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Calvillo-Robledo A, Samson-Soleil, Marichal-Cancino BA, Medina-Pizaño MY, Ibarra-Martínez D, Ventura-Juárez J, Muñoz-Ortega M. Rapid liver self-recovery: A challenge for rat models of tissue damage. Life Sci 2024:122975. [PMID: 39142508 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Animal models, mainly murine, stay as a fundamental resource in diverse research pursuits, notably contributing to significant strides in discovering novel treatments for therapeutic applications. Preclinical assays must consider the existence of self-recovery mechanisms in the murine species to achieve a well-designed control group. This study focuses on unveiling the innate rapid regenerative capacity of rat liver by utilizing the thioacetamide-induced sub-chronic liver injury model. Employing histopathological, biochemical, and molecular liver function tests, we assessed the recovery of liver tissue functionality. Moreover, animals were housed with voluntary running wheels and locomotory activity was recorded and employed as an indirect index of overall animal recuperation. Remarkably, basal locomotory activity reestablished to normal levels only two weeks post-thioacetamide exposure. Our results raise vital considerations about the importance of temporal synchronicity in comparative assays to validate the real action of treatments, emphasizing the role of the rapid rat liver endogenous self-recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Calvillo-Robledo
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Samson-Soleil
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - David Ibarra-Martínez
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Martin Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
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2
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Collins BC, Shapiro JB, Scheib MM, Musci RV, Verma M, Kardon G. Three-dimensional imaging studies in mice identify cellular dynamics of skeletal muscle regeneration. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1457-1474.e5. [PMID: 38569550 PMCID: PMC11153043 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The function of many organs, including skeletal muscle, depends on their three-dimensional structure. Muscle regeneration therefore requires not only reestablishment of myofibers but also restoration of tissue architecture. Resident muscle stem cells (SCs) are essential for regeneration, but how SCs regenerate muscle architecture is largely unknown. We address this problem using genetic labeling of mouse SCs and whole-mount imaging to reconstruct, in three dimensions, muscle regeneration. Unexpectedly, we found that myofibers form via two distinct phases of fusion and the residual basement membrane of necrotic myofibers is critical for promoting fusion and orienting regenerated myofibers. Furthermore, the centralized myonuclei characteristic of regenerated myofibers are associated with myofibrillogenesis and endure months post injury. Finally, we elucidate two cellular mechanisms for the formation of branched myofibers, a pathology characteristic of diseased muscle. We provide a synthesis of the cellular events of regeneration and show that these differ from those used during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C Collins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob B Shapiro
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mya M Scheib
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert V Musci
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mayank Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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3
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Chu LX, Wang WJ, Gu XP, Wu P, Gao C, Zhang Q, Wu J, Jiang DW, Huang JQ, Ying XW, Shen JM, Jiang Y, Luo LH, Xu JP, Ying YB, Chen HM, Fang A, Feng ZY, An SH, Li XK, Wang ZG. Spatiotemporal multi-omics: exploring molecular landscapes in aging and regenerative medicine. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:31. [PMID: 38797843 PMCID: PMC11129507 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and regeneration represent complex biological phenomena that have long captivated the scientific community. To fully comprehend these processes, it is essential to investigate molecular dynamics through a lens that encompasses both spatial and temporal dimensions. Conventional omics methodologies, such as genomics and transcriptomics, have been instrumental in identifying critical molecular facets of aging and regeneration. However, these methods are somewhat limited, constrained by their spatial resolution and their lack of capacity to dynamically represent tissue alterations. The advent of emerging spatiotemporal multi-omics approaches, encompassing transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics, furnishes comprehensive insights into these intricate molecular dynamics. These sophisticated techniques facilitate accurate delineation of molecular patterns across an array of cells, tissues, and organs, thereby offering an in-depth understanding of the fundamental mechanisms at play. This review meticulously examines the significance of spatiotemporal multi-omics in the realms of aging and regeneration research. It underscores how these methodologies augment our comprehension of molecular dynamics, cellular interactions, and signaling pathways. Initially, the review delineates the foundational principles underpinning these methods, followed by an evaluation of their recent applications within the field. The review ultimately concludes by addressing the prevailing challenges and projecting future advancements in the field. Indubitably, spatiotemporal multi-omics are instrumental in deciphering the complexities inherent in aging and regeneration, thus charting a course toward potential therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Xi Chu
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xin-Pei Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Regenerative and Rehabilitative Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, United States
| | - Jia Wu
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Wei Jiang
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Qing Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Wang Ying
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Men Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Hua Luo
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 324025, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Peng Xu
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Bo Ying
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Man Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ao Fang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zun-Yong Feng
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
| | - Shu-Hong An
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhou-Guang Wang
- Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drug Development and Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Institute of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Yang B, Yang G, Zhao F, Yao X, Xu L, Zhou L. Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Bioactive Factors Improve Bladder Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2024; 30:15-26. [PMID: 37756374 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient vascularization is still a challenge that impedes bladder tissue engineering and results in unsatisfied smooth muscle regeneration. Since bladder regeneration is a complex articulated process, the aim of this study is to investigate whether combining multiple pathways by exploiting a combination of biomaterials, cells, and bioactive factors, contributes to the improvements of smooth muscle regeneration and vascularization in tissue-engineered bladder. Autologous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) are cultured and incorporated into our previously prepared porcine bladder acellular matrix (BAM) for bladder augmentation in rabbits. Simultaneously, exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) mixed with Matrigel were injected around the implanted cells-BAM complex. In the results, compared with control rabbits received bladder augmentation with porcine BAM seeded with BSMCs, the experimental animals showed significantly improved smooth muscle regeneration and vascularization, along with more excellent functional recovery of tissue-engineered bladder, due to the additional combination of autologous EPCs and bioactive factors, including VEGF and PDGF-BB. Furthermore, cell tracking suggested that the seeded EPCs could be directly involved in neovascularization. Therefore, it may be an effective method to combine multiple pathways for tissue-engineering urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanjie Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Pai VP, Cooper BG, Levin M. Screening Biophysical Sensors and Neurite Outgrowth Actuators in Human Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Neurons. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162470. [PMID: 36010547 PMCID: PMC9406775 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All living cells maintain a charge distribution across their cell membrane (membrane potential) by carefully controlled ion fluxes. These bioelectric signals regulate cell behavior (such as migration, proliferation, differentiation) as well as higher-level tissue and organ patterning. Thus, voltage gradients represent an important parameter for diagnostics as well as a promising target for therapeutic interventions in birth defects, injury, and cancer. However, despite much progress in cell and molecular biology, little is known about bioelectric states in human stem cells. Here, we present simple methods to simultaneously track ion dynamics, membrane voltage, cell morphology, and cell activity (pH and ROS), using fluorescent reporter dyes in living human neurons derived from induced neural stem cells (hiNSC). We developed and tested functional protocols for manipulating ion fluxes, membrane potential, and cell activity, and tracking neural responses to injury and reinnervation in vitro. Finally, using morphology sensor, we tested and quantified the ability of physiological actuators (neurotransmitters and pH) to manipulate nerve repair and reinnervation. These methods are not specific to a particular cell type and should be broadly applicable to the study of bioelectrical controls across a wide range of combinations of models and endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav P. Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ben G. Cooper
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abstract
