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Hatipoğlu E, Mikkelsen JH, Korsholm TL, Hvid M, Deleuran B, Dahl MLN. No evidence of increased anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies in SSA-positive connective tissue disease patients. APMIS 2023; 131:552-555. [PMID: 37620885 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Anti-muscarinic type 3 receptor autoantibodies (M3R) and anti-SSA antibodies are both related to salivary secretion. The presence of M3R antibodies in Sjögren's syndrome is previously demonstrated; nevertheless, the relationship between the anti-SSA antibodies and M3R fragment antibodies, namely the N terminal, first, second, and third extracellular loops, remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the antibodies against the M3R epitopes in healthy controls and anti-SSA antibody-positive connective tissue disease patients through ELISA method. Antibodies against the first, second, and third extracellular loop (M3R211-230 ) were not increased in anti-SSA positive patients compared to healthy controls. Indeed, antibodies against the N terminal (M3R1-33 ) were found to be high in healthy controls. High levels of M3R1-33 in healthy controls are a novel original finding; further research is needed for the clinical significance. There is no significant difference between SSA-positive patients and healthy controls in terms of autoantibodies against the remainder of the linear M3R fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Hatipoğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Trine-Line Korsholm
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Naestholt Dahl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Evaluation of Inhibitory Antibodies against the Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Type 3 in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030681. [PMID: 35160133 PMCID: PMC8836427 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) constitute rare chronic inflammatory biliary diseases which likely comprise genetic, environmental and autoimmune factors. Specific inhibitory (auto-) antibodies against the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 3 (mAChR3 auto-ab) may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic biliary inflammation by modulating mAChR3− mediated signaling. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence and relevance of inhibitory mAChR3 auto-ab (mAChR3inh+ auto-ab) in a large cohort of PBC patients from two independent tertiary centers in Berlin and Leipzig in comparison to a large PSC cohort. Baseline parameters and response rates to standard treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were characterized with respect to the individual mAChR3 auto-ab status. Methods: In total, the study population comprised 437 PBC patients, 187 PSC patients and 80 healthy controls. Clinical and laboratory baseline characteristics were retrieved from medical records. The response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy after 12 months of treatment was available in 176 PBC and 45 PSC patients. Results: The prevalence of mAChR3inh+ auto-ab was significantly higher among PBC patients (11.2%, 49/437; p = 0.008 vs. healthy controls) and PSC patients (33.6%, 63/187; p < 0.0001 vs. healthy controls) compared to healthy controls (2.5%, 2/80), respectively. PBC patients with mAChR3inh+ auto-ab exhibited significantly higher levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, which constitute established parameters for PBC risk stratification. Moreover, mAChR3inh+ PBC patients tended to show decreased response rates to UDCA therapy compared to PBC patients without mAChR3inh+ auto-ab (mAChR3− PBC). In contrast, PSC patients with mAChR3inh+ auto-ab showed no significant differences in laboratory findings compared to mAChR3 auto-ab negative (mAChR3−) PSC patients. Conclusion: MAChR3inh+ auto-ab might be involved in the pathogenesis and treatment response of chronic biliary inflammation in patients with PBC but not in patients with PSC.
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Lv J, Ji X, Li Z, Hao H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13092. [PMID: 34780075 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a classic neuroimmune pathway, consisting of the vagus nerve, acetylcholine (ACh)-the pivotal neurotransmitter of the vagus nerve-and its receptors. This pathway can activate and regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as suppress cytokine release, thereby playing an anti-inflammatory role, and widely involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases; recent studies have demonstrated that the CAP may be a new target for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress with the view of figuring out the role of the cholinergic pathway and how it interacts with inflammatory reactions in several autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and many advances are results from a wide range of experiments performed in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lv
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ji
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huiqin Hao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Basic Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
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Effect of the Chinese Herbal Medicine SS-1 on a Sjögren's Syndrome-Like Disease in Mice. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060530. [PMID: 34200223 PMCID: PMC8229783 DOI: 10.3390/life11060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease primarily affecting the exocrine glands; it has a major impact on patients’ lives. The Chinese herbal formula SS-1 is composed of Gan Lu Yin, Sang Ju Yin, and Xuefu Zhuyu decoction, which exerts anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antifibrotic effects. Our previous study demonstrated that SS-1 alleviates clinical SS. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of the Chinese herbal formula SS-1 for salivary gland protein-induced experimental Sjögren’s syndrome (ESS). These results showed that ESS treatment with the Chinese herbal formula SS-1 (1500 mg/kg) significantly alleviated the severity of ESS. We found that SS-1 substantially improved saliva flow rates in SS mice and ameliorated lymphocytic infiltrations in submandibular glands. In addition, salivary gland protein-induced SS in mice treated with SS-1 significantly lowered proinflammatory cytokines (including IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17A) in mouse salivary glands and decreased serum anti-M3R autoantibody levels. In addition, we found that CD4+ T cells isolated from SS-1-treated SS mice significantly reduced the percentages of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells (Th1) and IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17). Our data show that SS-1 alleviates ESS through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, which provides new insight into the clinical treatment of SS.
