobiology and pathobiology. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:42-50. [PMID: 29032864 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to their nature as tissue composites, skeletal joints pose an additional challenge in terms of evaluating the functional significance of morphological variation in their bony and cartilaginous components in response to altered loading conditions. Arguably, this complexity requires more direct means of investigating joint plasticity and performance than typically employed to analyze macro- and micro-anatomical phenomena. To address a significant gap in our understanding of the plasticity of the mammalian temporomandibular joint (TMJ), we investigated the histology and mechanical properties of condylar articular cartilage in rabbits subjected to long-term variation in diet-induced masticatory stresses, specifically cyclical loading. Three cohorts of male weanlings were raised for six months on different diets until adulthood. Following euthanasia, the TMJ condyles on one side were dissected away, fixed, decalcified, dehydrated, embedded and sectioned. Safranin O staining was employed to identify variation in proteoglycan content, which in turn was used to predict patterns of articular cartilage stiffness in contralateral condylar specimens for each treatment group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to quantify diet-induced changes in chondrocyte hypertrophy and cellularity. Mechanical tests document significant decreases in articular cartilage stiffness corresponding to patterns of extracellular matrix relative protein abundance in rabbits subjected to greater cyclical loading. This indicates that TMJs routinely subjected to higher masticatory stresses due to a challenging diet eventually develop postnatal decreases in the ability to counter compressive loads during postcanine biting and chewing. These findings provide novel information regarding TMJ performance, with broader implications about the costs and benefits of phenotypic plasticity as well as implications for how such biological processes affect connective tissue mechanobiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Robert J Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Franks EM, Holton NE, Scott JE, McAbee KR, Rink JT, Pax KC, Pasquinelly AC, Scollan JP, Eastman MM, Ravosa MJ. Betwixt and Between: Intracranial Perspective on Zygomatic Arch Plasticity and Function in Mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 299:1646-1660. [PMID: 27870345 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The zygomatic arch is morphologically complex, providing a key interface between the viscerocranium and neurocranium. It also serves as an attachment site for masticatory muscles, thereby linking it to the feeding apparatus. Though morphological variation related to differential loading is well known for many craniomandibular elements, the adaptive osteogenic response of the zygomatic arch remains to be investigated. Here, experimental data are presented that address the naturalistic influence of masticatory loading on the postweaning development of the zygoma and other cranial elements. Given the similarity of bone-strain levels among the zygoma and maxillomandibular elements, a rabbit and pig model were used to test the hypothesis that variation in cortical bone formation and biomineralization along the zygomatic arch and masticatory structures are linked to increased stresses. It was also hypothesized that neurocranial structures would be minimally affected by varying loads. Rabbits and pigs were raised for 48 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. In both experimental models, CT analyses indicated that elevated masticatory loading did not induce differences in cortical bone thickness of the zygomatic arch, though biomineralization was positively affected. Hypotheses were supported regarding bone formation for maxillomandibular and neurocranial elements. Varying osteogenic responses in the arch suggests that skeletal adaptation, and corresponding variation in performance, may reside differentially at one level of bony architecture. Thus, it is possible that phenotypic diversity in the mammalian zygoma is due more singularly to natural selection (vs. plasticity). These findings underscore the complexity of the zygomatic arch and, more generally, determinants of skull form. Anat Rec, 299:1646-1660, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jeremiah E Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Kevin R McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Jason T Rink
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kazune C Pax
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Adam C Pasquinelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Joseph P Scollan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Meghan M Eastman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Department of Anthropology, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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26
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Menegaz RA, Ravosa MJ. Ontogenetic and functional modularity in the rodent mandible. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:61-72. [PMID: 28774721 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The material properties of diets consumed by juvenile individuals are known to affect adult morphological outcomes. However, much of the current experimental knowledge regarding dietary effects on masticatory form is derived from studies in which individuals are fed a non-variable diet for the duration of their postweaning growth period. Thus, it remains unclear how intra-individual variation in diet, due to ontogenetic variation in feeding behaviors or seasonal resource fluctuations, affects the resulting adult morphology. Furthermore, the mandible is composed of multiple developmental and functional subunits, and the extent to which growth and plasticity among these modules is correlated may be misestimated by studies that examine non-variable masticatory function in adults only. To address these gaps in our current knowledge, this study raised Sprague Dawley rats (n=42) in four dietary