Despite the evolutionary loss of tissue regenerative potential, robust skeletal muscle repair processes are largely retained even in higher vertebrates. In mammals, the skeletal muscle regeneration program is driven by resident stem cells termed satellite cells, guided by the coordinated activity of multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors and other cell types. A thorough understanding of muscle repair mechanisms is crucial not only for combating skeletal myopathies, but for its prospective aid in devising therapeutic strategies to endow regenerative potential on otherwise regeneration-deficient organs. In this review, we discuss skeletal muscle regeneration from an evolutionary perspective, summarize the current knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and highlight novel paradigms of muscle repair revealed by explorations of the recent decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedah M Hindi
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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7
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of tumor suppressors arhgap28 and retinoblastoma in the lizard Podarcis muralis suggests that they contribute to the regulated regeneration of the tail. J Morphol 2022; 283:973-986. [PMID: 35708299 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tail regeneration in lizards is an outstanding and unique postembryonic morphogenetic process. This developmental process is regulated by poorly known factors, but recent studies have suggested that it derives from a balanced activity between oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Transcriptome and expression data have indicated that arhgap28 and retinoblastoma proteins are among the main tumor suppressors activated during tail regeneration. However, their cellular localization is not known. Therefore, in the present immunohistochemical study, two proteins have been detected in various tissues at the beginning of their differentiation. Both proteins are present especially in the new scales, axial cartilage, and muscle bundles of the regenerating tail, the main tissues forming the new tail. Sparse or occasionally labeled cells are observed in the blastema, but intense labeling is seen in the basal layers of the wound (regenerating) epidermis and in external differentiating epidermal layers. Numerous keratinocytes also show a nuclear localization for both proteins, suggesting that the latter may activate a gene program for tissue differentiation after the inhibition of cell multiplication. Based on microscopic, molecular, experimental, and in vitro studies, a hypothesis on the "inhibition of contact" among the apical cells of the blastema and those of proximal differentiating tissues is proposed to explain the permanence of an active blastema only at the apex of the regenerating tail without tail growth can degenerate into a tumorigenic outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Williams MAC, Mair DB, Lee W, Lee E, Kim DH. Engineering Three-Dimensional Vascularized Cardiac Tissues. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:336-350. [PMID: 33559514 PMCID: PMC9063162 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease is one of the largest burdens to human health worldwide and has very limited therapeutic options. Engineered three-dimensional (3D) vascularized cardiac tissues have shown promise in rescuing cardiac function in diseased hearts and may serve as a whole organ replacement in the future. One of the major obstacles in reconstructing these thick myocardial tissues to a clinically applicable scale is the integration of functional vascular networks capable of providing oxygen and nutrients throughout whole engineered constructs. Without perfusion of oxygen and nutrient flow throughout the entire engineered tissue not only is tissue viability compromised, but also overall tissue functionality is lost. There are many supporting technologies and approaches that have been developed to create vascular networks such as 3D bioprinting, co-culturing hydrogels, and incorporation of soluble angiogenic factors. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss some of the most current engineered vascular cardiac tissues reported in the literature and future directions in the field. Impact statement The field of cardiac tissue engineering is rapidly evolving and is now closer than ever to having engineered tissue models capable of predicting preclinical responses to therapeutics, modeling diseases, and being used as a means of rescuing cardiac function following injuries to the native myocardium. However, a major obstacle of engineering thick cardiac tissue remains to be the integration of functional vasculature. In this review, we highlight seminal and recently published works that have influenced and pushed the field of cardiac tissue engineering toward achieving vascularized functional tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devin B. Mair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wonjae Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Sasidharan V, Sánchez Alvarado A. The Diverse Manifestations of Regeneration and Why We Need to Study Them. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 14:a040931. [PMID: 34750171 PMCID: PMC9438785 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, the question of why some organisms can regenerate missing body parts while others cannot has remained poorly understood. This has been due in great part to the inability to genetically, molecularly, and cellularly dissect this problem for most of the history of the field. It has only been in the past 20-30 years that important mechanistic advances have been made in methodologies that introduce loss and gain of gene function in animals that can regenerate. However, we still have a very incomplete understanding of how broadly regenerative abilities may be dispersed across species and whether or not such properties share a common evolutionary origin, which may have emerged independently or both. Understanding regeneration, therefore, will require rigorously practiced fundamental, curiosity-driven, discovery research. Expanding the number of research organisms used to study regeneration allows us to uncover aspects of this problem we may not yet know exist and simultaneously increases our chances of solving this long-standing problem of biology.
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10
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Elchaninov A, Lokhonina A, Vishnyakova P, Soboleva A, Poltavets A, Artemova D, Makarov A, Glinkina V, Goldshtein D, Bolshakova G, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. MARCO + Macrophage Dynamics in Regenerating Liver after 70% Liver Resection in Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091129. [PMID: 34572315 PMCID: PMC8471044 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a key role in liver regeneration. The fates of resident macrophages after 70% resection are poorly investigated. In this work, using the MARCO macrophage marker (abbreviated from macrophage receptor with collagenous structure), we studied the dynamics of mouse liver resident macrophages after 70% resection. METHODS In BALB/c male mice, a model of liver regeneration after 70% resection was reproduced. The dynamics of markers CD68, TIM4, and MARCO were studied immunohistochemically and by using a Western blot. RESULTS The number of MARCO- and CD68-positive macrophages in the regenerating liver increased 1 day and 3 days after resection, respectively. At the same time, the content of the MARCO protein increased in the sorted macrophages of the regenerating liver on the third day. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that the number of MARCO-positive macrophages in the regenerating liver increases due to the activation of MARCO synthesis in the liver macrophages. The increased expression of MARCO by macrophages can be regarded as a sign of their activation. In the present study, stimulation with LPS led to an increase in the expression of the Marco gene in both Kupffer cells and macrophages of bone marrow origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Anna Soboleva
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Anastasiya Poltavets
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Daria Artemova
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrey Makarov
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
| | - Valeria Glinkina
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- Stem Cell Genetics Laboratory, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (P.V.); (A.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (T.F.)
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (D.A.); (G.B.)
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11
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Firipis K, Nisbet DR, Franks SJ, Kapsa RMI, Pirogova E, Williams RJ, Quigley A. Enhancing Peptide Biomaterials for Biofabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162590. [PMID: 34451130 PMCID: PMC8400132 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication using well-matched cell/materials systems provides unprecedented opportunities for dealing with human health issues where disease or injury overtake the body’s native regenerative abilities. Such opportunities can be enhanced through the development of biomaterials with cues that appropriately influence embedded cells into forming functional tissues and organs. In this context, biomaterials’ reliance on rigid biofabrication techniques needs to support the incorporation of a hierarchical mimicry of local and bulk biological cues that mimic the key functional components of native extracellular matrix. Advances in synthetic self-assembling peptide biomaterials promise to produce reproducible mimics of tissue-specific structures and may go some way in overcoming batch inconsistency issues of naturally sourced materials. Recent work in this area has demonstrated biofabrication with self-assembling peptide biomaterials with unique biofabrication technologies to support structural fidelity upon 3D patterning. The use of synthetic self-assembling peptide biomaterials is a growing field that has demonstrated applicability in dermal, intestinal, muscle, cancer and stem cell tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Firipis
- Biofab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.F.); (R.M.I.K.); (E.P.)
- Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (D.R.N.); (S.J.F.)
- The Graeme Clark Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Services, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Stephanie J. Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (D.R.N.); (S.J.F.)
| | - Robert M. I. Kapsa
- Biofab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.F.); (R.M.I.K.); (E.P.)
- Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne University, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3064, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- Biofab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.F.); (R.M.I.K.); (E.P.)
- Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Richard J. Williams
- Biofab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.F.); (R.M.I.K.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.J.W.); (A.Q.)
| | - Anita Quigley
- Biofab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.F.); (R.M.I.K.); (E.P.)
- Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne University, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3064, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.J.W.); (A.Q.)