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Bagavant H, Michrowska A, Deshmukh US. The NZB/W F1 mouse model for Sjögren's syndrome: A historical perspective and lessons learned. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102686. [PMID: 33131691 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic rheumatic autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organ systems. The clinical findings in SS patients show considerable heterogeneity and overlap with other autoimmune diseases. In addition, the autoimmune response in SS initiates several years before the appearance of clinical symptoms. Thus, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the disease process have been a challenge. Several animal model systems of SS-like disease have been developed to overcome these issues. The New Zealand Black (NZB) x New Zealand White (NZW) F1 (NZB/W F1) mouse represents the first spontaneous mouse model of SS. In this review, we provide a historical perspective and detailed description of this mouse model focusing on exocrine gland histopathology, autoantibody populations, and glandular dysfunction. Considering that NZB/W F1 mice also develop a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like disease, this mouse model mimics the clinical presentation of polyautoimmunity seen in a sizable subset of SS patients. It is plausible that such patients will require distinct therapeutic interventions necessary to treat both SLE and SS. Therefore, the NZB/W F1 mouse is a powerful tool to decipher pathogenic mechanisms involved in SS related polyautoimmunity and develop appropriate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Bagavant
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Aleksandra Michrowska
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Umesh S Deshmukh
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Ibáñez-Cabellos JS, Seco-Cervera M, Osca-Verdegal R, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Genet 2019; 10:1104. [PMID: 31798626 PMCID: PMC6863924 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are characterized by chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, which cause joint tissue damage and destruction by triggering reduced mobility and debilitation in patients with these diseases. Initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammatory stages account for several mechanisms that involve immune cells as key players and the interaction of the immune cells with other tissues. Indeed, the overlapping of certain clinical and serologic manifestations between SS and RA may indicate that numerous immunologic-related mechanisms are involved in the physiopathology of both these diseases. It is widely accepted that epigenetic pathways play an essential role in the development and function of the immune system. Although many published studies have attempted to elucidate the relation between epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, miRNAs) and autoimmune disorders, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to the pathogenesis of SS and RA is at present poorly understood. This review attempts to shed light from a critical point of view on the identification of the most relevant epigenetic mechanisms related to RA and SS by explaining intricate regulatory processes and phenotypic features of both autoimmune diseases. Moreover, we point out some epigenetic markers which can be used to monitor the inflammation status and the dysregulated immunity in SS and RA. Finally, we discuss the inconvenience of using epigenetic data obtained from bulk immune cell populations instead specific immune cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Ibáñez-Cabellos
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Seco-Cervera
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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7
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Zhou S, Chen Y, Gong X, Jin J, Li H. Site-specific integration of light chain and heavy chain genes of antibody into CHO-K1 stable hot spot and detection of antibody and fusion protein expression level. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:384-390. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1573196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaohai Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Sandhya P, Kurien BT, Danda D, Scofield RH. Update on Pathogenesis of Sjogren's Syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2018; 13:5-22. [PMID: 27412602 DOI: 10.2174/1573397112666160714164149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome is a common autoimmune disease that presents with sicca symptoms and extraglandular features. Sjogren's syndrome is presumably as common as RA; yet it is poorly understood, underdiagnosed and undertreated. From the usual identity as an autoimmune exocrinopathy to its most recent designate as an autoimmune epithelitis - the journey of SS is complex. We herein review some of the most important milestones that have shed light on different aspects of pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease. This includes role of salivary gland epithelial cells, and their interaction with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Non-immune factors acting in concert or in parallel with immune factors may also be important. The risk genes identified so far have only weak association, nevertheless advances in genetics have enhanced understanding of disease mechanisms. Role of epigenetic and environmental role factors is also being explored. SS has also some unique features such as congenital heart block and high incidence of lymphoma; disease mechanisms accounting for these manifestations are also reviewed.
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9
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Zuo J, Williams AEG, Park YJ, Choi K, Chan AL, Reeves WH, Bubb MR, Lee YJ, Park K, Stewart CM, Cha S. Muscarinic type 3 receptor autoantibodies are associated with anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome. J Immunol Methods 2016; 437:28-36. [PMID: 27460476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Anti-muscarinic type 3 receptor autoantibodies (anti-M3R) are reported as potential inhibitors of saliva secretion in Sjögren's syndrome (SjS). However, despite extensive efforts to establish an anti-M3R detection method, there is no clinical test available for these autoantibodies. The purpose of this study was to propose inclusion of anti-M3R testing for SjS diagnosis through investigation of their prevalence using a modified In-Cell Western (ICW) assay. A stable cell line expressing human M3R tagged with GFP (M3R-GFP) was established to screen unadsorbed and adsorbed plasma from primary SjS (n=24), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n=18), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n=18), and healthy controls (HC, n=23). Anti-M3R abundance was determined by screening for the intensity of human IgG interacting with M3R-GFP cells by ICW assay, as detected by an anti-human IgG IRDye800-conjugated secondary antibody and normalized to GFP. Method comparisons and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC)-curve analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of our current approaches. Furthermore, clinical parameters of SjS were also analyzed in association with anti-M3R. Anti-M3R was significantly elevated in SjS plasma in comparison with HC, SLE, or RA (P<0.01). SjS anti-M3R intensities were greater than two-standard deviations above the HC mean for both unadsorbed (16/24, 66.67%) and adsorbed (18/24, 75%) plasma samples. Furthermore, anti-M3R was associated with anti-SjS-related-antigen A/Ro positivity (P=0.0353). Linear associations for anti-M3R intensity indicated positive associations with focus score (R(2)=0.7186, P<0.01) and negative associations with saliva flow rate (R(2)=0.3052, P<0.05). Our study strongly supports our rationale to propose inclusion of anti-M3R for further testing as a non-invasive serological marker for SjS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zuo
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Adrienne E G Williams
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yun-Jong Park
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin Choi
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Annie L Chan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Westley H Reeves
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael R Bubb
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carol M Stewart
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Autoantibodies against the Second Extracellular Loop of M3R Do neither Induce nor Indicate Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149485. [PMID: 26901532 PMCID: PMC4765836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Anti-muscarinic acetylcholine type-3 receptor (anti-M3R) autoantibodies have been suggested to be pathogenic for primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), and the second extracellular loop of M3R is suspected to carry a disease-promoting epitope. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of autoantibodies against peptides derived from the second extracellular loop of M3R in mice and to determine whether those autoantibodies could be used as biomarker for pSS. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with modified linear or cyclic peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R. The function of exocrine glands was evaluated by measuring the secretion of saliva and tears. The histological evaluations were performed by using H&E staining or direct immunofluorescence staining. Autoantibodies against linear or cyclic peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R in human and mice were determined using ELISA. Results Immunization induced mice to produce autoantibodies against the linear or cyclic peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R, and those autoantibodies could bind onto salivary glands. However, those mice showed neither impairment in the secretion of tears or saliva nor histological abnormality in the exocrine glands. Furthermore, passive transfer of the IgG isolated from the immunized mice into healthy mice did not induced the dysfunction of the exocrine glands. The prevalence of autoantibodies against the peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R was low in pSS patients, and it did not differ significantly from that in healthy controls. Conclusions Our results suggest that the autoantibodies against peptides of the second extracellular loop of M3R are not pathogenic in vivo and they are not suitable as biomarkers for pSS diagnosis.
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A novel cell-based assay for inhibitory anti-muscarinic type 3 receptor antibodies in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. J Immunol Methods 2015; 427:117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The Clinical Relevance of IL-17-Producing CD4+CD161+ Cell and Its Subpopulations in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:307453. [PMID: 26436101 PMCID: PMC4578753 DOI: 10.1155/2015/307453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Th17 cells have been demonstrated to play an important role in the onset and development of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). In this study, we evaluated the expansion and clinical significance of circulating CD4+CD161+ T cell and its “effector” (CD4+CD25−CD161+ T cell) and “regulatory” (CD4+CD25+CD161+ T cell) subpopulations. Methods. Fifty-eight pSS patients and 16 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in our study. The cell populations and intracellular IL-17 expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. The disease activity was evaluated by the EULAR-SS Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI). Autoantibodies were measured by ELISA or indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results. The CD161+ T cell fractions showed higher proportions of IL-17-producing cells. The frequencies of the overall CD4+CD161+ T cell population and its effector subset were positively correlated with disease activity parameters and more severe disease manifestations. A significant elevation of the CD4+CD25+CD161+ T cell subpopulation was observed in the peripheral blood of pSS patients compared to HCs and this subset showed decreased regulatory functions compared with the CD4+CD25+CD161− population. Conclusion. Circulating CD4+CD161+ T cell populations associated with pSS disease activity and severity. These cells might be involved in the development of pSS and could be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of pSS.