cohorts from weaning to skeletal maturity. Two cohorts were fed a stable ("annual") diet of either solid or powdered pellets. The other two cohorts were fed a variable ("seasonal") diet consisting of solid/powdered pellets for the first half of the study, followed by a shift to the opposite diet. Results of longitudinal morphometric analyses indicate that variation in the mandibular corpus is more prominent at immature ontogenetic stages, likely due to processes of dental eruption and the growth of tooth roots. Furthermore, adult morphology is influenced by both masticatory function and the ontogenetic timing of this function, e.g., the consumption of a mechanically resistant diet. The morphology of the coronoid process was found to separate cohorts on the basis of their early weanling diet, suggesting that the coronoid process/temporalis muscle module may have an early plasticity window related to high growth rates during this life stage. Conversely, the morphology of the angular process was found to be influenced by the consumption of a mechanically resistant diet at any point during the growth period, but with a tendency to reflect the most recent diet. The prolonged plasticity window of the angular process/pterygomasseteric muscle module may be related to delayed ossification and muscular maturation within this module. The research presented here highlights the importance of more naturalistic models of mammalian feeding, and underscores the need for a better understanding of the processes of both morphological and behavioral maturation that follow weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 221 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
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Franks EM, Scott JE, McAbee KR, Scollan JP, Eastman MM, Ravosa MJ. Intracranial and hierarchical perspective on dietary plasticity in mammals. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:30-41. [PMID: 28867598 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary properties on craniofacial form has been the focus of numerous functional studies, with increasingly more work dedicated to the importance of phenotypic plasticity. As bone is a dynamic tissue, morphological variation related to differential loading is well established for many masticatory structures. However, the adaptive osteogenic response of several cranial sites across multiple levels of bony organization remains to be investigated. Here, rabbits were obtained at weaning and raised for 48 weeks until adulthood in order to address the naturalistic influence of altered loading on the long-term development of masticatory and non-masticatory elements. Longitudinal data from micro-computed tomography (μCT) scans were used to test the hypothesis that variation in cortical bone formation and biomineralization in masticatory structures is linked to increased stresses during oral processing of mechanically challenging foods. It was also hypothesized that similar parameters for neurocranial structures would be minimally affected by varying loads as this area is characterized by low strains during mastication and reduced hard-tissue mechanosensitivity. Hypotheses were supported regarding bone formation for maxillomandibular and neurocranial elements, though biomineralization trends of masticatory structures did not mirror macroscale findings. Varying osteogenic responses in masticatory elements suggest that physiological adaptation, and corresponding variation in skeletal performance, may reside differentially at one level of bony architecture, potentially affecting the accuracy of behavioral and in silico reconstructions. Together, these findings underscore the complexity of bone adaptation and highlight functional and developmental variation in determinants of skull form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Jeremiah E Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 1000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Kevin R McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Joseph P Scollan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Meghan M Eastman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, 100 Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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28
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Böhmer C, Böhmer E. Shape Variation in the Craniomandibular System and Prevalence of Dental Problems in Domestic Rabbits: A Case Study in Evolutionary Veterinary Science. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010005. [PMID: 29056664 PMCID: PMC5606619 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to wild lagomorphs, pet rabbits exhibit a noticeably high frequency of dental problems. Although dietary habits are considered as a major factor contributing to acquired malocclusions, the exact causes and interrelationships are still under debate. In this regard, an important aspect that has not been considered thoroughly to date is the effect of diet-induced phenotypic plasticity in skull morphology. Therefore, we conducted a geometric morphometric analysis on skull radiological images of wild and pet rabbits in order to quantify intraspecific variation in craniomandibular morphology. The statistical analyses reveal a significant morphological differentiation of the craniomandibular system between both groups. Furthermore, the analysis of covariance shows that the force-generating modules (cranium and mandible) vary independently from the force-receiving module (hypselodont teeth) in pet rabbits, which is in contrast to their wild relatives. Our findings suggest that the phenotypic changes in domestic rabbits impact mastication performance and, consequently, oral health. An adequate close-to-nature nutrition throughout the whole life and especially beginning early parallel to weaning (phase of increased phenotypic plasticity) is necessary to ensure a normal strain on the teeth by promoting physiological lateral gliding movements and avoiding direct axial loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Estella Böhmer
- Chirurgische und Gynäkologische Kleintierklinik ,Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstr 13, München 80539, Germany.
