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Quincozes-Santos A, Bobermin LD, Costa NLF, Thomaz NK, Almeida RRDS, Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, Rosa RL, Capra D, Coelho-Aguiar JM, DosSantos MF, Heringer M, Cirne-Lima EO, Guimarães JA, Schuler-Faccini L, Gonçalves CA, Moura-Neto V, Souza DO. The role of glial cells in Zika virus-induced neurodegeneration. Glia 2023. [PMID: 36866453 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a strongly neurotropic flavivirus whose infection has been associated with microcephaly in neonates. However, clinical and experimental evidence indicate that ZIKV also affects the adult nervous system. In this regard, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of ZIKV to infect glial cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells are represented by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) constitutes a highly heterogeneous group of cells (Schwann cells, satellite glial cells, and enteric glial cells) spread through the body. These cells are critical in both physiological and pathological conditions; as such, ZIKV-induced glial dysfunctions can be associated with the development and progression of neurological complications, including those related to the adult and aging brain. This review will address the effects of ZIKV infection on CNS and PNS glial cells, focusing on cellular and molecular mechanisms, including changes in the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, Ca2+ and glutamate homeostasis, neural metabolism, and neuron-glia communication. Of note, preventive and therapeutic strategies that focus on glial cells may emerge to delay and/or prevent the development of ZIKV-induced neurodegeneration and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naithan Ludian Fernandes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalie K Thomaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Rodrigo de Souza Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Lucélia Santi
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Rosa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Capra
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Coelho-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fabio DosSantos
- Laboratório de Propriedades Mecânicas e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manoela Heringer
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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2
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Reshamwala R, Oieni F, Shah M. Non-stem Cell Mediated Tissue Regeneration and Repair. Regen Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6008-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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3
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Basu S, Choudhury IN, Lee JYP, Chacko A, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Macrophages Treated with VEGF and PDGF Exert Paracrine Effects on Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152408. [PMID: 35954252 PMCID: PMC9368560 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell transplantation using olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) holds a promising approach for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). However, integration of OECs into the hostile acute secondary injury site requires interaction and response to macrophages. Immunomodulation of macrophages to reduce their impact on OECs may improve the functionality of OECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), known for their immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions, have provided improved outcomes in SCI animal models. Thus, VEGF and PDGF modulation of the SCI microenvironment may be beneficial for OEC transplantation. In this in vitro study, the effect of VEGF and PDGF on macrophages in an inflammatory condition was tested. Combined VEGF + PDGF reduced translocation nuclear factor kappa B p65 in macrophages without altering pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, the ability of OECs to phagocytose myelin debris was assessed using macrophage-conditioned medium. Conditioned medium from macrophages incubated with PDGF and combined VEGF + PDGF in inflammatory conditions promoted phagocytosis by OECs. The growth factor treated conditioned media also modulated the expression of genes associated with nerve repair and myelin expression in OECs. Overall, these results suggest that the use of growth factors together with OEC transplantation may be beneficial in SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souptik Basu
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Indra N. Choudhury
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jia Yu Peppermint Lee
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jenny A. K. Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - James A. St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4222, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Southport Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Koontz A, Urrutia HA, Bronner ME. Retroviral lineage analysis reveals dual contribution from ectodermal placodes and neural crest cells to avian olfactory sensory and GnRH neurons. NATURAL SCIENCES (WEINHEIM, GERMANY) 2022; 2:e20210037. [PMID: 36311264 PMCID: PMC9605686 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20210037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the neurons and glia in the olfactory system of vertebrates has been controversial, with different cell types attributed to being of ectodermal placode versus neural crest lineage, depending upon the species. Here, we use replication incompetent avian (RIA) retroviruses to perform prospective cell lineage analysis of either presumptive olfactory placode or neural crest cells during early development of the chick embryo. Surprisingly, the results reveal a dual contribution from both the olfactory placode and neural crest cells to sensory neurons in the nose and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) neurons migrating to the olfactory bulb. We also confirm that olfactory ensheathing glia are solely derived from the neural crest. Finally, our results show that neural crest cells and olfactory placode cells contribute to p63 positive cells, likely to be basal stem cells of the olfactory epithelium. Taken together, these finding provide evidence for previously unknown contributions of neural crest cells to some cell types in the chick olfactory system and help resolve previous discrepancies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Koontz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Hugo A Urrutia
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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5