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13
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Darrieutort-Laffite C, André V, Hayem G, Saraux A, Le Guern V, Le Jeunne C, Puéchal X. Sjögren's syndrome complicated by interstitial cystitis: A case series and literature review. Joint Bone Spine 2015; 82:245-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Donate A, Voigt A, Nguyen CQ. The value of animal models to study immunopathology of primary human Sjögren's syndrome symptoms. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:469-81. [PMID: 24506531 PMCID: PMC5769146 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.883920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a complex chronic autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology that results in eventual loss of secretory function in the exocrine glands. The challenges towards finding a therapeutic prevention or treatment for SjS are due primarily to a lack of understanding in the pathophysiological and clinical progression of the disease. In order to circumnavigate this problem, there is a need for appropriate animal models that resemble the major phenotypes of human SjS and deliver a clear underlying biological or molecular mechanism capable of defining various aspects for the disease. Here, we present an overview of SjS mouse models that are providing insight into the autoimmune process of SjS and advance our focus on potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Donate
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16 Ave, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16 Ave, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Cuong Q. Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 SW 16 Ave, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Center for Orphan Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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15
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Liang D, Lu J, Guo A. Sjögren’s syndrome accompanied with interstitial cystitis: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33:1189-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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The role of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reactive T cells in Sjögren's syndrome: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2014; 51:44-50. [PMID: 24397962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells constitute the majority of infiltrating cells in salivary glands and lachrymal glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The pathophysiology of SS involves T cell recognition of antigens through the T cell antigen receptor, which triggers cytokine production and chronic inflammation. The M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) molecule is expressed in exocrine glands, such as salivary glands and lachrymal glands, and plays an important role in exocrine secretion. Previous studies indicated the presence of M3R reactive T cells in peripheral blood of 40% of patients with SS and autoantibodies against M3R in sera of 9-100% of the same patients. Thus, M3R is considered a candidate receptor for autoantigen recognition by T and B cells. The relationship between B cell epitopes and the function of anti-M3R antibodies has been reported, suggesting the pathogenic role of anti-M3R antibodies in xerostomia commonly seen in SS patients. We generated new experimental mouse model, M3R-induced sialadenitis (MIS), using Rag1(-/-) mice inoculated with splenocytes from M3R(-/-) mice immunized with M3R synthetic peptides. Mice with MIS developed severe SS-like sialadenitis. Cell transfer experiments using M3R(-/-)xIFNγ(-/-) mice and M3R(-/-)xIL-17(-/-) mice showed that IFNγ and IL-17 are key cytokines in the pathogenesis of sialadenitis. These findings indicate the crucial roles of M3R-reactive Th1 and Th17 cells in autoimmune sialadenitis, and suggest that these cells, in addition to anti-M3R antibodies, are potential targets in new treatments for SS.
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Karabiyik A, Peck AB, Nguyen CQ. The important role of T cells and receptor expression in Sjögren's syndrome. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:157-66. [PMID: 23679844 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), an autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction leading to dry mouth and dry eye diseases, is typified by progressive leucocyte infiltrations of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Histologically, these leucocyte infiltrations generally establish periductal aggregates, referred to as lymphocytic foci (LF), which occasionally appear as germinal centre (GC)-like structures. The formation and organization of these LF suggest an important and dynamic role for helper T cells (TH), specifically TH1, TH2 and the recently discovered TH17, in development and onset of clinical SjS, considered a B cell-mediated hypersensitivity type 2 disease. Despite an ever-increasing focus on identifying the underlying aetiology of SjS, defining factors that initiate this autoimmune disease remain a mystery. Thus, determining interactions between infiltrating TH cells and exocrine gland tissue (auto-)antigens represents a fertile research endeavour. This review discusses pathological functions of TH cells in SjS, the current status of TH cell receptor gene rearrangements associated with human and mouse models of SjS and potential future prospects for identifying receptor-autoantigen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karabiyik
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Multiantibody strategies for HIV. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:632893. [PMID: 23840243 PMCID: PMC3690221 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies depend entirely on the appropriate responsiveness of our immune system against particular antigens. For this active immunization to be truly effective, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) need to efficiently counter the infectivity or propagation of the pathogen. Some viruses, including HIV, are able to take advantage of this immune response in order to evade nAbs. This review focuses on viral immune evasion strategies that result directly from a robust immune response to infection or vaccination. A rationale for multi-Ab therapy to circumvent this phenomenon is discussed. Progress in the formulation, production, and regulatory approval of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is presented.
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St Clair EW, Levesque MC, Prak ETL, Vivino FB, Alappatt CJ, Spychala ME, Wedgwood J, McNamara J, Moser Sivils KL, Fisher L, Cohen P. Rituximab therapy for primary Sjögren's syndrome: an open-label clinical trial and mechanistic analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1097-106. [PMID: 23334994 DOI: 10.1002/art.37850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the safety and clinical efficacy of rituximab therapy for primary Sjögren's syndrome, as well as to investigate its mechanisms. METHODS Patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome were enrolled in an open-label trial, were given rituximab (1 gm) infusions on days 1 and 15, and were monitored through week 52. The primary end point was safety, with secondary end points evaluating clinical and biologic efficacy. Blood was obtained for enumeration of lymphocyte subsets, measurement of serum autoantibody and BAFF levels, and analysis of gene expression. RESULTS Twelve female patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome were administered rituximab. They had a median age of 51 years (range 34-69 years) and a median disease duration of 8.0 years (range 2-18 years). We observed no unexpected toxicities from the rituximab therapy. Modest improvements were observed at week 26 in patient-reported symptoms of fatigue and oral dryness, with no significant improvement in the objective measures of lacrimal and salivary gland function. The recovery of blood B cells following the nadir from rituximab therapy was characterized by a predominance of transitional B cells and a lack of memory B cells. While blood B cell depletion was associated with an increase in serum BAFF levels, no significant changes were observed in the levels of serum anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB, and anti-type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor autoantibodies or in the blood interferon signature. CONCLUSION In patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, a single treatment course of rituximab was not associated with any unexpected toxicities and led to only modest clinical benefits despite effective depletion of blood B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E William St Clair
