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Cuevas PL, Aellos F, Dawid IM, Helms JA. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Craniomaxillofacial Osteocytes. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023; 21:228-240. [PMID: 36807035 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is a growing appreciation within the scientific community that cells exhibit regional variation. Whether the variation is attributable to differences in embryonic origin or anatomical location and mechanical loading has not been elucidated; what is clear, however, is that adult cells carry positional information that ultimately affects their functions. The purpose of this review is to highlight the functions of osteocytes in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) skeleton as opposed to elsewhere in the body, and in doing so gain mechanistic insights into genetic conditions and chemically-induced diseases that particularly affect this region of our anatomy. RECENT FINDINGS In the CMF skeleton, elevated Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects not only bone mass and volume, but also mineralization of the canalicular network and osteocyte lacunae. Aberrant elevation in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway can also produce micropetrosis and osteonecrosis of CMF bone, presumably due to a disruption in the signaling network that connects osteocytes to one another, and to osteoblasts on the bone surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Cuevas
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fabiana Aellos
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Isaiah M Dawid
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jill A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1651 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
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2
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Mian M, Tan J, Yong R, Williams R, Labrinidis A, Anderson PJ, Ranjitkar S. Craniofacial Phenomics: Three-Dimensional Assessment of the Size and Shape of Cranial and Dentofacial Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2403:107-127. [PMID: 34913120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1847-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial phenomics has opened up numerous opportunities to correlate genetic and epigenetic factors to craniofacial phenotypes in order to improve our understanding of growth and development in health and disease. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has played a key role in advancing craniofacial phenomics by facilitating highly sensitive and specific characterizations of craniofacial and dental morphology. Here we describe the use of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to image the murine craniofacial complex, followed by surface reconstruction for traditional morphometric analyses. We also describe the application of geometric morphometrics, based on Generalized Procrustes Analysis, for use in human premolars. These principles are interchangeable between various vertebrate species, and between various surface imaging techniques (including micro-CT and 3D surface scanners), offering a high level of versatility and precision for extensive phenotyping of the entire craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Mian
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jenny Tan
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robin Yong
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ruth Williams
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agatha Labrinidis
- Adelaide Microscopy, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarbin Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Schwarze UY, Ni Y, Zhou Y, Terlecki-Zaniewicz L, Schosserer M, Hackl M, Grillari J, Gruber R. Size changes in miR‑21 knockout mice: Geometric morphometrics on teeth, alveolar bone and mandible. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:285. [PMID: 33604680 PMCID: PMC7905328 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA‑21 (miR‑21) is a small non‑coding RNA that is differentially expressed during tooth development, particularly during amelogenesis. Although orthodontic tooth movement and the innate immune response are impaired, miR‑21 knockout mice demonstrate no obvious skeletal phenotype. However, the consequence of miR‑21 knockout on tooth phenotype and corresponding alveolar bone is unknown. The current study utilized landmark‑based geometric morphometrics to identify anatomical dissimilarities of the three lower and upper molars, and the corresponding alveolar bone, in miR‑21 knockout and wild‑type control mice. The anatomical structures were visualized by microcomputer tomography. A total of 36 and 38 landmarks were placed on mandibular and maxillary molars, respectively. For the alveolar bone, 16 landmarks were selected on both anatomical sites. General Procrustes analysis revealed significantly smaller molars and dimensions of the alveolar bone in the mandible of the miR‑21 knockout mice when compared with wild‑type controls (P=0.03 and P=0.04, respectively). The overall dimension of the mandible was reduced by the lack of miR‑21 (P=0.02). In the maxilla, the dimension of the alveolar bone was significant (P=0.02); however, this was not observed in the molars (P=0.36). Based on principal component analysis, no changes in shape for any of the anatomical sites were observed. Dental and skeletal jaw length were calculated and no prognathism was identified. However, the fluctuating asymmetry of the molars in the mandible and the maxilla was reduced in the miR‑21 knockout mice by 38 and 27%, respectively. Taken together, the results of the present study revealed that the molars in the mandible and the dimension of the respective alveolar bone were smaller in miR‑21 mice compared with wild‑type littermates, suggesting that miR‑21 influences tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Yacine Schwarze
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuxin Ni
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Stomatology, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518051, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518051, P.R. China
| | - Lucia Terlecki-Zaniewicz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
- TAmiRNA GmbH, A-1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, A-1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Abstract
AbstractThe geometric morphometric (GMM) construction of Procrustes shape coordinates from a data set of homologous landmark configurations puts exact algebraic constraints on position, orientation, and geometric scale. While position as digitized is not ordinarily a biologically meaningful quantity, and orientation is relevant mainly when some organismal function interacts with a Cartesian positional gradient such as horizontality, size per se is a crucially important biometric concept, especially in contexts like growth, biomechanics, or bioenergetics. “Normalizing” or “standardizing” size (usually by dividing the square root of the summed squared distances from the centroid out of all the Cartesian coordinates specimen by specimen), while associated with the elegant symmetries of the Mardia–Dryden distribution in shape space, nevertheless can substantially impeach the validity of any organismal inferences that ensue. This paper adapts two variants of standard morphometric least-squares, principal components and uniform strains, to circumvent size standardization while still accommodating an analytic toolkit for studies of differential growth that supports landmark-by-landmark graphics and thin-plate splines. Standardization of position and orientation but not size yields the coordinates Franz Boas first discussed in 1905. In studies of growth, a first principal component of these coordinates often appears to involve most landmarks shifting almost directly away from their centroid, hence the proposed model’s name, “centric allometry.” There is also a joint standardization of shear and dilation resulting in a variant of standard GMM’s “nonaffine shape coordinates” where scale information is subsumed in the affine term. Studies of growth allometry should go better in the Boas system than in the Procrustes shape space that is the current conventional workbench for GMM analyses. I demonstrate two examples of this revised approach (one developmental, one phylogenetic) that retrieve all the findings of a conventional shape-space-based approach while focusing much more closely on the phenomenon of allometric growth per se. A three-part Appendix provides an overview of the algebra, highlighting both similarities to the Procrustes approach and contrasts with it.