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12
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Elchaninov A, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. Evolution of Regeneration in Animals: A Tangled Story. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.621686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of regenerative capacity in multicellular animals represents one of the most complex and intriguing problems in biology. How could such a seemingly advantageous trait as self-repair become consistently attenuated by the evolution? This review article examines the concept of the origin and nature of regeneration, its connection with the processes of embryonic development and asexual reproduction, as well as with the mechanisms of tissue homeostasis. The article presents a variety of classical and modern hypotheses explaining different trends in the evolution of regenerative capacity which is not always beneficial for the individual and notably for the species. Mechanistically, these trends are driven by the evolution of signaling pathways and progressive restriction of differentiation plasticity with concomitant advances in adaptive immunity. Examples of phylogenetically enhanced regenerative capacity are considered as well, with appropriate evolutionary reasoning for the enhancement and discussion of its molecular mechanisms.
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13
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Hagiwara R, Oki Y, Matsumaru T, Ibayashi S, Kano K. Generation of metabolically functional hepatocyte-like cells from dedifferentiated fat cells by Foxa2, Hnf4a and Sall1 transduction. Genes Cells 2020; 25:811-824. [PMID: 33064855 PMCID: PMC7894465 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells have been identified to possess similar multipotency to mesenchymal stem cells, but a method for converting DFAT cells into hepatocytes was previously unknown. Here, using comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles, we have extracted three transcription factors, namely Foxa2, Hnf4a and Sall1 (FHS), that can convert DFAT cells into hepatocytes. Hepatogenic induction has converted FHS-infected DFAT cells into an epithelial-like morphological state and promoted the expression of hepatocyte-specific features. Furthermore, the DFAT-derived hepatocyte-like (D-Hep) cells catalyzed the detoxification of several compounds. These results indicate that the transduction of DFAT cells with three genes, which were extracted by comprehensive gene expression analysis, efficiently generated D-Hep cells with detoxification abilities similar to those of primary hepatocytes. Thus, D-Hep cells may be useful as a new cell source for surrogate hepatocytes and may be applied to drug discovery studies, such as hepatotoxicity screening and drug metabolism tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Hagiwara
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumaru
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shiho Ibayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kano
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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14
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Vijayakumar P, Cardeira J, Laizé V, Gavaia PJ, Cancela ML. Cells Isolated from Regenerating Caudal Fin of Sparus aurata Can Differentiate into Distinct Bone Cell Lineages. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:333-347. [PMID: 32080776 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Teleosts have the ability to regenerate their caudal fin upon amputation. A highly proliferative mass of undifferentiated cells called blastema forms beneath wound epidermis and differentiates to regenerate all missing parts of the fin. To date, the origin and fate of the blastema is not completely understood. However, current hypotheses suggest that the blastema is comprised of lineage-restricted dedifferentiated cells. To investigate the differentiation capacity of regenerating fin-derived cells, primary cultures were initiated from the explants of 2-days post-amputation (dpa) regenerates of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). These cells were subcultured for over 30 passages and were named as BSa2. After 10 passages they were characterized for their ability to differentiate towards different bone cell lineages and mineralize their extracellular matrix, through immunocytochemistry, histology, and RT-PCR. Exogenous DNA was efficiently delivered into these cells by nucleofection. Assessment of lineage-specific markers revealed that BSa2 cells were capable of osteo/chondroblastic differentiation. BSa2 cells were also found to be capable of osteoclastic differentiation, as demonstrated through TRAP-specific staining and pit resorption assay. Here, we describe the development of the first successful cell line viz., BSa2, from S. aurata 2-dpa regenerating caudal fins, which has the ability of multilineage differentiation and is capable of in vitro mineralization. The availability of such in vitro cell systems has the potential to stimulate research on the mechanisms of cell differentiation during fin regeneration and provide new insights into the mechanisms of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Vijayakumar
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India.
| | - João Cardeira
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM) and Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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15
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Cigliola V, Ghila L, Chera S, Herrera PL. Tissue repair brakes: A common paradigm in the biology of regeneration. Stem Cells 2019; 38:330-339. [PMID: 31722129 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, most attention on tissue regeneration has focused on the exploration of positive cues promoting or allowing the engagement of natural cellular restoration upon injury. In contrast, the signals fostering cell identity maintenance in the vertebrate body have been poorly investigated; yet they are crucial, for their counteraction could become a powerful method to induce and modulate regeneration. Here we review the mechanisms inhibiting pro-regenerative spontaneous adaptive cell responses in different model organisms and organs. The pharmacological or genetic/epigenetic modulation of such regenerative brakes could release a dormant but innate adaptive competence of certain cell types and therefore boost tissue regeneration in different situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Cell Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Luiza Ghila
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine & Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming. Circ Res 2019; 122:128-141. [PMID: 29301845 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All living beings undergo systemic physiological decline after ontogeny, characterized as aging. Modern medicine has increased the life expectancy, yet this has created an aged society that has more predisposition to degenerative disorders. Therefore, novel interventions that aim to extend the healthspan in parallel to the life span are needed. Regeneration ability of living beings maintains their biological integrity and thus is the major leverage against aging. However, mammalian regeneration capacity is low and further declines during aging. Therefore, modalities that reinforce regeneration can antagonize aging. Recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine have shown that aging is not an irreversible process. Conversion of somatic cells to embryonic-like pluripotent cells demonstrated that the differentiated state and age of a cell is not fixed. Identification of the pluripotency-inducing factors subsequently ignited the idea that cellular features can be reprogrammed by defined factors that specify the desired outcome. The last decade consequently has witnessed a plethora of studies that modify cellular features including the hallmarks of aging in addition to cellular function and identity in a variety of cell types in vitro. Recently, some of these reprogramming strategies have been directly used in animal models in pursuit of rejuvenation and cell replacement. Here, we review these in vivo reprogramming efforts and discuss their potential use to extend the longevity by complementing or augmenting the regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergin Beyret
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Paloma Martinez Redondo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Aida Platero Luengo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.).