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Cell transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 166:79-158. [PMID: 36424097 PMCID: PMC10008620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Miah M, Ferretti P, Choi D. Considering the Cellular Composition of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review of the Literature. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:781489. [PMID: 34867207 PMCID: PMC8635789 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are specialized glia cells of the olfactory system that support the continual regeneration of olfactory neurons throughout adulthood. Owing to their pro-regenerative properties, OECs have been transplanted in animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCI) and trialed in clinical studies on SCI patients. Although these studies have provided convincing evidence to support the continued development of OEC transplantation as a treatment option for the repair of SCI, discrepancies in the reported outcome has shown that OEC transplantation requires further improvement. Much of the variability in the reparative potential of OEC transplants is due to the variations in the cell composition of transplants between studies. As a result, the optimal cell preparation is currently a subject of debate. Here we review, the characterization as well as the effect of the cell composition of olfactory cell transplantation on therapeutic outcome in SCI. Firstly, we summarize and review the cell composition of olfactory cell preparations across the different species studied prior to transplantation. Since the purity of cells in olfactory transplants might affect the study outcome we also examine the effect of the proportions of OECs and the different cell types identified in the transplant on neuroregeneration. Finally, we consider the effect of the yield of cells on neuroregeneration by assessing the cell dose of transplants on therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Miah
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrizia Ferretti
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Spinal Repair Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Gilmour AD, Reshamwala R, Wright AA, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Optimizing Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. J Neurotrauma 2021; 37:817-829. [PMID: 32056492 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transplantation constitutes an important avenue for development of new treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). These therapies are aimed at supporting neural repair and/or replacing lost cells at the injury site. To date, various cell types have been trialed, with most studies focusing on different types of stem cells or glial cells. Here, we review commonly used cell transplantation approaches for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, with focus on transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system. OECs are promising candidates for promotion of neural repair given that they support continuous regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. Further, OECs can be accessed from the nasal mucosa (olfactory neuroepithelium) at the roof of the nasal cavity and can be autologously transplanted. OEC transplantation has been trialed in many animal models of SCI, as well as in human clinical trials. While several studies have been promising, outcomes are variable and the method needs improvement to enhance aspects such as cell survival, integration, and migration. As a case study, we include the approaches used by our team (the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia) to address the current problems with OEC transplantation and discuss how the therapeutic potential of OEC transplantation can be improved. Our approach includes discovery research to improve our knowledge of OEC biology, identifying natural and synthetic compounds to stimulate the neural repair properties of OECs, and designing three-dimensional cell constructs to create stable and transplantable cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gilmour
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison A Wright
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research and Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Nazareth L, St John J, Murtaza M, Ekberg J. Phagocytosis by Peripheral Glia: Importance for Nervous System Functions and Implications in Injury and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660259. [PMID: 33898462 PMCID: PMC8060502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has very limited capacity to regenerate after traumatic injury or disease. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has far greater capacity for regeneration. This difference can be partly attributed to variances in glial-mediated functions, such as axon guidance, structural support, secretion of growth factors and phagocytic activity. Due to their growth-promoting characteristic, transplantation of PNS glia has been trialed for neural repair. After peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SCs, the main PNS glia) phagocytose myelin debris and attract macrophages to the injury site to aid in debris clearance. One peripheral nerve, the olfactory nerve, is unique in that it continuously regenerates throughout life. The olfactory nerve glia, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are the primary phagocytes within this nerve, continuously clearing axonal debris arising from the normal regeneration of the nerve and after injury. In contrast to SCs, OECs do not appear to attract macrophages. SCs and OECs also respond to and phagocytose bacteria, a function likely critical for tackling microbial invasion of the CNS via peripheral nerves. However, phagocytosis is not always effective; inflammation, aging and/or genetic factors may contribute to compromised phagocytic activity. Here, we highlight the diverse roles of SCs and OECs with the focus on their phagocytic activity under physiological and pathological conditions. We also explore why understanding the contribution of peripheral glia phagocytosis may provide us with translational strategies for achieving axonal regeneration of the injured nervous system and potentially for the treatment of certain neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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9
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Mutso M, St John JA, Ling ZL, Burt FJ, Poo YS, Liu X, Žusinaite E, Grau GE, Hueston L, Merits A, King NJ, Ekberg JA, Mahalingam S. Basic insights into Zika virus infection of neuroglial and brain endothelial cells. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:622-634. [PMID: 32375993 PMCID: PMC7414445 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently emerged as an important human pathogen due to the strong evidence that it causes disease of the central nervous system, particularly microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The pathogenesis of disease, including mechanisms of neuroinvasion, may include both invasion via the blood-brain barrier and via peripheral (including cranial) nerves. Cellular responses to infection are also poorly understood. This study characterizes the in vitro infection of laboratory-adapted ZIKV African MR766 and two Asian strains of (1) brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cell line) and (2) olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) (the neuroglia populating cranial nerve I and the olfactory bulb; both human and mouse OEC lines) in comparison to kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells, in which ZIKV infection is well characterized). Readouts included infection kinetics, intracellular virus localization, viral persistence and cytokine responses. Although not as high as in Vero cells, viral titres exceeded 104 plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) ml-1 in the endothelial/neuroglial cell types, except hOECs. Despite these substantial titres, a relatively small proportion of neuroglial cells were primarily infected. Immunolabelling of infected cells revealed localization of the ZIKV envelope and NS3 proteins in the cytoplasm; NS3 staining overlapped with that of dsRNA replication intermediate and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Infected OECs and endothelial cells produced high levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Nevertheless, ZIKV was also able to establish persistent infection in hOEC and hCMEC/D3 cells. Taken together, these results provide basic insights into ZIKV infection of endothelial and neuroglial cells and will form the basis for further study of ZIKV disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Mutso