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Nguyen CQ, Ogunniyi AO, Karabiyik A, Love JC. Single-cell analysis reveals isotype-specific autoreactive B cell repertoires in Sjögren's syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58127. [PMID: 23516437 PMCID: PMC3596347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microengraving is a novel technology that uses an array of microfabricated subnanoliter wells to isolate and characterize secreted proteins from larger number of single cells. This printing technique permits the capture and characterization of secreted antibodies on glass slides. Here, we profiled the antigenic repertoires of B cells reacting against salivary gland tissues in Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS), an autoimmune disease targeting the exocrine glands. Single-cell suspensions of spleen and cervical lymph node cells prepared from normal C57BL/6 and SjS-susceptible (SjSs) C57BL/6.NOD-AecAec2 mice were dispersed into subnanoliter wells (nanowells). Capture slides preincubated with mouse immunoglobulins were used for printing. Detection antibodies included fluorescence conjugated anti-IgG1, salivary gland lysates of C57BL/6 and SjSs mice. Results indicate an increase in the frequency of IgG1-secreting cells in the spleen of SjSs mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Cells from the lymph node of SjSs mice yield higher instances of IgG1 reactive against salivary gland antigens than cells from the lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice. These data demonstrate the isotype-specific reactivity of antibodies during the autoimmune process, and further reveals significant differences in the non-autoimmune and autoimmune antibody repertoires. These results support the generation of self-reactive B cell repertoires during the autoimmune process, at the same time, verifying that microengraving of single cells might allow for identification of novel biomarkers in SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Lee BH, Gauna AE, Perez G, Park YJ, Pauley KM, Kawai T, Cha S. Autoantibodies against muscarinic type 3 receptor in Sjögren's syndrome inhibit aquaporin 5 trafficking. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53113. [PMID: 23382834 PMCID: PMC3559734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that mainly targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. It has been controversial whether anti-muscarinic type 3 receptor (α-M3R) autoantibodies in patients with SjS inhibit intracellular trafficking of aquaporin-5 (AQP5), water transport protein, leading to secretory dysfunction. To address this issue, GFP-tagged human AQP5 was overexpressed in human salivary gland cells (HSG-hAQP5) and monitored AQP5 trafficking to the plasma membrane following carbachol (CCh, M3R agonist) stimulation. AQP5 trafficking was indeed mediated by M3R stimulation, shown in partial blockage of trafficking by M3R-antagonist 4-DAMP. HSG-hAQP5 pre-incubated with SjS plasma for 24 hours significantly reduced AQP5 trafficking with CCh, compared with HSG-hAQP5 pre-incubated with healthy control (HC) plasma. This inhibition was confirmed by monoclonal α-M3R antibody and pre-absorbed plasma. Interestingly, HSG-hAQP5 pre-incubated with SjS plasma showed no change in cell volume, compared to the cells incubated with HC plasma showing shrinkage by twenty percent after CCh-stimulation. Our findings clearly indicate that binding of anti-M3R autoantibodies to the receptor, which was verified by immunoprecipitation, suppresses AQP5 trafficking to the membrane and contribute to impaired fluid secretion in SjS. Our current study urges further investigations of clinical associations between SjS symptoms, such as degree of secretory dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and/or bladder irritation, and different profiles (titers, isotypes, and/or specificity) of anti-M3R autoantibodies in individuals with SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ha Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Gauna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Geidys Perez
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yun-jong Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kaleb M. Pauley
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Cedarville University College of Arts and Sciences, Cedarville, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pauley KM, Gauna AE, Grichtchenko II, Chan EKL, Cha S. A secretagogue-small interfering RNA conjugate confers resistance to cytotoxicity in a cell model of Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3116-25. [PMID: 21567383 DOI: 10.1002/art.30450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by xerophthalmia and xerostomia resulting from loss of secretory function due to immune cell infiltration in lacrimal and salivary glands. Current therapeutic strategies for SS use secretagogues to induce secretion via muscarinic receptor stimulation. The purpose of this study was to create a secretagogue-small interfering RNA (siRNA) conjugate to deliver siRNA into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, thereby altering epithelial cell responses to external cues, such as proinflammatory or death signals, while simultaneously stimulating secretion. METHODS Based on our expertise with type 3 muscarinic receptor (M3), we used carbachol, a ligand specific for muscarinic receptor, as the secretagogue. Carbachol was synthesized with an active choline group and was conjugated with an siRNA that targets caspase 3. A human salivary gland (HSG) cell line was used to test the efficacy of this secretagogue-siRNA conjugate. RESULTS Lipofectamine transfection of the conjugate into HSG cells resulted in a 78% reduction in the expression of the caspase 3 gene, while external conjugate treatment of HSG cells resulted in intracellular calcium release and induction of endocytosis at levels similar to those of carbachol stimulation, indicating that the siRNA and carbachol portions of the conjugate retained their function after conjugation. HSG cells treated with conjugate (without Lipofectamine transfection) exhibited a 50% reduction in caspase 3 gene and protein expression, indicating that our conjugate was effective in delivering functional siRNA into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor α-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in conjugate-treated cells. CONCLUSION Our secretagogue-siRNA conjugate prevented cytokine-induced apoptosis in salivary gland epithelial cells, which is critical to maintaining fluid secretion and potentially reversing the clinical hallmark of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb M Pauley
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Ng WF, Stangroom A, Davidson A, Wilton K, Mitchell S, Newton J. Primary Sjogrens syndrome is associated with impaired autonomic response to orthostasis and sympathetic failure. QJM 2012; 105:1191-9. [PMID: 22976617 PMCID: PMC3508582 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcs172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms in keeping with autonomic dysfunction are commonly described by primary Sjögrens syndrome patients (pSS); whether objective abnormalities of autonomic function occur is unclear. This study set out to explore dynamic cardiovascular autonomic responses in pSS and their relationship with symptoms and quality of life. METHODS Twenty-one people from the UK pSS registry, 21 community controls and 21 patients with the autoimmune liver disease primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (matched case-wise for age and sex) attended for assessment of autonomic responses to orthostasis and Valsalva manoeuvre (VM). pSS patients also completed EULAR Sjögrens Syndrome patient-reported index (ESSPRI), EULAR Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI), fatigue impact scale and EURO-QOL 5-dimension (EQ-5D). RESULTS Compared with controls, pSS patients had significantly lower baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) (114 ± 13 vs. 127 ± 20; P = 0.02), which dropped to a significantly lower value (98 ± 22 vs. 119 ± 24, P = 0.009). When area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for when the SBP was below baseline this was significantly greater in pSS compared to both control groups (pSS vs. control vs. PBC: 153 ± 236 vs. 92 ± 85 vs. 1.2 ± 0.3, P = 0.005). Peak phase IV SBP during the VM was significantly lower in pSS (P = 0.007) indicating early sympathetic failure. Increased heart rate associated with fatigue (P = 0.02; r(2) = 0.2) and EQ-5D. A shift in sympathetic-vagal balance associated with overall symptom burden (ESSPRI) (P = 0.04, r(2) = 0.3) and EULAR sicca score (P = 0.016; r(2) = 0.3), the latter also correlated with baroreceptor effectiveness (P = 0.03; r(2) = 0.2) and diastolic blood pressure variability (P = 0.003; r(2) = 0.4). CONCLUSION pSS patients have impaired blood pressure response to standing. Dysautonomia correlates with PSS-associated symptoms and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.-F. Ng
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A.J. Stangroom
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A. Davidson
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - K. Wilton
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - S. Mitchell
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - J.L. Newton
- From the Institute of Cellular Medicine and Institute of Ageing and Health and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ageing Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Sumida T, Tsuboi H, Iizuka M, Asashima H, Matsumoto I. Anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:841-5. [PMID: 23135882 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands including salivary and lacrimal glands. Recently, autoantibodies against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 (M3R) have been detected in serum from 9 to 100 % of patients with SS in addition to anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies. These observations suggest the possibility that anti-M3R antibodies could serve as a new diagnostic test in patients with SS. Some anti-M3R antibodies are directly responsible for salivary underproduction in patients with SS. Thus, strategies designed to eliminate such pathogenic antibodies could help cure SS sufferers. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of anti-M3R autoantibodies in patients with SS and the correlation between B cell epitopes and the function of anti-M3R antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan,