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Liu Y, Shen H, Greenbaum J, Liu A, Su KJ, Zhang LS, Zhang L, Tian Q, Hu HG, He JS, Deng HW. Gene Expression and RNA Splicing Imputation Identifies Novel Candidate Genes Associated with Osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5895512. [PMID: 32827035 PMCID: PMC7736639 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Though genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified hundreds of genetic variants associated with osteoporosis related traits, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture, it remains a challenge to interpret their biological functions and underlying biological mechanisms. OBJECTIVE Integrate diverse expression quantitative trait loci and splicing quantitative trait loci data with several powerful GWAS datasets to identify novel candidate genes associated with osteoporosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Here, we conducted a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) for total body BMD (TB-BMD) (n = 66 628 for discovery and 7697 for validation) and fracture (53 184 fracture cases and 373 611 controls for discovery and 37 857 cases and 227 116 controls for validation), respectively. We also conducted multi-SNP-based summarized mendelian randomization analysis to further validate our findings. RESULTS In total, we detected 88 genes significantly associated with TB-BMD or fracture through expression or ribonucleic acid splicing. Summarized mendelian randomization analysis revealed that 78 of the significant genes may have potential causal effects on TB-BMD or fracture in at least 1 specific tissue. Among them, 64 genes have been reported in previous GWASs or TWASs for osteoporosis, such as ING3, CPED1, and WNT16, as well as 14 novel genes, such as DBF4B, GRN, TMUB2, and UNC93B1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the pathogenesis mechanisms of osteoporosis and highlight the power of a TWAS to identify and prioritize potential causal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jonathan Greenbaum
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Anqi Liu
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kuan-Jui Su
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hong-Gang Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Hong-Wen Deng, PhD, Professor, Director, Tulane Center for Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA 70112.
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Chen J, Yuan X, Pilawski I, Liu X, Delgado-Calle J, Bellido T, Turkkahraman H, Helms JA. Molecular Basis for Craniofacial Phenotypes Caused by Sclerostin Deletion. J Dent Res 2020; 100:310-317. [PMID: 33078679 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520963584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some genetic disorders are associated with distinctive facial features, which can aid in diagnosis. While considerable advances have been made in identifying causal genes, relatively little progress has been made toward understanding how a particular genotype results in a characteristic craniofacial phenotype. An example is sclerosteosis/van Buchem disease, which is caused by mutations in the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin (SOST). Affected patients have a high bone mass coupled with a distinctive appearance where the mandible is enlarged and the maxilla is foreshortened. Here, mice carrying a null mutation in Sost were analyzed using quantitative micro-computed tomographic (µCT) imaging and histomorphometric analyses to determine the extent to which the size and shape of craniofacial skeleton were altered. Sost-/- mice exhibited a significant increase in appositional bone growth, which increased the height and width of the mandible and reduced the diameters of foramina. In vivo fluorochrome labeling, histology, and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that excessive bone deposition in the premaxillary suture mesenchyme curtailed overall growth, leading to midfacial hypoplasia. The amount of bone extracellular matrix produced by Sost-/- cells was significantly increased; as a consequence, osteoid seams were evident throughout the facial skeleton. Collectively, these analyses revealed a remarkable fidelity between human characteristics of sclerosteosis/van Buchem disease and the Sost-/- phenotype and provide clues into the conserved role for sclerostin signaling in modulating craniofacial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - X Yuan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - I Pilawski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - X Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Delgado-Calle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - H Turkkahraman
- Department of Orthodontics & Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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7