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17
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P SV, P D R, A B A. Role of PI3K-Akt and MAPK Signaling in Uranyl Nitrate-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:405-411. [PMID: 30302617 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is a heavy metal of considerable environmental and occupational concern. It is well-known that the kidney is the major target organ of uranium exposure. Elucidating the mechanistic basis of uranium interactions is essential for monitoring the health risk. In the present study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms involved in uranyl nitrate-induced nephrotoxicity. Male Swiss albino mice were administrated with a single intraperitoneal dose of 2 and 4 mg/kg of uranyl nitrate at different time points 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days. Uranyl nitrate intoxication-induced apoptosis in the kidney tissue was observed by TUNEL assay. To assess the proliferation, immunohistochemistry was performed using Ki67 proliferative marker followed by western blotting to confirm the involvement of key signaling molecules. The number of TUNEL positive nuclei peaked at third day after uranyl nitrate insult. The increased expression of proliferation marker Ki67 suggests the enhanced DNA repair process prominently at seventh day. Uranyl nitrate administration also resulted in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Akt, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) expression. All these changes were found to be time-dependent. The result of the current study suggests that uranyl nitrate induces acute renal injury by activation of apoptosis through JNK pathway, while the early activation of signaling molecules Akt and ERK promotes the tubular cell proliferation and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangetha Vijayan P
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rekha P D
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Arun A B
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
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18
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Baghdadi MB, Tajbakhsh S. Regulation and phylogeny of skeletal muscle regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Simkin J, Seifert AW. Concise Review: Translating Regenerative Biology into Clinically Relevant Therapies: Are We on the Right Path? Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:220-231. [PMID: 29271610 PMCID: PMC5788874 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite approaches in regenerative medicine using stem cells, bio‐engineered scaffolds, and targeted drug delivery to enhance human tissue repair, clinicians remain unable to regenerate large‐scale, multi‐tissue defects in situ. The study of regenerative biology using mammalian models of complex tissue regeneration offers an opportunity to discover key factors that stimulate a regenerative rather than fibrotic response to injury. For example, although primates and rodents can regenerate their distal digit tips, they heal more proximal amputations with scar tissue. Rabbits and African spiny mice re‐grow tissue to fill large musculoskeletal defects through their ear pinna, while other mammals fail to regenerate identical defects and instead heal ear holes through fibrotic repair. This Review explores the utility of these comparative healing models using the spiny mouse ear pinna and the mouse digit tip to consider how mechanistic insight into reparative regeneration might serve to advance regenerative medicine. Specifically, we consider how inflammation and immunity, extracellular matrix composition, and controlled cell proliferation intersect to establish a pro‐regenerative microenvironment in response to injuries. Understanding how some mammals naturally regenerate complex tissue can provide a blueprint for how we might manipulate the injury microenvironment to enhance regenerative abilities in humans. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:220–231
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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20
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Marrero L, Dawson LA, Yan M, Tucker C, Cammack A, Muneoka K. Macrophages are required to coordinate mouse digit tip regeneration. Development 2017; 144:3907-3916. [PMID: 28935712 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, macrophages are known to play a major role in tissue regeneration. They contribute to inflammation, histolysis, re-epithelialization, revascularization and cell proliferation. Macrophages have been shown to be essential for regeneration in salamanders and fish, but their role has not been elucidated in mammalian epimorphic regeneration. Here, using the regenerating mouse digit tip as a mammalian model, we demonstrate that macrophages are essential for the regeneration process. Using cell-depletion strategies, we show that regeneration is completely inhibited; bone histolysis does not occur, wound re-epithelialization is inhibited and the blastema does not form. Although rescue of epidermal wound closure in the absence of macrophages promotes blastema accumulation, it does not rescue cell differentiation, indicating that macrophages play a key role in the redifferentiation of the blastema. We provide additional evidence that although bone degradation is a component, it is not essential to the overall regenerative process. These findings show that macrophages play an essential role in coordinating the epimorphic regenerative response in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Luis Marrero
- Morphology and Imaging Core Laboratory, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Alex Cammack
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA .,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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21
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Cahill TJ, Choudhury RP, Riley PR. Heart regeneration and repair after myocardial infarction: translational opportunities for novel therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:699-717. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Milyavsky M, Dickie R. Methylene Blue Assay for Estimation of Regenerative Re-Epithelialization In Vivo. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:113-121. [PMID: 28228166 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The rapidity with which epithelial cells cover a wound surface helps determine whether scarring or scar-less healing results. As methylene blue is a vital dye that is absorbed by damaged tissue but not undamaged epidermis, it can be used to assess wound closure. We sought to develop a quantitative methylene blue exclusion assay to estimate the timeframe for re-epithelialization in regenerating appendages in zebrafish and axolotls, two classic model systems of regeneration. Following application of methylene blue to the amputation plane and extensive washing, the regenerating tail was imaged in vivo until staining was no longer visible. The percent area of the amputation plane positive for methylene blue, representing the area of the amputation plane not yet re-epithelialized, was measured for each time point. The loss of methylene blue occurred rapidly, within ~2.5 h in larval and juvenile axolotls and <1 h in adult zebrafish, consistent with high rates of re-epithelialization in these models of regeneration. The assay allows simple, rapid estimation of the time course for regenerative re-epithelialization without affecting subsequent regenerative ability. This technique will permit comparison of re-epithelialization across different strains and stages, as well as under the influence of various pharmacological inhibitors that affect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maresha Milyavsky
- Department of Biological Sciences,Towson University,Towson, MD 21252,USA
| | - Renee Dickie
- Department of Biological Sciences,Towson University,Towson, MD 21252,USA
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23
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Mirahmadi M, Nakhaei-Rad S, Matin MM, Shahriyari M, Saeinasab M, Mahmoudi Z, Haghighitalab A, Mahdavi-Shahri N, Bahrami AR. Dedifferentiation Effects of Rabbit Regenerating Tissue on Partially Differentiated Cells. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:333-343. [PMID: 27602600 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell Stemness can be achieved by various reprogramming techniques namely, somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, cell extracts, and introduction of transcription factors from which induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are obtained. iPSCs are valuable cell sources for drug screening and human disease modeling. Alternatives to virus-based introduction of transcription factors include application of DNA-free methods and introduction of chemically defined culturing conditions. However, the possibility of tumor development is still a hurdle. By taking advantage of NTERA-2 cells, a human embryonal carcinoma cell line, we obtained partially differentiated cells and examined the dedifferentiation capacity of regenerative tissue from rabbit ears. Results indicated that treatment of partially differentiated NTERA-2 cells with the regenerating tissue-conditioned medium (CM) induced expression of key pluripotency markers as examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry techniques. In this study, it is reported for the first time that the CM obtained from rabbit regenerating tissue contains dedifferentiation factors, taking cells back to the pluripotency. This system could be a simple and efficient way to reprogram the differentiated cells and generate iPSCs for clinical applications as this system is not accompanied by any viral vector, and reprograms the cells within 10 days of treatment. The results may convince the genomic experts to study the unknown signaling pathways involved in the dedifferentiation by regenerating tissue-CM to authenticate the reprogramming model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mirahmadi
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
- 2 Stem Cell and Regenerative Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education , Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
- 3 Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maryam M Matin
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
- 2 Stem Cell and Regenerative Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education , Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
- 4 Cell and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Shahriyari
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morvarid Saeinasab
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Mahmoudi
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
- 4 Cell and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haghighitalab
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
- 4 Cell and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naser Mahdavi-Shahri
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
- 4 Cell and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, Iran