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Pavlakis P, Alexopoulos H, Kosmidis M, Mamali I, Moutsopoulos H, Tzioufas A, Dalakas M. Peripheral neuropathies in Sjögren’s syndrome: A critical update on clinical features and pathogenetic mechanisms. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bournia VK, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG. Subgroups of Sjögren syndrome patients according to serological profiles. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:15-26. [PMID: 22575069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren Syndrome (SS) is a systemic, autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands. Different clinical associations have been described for each of the diverse autoantibodies found in SS patients. Antibodies directed against the Ro/La ribonucleoprotein complexes have been correlated with younger age, more severe dysfunction of the exocrine glands and a higher prevalence of extraglandular manifestations. Anti-nuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factors have been associated to extraglandular manifestations and an active immunological profile, while cryoglobulins are markers of more severe disease and correlate to lymphoma development and death. Antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides are scarce in SS and have been linked in some cases to the development of non-erosive arthritis. Furthermore, the presence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies and anti-smooth muscle antibodies in the sera of primary SS patients is considered indicative of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis, respectively. In addition, anti-centromere antibodies have been associated with a clinical phenotype intermediate between primary SS and systemic sclerosis, while antibodies against carbonic anhydrase have been related to renal tubular acidosis. Finally, an association of anti-muscarinic antibodies with cytopenias and a higher disease activity has also been described in primary SS. In conclusion, although not all of the above mentioned antibodies are useful for predicting distinct patient subgroups in SS, knowledge of the clinical associations of the different autoantibody specificities encountered in SS can advance our understanding of the disease and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki-Kalliopi Bournia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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B-cell tolerance defects in the B6.Aec1/2 mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:551-64. [PMID: 22350147 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands, B-cell clonal expansions and an increased risk of lymphoma. In order to understand the role of B cells in this disorder, the antibody repertoire and B-cell maturation were studied in a mouse model of SjS called B6.Aec1/2. METHODS B6.Aec1/2 serum was analyzed for antibodies by ELISA and immunoprecipitation, B-cell development by flow cytometry, and antibody gene rearrangements by CDR3 spectratyping and quantitative PCR. In order to test the functional consequences of the observed defects, B6.Aec1/2 mice were crossed with anti-dsDNA antibody heavy chain knock-in mice (B6.56R). RESULTS B6.Aec1/2 mice exhibit B-cell clonal expansions, have altered serum immunoglobulin levels and spontaneously produce multireactive autoantibodies. B6.Aec1/2 mice also have decreased numbers of bone marrow pre-B cells and decreased frequencies of kappa light chain gene deletion. These findings suggest that B6.Aec1/2 mice have a defective early B-cell tolerance checkpoint. B6.56R.Aec1/2 mice unexpectedly had lower anti-dsDNA antibody levels than B6.56R mice and less salivary gland infiltration than B6.Aec1/2 mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the early tolerance checkpoint defect in B6.Aec1/2 mice is not sufficient to promulgate disease in mice with pre-formed autoantibodies, such as B6.56R. Rather, B6.Aec1/2 mice may require a diverse B-cell repertoire for efficient T-B-cell collaboration and disease propagation. These findings imply that therapies aimed at reducing B-cell diversity or T-B interactions may be helpful in treating SjS.
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Jin M, Hwang SM, Davies AJ, Shin Y, Bae JS, Lee JH, Lee EB, Song YW, Park K. Autoantibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients induce internalization of muscarinic type 3 receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:161-7. [PMID: 22137887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration into the salivary and lachrymal glands, leading to dry mouth and eyes. The presence of functional autoantibodies against muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) has been reported in pSS patients. However, the pathological role of anti-M3R autoantibodies in pSS salivary dysfunction remains controversial. METHODS Purified IgGs were obtained from normal (control) and primary SS patients' sera (pSS IgG). Internalization of M3R and clathrin was analyzed by biochemical assay and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy using human submandibular gland (hSMG) cells. Cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was measured by microspectrofluorimetry. RESULTS Incubation of hSMG cells with pSS IgG (1mg/ml) significantly decreased M3R expression levels at the membrane. Carbachol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) transients (CICTs) in these cells were also inhibited by pSS IgG. In contrast to pSS IgG, control IgG had no effect on both the M3R expression level and CICTs. We found that binding of pSS IgG to M3R induces phosphorylation of the receptor, and that the pSS IgG-induced M3R internalization is prevented by the lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine. In addition, pSS IgG decreased membrane clathrin expression, which was inhibited by atropine. Our immunofluorescence study further confirmed that pSS IgG induces a co-localization of M3R with clathrin and subsequent internalization of M3R. CONCLUSION pSS IgG induces internalization of M3R partly through a clathrin-mediated pathway. The results suggest M3R internalization as a potential mechanism to explain the exocrinopathy seen in pSS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Jin M, Hwang SM, Koo NY, Kim B, Kho HS, Choi SY, Song YW, Park K. Autoantibodies in Sjögren's syndrome patients acutely inhibit muscarinic receptor function. Oral Dis 2011; 18:132-9. [PMID: 21899666 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoantibodies from the sera of Sjögren's syndrome patients (SS IgG) have been suggested to inhibit muscarinic receptor function. However, the acute nature of such an inhibitory effect remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of SS IgG on muscarinic receptor function in human submandibular gland (HSG) cells. METHODS The effects of autoantibodies on muscarinic receptor function were studied using microspectrofluorimetry, whole-cell patch clamp, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, and a co-immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS Carbachol (CCh) was found to consistently increase intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+) ](i) ) and activate K(+) current in HSG cells. However, pretreatment of the cells with SS IgG for 5 or 30 min significantly attenuated these responses, with a substantially more prominent effect after 30 min of treatment. Like CCh, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) also increased [Ca(2+) ](i) and activated K(+) currents in HSG cells, although pretreatment with SS IgG did not affect the cellular response to ATP. CCh was found to reorganize α-fodrin in HSG cells in a Ca(2+) -dependent manner. However, pretreatment with SS IgG prevented the cytoskeletal reorganization of α-fodrin induced by CCh. CONCLUSIONS SS IgG acutely and reversibly inhibited muscarinic receptor function, thereby inhibiting the Ca(2+) mobilization necessary for the activation of K(+) currents and α-fodrin reorganization in HSG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Yeongeondong 28, Chongnoku, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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Antibodies interfering with the type 3 muscarinic receptor pathway inhibit gastrointestinal motility and cholinergic neurotransmission in Sjögren's syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1426-34. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The current concept of T (h) 17 cells and their expanding role in systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS 2011; 2011:810649. [PMID: 22164330 PMCID: PMC3226200 DOI: 10.1155/2011/810649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a multifaceted range of symptoms affecting almost every organ system. The prototypical pathology of SLE involves the production of antinuclear antibodies and the deposition of immune complexes in basement membranes throughout the body where they induce inflammatory responses. The genetic and environmental etiologies of this process are being intensively sought, and recently, T
H
17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SLE. T
H
17 cells are CD4+ memory T cells that behave as both helper and effector cell populations functioning through their signature IL-17 cytokines. Their differentiation is distinct to either the T
H
1 or T
H
2 cell lineage, but strongly influences development of adaptive responses, including autoimmunity. This paper details the biological functions and regulation of T
H
17 cells, followed by an update of their expanding role in SLE.