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Schwarze UY, Strauss FJ, Gruber R. Caspase inhibitor attenuates the shape changes in the alveolar ridge following tooth extraction: A pilot study in rats. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:101-107. [PMID: 32935871 PMCID: PMC7891322 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether the inhibition of apoptosis via pan-caspase inhibitors can attenuate the changes in the alveolar ridge upon tooth extraction. BACKGROUND Cells undergoing apoptosis might play a central role in the onset of alveolar bone resorption and the ensuing bone atrophy following tooth extraction. Caspases are proteases that regulate apoptotic cell death. It is, therefore, reasonable to hypothesize that blocking apoptosis with pan-caspase inhibitors attenuates the changes in the alveolar ridge following tooth extraction. METHODS In 16 inbred rats, the mandibular first (M1) and second (M2) molars of one side were extracted. Following random allocation, the rats received either a cell-permeable pan-caspase inhibitor or diluent. After a healing period of 10 days, changes in shape and height of the alveolar ridge were examined using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements based on micro-computed tomography. RESULTS Geometric morphometric analysis revealed that the pan-caspase inhibitor prevented major shape changes of the alveolar ridge following M1 tooth extraction (P < .05). Furthermore, linear measurements confirmed that the pan-caspase inhibitor significantly prevented the atrophy of the alveolar ridge height following M1 tooth extraction compared to the diluent controls (-0.53 mm vs -0.24 mm; P = .012). M2 tooth extraction caused no shape changes of the alveolar ridge, and thus, the pan-caspase inhibitor group did not differ from the control group (-0.14 mm vs -0.05 mm; P = .931). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the inhibition of apoptosis may attenuate shape changes of the alveolar ridge following M1 tooth extraction in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Yacine Schwarze
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz-Josef Strauss
- Clinic of Reconstructive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Hassan MG, Kaler H, Zhang B, Cox TC, Young N, Jheon AH. Effects of Multi-Generational Soft Diet Consumption on Mouse Craniofacial Morphology. Front Physiol 2020; 11:783. [PMID: 32754047 PMCID: PMC7367031 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in craniofacial morphology may arise as a result of adaptation to different environmental factors such as soft diet (SD), which lessens functional masticatory load. Prior studies have shown that changes in the masticatory muscle function associated with a switch to short-term SD led to changes in craniofacial morphology and alveolar bone architecture. However, the long-term effects of SD and the associated adaptive changes in craniofacial shape are unclear. Our novel study set out to profile prospective skull changes in mice fed with SDs over multiple generations using three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis (GMA). Our results revealed that short-term SD consumption led to a significant decrease in craniofacial size, along with numerous shape changes. Long-term SD consumption over 15 continuous generations was not associated with changes in craniofacial size; however, shape analysis revealed mice with shortened crania and mandibles in the anteroposterior dimension, as well as relative widening in the transverse dimension compared to the average shape of all mice analyzed in our study. Moreover, changes in shape and size associated with different functional loads appeared to be independent - shape changes persisted after diets were switched for one generation, whereas size decreased after one generation and then returned to baseline size. Our study is the first to study the role of prolonged, multi-generational SD consumption in the determination of craniofacial size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G. Hassan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Harjot Kaler
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bin Zhang
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timothy C. Cox
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Andrew H. Jheon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Divisions of Craniofacial Anomalies and Orthodontics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Schwarze UY, Dobsak T, Gruber R, Bookstein FL. Anatomical similarity between the Sost-knockout mouse and sclerosteosis in humans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2295-2308. [PMID: 31729194 PMCID: PMC7496997 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sclerosteosis, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation of the Sost gene, manifests in the facial skeleton by gigantism, facial distortion, mandibular prognathism, cranial nerve palsy, and, in extreme cases, compression of the medulla oblongata. Mice lacking sclerostin reflect some symptoms of sclerosteosis, but this is the first report of the effect on the facial skeleton. We used geometric morphometrics (GMM) to analyze the deformations of the murine facial skeleton from the wild‐type to the Sost gene knockout. Landmark coordinates were obtained by surface reconstructions from micro‐computed tomography. Centroid size, principal component scores in shape space and form space, and asymmetry were computed by the standard GMM formulas, and dental and skeletal jaw lengths were examined as ratios. We show here that, compared to wild type controls, mice lacking Sost have larger centroid size (effect size, p‐value: 4.59, <.001), higher mean asymmetry (1.14, .065), dental and skeletal mandibular prognathism (1.36, .010 and 5.92, <.001), a smaller foramen magnum (−1.71, .015), and calvaria that are more highly curved (form space p = 4.09, .002; shape space p = 12.82, .002). These features of mice lacking sclerostin largely correspond to the changes of the facial skeleton observed in sclerosteosis. This alignment further supports claims that the Sost gene plays a fundamental role in bony facial development in rodents and humans alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Y Schwarze
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Toni Dobsak
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fred L Bookstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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