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Jaźwińska A, Sallin P. Regeneration versus scarring in vertebrate appendages and heart. J Pathol 2016; 238:233-46. [PMID: 26414617 PMCID: PMC5057359 DOI: 10.1002/path.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to complex human organs, such as the limbs and the heart, result in pathological conditions, for which we often lack adequate treatments. While modern regenerative approaches are based on the transplantation of stem cell-derived cells, natural regeneration in lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish and newts, relies predominantly on the intrinsic plasticity of mature tissues. This property involves local activation of the remaining material at the site of injury to promote cell division, cell migration and complete reproduction of the missing structure. It remains an unresolved question why adult mammals are not equally competent to reactivate morphogenetic programmes. Although organ regeneration depends strongly on the proliferative properties of cells in the injured tissue, it is apparent that various organismic factors, such as innervation, vascularization, hormones, metabolism and the immune system, can affect this process. Here, we focus on a correlation between the regenerative capacity and cellular specialization in the context of functional demands, as illustrated by appendages and heart in diverse vertebrates. Elucidation of the differences between homologous regenerative and non-regenerative tissues from various animal models is essential for understanding the applicability of lessons learned from the study of regenerative biology to clinical strategies for the treatment of injured human organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaźwińska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Sallin
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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Li Q, Yang H, Zhong TP. Regeneration across metazoan phylogeny: lessons from model organisms. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:57-70. [PMID: 25697100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehending the diversity of the regenerative potential across metazoan phylogeny represents a fundamental challenge in biology. Invertebrates like Hydra and planarians exhibit amazing feats of regeneration, in which an entire organism can be restored from minute body segments. Vertebrates like teleost fish and amphibians can also regrow large sections of the body. While this regenerative capacity is greatly attenuated in mammals, there are portions of major organs that remain regenerative. Regardless of the extent, there are common basic strategies to regeneration, including activation of adult stem cells and proliferation of differentiated cells. Here, we discuss the cellular features and molecular mechanisms that are involved in regeneration in different model organisms, including Hydra, planarians, zebrafish and newts as well as in several mammalian organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, Fudan University School of Life Science, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, Fudan University School of Life Science, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, Fudan University School of Life Science, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Kusaba T, Humphreys BD. Controversies on the origin of proliferating epithelial cells after kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:673-9. [PMID: 24322596 PMCID: PMC3944107 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kidney possesses the capacity to repair after an acute insult, even one that causes complete organ failure. This regenerative response is characterized by robust proliferation of epithelial cells, principally those located in the proximal tubule. Because defining the origin of these reparative cells has important consequences for stem cell and regenerative approaches to treating kidney injury, this area has been the subject of intense investigation and debate. While progress has been made in narrowing the possible origin of these cells to an intratubular source, there has been no consensus between the possibility of a pre-existing intratubular stem or progenitor cell versus the possibility that fully differentiated epithelial cells re-enter the cell cycle after injury and generate new proximal tubule cells through self-duplication. This review will summarize the evidence on both sides of this active controversy and provide support for the notion that no pre-existing proximal tubule stem cell population exists, but rather all differentiated proximal tubule epithelia have the capacity to proliferate during repair by a mechanism of dedifferentiation and self-duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kusaba
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Regeneration is a process by which organisms replace damaged or amputated organs to restore normal body parts. Regeneration of many tissues or organs requires proliferation of stem cells or stem cell-like blastema cells. This regenerative growth is often initiated by cell death pathways induced by damage. The executors of regenerative growth are a group of growth-promoting signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, EGFR, Hippo/YAP, and Wnt/β-catenin. These pathways are also essential to developmental growth, but in regeneration, they are activated in distinct ways and often at higher strengths, under the regulation by certain stress-responsive signaling pathways, including JNK signaling. Growth suppressors are important in termination of regeneration to prevent unlimited growth and also contribute to the loss of regenerative capacity in nonregenerative organs. Here, we review cellular and molecular growth regulation mechanisms induced by organ damage in several models with different regenerative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongping Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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Molecular insight into the association between cartilage regeneration and ear wound healing in genetic mouse models: targeting new genes in regeneration. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1881-91. [PMID: 24002865 PMCID: PMC3815053 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.007302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a complex trait with few genetic models available. Mouse strains LG/J and MRL are exceptional healers. Using recombinant inbred strains from a large (LG/J, healer) and small (SM/J, nonhealer) intercross, we have previously shown a positive genetic correlation between ear wound healing, knee cartilage regeneration, and protection from osteoarthritis. We hypothesize that a common set of genes operates in tissue healing and articular cartilage regeneration. Taking advantage of archived histological sections from recombinant inbred strains, we analyzed expression of candidate genes through branched-chain DNA technology directly from tissue lysates. We determined broad-sense heritability of candidates, Pearson correlation of candidates with healing phenotypes, and Ward minimum variance cluster analysis for strains. A bioinformatic assessment of allelic polymorphisms within and near candidate genes was also performed. The expression of several candidates was significantly heritable among strains. Although several genes correlated with both ear wound healing and cartilage healing at a marginal level, the expression of four genes representing DNA repair (Xrcc2, Pcna) and Wnt signaling (Axin2, Wnt16) pathways was significantly positively correlated with both phenotypes. Cluster analysis accurately classified healers and nonhealers for seven out of eight strains based on gene expression. Specific sequence differences between LG/J and SM/J were identified as potential causal polymorphisms. Our study suggests a common genetic basis between tissue healing and osteoarthritis susceptibility. Mapping genetic variations causing differences in diverse healing responses in multiple tissues may reveal generic healing processes in pursuit of new therapeutic targets designed to induce or enhance regeneration and, potentially, protection from osteoarthritis.
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Parasympathetic stimulation improves epithelial organ regeneration. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1494. [PMID: 23422662 PMCID: PMC3582394 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasympathetic nerves are a vital component of the progenitor cell niche during development, maintaining a pool of progenitors for organogenesis. Injured adult organs do not regenerate after parasympathectomy, and there are few treatments to improve organ regeneration, particularly after damage by therapeutic irradiation. Here we show that restoring parasympathetic function with the neurotrophic factor neurturin increases epithelial organ regeneration after damage. We use mouse salivary gland explant culture containing fluorescently-labeled progenitors, and injure the tissue with irradiation. The progenitors survive, parasympathetic function is diminished, and epithelial apoptosis reduces expression of neurturin, which increases neuronal apoptosis. Treatment with neurturin reduces neuronal apoptosis, restores parasympathetic function, and increases epithelial regeneration. Furthermore adult human salivary glands damaged by irradiation also have reduced parasympathetic innervation. We propose that neurturin will protect the parasympathetic nerves from damage and improve organ regeneration. This concept may be applicable for other organs where parasympathetic innervation influences their function.
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Sereysky JB, Flatow EL, Andarawis-Puri N. Musculoskeletal regeneration and its implications for the treatment of tendinopathy. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:293-303. [PMID: 23772908 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathies are common muskoloskeletal injuries that lead to pain and disability. Development and pathogenesis of tendinopathy is attributed to progressive pathological changes to the structure, function, and biology of tendon. The nature of this disease state, whether acquired by acute or chronic injury, is being actively investigated. Scarring, disorganized tissue, and loss of function characterize adult tendon healing. Recent work from animal models has begun to reveal the potential for adult mammalian tendon regeneration, the replacement of diseased with innate tissue. This review discusses what is known about musculoskeletal regeneration from a molecular perspective and how these findings can be applied to tendinopathy. Non-mammalian and mammalian models are discussed with emphasis on the potential of Murphy Roths Large mice to serve as a model of adult tendon regeneration. Comparison of regeneration in non-mammals, foetal mammals and adult mammals emphasizes distinctly different contributing factors to effective regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd B Sereysky
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Cutaneous wound healing: recruiting developmental pathways for regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2059-81. [PMID: 23052205 PMCID: PMC3663196 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following a skin injury, the damaged tissue is repaired through the coordinated biological actions that constitute the cutaneous healing response. In mammals, repaired skin is not identical to intact uninjured skin, however, and this disparity may be caused by differences in the mechanisms that regulate postnatal cutaneous wound repair compared to embryonic skin development. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for wound healing complications. Here we focus on the roles of several key developmental signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, Notch) in mammalian cutaneous wound repair, and compare this to their function in skin development. We discuss the varying responses to cutaneous injury across the taxa, ranging from complete regeneration to scar tissue formation. Finally, we outline how research into the role of developmental pathways during skin repair has contributed to current wound therapies, and holds potential for the development of more effective treatments.