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He J, Guo JP, Ding Y, Li YN, Pan SS, Liu Y, Li ZG. Diagnostic significance of measuring antibodies to cyclic type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor peptides in primary Sjogren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50:879-84. [PMID: 21217140 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SS is an autoimmune disease characterized by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction leading to dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia). Anti-muscarinic acetylcholine type-3 receptor (anti-M3R) autoantibodies have been shown to be a good serum marker in primary SS (pSS). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical correlations of anti-M3R-derived peptide antibodies in patients with pSS. METHODS Sequences of the first to fourth cycle-M3R (c1M3R-c4M3R)-derived peptide was synthesized by a solid-phase technique on an Applied Biosytems Peptide Synthesizer. Synthesized cM3R peptide (cM3RP) was used as substrate in an ELISA to detect IgG anti-cM3RP antibodies in serum samples of patients and controls. The clinical and biological parameters of the diseases were also evaluated. The EULAR SS disease activity index (ESSDAI) score was used to measure disease activity in patients with primary SS. RESULTS (i) Anti-c2M3RP antibodies were highly prevalent in pSS patients, and the titre is much higher than anti-c1,3,4M3RP antibodies. (ii) The prevalence of anti-c2M3RP antibodies in pSS, SLE, RA and healthy controls was 62.2, 7.1, 5.3 and 1.6%, respectively. The prevalence of anti-linear-2-M3RP antibodies in pSS, SLE and RA patients and healthy controls were 56.1, 20.0, 14.7 and 9.4%. (iii) The specificity of anti-c2M3RP antibodies was 95.1%, much higher than that of linear polypeptide (84.7%) for pSS diagnosis. (iv) In pSS patients, anti-c2M3RP positivity had significantly increased frequency in patients who were RF or ANA positive, and had several haematological abnormalities, such as leucopenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the ESSDAI score was significantly higher in anti-c2M3RP-positive pSS patients (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Anti-c2M3RP antibody was highly specific for patients with pSS. The presence of anti-c2M3RP antibody in pSS indicates that c2M3RP may act as an autoantigen that may play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital Peking University, 11 Xizhimen South St, Beijing 100044, China
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Current concepts: mouse models of Sjögren's syndrome. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:549107. [PMID: 21253584 PMCID: PMC3018660 DOI: 10.1155/2011/549107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a complex chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology which primarily targets the exocrine glands, resulting in eventual loss of secretory function. The disease can present as either primary SjS or secondary SjS, the latter of which occurs concomitantly with another autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or primary biliary cirrhosis. Current advancements in therapeutic prevention and treatment for SjS are impeded by lack of understanding in the pathophysiological and clinical progression of the disease. Development of appropriate mouse models for both primary and secondary SjS is needed in order to advance knowledge of this disease. This paper details important features, advantages, and pitfalls of current animal models of SjS, including spontaneous, transgenic, knockout, immunization, and transplantation chimera mouse models, and emphasizes the need for a better model in representing the human SjS phenotype.
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Iizuka M, Wakamatsu E, Tsuboi H, Nakamura Y, Hayashi T, Matsui M, Goto D, Ito S, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. Pathogenic role of immune response to M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Sjögren’s syndrome-like sialoadenitis. J Autoimmun 2010; 35:383-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Berg CP, Blume K, Lauber K, Gregor M, Berg PA, Wesselborg S, Stein GM. Autoantibodies to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:120. [PMID: 20950485 PMCID: PMC2972237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoantibodies to the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of the M3 type (hmAchR M3) have been suggested to play an etiopathogenic role in Sjögren's syndrome. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) often is associated with this syndrome. Therefore, we studied the co-presence of hmAchR M3 autoantibodies in patients with PBC. Methods Frequency of hmAchR M3 autoantibodies was assessed by Western blotting analysis as well as by an ELISA using a 25-mer peptide of the 2nd extracellular loop of hmAchR M3. Co-localization of hmAchR M3/PBC-specific autoantibodies was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Finally, sera from patients with PBC as well as from healthy controls were tested. Results Western blotting analysis as well as results from ELISA testing revealed a significantly enhanced IgG reactivity in PBC patients in contrast to healthy controls. Co-localization of autoantibodies with the hmAchR M3 receptor-specific autoantibodies was observed in 10 out of 12 PBC-patients but none of the 5 healthy controls. Antibodies of the IgM type were not found to be affected. Conclusions For the first time, our data demonstrate the presence of autoantibodies to the hmAchR M3 in PBC patients. These findings might contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Further studies have to focus on the functionality of hmAchR M3 autoantibodies in PBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Clinic, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Nguyen CQ, Peck AB. Inflammation in dry eye diseases culminating in loss of ocular homeostasis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tsuboi H, Matsuo N, Iizuka M, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto I, Sumida T. [Analysis of epitopes and function of anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome]. NIHON RINSHO MEN'EKI GAKKAI KAISHI = JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 33:222-8. [PMID: 20818151 DOI: 10.2177/jsci.33.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects exocrine glands including salivary and lacrimal glands. It is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands, leading to dry mouth and eyes. A number of auto-antibodies, such as anti-SS-A and SS-B antibodies, are detected in patients with SS. However, no SS-specific pathologic auto-antibodies have yet been found in this condition. M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) plays a crucial role in the secretion of saliva from salivary glands. It is reported that some patients with SS carried inhibitory auto-antibodies against M3R. To clarify the epitopes and function of anti-M3R antibodies in SS, we examined antibodies to the extracellular domains (N terminal region, the first, second, and third extracellular loop) of M3R by ELISA using synthesized peptide antigens encoding these domains in 42 SS and 42 healthy controls (HC). Titers and positivity of anti-M3R antibodies to every extracellular domain of M3R were significantly higher in SS than in HC. For functional analysis, human salivary gland (HSG) cells were pre-cultured with IgG from anti-M3R antibodies positive SS, negative SS, and HC. HSG cells were stimulated with cevimeline hydrochloride and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was measured. IgG from anti-M3R antibodies to the second loop positive SS inhibited the increase of [Ca(2+)](i), but IgG from antibodies to the N terminal or the first loop positive SS enhanced it, while IgG from antibodies to the third loop positive SS showed no effect on [Ca(2+)](i) as well as IgG from anti-M3R antibodies negative SS and HC. These findings indicated the presence of several B cell epitopes on M3R in SS and effect of anti-M3R antibodies on the salivary secretion might differ with these epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tsuboi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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Tsuboi H, Matsumoto I, Wakamatsu E, Nakamura Y, Iizuka M, Hayashi T, Goto D, Ito S, Sumida T. New epitopes and function of anti-M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibodies in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:53-61. [PMID: 20731676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) plays a crucial role in the secretion of saliva from salivary glands. It is reported that some patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) carried inhibitory