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A. St John
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan 4111, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zheng Lung Ling
- Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Felicity J. Burt
- National Health Laboratory Services, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Yee Suan Poo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiang Liu
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva Žusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- Vascular Immunology Unit, Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Linda Hueston
- Arbovirus Emerging Disease Unit, CIDMLS-ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicholas J.C. King
- Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny A.K. Ekberg
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Reshamwala R, Shah M, St John J, Ekberg J. The link between olfactory ensheathing cell survival and spinal cord injury repair: a commentary on common limitations of contemporary research. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1848-1849. [PMID: 32246630 PMCID: PMC7513983 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Reshamwala
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Reshamwala R, Shah M, Belt L, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Reliable cell purification and determination of cell purity: crucial aspects of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord repair. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2016-2026. [PMID: 32394949 PMCID: PMC7716040 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.282218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells, the glia of the primary olfactory nervous system, has been trialed for spinal cord injury repair with promising but variable outcomes in animals and humans. Olfactory ensheathing cells can be harvested either from the lamina propria beneath the neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity, or from the olfactory bulb in the brain. As these areas contain several other cell types, isolating and purifying olfactory ensheathing cells is a critical part of the process. It is largely unknown how contaminating cells such as fibroblasts, other glial cell types and supporting cells affect olfactory ensheathing cell function post-transplantation; these cells may also cause unwanted side-effects. It is also, however, possible that the presence of some of the contaminant cells can improve outcomes. Here, we reviewed the last decade of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation studies in rodents, with a focus on olfactory ensheathing cell purity. We analyzed how purification methods and resultant cell purity differed between olfactory mucosa- and olfactory bulb-derived cell preparations. We analyzed how the studies reported on olfactory ensheathing cell purity and which criteria were used to define cells as olfactory ensheathing cells. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between cell purity and transplantation outcomes. We found that olfactory bulb-derived olfactory ensheathing cell preparations are typically purer than mucosa-derived preparations. We concluded that there is an association between high olfactory ensheathing cell purity and favourable outcomes, but the lack of olfactory ensheathing cell-specific markers severely hampers the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Reshamwala
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucy Belt
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Smith KE, Whitcroft K, Law S, Andrews P, Choi D, Jagger DJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells from the nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb have distinct membrane properties. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:888-901. [PMID: 31797433 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is a potential therapy for the regeneration of damaged neurons. While they maintain tissue homeostasis in the olfactory mucosa (OM) and olfactory bulb (OB), their regenerative properties also support the normal sense of smell by enabling continual turnover and axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, the molecular physiology of OECs is not fully understood, especially that of OECs from the mucosa. Here, we carried out whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from individual OECs cultured from the OM and OB of the adult rat, and from the human OM. A subset of OECs from the rat OM cultured 1-3 days in vitro had large weakly rectifying K+ currents, which were sensitive to Ba2+ and desipramine, blockers of Kir4-family channels. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was detectable in cultured OM cells colabeled for the OEC marker S100, and in S100-labeled cells found adjacent to OSN axons in mucosal sections. OECs cultured from rat OB had distinct properties though, displaying strongly rectifying inward currents at hyperpolarized membrane potentials and strongly rectifying outward currents at depolarized potentials. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was not evident in OECs adjacent to axons of OSNs in the OB. A subset of human OECs cultured from the OM of adults had membrane properties comparable to those of the rat OM that is dominated by Ba2+ -sensitive weak inwardly rectifying currents. The membrane properties of peripheral OECs are different to those of central OECs, suggesting they may play distinct roles during olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Smith
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Whitcroft
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stuart Law
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Andrews
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Choi
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Wright AA, Todorovic M, Murtaza M, St John JA, Ekberg JA. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its binding partner HTRA1 are expressed by olfactory ensheathing cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2019; 102:103450. [PMID: 31794879 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2019.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important regulator of innate immunity with key roles in neural regeneration and responses to pathogens, amongst a multitude of other functions. The expression of MIF and its binding partners has been characterised throughout the nervous system, with one key exception: the primary olfactory nervous system. Here, we showed in young mice (postnatal day 10) that MIF is expressed in the olfactory nerve by olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OECs) and by olfactory nerve fibroblasts. We also examined the expression of potential binding partners for MIF, and found that the serine protease HTRA1, known to be inhibited by MIF, was also expressed at high levels by OECs and olfactory fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. We also demonstrated that MIF mediated segregation between OECs and J774a.1 cells (a monocyte/macrophage cell line) in co-culture, which suggests that MIF contributes to the fact that macrophages are largely absent from olfactory nerve fascicles. Phagocytosis assays of axonal debris demonstrated that MIF strongly stimulates phagocytosis by OECs, which indicates that MIF may play a role in the response of OECs to the continual turnover of olfactory axons that occurs throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wright