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Copes LE. Cranial vault thickness in non-human primates: Allometric and geometric analyses of the vault and its component layers. J Hum Evol 2016; 101:90-100. [PMID: 27886813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extremely thick cranial vaults have been noted as a diagnostic characteristic of Homo erectus since the first fossil of the species was identified, but relatively little work has been done on elucidating its variation within extant non-human primates. Cranial vault thickness (CVT) is not a monolithic trait, and the relationship of its layers to other morphological variables is unknown. Total CVT and the thickness of the cortical and diploë layers individually, as well as the ratio between diploë and total thickness, were calculated from 258 female individuals from 47 species of non-human primate. Measures of CVT were then regressed onto measures of body, brain, vault, facial, and mandibular size as well as vault shape. Total frontal and parietal CVT scales with positive allometry or isometry with measures of size across a combined non-human primate sample, although some variation exists within each infraorder and when diploë thickness alone is compared to measures of size. CVT in this sample correlates weakly with cranial vault shape, but the relationship described here contradicts an earlier hypothesis that long, low vaults should be thicker than higher, globular vaults. This study provides new data on the variation of vault morphology among extant primates that may be used to inform future hypotheses for the cranial vault hypertrophy of H. erectus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E Copes
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, PO Box 874101, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA.
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30
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Morphological change in cranial shape following the transition to agriculture across western Eurasia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33316. [PMID: 27622425 PMCID: PMC5020731 DOI: 10.1038/srep33316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neolithic transition brought about fundamental social, dietary and behavioural changes in human populations, which, in turn, impacted skeletal morphology. Crania are shaped through diverse genetic, ontogenetic and environmental factors, reflecting various elements of an individual’s life. To determine the transition’s effect on cranial morphology, we investigated its potential impact on the face and vault, two elements potentially responding to different influences. Three datasets from geographically distant regions (Ukraine, Iberia, and the Levant plus Anatolia) were analysed. Craniometric measurements were used to compare the morphology of pre-transition populations with that of agricultural populations. The Neolithic transition corresponds to a statistically significant increase only in cranial breadth of the Ukrainian vaults, while facial morphology shows no consistent transformations, despite expected changes related to the modification of masticatory behaviour. The broadening of Ukrainian vaults may be attributable to dietary and/or social changes. However, the lack of change observed in the other geographical regions and the lack of consistent change in facial morphology are surprising. Although the transition from foraging to farming is a process that took place repeatedly across the globe, different characteristics of transitions seem responsible for idiosyncratic responses in cranial morphology.
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31
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Eisová S, Rangel de Lázaro G, Píšová H, Pereira-Pedro S, Bruner E. Parietal Bone Thickness and Vascular Diameters in Adult Modern Humans: A Survey on Cranial Remains. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:888-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Eisová
- Grupo de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
| | - Gizéh Rangel de Lázaro
- Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
- Institut Català De Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES); Tarragona Spain
| | - Hana Píšová
- Katedra antropologie a genetiky člověka, Univerzita Karlova; Czech Republic
- Antropologické oddělení Přírodovědeckého muzea; Narodnı Muzeum Prague Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Pereira-Pedro
- Grupo de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Grupo de Paleobiología, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana; Burgos Spain
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32
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Copes LE, Kimbel WH. Cranial vault thickness in primates: Homo erectus does not have uniquely thick vault bones. J Hum Evol 2016; 90:120-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Toro-Ibacache V, Fitton LC, Fagan MJ, O'Higgins P. Validity and sensitivity of a human cranial finite element model: implications for comparative studies of biting performance. J Anat 2015; 228:70-84. [PMID: 26398104 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a modelling technique increasingly used in anatomical studies investigating skeletal form and function. In the case of the cranium this approach has been applied to both living and fossil taxa to (for example) investigate how form relates to function or infer diet or behaviour. However, FE models of complex musculoskeletal structures always rely on simplified representations because it is impossible completely to image and represent every detail of skeletal morphology, variations in material properties and the complexities of loading at all spatial and temporal scales. The effects of necessary simplifications merit investigation. To this end, this study focuses on one aspect, model geometry, which is particularly pertinent to fossil material where taphonomic processes often destroy the finer details of anatomy or in models built from clinical CTs where the resolution is limited and anatomical details are lost. We manipulated the details of a finite element (FE) model of an adult human male cranium and examined the impact on model performance. First, using digital speckle interferometry, we directly measured strains from the infraorbital region and frontal process of the maxilla of the physical cranium under simplified loading conditions, simulating incisor biting. These measured strains