autoantibodies against M3R. The purpose of this study is to clarify the epitopes and function of anti-M3R antibodies in SS. We synthesized peptides encoding the extracellular domains of human-M3R including the N-terminal region and the first, second and third extracellular loops. Antibodies against these regions were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 42 SS and 42 healthy controls. For functional analysis, human salivary gland (HSG) cells were preincubated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) separated from sera of anti-M3R antibody-positive SS, -negative SS and controls for 12 h. After loading with Fluo-3, HSG cells were stimulated with cevimeline hydrochloride, and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations [(Ca(2+) )i] were measured. Antibodies to the N-terminal, first, second and third loops were detected in 42·9% (18 of 42), 47·6% (20 of 42), 54·8% (23 of 42) and 45·2% (19 of 42) of SS, while in 4·8% (two of 42), 7·1% (three of 42), 2·4% (one of 42) and 2·4% (one of 42) of controls, respectively. Antibodies to the second loop positive SS-IgG inhibited the increase of (Ca(2+) )i induced by cevimeline hydrochloride. Antibodies to the N-terminal positive SS-IgG and antibodies to the first loop positive SS-IgG enhanced it, while antibodies to the third loop positive SS-IgG showed no effect on (Ca(2+) )i as well as anti-M3R antibody-negative SS-IgG. Our results indicated the presence of several B cell epitopes on M3R in SS. The influence of anti-M3R antibodies on salivary secretion might differ based on these epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsuboi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Doctoral Program in Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Van den Bergh K, Hooijkaas H, Blockmans D, Westhovens R, Op De Beéck K, Verschueren P, Dufour D, van de Merwe JP, Fijak M, Klug J, Michiels G, Devogelaere B, De Smedt H, Derua R, Waelkens E, Blanckaert N, Bossuyt X. Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein H1, a Novel Nuclear Autoantigen. Clin Chem 2009; 55:946-54. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Serum samples from patients with autoimmune connective tissue diseases that show a finely speckled antinuclear antibody (ANA) on indirect immune-fluorescence often have antibodies against unknown nuclear target antigens. To search for such autoantigens we applied a proteomic approach using sera from patients with a high ANA titer (≥640) and finely speckled fluorescence but in whom no antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) could be identified.
Methods: Using an immunoproteomics approach we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 (hnRNP H1) as a novel nuclear target of autoantibody response.
Results: Recombinant rat hnRNP H1 reacted in Western blot analyses with 48% of 93 sera from patients with primary Sjögren syndrome and with 5.2% of 153 sera from patients with other connective tissue diseases (diseased controls). For comparison, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of anti–Sjögren syndrome A (SSA) antibodies for primary Sjögren syndrome in the same patient cohort were 88.2% and 76.3%, respectively. Interestingly, 5 of 11 primary Sjögren syndrome patients with no anti-SSA or anti-SSB antibodies had anti–hnRNP H1 antibodies. Anti–hnRNP H1 antibodies were preabsorbed by hnRNP H1, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. In an evaluation of the presence of anti–hnRNP H1 antibodies in 188 consecutive samples submitted to the clinical laboratory with positive ANA (titer ≥160), anti–hnRNP H1 antibodies were found in 3 of 7 (2 primary and 5 secondary) Sjögren syndrome patients and in 8.3% of the diseased controls.
Conclusions: HnRNP H1 is a newly discovered autoantigen that could become an additional diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert Hooijkaas
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Diana Dufour
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joop P van de Merwe
- Department of Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Fijak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Klug
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Georges Michiels
- Laboratory Medicine, Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Devogelaere
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling), Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Humbert De Smedt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling), Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics) and Biomacs, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology (Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics) and Biomacs, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Laboratory Medicine, Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
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Nguyen CQ, Sharma A, Lee BH, She JX, McIndoe RA, Peck AB. Differential gene expression in the salivary gland during development and onset of xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome-like disease of the C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R56. [PMID: 19379516 PMCID: PMC2688207 DOI: 10.1186/ar2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, we reported the development of the C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse that carries two genetic intervals derived from the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse capable of conferring Sjögren's syndrome (SjS)-like disease in SjS-non-susceptible C57BL/6 mice. In an attempt to define the molecular bases underlying the onset of stomatitis sicca (xerostomia) in this C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse model, we have carried out a study using genomic microarray technology. METHODS By means of oligonucleotide microarrays, gene expression profiles of salivary glands at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age were generated for C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 male mice. Using Linear Models for Microarray Analysis and B-statistics software, 480 genes were identified as being differentially expressed (P < 0.01 and Q < 0.0001) during the development of SjS-like disease in the salivary glands. RESULTS The 480 genes could be arranged into four clusters, with each cluster defining a unique pattern of temporal expression, while the individual genes within each cluster could be grouped according to related biological functions. By means of pair-wise analysis, temporal changes in transcript expressions provided profiles indicating that many additional genes are differentially expressed at specific time points during the development of disease. Multiple genes reportedly showing an association with autoimmunity and/or SjS, in either humans or mouse models, were found to exhibit differential expressions, both quantitatively and temporally. Selecting various families of genes associated with specific functions (for example, antibody production, complement, and chemokines), we noted that only a limited number of family members showed differential expressions and these correlated with specific phases of disease. CONCLUSIONS Taking advantage of known functions of these genes, investigators can construct interactive gene pathways, leading to modeling of possible underlying events inducing salivary gland dysfunction. Thus, these different approaches to analyzing microarray data permit the identification of multiple sets of genes of interest whose expressions and expression profiles may correlate with molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and/or immunological processes involved in the development and onset of SjS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, CBGM 1120 15th Street CA4126, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, CBGM 1120 15th Street CA4126, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Richard A McIndoe
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, CBGM 1120 15th Street CA4126, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ammon B Peck