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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15
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Reshamwala R, Shah M, St John J, Ekberg J. Survival and Integration of Transplanted Olfactory Ensheathing Cells are Crucial for Spinal Cord Injury Repair: Insights from the Last 10 Years of Animal Model Studies. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:132S-159S. [PMID: 31726863 PMCID: PMC7016467 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719883823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), the glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system, support the natural regeneration of the olfactory nerve that occurs throughout life. OECs thus exhibit unique properties supporting neuronal survival and growth. Transplantation of OECs is emerging as a promising treatment for spinal cord injury; however, outcomes in both animals and humans are variable and the method needs improvement and standardization. A major reason for the discrepancy in functional outcomes is the variability in survival and integration of the transplanted cells, key factors for successful spinal cord regeneration. Here, we review the outcomes of OEC transplantation in rodent models over the last 10 years, with a focus on survival and integration of the transplanted cells. We identify the key factors influencing OEC survival: injury type, source of transplanted cells, co-transplantation with other cell types, number and concentration of cells, method of delivery, and time of transplantation after the injury. We found that two key issues are hampering optimization and standardization of OEC transplantation: lack of (1) reliable methods for identifying transplanted cells, and (2) three-dimensional systems for OEC delivery. To develop OEC transplantation as a successful and standardized therapy for spinal cord injury, we must address these issues and increase our understanding of the complex parameters influencing OEC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Reshamwala
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Murtaza M, Chacko A, Delbaz A, Reshamwala R, Rayfield A, McMonagle B, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Why are olfactory ensheathing cell tumors so rare? Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:260. [PMID: 31632194 PMCID: PMC6788004 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glial cells of the primary olfactory nervous system, olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), are unusual in that they rarely form tumors. Only 11 cases, all of which were benign, have been reported to date. In fact, the existence of OEC tumors has been debated as the tumors closely resemble schwannomas (Schwann cell tumors), and there is no definite method for distinguishing the two tumor types. OEC transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for nervous system injuries, and the fact that OECs are not prone to tumorigenesis is therefore vital. However, why OECs are so resistant to neoplastic transformation remains unknown. The primary olfactory nervous system is a highly dynamic region which continuously undergoes regeneration and neurogenesis throughout life. OECs have key roles in this process, providing structural and neurotrophic support as well as phagocytosing the axonal debris resulting from turnover of neurons. The olfactory mucosa and underlying tissue is also frequently exposed to infectious agents, and OECs have key innate immune roles preventing microbes from invading the central nervous system. It is possible that the unique biological functions of OECs, as well as the dynamic nature of the primary olfactory nervous system, relate to the low incidence of OEC tumors. Here, we summarize the known case reports of OEC tumors, discuss the difficulties of correctly diagnosing them, and examine the possible reasons for their rare incidence. Understanding why OECs rarely form tumors may open avenues for new strategies to combat tumorigenesis in other regions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Murtaza
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Ali Delbaz
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Ronak Reshamwala
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Andrew Rayfield
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Brent McMonagle
- 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Boulevard, Southport, QLD 4215 Australia
| | - James A St John
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- 1Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia.,2Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia.,3Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Australia
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17
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Yildirimer L, Zhang Q, Kuang S, Cheung CWJ, Chu KA, He Y, Yang M, Zhao X. Engineering three-dimensional microenvironments towards
in vitro
disease models of the central nervous system. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab17aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Nazareth L, Chen M, Shelper T, Shah M, Tello Velasquez J, Walkden H, Beacham I, Batzloff M, Rayfield A, Todorovic M, Beagley KW, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Novel insights into the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1228-1244. [PMID: 30592044 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are often described as being present in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems (PNS and CNS). Furthermore, the olfactory nervous system glia limitans (the glial layer defining the PNS-CNS border) is considered unique as it consists of intermingling OECs and astrocytes. In contrast, the glia limitans of the rest of the nervous system consists solely of astrocytes which create a distinct barrier to Schwann cells (peripheral glia). The ability of OECs to interact with astrocytes is one reason why OECs are believed to be superior to Schwann cells for transplantation therapies to treat CNS injuries. We have used transgenic reporter mice in which glial cells express DsRed fluorescent protein to study the cellular constituents of the glia limitans. We found that the glia limitans layer of the olfactory nervous system is morphologically similar to elsewhere in the nervous system, with a similar low degree of intermingling between peripheral glia and astrocytes. We found that the astrocytic layer of the olfactory bulb is a distinct barrier to bacterial infection, suggesting that this layer constitutes the PNS-CNS immunological barrier. We also found that OECs interact with astrocytes in a similar fashion as Schwann cells in vitro. When cultured in three dimensions, however, there were subtle differences between OECs and Schwann cells in their interactions with astrocytes. We therefore suggest that glial fibrillary acidic protein-reactive astrocyte layer of the olfactory bulb constitutes the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system and that OECs are primarily "PNS glia."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Nazareth