were then compared with predicted values from FE models with simplified geometries that included modifications to model resolution, and how cancellous bone and the thin bones of the circum-nasal and maxillary regions were represented. Distributions of regions of relatively high and low principal strains and principal strain vector magnitudes and directions, predicted by the most detailed FE model, are generally similar to those achieved in vitro. Representing cancellous bone as solid cortical bone lowers strain magnitudes substantially but the mode of deformation of the FE model is relatively constant. In contrast, omitting thin plates of bone in the circum-nasal region affects both mode and magnitude of deformation. Our findings provide a useful frame of reference with regard to the effects of simplifications on the performance of FE models of the cranium and call for caution in the interpretation and comparison of FEA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.,Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Laura C Fitton
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Michael J Fagan
- School of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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34
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Ravosa MJ, Menegaz RA, Scott JE, Daegling DJ, McAbee KR. Limitations of a morphological criterion of adaptive inference in the fossil record. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:883-898. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Ravosa
- Department of Biological Sciences Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 U.S.A
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 U.S.A
- Department of Anthropology University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 U.S.A
| | - Rachel A. Menegaz
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences Indiana University School of Dentistry Indianapolis IN 46202 U.S.A
| | - Jeremiah E. Scott
- Department of Anthropology Southern Illinois University Carbondale IL 62901 U.S.A
| | - David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 U.S.A
| | - Kevin R. McAbee
- Department of Biological Sciences Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 U.S.A
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35
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Life history as a constraint on plasticity: developmental timing is correlated with phenotypic variation in birds. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:379-88. [PMID: 26039409 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding why organisms vary in developmental plasticity has implications for predicting population responses to changing environments and the maintenance of intraspecific variation. The epiphenotype hypothesis posits that the timing of development can constrain plasticity-the earlier alternate phenotypes begin to develop, the greater the difference that can result amongst the final traits. This research extends this idea by considering how life history timing shapes the opportunity for the environment to influence trait development. We test the prediction that the earlier an individual begins to actively interact with and explore their environment, the greater the opportunity for plasticity and thus variation in foraging traits. This research focuses on life history variation across four groups of birds using museum specimens and measurements from the literature. We reasoned that greater phenotypic plasticity, through either environmental effects or genotype-by-environment interactions in development, would be manifest in larger trait ranges (bills and tarsi) within species. Among shorebirds and ducks, we found that species with relatively shorter incubation times tended to show greater phenotypic variation. Across warblers and sparrows, we found little support linking timing of flight and trait variation. Overall, our results also suggest a pattern between body size and trait variation, consistent with constraints on egg size that might result in larger species having more environmental influences on development. Taken together, our results provide some support for the hypothesis that variation in life histories affects how the environment shapes development, through either the expression of plasticity or the release of cryptic genetic variation.
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36
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Noback ML, Harvati K. The contribution of subsistence to global human cranial variation. J Hum Evol 2015; 80:34-50. [PMID: 25661439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diet-related cranial variation in modern humans is well documented on a regional scale, with ample examples of cranial changes related to the agricultural transition. However, the influence of subsistence strategy on global cranial variation is less clear, having been confirmed only for the mandible, and dietary effects beyond agriculture are often neglected. Here we identify global patterns of subsistence-related human cranial shape variation. We analysed a worldwide sample of 15 populations (n = 255) with known subsistence strategies using 3-D landmark datasets designed to capture the shape of different units of the cranium. Results show significant correlations between global cranial shape and diet, especially for temporalis muscle shape and general cranial shape. Importantly, the differences between populations with either a plant- or an animal-based diet are more pronounced than those between agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers, suggesting that the influence of diet as driver of cranial variation is not limited to Holocene transitions to agricultural subsistence. Dental arch shape did not correlate with subsistence pattern, possibly indicating the high plasticity of this region of the face in relation to age, disease and individual use of the dentition. Our results highlight the importance of subsistence strategy as one of the factors underlying the evolution of human geographic cranial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlijn L Noback
- Paleoanthropology Section, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology Section, Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
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37