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Fujigaki Y. Different modes of renal proximal tubule regeneration in health and disease. World J Nephrol 2012; 1:92-9. [PMID: 24175246 PMCID: PMC3782202 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v1.i4.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissues are equipped with reasonable strategies for repair and regeneration and the renal proximal tubule (PT) is no exception. New information has become available on the mode of PT regeneration in mammals. Unlike the intestinal epithelium with a high rate of turnover maintained by the stem cell system, the kidney has low turnover under normal physiological conditions. The PT seems to be maintained physiologically by hyperplasia, a regenerating system with self-renewal of mature tubular cells. This mode of regeneration is advantageous for effective replenishment of randomly isolated and eliminated tubular cells by self-renewal of adjacent cells. On the other hand, it has been suggested that dedifferentiation of mature tubular cells plays a role in regeneration after acute kidney injury. Recent studies employing genetic labeling and DNA-labeling techniques have confirmed that the proliferation of preexisting injured mature tubular cells contributes mainly to PT regeneration in ischemic reperfusion injury. This mode of regeneration is beneficial with regard to the rapid reparation of focally injured tubules often induced by ischemic reperfusion injury. What happens, however, when the PT is homogeneously injured with almost no remaining surviving cells Is the PT equipped with another backup regeneration system, e.g., the stem cell system Is it possible that certain types of renal injuries evoke a stem cell response whereas others do not This review focuses on all three possible modes of tissue regeneration (compensatory hyperplasia, dedifferentiation and stem cell system) in mammals and their involvement in PT regeneration in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Yoshihide Fujigaki, First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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Rai MF, Hashimoto S, Johnson EE, Janiszak KL, Fitzgerald J, Heber-Katz E, Cheverud JM, Sandell LJ. Heritability of articular cartilage regeneration and its association with ear wound healing in mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:2300-10. [PMID: 22275233 PMCID: PMC3360138 DOI: 10.1002/art.34396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging evidence suggests that genetic components contribute significantly to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis pathophysiology, but little information is available on the genetics of cartilage regeneration. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate cartilage regeneration in genetic murine models using common inbred strains and a set of recombinant inbred (RI) lines generated from LG/J (healer of ear wounds) and SM/J (nonhealer) inbred mouse strains. METHODS An acute full-thickness cartilage injury was introduced in the trochlear groove of 8-week-old mice (n=265) through microsurgery. Mouse knee joints were sagittally sectioned and stained with toluidine blue to evaluate regeneration. For the ear wound phenotype, a bilateral 2-mm through-and-through puncture was created in 6-week-old mice (n=229), and healing outcomes were measured after 30 days. Broad-sense heritability and genetic correlations were calculated for both phenotypes. RESULTS Time-course analysis of the RI mouse lines showed no significant regeneration until 16 weeks after surgery; at that time, the strains could be segregated into 3 categories: good, intermediate, and poor healers. Analysis of heritability (H2) showed that both cartilage regeneration (H2=26%; P=0.006) and ear wound closure (H2=53%; P<0.00001) were significantly heritable. The genetic correlations between the two healing phenotypes for common inbred mouse strains (r=0.92) and RI mouse lines (r=0.86) were found to be extremely high. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that articular cartilage regeneration in mice is heritable, the differences between the mouse lines are due to genetic differences, and a strong genetic correlation between the two phenotypes exists, indicating that they plausibly share a common genetic basis. We therefore surmise that LG/J by SM/J intercross mice can be used to dissect the genetic basis of variation in cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
| | - Eric E. Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
| | - Kara L. Janiszak
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
| | - Jamie Fitzgerald
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Mail code OP31, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239 United States
| | - Ellen Heber-Katz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncogenesis and Gene Expression, Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 United States
| | - James M. Cheverud
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
| | - Linda J. Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 660 S. Euclid Ave. MS 8233, St. Louis MO 63110 United States
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Weber CM, Martindale MQ, Tapscott SJ, Unguez GA. Activation of Pax7-positive cells in a non-contractile tissue contributes to regeneration of myogenic tissues in the electric fish S. macrurus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36819. [PMID: 22685526 PMCID: PMC3365140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate tissues is shared across many metazoan taxa, yet the type and extent to which multiple cellular mechanisms come into play can differ across species. For example, urodele amphibians can completely regenerate all lost tissues, including skeletal muscles after limb amputation. This remarkable ability of urodeles to restore entire limbs has been largely linked to a dedifferentiation-dependent mechanism of regeneration. However, whether cell dedifferentiation is the fundamental factor that triggers a robust regeneration capacity, and whether the loss or inhibition of this process explains the limited regeneration potential in other vertebrates is not known. Here, we studied the cellular mechanisms underlying the repetitive regeneration of myogenic tissues in the electric fish S. macrurus. Our in vivo microinjection studies of high molecular weight cell lineage tracers into single identified adult myogenic cells (muscle or noncontractile muscle-derived electrocytes) revealed no fragmentation or cellularization proximal to the amputation plane. In contrast, ultrastructural and immunolabeling studies verified the presence of myogenic stem cells that express the satellite cell marker Pax7 in mature muscle fibers and electrocytes of S. macrurus. These data provide the first example of Pax-7 positive muscle stem cells localized within a non-contractile electrogenic tissue. Moreover, upon amputation, Pax-7 positive cells underwent a robust replication and were detected exclusively in regions that give rise to myogenic cells and dorsal spinal cord components revealing a regeneration process in S. macrurus that is dependent on the activation of myogenic stem cells for the renewal of both skeletal muscle and the muscle-derived electric organ. These data are consistent with the emergent concept in vertebrate regeneration that different tissues provide a distinct progenitor cell population to the regeneration blastema, and these progenitor cells subsequently restore the original tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Weber
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Mark Q. Martindale
- Kewalo Marine Lab, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Tapscott
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Graciela A. Unguez
- Biology Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
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Rodrigues AMC, Christen B, Martí M, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. Skeletal muscle regeneration in Xenopus tadpoles and zebrafish larvae. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:9. [PMID: 22369050 PMCID: PMC3313851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Mammals are not able to restore lost appendages, while many amphibians are. One important question about epimorphic regeneration is related to the origin of the new tissues and whether they come from mature cells via dedifferentiation and/or from stem cells. Several studies in urodele amphibians (salamanders) indicate that, after limb or tail amputation, the multinucleated muscle fibres do dedifferentiate by fragmentation and proliferation, thereby contributing to the regenerate. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles, however, it was shown that muscle fibres do not contribute directly to the tail regenerate. We set out to study whether dedifferentiation was present during muscle regeneration of the tadpole limb and zebrafish larval tail, mainly by cell tracing and histological observations. Results Cell tracing and histological observations indicate that zebrafish tail muscle do not dedifferentiate during regeneration. Technical limitations did not allow us to trace tadpole limb cells, nevertheless we observed no signs of dedifferentiation histologically. However, ultrastructural and gene expression analysis of regenerating muscle in tadpole tail revealed an unexpected dedifferentiation phenotype. Further histological studies showed that dedifferentiating tail fibres did not enter the cell cycle and in vivo cell tracing revealed no evidences of muscle fibre fragmentation. In addition, our results indicate that this incomplete dedifferentiation was initiated by the retraction of muscle fibres. Conclusions Our results show that complete skeletal muscle dedifferentiation is less common than expected in lower vertebrates. In addition, the discovery of incomplete dedifferentiation in muscle fibres of the tadpole tail stresses the importance of coupling histological studies with in vivo cell tracing experiments to better understand the regenerative mechanisms.