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mo Chen
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Megha Shah
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi Walkden
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ifor Beacham
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Rayfield
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Todorovic
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Institute of Health Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Rich CA, Perera SN, Andratschke J, Stolt CC, Buehler DP, Southard-Smith EM, Wegner M, Britsch S, Baker CVH. Olfactory ensheathing cells abutting the embryonic olfactory bulb express Frzb, whose deletion disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Glia 2018; 66:2617-2631. [PMID: 30256452 PMCID: PMC6517278 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We and others previously showed that in mouse embryos lacking the transcription factor Sox10, olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) differentiation is disrupted, resulting in defective olfactory axon targeting and fewer gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons entering the embryonic forebrain. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that OECs in the olfactory nerve layer express Frzb—encoding a secreted Wnt inhibitor with roles in axon targeting and basement membrane breakdown—from embryonic day (E)12.5, when GnRH neurons first enter the forebrain, until E16.5, the latest stage examined. The highest levels of Frzb expression are seen in OECs in the inner olfactory nerve layer, abutting the embryonic olfactory bulb. We find that Sox10 is required for Frzb expression in OECs, suggesting that loss of Frzb could explain the olfactory axon targeting and/or GnRH neuron migration defects seen in Sox10‐null mice. At E16.5, Frzb‐null embryos show significant reductions in both the volume of the olfactory nerve layer expressing the maturation marker Omp and the number of Omp‐positive olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. As Omp upregulation correlates with synapse formation, this suggests that Frzb deletion indeed disrupts olfactory axon targeting. In contrast, GnRH neuron entry into the forebrain is not significantly affected. Hence, loss of Frzb may contribute to the olfactory axon targeting phenotype, but not the GnRH neuron phenotype, of Sox10‐null mice. Overall, our results suggest that Frzb secreted from OECs in the olfactory nerve layer is important for olfactory axon targeting. Frzb is expressed by olfactory ensheathing cells abutting the embryonic mouse olfactory bulb. Frzb expression requires Sox10. Deletion of Frzb disrupts olfactory receptor neuron maturation, likely reflecting a defect in olfactory axon targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance A Rich
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - C Claus Stolt
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Yao R, Murtaza M, Velasquez JT, Todorovic M, Rayfield A, Ekberg J, Barton M, St John J. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Sniffing Out the Issues. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:879-889. [PMID: 29882418 PMCID: PMC6050914 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glia reported to sustain the continuous axon extension and successful topographic targeting of the olfactory receptor neurons responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). Due to this distinctive property, OECs have been trialed in human cell transplant therapies to assist in the repair of central nervous system injuries, particularly those of the spinal cord. Though many studies have reported neurological improvement, the therapy remains inconsistent and requires further improvement. Much of this variability stems from differing olfactory cell populations prior to transplantation into the injury site. While some studies have used purified cells, others have used unpurified transplants. Although both preparations have merits and faults, the latter increases the variability between transplants received by recipients. Without a robust purification procedure in OEC transplantation therapies, the full potential of OECs for spinal cord injury may not be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rayfield
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Ekberg
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Barton
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Miller SR, Benito C, Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Baker CVH. Neural crest Notch/Rbpj signaling regulates olfactory gliogenesis and neuronal migration. Genesis 2018; 56:e23215. [PMID: 30134068 PMCID: PMC6099236 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest-derived ensheathing glial cells of the olfactory nerve (OECs) are unique in spanning both the peripheral and central nervous systems: they ensheathe bundles of axons projecting from olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal epithelium to their targets in the olfactory bulb. OECs are clinically relevant as a promising autologous cell transplantation therapy for promoting central nervous system repair. They are also important for fertility, being required for the migration of embryonic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons from the olfactory placode along terminal nerve axons to the medial forebrain, which they enter caudal to the olfactory bulbs. Like Schwann cell precursors, OEC precursors associated with the developing olfactory nerve express the glial marker myelin protein zero and the key peripheral glial transcription factor Sox10. The transition from Schwann cell precursors to immature Schwann cells is accelerated by canonical Notch signaling via the Rbpj transcription factor. Here, we aimed to test the role of Notch/Rbpj signaling in developing OECs by blocking the pathway in both chicken and mouse. Our results suggest that Notch/Rbpj signaling prevents the cranial neural crest cells that colonize the olfactory nerve from differentiating as neurons, and at later stages contributes to the guidance of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
| | - Cristina Benito
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristján R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity College London, Gower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3DYUnited Kingdom
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22
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Wright AA, Todorovic M, Tello-Velasquez J, Rayfield AJ, St John JA, Ekberg JA. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Spinal Cord Repair Using Neurotrophins. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:867-878. [PMID: 29852748 PMCID: PMC6050907 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718759472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising therapy for
spinal cord injury; however, the efficacy varies between trials in both animals and
humans. The main reason for this variability is that the purity and phenotype of the
transplanted cells differs between studies. OECs are susceptible to modulation with