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Anzelmo M, Ventrice F, Barbeito-Andrés J, Pucciarelli HM, Sardi ML. Ontogenetic changes in cranial vault thickness in a modern sample ofHomo sapiens. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:475-85. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Anzelmo
- División Antropología; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n. La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fernando Ventrice
- Laboratorio de Neuroimágenes, Departamento de Imágenes; Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea; FLENI Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jimena Barbeito-Andrés
- División Antropología; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n. La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Héctor M. Pucciarelli
- División Antropología; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n. La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marina L. Sardi
- División Antropología; Museo de La Plata; Paseo del Bosque s/n. La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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38
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Daegling DJ, Judex S, Ozcivici E, Ravosa MJ, Taylor AB, Grine FE, Teaford MF, Ungar PS. Viewpoints: Feeding mechanics, diet, and dietary adaptations in early hominins. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:356-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Daegling
- Department of Anthropology; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; 32605
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook; NY; 11794-5281
| | - Engin Ozcivici
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Izmir Institute of Technology; Urla; Izmir; 35430; Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Mark F. Teaford
- Department of Physical Therapy; High Point University; High Point; NC; 27262-3598
| | - Peter S. Ungar
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville; AR; 72701
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39
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Balzeau A. Thickened cranial vault and parasagittal keeling: Correlated traits and autapomorphies of Homo erectus? J Hum Evol 2013; 64:631-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Bigoni L, Krajíček V, Sládek V, Velemínský P, Velemínská J. Skull shape asymmetry and the socioeconomic structure of an early medieval central european society. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:349-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Jasarević E, Ning J, Daniel AN, Menegaz RA, Johnson JJ, Stack MS, Ravosa MJ. Masticatory loading, function, and plasticity: a microanatomical analysis of mammalian circumorbital soft-tissue structures. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:642-50. [PMID: 20235321 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to experimental evidence regarding the postorbital bar, postorbital septum, and browridge, there is exceedingly little evidence regarding the load-bearing nature of soft-tissue structures of the mammalian circumorbital region. This hinders our understanding of pronounced transformations during primate origins, in which euprimates evolved a postorbital bar from an ancestor with the primitive mammalian condition where only soft tissues spanned the lateral orbital margin between frontal bone and zygomatic arch. To address this significant gap, we investigated the postorbital microanatomy of rabbits subjected to long-term variation in diet-induced masticatory stresses. Rabbits exhibit a masticatory complex and feeding behaviors similar to primates, yet retain a more primitive mammalian circumorbital region. Three cohorts were obtained as weanlings and raised on different diets until adult. Following euthanasia, postorbital soft tissues were dissected away, fixed, and decalcified. These soft tissues were divided into inferior, intermediate, and superior units and then dehydrated, embedded, and sectioned. H&E staining was used to characterize overall architecture. Collagen orientation and complexity were evaluated via picrosirius-red staining. Safranin-O identified proteoglycan content with additional immunostaining performed to assess Type-II collagen expression. Surprisingly, the ligament along the lateral orbital wall was composed of elastic fibrocartilage. A more degraded organization of collagen fibers in this postorbital fibrocartilage is correlated with increased masticatory forces due to a more fracture-resistant diet. Furthermore, the lack of marked changes in the extracellular composition of the lateral orbital wall related to tissue viscoelasticity suggests it is unlikely that long-term exposure to elevated masticatory stresses underlies the development of a bony postorbital bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Jasarević
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Organ JM, Deleon VB, Wang Q, Smith TD. From head to tail: new models and approaches in primate functional anatomy and biomechanics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:544-8. [PMID: 20235310 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of The Anatomical Record (AR) is based on interest generated by a symposium at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) at Experimental Biology, entitled "An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Anatomy." The development of this volume in turn provided impetus for a Biological Anthropology Mini-Meeting, organized by members of the AAA for the 2010 Experimental Biology meeting in Anaheim, California. The research presented in these pages reflects the themes of these symposia and provides a snapshot of the current state of primate functional anatomy and biomechanics research. The 17 articles in this special issue utilize new models and/or approaches to study long-standing questions about the evolution of our closest relatives, including soft-tissue dissection and microanatomical techniques, experimental approaches to morphology, kinematic and kinetic biomechanics, high-resolution computed tomography, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This volume continues a close historical association between the disciplines of anatomy and biological anthropology: anatomists benefit from an understanding of the evolutionary history of our modern form, and biological anthropologists rely on anatomical principles to make informed evolutionary inferences about our closest relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Organ
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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