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Martino G, Pluchino S, Bonfanti L, Schwartz M. Brain regeneration in physiology and pathology: the immune signature driving therapeutic plasticity of neural stem cells. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:1281-304. [PMID: 22013212 PMCID: PMC3552310 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative processes occurring under physiological (maintenance) and pathological (reparative) conditions are a fundamental part of life and vary greatly among different species, individuals, and tissues. Physiological regeneration occurs naturally as a consequence of normal cell erosion, or as an inevitable outcome of any biological process aiming at the restoration of homeostasis. Reparative regeneration occurs as a consequence of tissue damage. Although the central nervous system (CNS) has been considered for years as a "perennial" tissue, it has recently become clear that both physiological and reparative regeneration occur also within the CNS to sustain tissue homeostasis and repair. Proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) residing within the healthy CNS, or surviving injury, are considered crucial in sustaining these processes. Thus a large number of experimental stem cell-based transplantation systems for CNS repair have recently been established. The results suggest that transplanted NPCs promote tissue repair not only via cell replacement but also through their local contribution to changes in the diseased tissue milieu. This review focuses on the remarkable plasticity of endogenous and exogenous (transplanted) NPCs in promoting repair. Special attention will be given to the cross-talk existing between NPCs and CNS-resident microglia as well as CNS-infiltrating immune cells from the circulation, as a crucial event sustaining NPC-mediated neuroprotection. Finally, we will propose the concept of the context-dependent potency of transplanted NPCs (therapeutic plasticity) to exert multiple therapeutic actions, such as cell replacement, neurotrophic support, and immunomodulation, in CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Martino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Yoshinari N, Kawakami A. Mature and juvenile tissue models of regeneration in small fish species. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:62-78. [PMID: 21876111 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n1p62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The multitude of cells constituting organisms are fragile and easily damaged day by day. Therefore, maintenance of tissue morphology and function is fundamental for multicellular organisms to attain long life. For proper maintenance of tissue integrity, organisms must have mechanisms that detect the loss of tissue mass, activate the de novo production of cells, and organize those cells into functional tissues. However, these processes are only poorly understood. Here we give an overview of adult and juvenile tissue regeneration models in small fish species, such as zebrafish and medaka, and highlight recent advances at the molecular level. From these advances, we have come to realize that the epidermal and mesenchymal parts of the regenerating fish fin-that is, the wound epidermis and blastema, respectively-comprise heterogeneous populations of cells with different molecular identities that can be termed "compartments." These compartments and their mutual interactions are thought to play important roles in promoting the proper progression of tissue regeneration. We further describe the current understanding of these compartments and discuss the possible approaches to affording a better understanding of their roles and interactions during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Yoshinari
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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A small scale expression screen identifies tissue specific markers in the Dugesia japonica strain Pek-1. J Genet Genomics 2011; 37:621-35. [PMID: 20933215 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater planaria has tremendous capacity to reform the missing part of the body and therefore is considered as one of the most important model organism for regeneration study. At present, Schmidtea mediterranea and Dugesia japonica are the two major species utilized for laboratory manipulations. Dugesia japonica flatworms are widely distributed in the Far East including Cherry Valley region in the north-west area of Beijing, China. We reported here the establishment of an asexual Dugesia japonica strain Pek-1, as a suitable system for regeneration study. Using morphological, karyotypical as well as phylogenetic analyses, we confirmed that these flatworms indeed belonged to Dugesia japonica. We went on to show that the commonly used in situ probes and immunohistochemistry reagents and protocols were applicable to the Pek-1 strain. Using this strain, we carried out small scale analysis on EST, RNAi and gene expression. We identified 193 unique EST sequences and 65 of them had not been reported in planarian. By RNAi analysis, we showed that 48 genes, when down-regulated individually, had no effect on regeneration. Furthermore, we identified 3 groups of tissue specific expressing genes that were useful for cell lineage analysis. We concluded that the Dugesia japonica Pek-1 strain could be another suitable animal model to regeneration research.
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Esposito AR, Duek EAR, Lucchesi C, Prazeres L, Pezzin APT. Citocompatibilidade de blendas de poli(p-dioxanona)/ poli(hidroxi butirato) (PPD/PHB) para aplicações em engenharia de tecido cartilaginoso. POLIMEROS 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282010005000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Buscando estratégias que repercutam na melhoria da interação entre materiais poliméricos biorreabsorvíveis e o crescimento celular, o presente estudo in vitro teve como objetivo estudar a influência de blendas de PPD/PHB na adesão celular e crescimento de fibrocondrócitos obtidos a partir de cultura primária. As blendas de PPD/PHB foram preparadas pelo método de evaporação de solvente nas composições 100/0, 60/40 e 50/50 e caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Observações ultra-estruturais mostraram alterações na morfologia celular, sugerindo que os fibrocondrócitos podem responder a alterações no substrato alterando seu perfil fenotípico. As análises com MTT demonstraram que as blendas não apresentaram citotoxicidade e permitiram a adesão e proliferação dos fibrocondrócitos sobre os substratos em todas as suas composições. O ensaio colorimétrico com Sirius Red evidenciou a capacidade de manutenção da síntese de matriz extracelular colágena sobre as amostras, concluindo-se que as blendas de PPD/PHB podem ser indicadas para o cultivo celular.
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Silencing SERCA1b in a few fibers stimulates growth in the entire regenerating soleus muscle. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 135:11-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arthur LM, Demarest RM, Clark L, Gourevitch D, Bedelbaeva K, Anderson R, Snyder A, Capobianco AJ, Lieberman P, Feigenbaum L, Heber-Katz E. Epimorphic regeneration in mice is p53-independent. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:3667-73. [PMID: 20855943 PMCID: PMC3047795 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.18.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of regeneration is most readily studied in species of sponge, hydra, planarian and salamander (i.e., newt and axolotl). The closure of MRL mouse ear pinna through-and-through holes provides a mammalian model of unusual wound healing/regeneration in which a blastema-like structure closes the ear hole and cartilage and hair follicles are replaced. Recent studies, based on a broad level of DNA damage and a cell cycle pattern of G₂/M "arrest," showed that p21(Cip1/Waf1) was missing from the MRL mouse ear and that a p21-null mouse could close its ear holes. Given the p53/p21 axis of control of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence, we tested the role of p53 in the ear hole regenerative response. Using backcross mice, we found that loss of p53 in MRL mice did not show reduced healing. Furthermore, cross sections of MRL. p53(-/-) mouse ears at 6 weeks post-injury showed an increased level of adipocytes and chondrocytes in the region of healing whereas MRL or p21(-/-) mice showed chondrogenesis alone in this same region, though at later time points. In addition, we also investigated other cell cycle-related mutant mice to determine how p21 was being regulated. We demonstrate that p16 and Gadd45 null mice show little healing capacity. Interestingly, a partial healing phenotype in mice with a dual Tgfβ/Rag2 knockout mutation was seen. These data demonstrate an independence of p53 signaling for mouse appendage regeneration and suggest that the role of p21 in this process is possibly through the abrogation of the Tgfβ/Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matthew Arthur
- The Wistar Institute, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD, USA
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Li WC, Rukstalis JM, Nishimura W, Tchipashvili V, Habener JF, Sharma A, Bonner-Weir S. Activation of pancreatic-duct-derived progenitor cells during pancreas regeneration in adult rats. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:2792-802. [PMID: 20663919 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.065268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult pancreas has considerable capacity to regenerate in response to injury. We hypothesized that after partial pancreatectomy (Px) in adult rats, pancreatic-duct cells serve as a source of regeneration by undergoing a reproducible dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. We support this hypothesis by the detection of an early loss of the ductal differentiation marker Hnf6 in the mature ducts, followed by the transient appearance of areas composed of proliferating ductules, called foci of regeneration, which subsequently form new pancreatic lobes. In young foci, ductules express markers of the embryonic pancreatic epithelium - Pdx1, Tcf2 and Sox9 - suggesting that these cells act as progenitors of the regenerating pancreas. The endocrine-lineage-specific transcription factor Neurogenin3, which is found in the developing embryonic pancreas, was transiently detected in the foci. Islets in foci initially resemble embryonic islets in their lack of MafA expression and lower percentage of beta-cells, but with increasing maturation have increasing numbers of MafA(+) insulin(+) cells. Taken together, we provide a mechanism by which adult pancreatic duct cells recapitulate aspects of embryonic pancreas differentiation in response to injury, and contribute to regeneration of the pancreas. This mechanism of regeneration relies mainly on the plasticity of the differentiated cells within the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Li