neurotrophic factors, and thus, neurotrophins can be used to manipulate the transplanted
cells into an optimal, consistent phenotype. OEC transplantation can be divided into 3
phases: (1) cell preparation, (2) cell administration, and (3) continuous support to the
transplanted cells in situ. The ideal behaviour of OECs differs between these 3 phases; in
the cell preparation phase, rapid cell expansion is desirable to decrease the time between
damage and transplantation. In the cell administration phase, OEC survival and integration
at the injury site, in particular migration into the glial scar, are the most critical
factors, along with OEC-mediated phagocytosis of cellular debris. Finally, continuous
support needs to be provided to the transplantation site to promote survival of both
transplanted cells and endogenous cells within injury site and to promote long-term
integration of the transplanted cells and angiogenesis. In this review, we define the 3
phases of OEC transplantation into the injured spinal cord and the optimal cell behaviors
required for each phase. Optimising functional outcomes of OEC transplantation can be
achieved by modulation of cell behaviours with neurotrophins. We identify the key growth
factors that exhibit the strongest potential for optimizing the OEC phenotype required for
each phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Wright
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello-Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - A J Rayfield
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Ekberg
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Velasquez JT, St John JA, Nazareth L, Ekberg JAK. Schwann cell lamellipodia regulate cell-cell interactions and phagocytosis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 88:189-200. [PMID: 29336992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodia in Schwann cells (SCs) are crucial for myelination, but their other biological functions remain largely uncharacterised. Two types of lamellipodia exist in SCs: axial lamellipodia at the outermost edge of the cell processes, and radial lamellipodia appearing peripherally along the entire cell. We have previously shown that radial lamellipodia on olfactory glia (olfactory ensheathing cells; OECs) promote cell-cell adhesion, contact-mediated migration and phagocytosis. Here we have investigated whether lamellipodia in SCs have similar roles. Using live-cell imaging, we show that the radial lamellipodia in SCs are highly motile, appear at multiple cellular sites and rapidly move in a wave-like manner. We found that axial and radial lamellipodia had strikingly different roles and are regulated by different intracellular pathways. Axial lamellipodia initiated interactions with other SCs and with neurons by contacting radial lamellipodia on SCs, and budding neurites/axons. Most SC-SC interactions resulted in repulsion, and, lamellipodial activity (unlike in OECs) did not promote contact-mediated migration. We show that lamellipodia are crucial for SC-mediated phagocytosis of both axonal debris and bacteria, and demonstrated that inhibition of lamellipodial activity by blocking the Rho/Rac pathways also inhibits phagocytosis. We also show that heregulin, which induces SC differentiation and maturation, alters lamellipodial behaviour but does not affect phagocytic activity. Overall, the results show that SC lamellipodia are important for cell interactions and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Tello Velasquez
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, 170 Kessels Rd, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Queensland, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Parklands Drive, Griffith University, Southport, 4222, QLD, Australia.
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24
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Olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation inhibits P2X4 receptor overexpression in spinal cord injury rats with neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:171-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Śmieszek A, Stręk Z, Kornicka K, Grzesiak J, Weiss C, Marycz K. Antioxidant and Anti-Senescence Effect of Metformin on Mouse Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (mOECs) May Be Associated with Increased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels-An Ex Vivo Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040872. [PMID: 28425952 PMCID: PMC5412453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, the popular anti-diabetic drug was shown to exert multiple biological effects. The most recent metformin gained attention as an agent that mobilizes endogenous progenitor cells and enhances regenerative potential of organisms, for example by promoting neurogenesis. In the present study, we examined the role of metformin on mouse olfactory ensheathing cells (mOECs) derived from animals receiving metformin for eight weeks at a concentration equal to 2.8 mg/day. The mOECs expanded ex vivo were characterized in terms of their cellular phenotype, morphology, proliferative activity, viability and accumulation of oxidative stress factors. Moreover, we determined the mRNA and protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), distinguishing the secretion of BDNF by mOECs in cultures and circulating serum levels of BDNF. The mOECs used in the experiment were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) positive and exhibited both astrocyte-like and non-myelin Schwann cell-like morphologies. Our results revealed that the proliferation of OECs derived from mice treated with metformin was lowered, when compared to control group. Simultaneously, we noted increased cell viability, reduced expression of markers associated with cellular senescence and a decreased amount of reactive oxygen species. We observed increased mRNA expression of BDNF and its down-stream genes. Obtained results indicate that metformin may exert antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and senolytic action on OECs expanded ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Śmieszek
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Stręk
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kornicka
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Christine Weiss
- PferdePraxis Dr. Med. Vet. Daniel Weiss, Postmatte 14, CH-8807 Freienbach, Switzerland.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stablowicka 147, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland.
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26
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Viremic attack explains the dual-hit theory of Parkinson's disease. Med Hypotheses 2017; 101:33-36. [PMID: 28351487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The dual-hit theory of Parkinson's disease proposes that an airborne pathogen attacks both the olfactory and enteric nervous systems to initiate the Lewy pathology, gradually leading to devastating neurodegenerative processes within the brain. Based on published literatures, this article proposes a hypothesis that viruses with viremic potential can simultaneously attack both of these nervous systems via viremia due to the lack of a blood-nerve barrier in these tissues, thereby explaining the dual-hit theory. Understanding the precise mechanisms underlying the neuropathology will facilitate development of better prophylactic and early intervention strategies against Parkinson's disease.