- Section of Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Hamilton DL, Philp A, MacKenzie MG, Baar K. Prolonged activation of S6K1 does not suppress IRS or PI-3 kinase signaling during muscle cell differentiation. BMC Cell Biol 2010; 11:37. [PMID: 20507574 PMCID: PMC2890513 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-11-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myogenesis in C2C12 cells requires the activation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways. Since mTOR signaling can feedback through S6K1 to inhibit the activation of PI3K, the aim of this work was to assess whether feedback from S6K1 played a role in myogenesis and determine whether siRNA mediated knockdown of S6K1 would lead to an increased rate of myotube formation. RESULTS S6K1 activity increased in a linear fashion following plating and was more than 3-fold higher after Day 3 of differentiation (subconfluent = 11.09 +/- 3.05, Day 3 = 29.34 +/- 3.58). IRS-1 levels tended to increase upon serum withdrawal but decreased approximately 2-fold (subconfluent = 0.88 +/- 0.10, Day 3 = 0.42 +/- 0.06) 3 days following differentiation whereas IRS-2 protein remained stable. IRS-1 associated p85 was significantly reduced upon serum withdrawal (subconfluent = 0.86 +/- 0.07, Day 0 = 0.31 +/- 0.05), remaining low through day 1. IRS-2 associated p85 decreased following serum withdrawal (subconfluent = 0.96 +/- 0.05, Day 1 = 0.56 +/- 0.08) and remained suppressed up to Day 3 following differentiation (0.56 +/- 0.05). Phospho-tyrosine associated p85 increased significantly from subconfluent to Day 0 and remained elevated throughout differentiation. siRNA directed against S6K1 and S6K2 did not result in changes in IRS-1 levels after either 48 or 96 hrs. Furthermore, neither 48 nor 96 hrs of S6K1 knockdown caused a change in myotube formation. CONCLUSIONS Even though S6K1 activity increases throughout muscle cell differentiation and IRS-1 levels decrease over this period, siRNA suggests that S6K1 is not mediating the decrease in IRS-1. The decrease in IRS-1/2 associated p85 together with the increase in phospho-tyrosine associated p85 suggests that PI3K associates primarily with scaffolds other than IRS-1/2 during muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Hamilton
- Division of Molecular Physiology, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Agrawal V, Brown BN, Beattie AJ, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. Evidence of innervation following extracellular matrix scaffold-mediated remodelling of muscular tissues. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 3:590-600. [PMID: 19701935 DOI: 10.1002/term.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring porcine-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) has successfully been used as a biological scaffold material for site-specific reconstruction of a wide variety of tissues. The site-specific remodelling process includes rapid degradation of the scaffold, with concomitant recruitment of mononuclear, endothelial and bone marrow-derived cells, and can lead to the formation of functional skeletal and smooth muscle tissue. However, the temporal and spatial patterns of innervation of the remodelling scaffold material in muscular tissues are not well understood. A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the presence of nervous tissue in a rat model of abdominal wall reconstruction and a canine model of oesophageal reconstruction in which ECM scaffolds were used as inductive scaffolds. Evidence of mature nerve, immature nerve and Schwann cells was found within the remodelled ECM at 28 days in the rat body wall model, and at 91 days post surgery in a canine model of oesophageal repair. Additionally, a microscopic and morphological study that investigated the response of primary cultured neurons seeded upon an ECM scaffold showed that neuronal survival and outgrowth were supported by the ECM substrate. Finally, matricryptic peptides resulting from rapid degradation of the ECM scaffold induced migration of terminal Schwann cells in a concentration-dependent fashion in vitro. The findings of this study suggest that the reconstruction of tissues in which innervation is an important functional component is possible with the use of biological scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Agrawal
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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LaFramboise WA, Petrosko P, Krill-Burger JM, Morris DR, McCoy AR, Scalise D, Malehorn DE, Guthrie RD, Becich MJ, Dhir R. Proteins secreted by embryonic stem cells activate cardiomyocytes through ligand binding pathways. J Proteomics 2010; 73:992-1003. [PMID: 20045494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) underlie embryogenesis but paracrine signals associated with the process are unknown. This study was designed to 1) profile native proteins secreted by undifferentiated hESC and 2) determine their biological effects on primary neonatal cardiomyocytes. We utilized multi-analyte, immunochemical assays to characterize media conditioned by undifferentiated hESC versus unconditioned media. Expression profiling was performed on cardiomyocytes subjected to these different media conditions and altered transcripts were mapped to critical pathways. Thirty-two of 109 proteins were significantly elevated in conditioned media ranging in concentration from thrombospondin (57.2+/-5.0 ng/ml) to nerve growth factor (7.4+/-1.2pg/ml) and comprising chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and proteins involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling. Conditioned media induced karyokinesis, cytokinesis and proliferation in mono- and binucleate cardiomyocytes. Pathway analysis revealed comprehensive activation of the ROCK 1 and 2 G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway associated with cytokinesis, and the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and JAK/STAT-cytokine pathway involved in cell cycle progression. These results provide a partial database of proteins secreted by pluripotent hESC that potentiate cell division in cardiomyocytes via a paracrine mechanism suggesting a potential role for these stem cell factors in cardiogenesis and cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A LaFramboise
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Shadyside Hospital, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States.
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Gourevitch DL, Clark L, Bedelbaeva K, Leferovich J, Heber-Katz E. Dynamic changes after murine digit amputation: the MRL mouse digit shows waves of tissue remodeling, growth, and apoptosis. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:447-55. [PMID: 19660054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Digit regrowth following amputation injury proximal to the first phalangeal joint is not a property of mammalian wound healing. However, the regenerative potential observed in the MRL mouse invites a reexamination of this rule. In this study, healing was assessed in three mouse strains after amputation midway through the second phalangeal bone. Three distinct outcomes were observed though evidence for regrowth was observed only in the MRL mouse. Here, a blastema-like structure was seen along with apparent chondrogenesis, consistent with a histological profile of a regenerative response to injury. Analysis of trichrome staining and basement membrane changes, proliferation and apoptosis indicated that these processes contributed to the formation of new digit tissue. On the other hand, SW and B6 digits did not show evidence of growth with little mesenchymal BrdU incorporation or phosphorylation of H3.
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Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL. A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:226-43. [PMID: 19266065 PMCID: PMC2651620 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes. Over the course of 500,000,000 years of evolution, many of those structures migrated into the mouth cavity. In addition, the total number of teeth per dentition generally decreased and teeth morphological complexity increased. Teeth form mainly on the jaws within the mouth cavity through mutual, delicate interactions between dental epithelium and oral ectomesenchyme. These interactions involve spatially restricted expression of several, teeth-related genes and the secretion of various transcription and signaling factors. Congenital disturbances in tooth formation, acquired dental diseases and odontogenic tumors affect millions of people and rank human oral pathology as the second most frequent clinical problem. On the basis of substantial experimental evidence and advances in bioengineering, many scientists strongly believe that a deep knowledge of the evolutionary relationships and the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the morphogenesis of a given tooth in its natural position, in vivo, will be useful in the near future to prevent and treat teeth pathologies and malformations and for in vitro and in vivo teeth tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina S Koussoulakou
- University of Athens, Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Athens, Greece
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Muneoka K, Allan CH, Yang X, Lee J, Han M. Mammalian regeneration and regenerative medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 84:265-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The mechanisms that control the size of cells, organs, and organisms have long interested biologists, and are also important in malignant progression. Despite this, basic features of in vivo growth control - the level at which regulation is exerted and the degree to which size is controlled autonomously - are poorly understood. Similarly, it is unknown whether adult tissues measure and respond to size cues in the same manner as those of embryos, a question that is relevant to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. This article will review the determinants of organ size during development and discuss the concept of a 'size set-point,' which incorporates the mass of tissue parenchyma and scaffold established at the end of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Stanger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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