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27
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Barton MJ, John JS, Clarke M, Wright A, Ekberg J. The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison between Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Their Uses for Neural Regenerative Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E287. [PMID: 28146061 PMCID: PMC5343823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a much larger capacity for regeneration than the central nervous system (CNS). One reason for this difference is the difference in glial cell types between the two systems. PNS glia respond rapidly to nerve injury by clearing debris from the injury site, supplying essential growth factors and providing structural support; all of which enhances neuronal regeneration. Thus, transplantation of glial cells from the PNS is a very promising therapy for injuries to both the PNS and the CNS. There are two key types of PNS glia: olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which populate the olfactory nerve, and Schwann cells (SCs), which are present in the rest of the PNS. These two glial types share many similar morphological and functional characteristics but also exhibit key differences. The olfactory nerve is constantly turning over throughout life, which means OECs are continuously stimulating neural regeneration, whilst SCs only promote regeneration after direct injury to the PNS. This review presents a comparison between these two PNS systems in respect to normal physiology, developmental anatomy, glial functions and their responses to injury. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and differences between the two systems is crucial for the development of future therapies using transplantation of peripheral glia to treat neural injuries and/or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barton
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - James St John
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Mary Clarke
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Alison Wright
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
| | - Jenny Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology & Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan QLD 4111, Australia.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia.
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28
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Olfactory Ensheathing Cell-Conditioned Medium Reverts Aβ 25-35-Induced Oxidative Damage in SH-SY5Y Cells by Modulating the Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1043-1054. [PMID: 27807758 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a type of glia from the mammalian olfactory system, with neuroprotective and regenerative properties. β-Amyloid peptides are a major component of the senile plaques characteristic of the Alzheimer brain. The amyloid beta (Aβ) precursor protein is cleaved to amyloid peptides, and Aβ25-35 is regarded to be the functional domain of Aβ, responsible for its neurotoxic properties. It has been reported that Aβ25-35 triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative damage, altering the structure and function of mitochondria, leading to the activation of the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Our goal is to investigate the effects of OECs on the toxicity of aggregated Aβ25-35, in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. For such purpose, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with Aβ25-35 and OEC-conditioned medium (OECCM). OECCM promoted the cell viability and reduced the apoptosis, and decreased the intracellular ROS and the lipid peroxidation. In the presence of OECCM, mRNA and protein levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD1 and SOD2) were upregulated. Concomitantly, OECCM decreased mRNA and the protein expression levels of cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3, and Bax in SH-SY5Y cells, and increased mRNA and the protein expression level of Bcl-2. However, OECCM did not alter intracellular Ca2+ concentration in SH-SY5Y cells. Taken together, our data suggest that OECCM ameliorates Aβ25-35-induced oxidative damage in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. These data provide new insights into the functional actions of OECCM on oxidative stress-induced cell damage.
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29
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Harshad K, Jun M, Park S, Barton MJ, Vadivelu RK, St John J, Nguyen NT. An electromagnetic cell-stretching device for mechanotransduction studies of olfactory ensheathing cells. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Goel A. Stem cell therapy in spinal cord injury: Hollow promise or promising science? JOURNAL OF CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION AND SPINE 2016; 7:121-6. [PMID: 27217662 PMCID: PMC4872563 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8237.181880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains one of the most physically, psychologically and socially debilitating conditions worldwide. While rehabilitation measures may help limit disability to some extent, there is no effective primary treatment yet available. The efficacy of stem cells as a primary therapeutic option in spinal cord injury is currently an area under much scrutiny and debate. Several laboratory and some primary clinical studies into the use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells or embryonic stem cell-derived oligodentrocyte precursor cells have shown some promising results in terms of remyelination and regeneration of damaged spinal nerve tracts. More recently,laboratory and early clinical experiments into the use of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells, a type of glial cell derived from olfactory bulb and mucosa have provided some phenomenal preliminary evidence as to their neuroregenerative and neural bridging capacity. This report compares and evaluates some current research into selected forms of embryonic and mesenchymal stem cell therapy as well as olfactory ensheathing cell therapy in SCI, and also highlights some legal and ethical issues surrounding their use. While early results shows promise, more rigorous large scaleclinical trials are needed to shed light on the safety, efficacy and long term viability of stem cell and cellular transplant techniques in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Goel
- 4 year Medical Student, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Shukla SK, Shukla SK, Govender PP, Giri NG. Biodegradable polymeric nanostructures in therapeutic applications: opportunities and challenges. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymeric nanostructures (BPNs) have shown great promise in different therapeutic applications such as diagnosis, imaging, drug delivery, cosmetics, organ implants, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Shukla
- Department of Polymer Science
- Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110075
- India
| | - Sudheesh K. Shukla
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of Johannesburg
- Johannesburg
- South Africa
| | - Penny P. Govender
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- University of Johannesburg
- Johannesburg
- South Africa
| | - N. G. Giri
- Department of Chemistry
- Shivaji College
- University of Delhi
- New Delhi-110027
- India
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32
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Zhao H, Yang BL, Liu ZX, Yu Q, Zhang WJ, Yuan K, Zeng HH, Zhu GC, Liu DM, Li Q. Microencapsulation improves inhibitory effects of transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells on pain after sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1332-7. [PMID: 26487865 PMCID: PMC4590250 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory bulb tissue transplantation inhibits P2X2/3 receptor-mediated neuropathic pain. However, the olfactory bulb has a complex cellular composition, and the mechanism underlying the action of purified transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) remains unclear. In the present study, we microencapsulated OECs in alginic acid, and transplanted free and microencapsulated OECs into the region surrounding the injured sciatic nerve in rat models of chronic constriction injury. We assessed mechanical nociception in the rat models 7 and 14 days after surgery by measuring paw withdrawal threshold, and examined P2X2/3 receptor expression in L4–5 dorsal root ganglia using immunohistochemistry. Rats that received free and microencapsulated OEC transplants showed greater withdrawal thresholds than untreated model rats, and weaker P2X2/3 receptor immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia. At 14 days, paw withdrawal threshold was much higher in the microencapsulated OEC-treated animals. Our results confirm that microencapsulated OEC transplantation suppresses P2X2/3 receptor expression in L4–5 dorsal root ganglia in rat models of neuropathic pain and reduces allodynia, and also suggest that transplantation of microencapsulated OECs is more effective than transplantation of free OECs for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China ; Medical Department, Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Lin Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zeng-Xu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Library, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Medical Department, Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Keng Yuan
- Medical Office, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Hong Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Gao-Chun Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - De-Ming Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Li
- Medical Department, Graduate School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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33
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Vadivelu RK, Ooi CH, Yao RQ, Tello Velasquez J, Pastrana E, Diaz-Nido J, Lim F, Ekberg JAK, Nguyen NT, St John JA. Generation of three-dimensional multiple spheroid model of olfactory ensheathing cells using floating liquid marbles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15083. [PMID: 26462469 PMCID: PMC4604460 DOI: 10.1038/srep15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel protocol for three-dimensional culturing of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which can be used to understand how OECs interact with other cells in three dimensions. Transplantation of OECs is being trialled for repair of the paralysed spinal cord, with promising but variable results and thus the therapy needs improving. To date, studies of OEC behaviour in a multicellular environment have been hampered by the lack of suitable three-dimensional cell culture models. Here, we exploit the floating liquid marble, a liquid droplet coated with hydrophobic powder and placed on a liquid bath. The presence of the liquid bath increases the humidity and minimises the effect of evaporation. Floating liquid marbles allow the OECs to freely associate and interact to produce OEC spheroids with uniform shapes and sizes. In contrast, a sessile liquid marble on a solid surface suffers from evaporation and the cells aggregate with irregular shapes. We used floating liquid marbles to co-culture OECs with Schwann cells and astrocytes which formed natural structures without the confines of gels or bounding layers. This protocol can be used to determine how OECs and other cell types associate and interact while forming complex cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja K Vadivelu
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Chin H Ooi
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 4111, Australia
| | - Rebecca-Qing Yao
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Javier Diaz-Nido
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa &CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filip Lim
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- QLD Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, 4111, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Nazareth L, Tello Velasquez J, Lineburg KE, Chehrehasa F, St John JA, Ekberg JAK. Differing phagocytic capacities of accessory and main olfactory ensheathing cells and the implication for olfactory glia transplantation therapies. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 65:92-101. [PMID: 25752729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rodent olfactory systems comprise the main olfactory system for the detection of odours and the accessory olfactory system which detects pheromones. In both systems, olfactory axon fascicles are ensheathed by olfactory glia, termed olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are crucial for the growth and maintenance of the olfactory nerve. The growth-promoting and phagocytic characteristics of OECs make them potential candidates for neural repair therapies such as transplantation to repair the injured spinal cord. However, transplanting mixed populations of glia with unknown properties may lead to variations in outcomes for neural repair. As the phagocytic capacity of the accessory OECs has not yet been determined, we compared the phagocytic capacity of accessory and main OECs in vivo and in vitro. In normal healthy animals, the accessory OECs accumulated considerably less axon debris than main OECs in vivo. Analysis of freshly dissected OECs showed that accessory OECs contained 20% less fluorescent axon debris than main OECs. However, when assayed in vitro with exogenous axon debris added to the culture, the accessory OECs phagocytosed almost 20% more debris than main OECs. After surgical removal of one olfactory bulb which induced the degradation of main and accessory olfactory sensory axons, the accessory OECs responded by phagocytosing the axon debris. We conclude that while accessory OECs have the capacity to phagocytose axon debris, there are distinct differences in their phagocytic capacity compared to main OECs. These distinct differences may be of importance when preparing OECs for neural transplant repair therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnmaria Nazareth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Johana Tello Velasquez
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - Katie E Lineburg
- QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000 Queensland, Australia; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
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35
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Biological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Facilitating Neural Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:168-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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