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology & Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Orphan Autoimmune Diseases, College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd., University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Berggreen E, Nyløkken K, Delaleu N, Hajdaragic-Ibricevic H, Jonsson MV. Impaired vascular responses to parasympathetic nerve stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation in the submandibular gland in nonobese diabetic mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R18. [PMID: 19200376 PMCID: PMC2688250 DOI: 10.1186/ar2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Decreased vascular responses to salivary gland stimulation are observed in Sjögren's syndrome patients. We investigate whether impaired vascular responses to parasympathetic stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation in salivary glands parallels hyposalivation in an experimental model for Sjögren's syndrome. Methods Blood flow responses in the salivary glands were measured by laser Doppler flowmeter. Muscarinic receptor activation was followed by saliva secretion measurements. Nitric oxide synthesis-mediated blood flow responses were studied after administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Glandular autonomic nerves and muscarinic 3 receptor distributions were also investigated. Results Maximal blood flow responses to parasympathetic stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation were significantly lower in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice compared with BALB/c mice, coinciding with impaired saliva secretion in nonobese diabetic mice (P < 0.005). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor had less effect on blood flow responses after parasympathetic nerve stimulation in nonobese diabetic mice compared with BALB/c mice (P < 0.02). In nonobese diabetic mice, salivary gland parasympathetic nerve fibres were absent in areas of focal infiltrates. Muscarinic 3 receptor might be localized in the blood vessel walls of salivary glands. Conclusions Impaired vasodilatation in response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation and muscarinic receptor activation may contribute to hyposalivation observed in nonobese diabetic mice. Reduced nitric oxide signalling after parasympathetic nerve stimulation may contribute in part to the impaired blood flow responses. The possibility of muscarinic 3 receptor in the vasculature supports the notion that muscarinic 3 receptor autoantibodies present in nonobese diabetic mice might impair the fluid transport required for salivation. Parasympathetic nerves were absent in areas of focal infiltrates, whereas a normal distribution was found within glandular epithelium. Trial registration The trial registration number for the present study is 79-04/BBB, given by the Norwegian State Commission for Laboratory Animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Berggreen
- Department of Biomedicine, Jonas Liesvei 91, Bergen 5009, Norway.
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Nguyen CQ, Cornelius JG, Cooper L, Neff J, Tao J, Lee BH, Peck AB. Identification of possible candidate genes regulating Sjögren's syndrome-associated autoimmunity: a potential role for TNFSF4 in autoimmune exocrinopathy. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R137. [PMID: 19032782 PMCID: PMC2656241 DOI: 10.1186/ar2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sjögren syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease in which an immunological attack primarily against the salivary and lacrimal glands results in the loss of acinar cell tissue and function, leading to stomatitis sicca and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. In recent years, two genetic regions, one on chromosome 1 (designated autoimmune exocrinopathy 2 or Aec2) and the second on chromosome 3 (designated autoimmune exocrinopathy 1 or Aec1) derived from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, have been shown to be necessary and sufficient to replicate SjS-like disease in nonsusceptible C57BL/6 mice. Methods Starting with the SjS-susceptible C57BL/6-derived mouse, referred to as C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2, we generated a large set of recombinant inbred (RI) lines containing portions of Aec2 as a means of identifying more precisely the genetic elements of chromosome 1 responsible for disease development. Results Disease profiling of these RI lines has revealed that the SjS susceptibility genes of Aec2 lie within a region located at approximately 79 ± 5 cM distal to the centromere, as defined by microsatellite markers. This chromosomal region contains several sets of genes known to correlate with various immunopathological features of SjS as well as disease susceptibility genes for both type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus in mice. One gene in particular, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 4 (or Ox40 ligand), encoding a product whose biological functions correlate with both physiological homeostasis and immune regulations, could be a potential candidate SjS susceptibility gene. Conclusions These new RI lines represent the first step not only in fine mapping SjS susceptibility loci but also in identifying potential candidate SjS susceptibility genes. Identification of possible candidate genes permits construction of models describing underlying molecular pathogenic mechanisms in this model of SjS and establishes a basis for construction of specific gene knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Nakamura H, Kawakami A, Iwamoto N, Ida H, Koji T, Eguchi K. Rapid and significant induction of TRAIL-mediated type II cells in apoptosis of primary salivary epithelial cells in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1322-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Delaleu N, Immervoll H, Cornelius J, Jonsson R. Biomarker profiles in serum and saliva of experimental Sjögren's syndrome: associations with specific autoimmune manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R22. [PMID: 18289371 PMCID: PMC2374466 DOI: 10.1186/ar2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that mainly targets the exocrine glands. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of 87 proteins measured in serum and 75 proteins analyzed in saliva in spontaneous experimental SS. In addition, we intended to compute a model of the immunological situation representing the overt disease stage of SS. METHODS Nondiabetic, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice aged 21 weeks were evaluated for salivary gland function, salivary gland inflammation and extraglandular disease manifestations. The analytes, comprising chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, autoantibodies and other biomarkers, were quantified using multi-analyte profile technology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Age-matched and sex-matched Balb/c mice served as a reference. RESULTS We found NOD mice to exhibit impaired salivary flow, glandular inflammation and increased secretory SSB (anti-La) levels. Thirty-eight biomarkers in serum and 34 in saliva obtained from NOD mice were significantly different from those in Balb/c mice. Eighteen biomarkers in serum and three chemokines measured in saliva could predict strain membership with 80% to 100% accuracy. Factor analyses identified principal components mostly correlating with one clinical aspect of SS and having distinct associations with components extracted from other families of proteins. CONCLUSION Autoimmune manifestations of SS are greatly independent and associated with various immunological processes. However, CD40, CD40 ligand, IL-18, granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 and anti-muscarinic M3 receptor IgG3 may connect the different aspects of SS. Processes related to the adaptive immune system appear to promote SS with a strong involvement of T-helper-2 related proteins in hyposalivation. This approach further established saliva as an attractive biofluid for biomarker analyses in SS and provides a basis for the comparison and selection of potential drug targets and diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delaleu
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukelandsveien, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Heike Immervoll
- Section of Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Jonas Liesvei, Bergen 5021, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Janet Cornelius
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukelandsveien, Bergen 5021, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Jonas Liesvei, Bergen 5021, Norway
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Jonas Liesvei, Bergen 5021, Norway
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Decreased levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2008; 28:771-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Evidence that anti-muscarinic antibodies in Sjögren's syndrome recognise both M3R and M1R. Biologicals 2008; 36:213-22. [PMID: 18249005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory anti-muscarinic receptor type 3 (M3R) antibodies may contribute to the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and putative anti-M3R blocking antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) have been suggested as a rationale for treatment with IVIg. We investigated the presence of subtype-specific anti-MR autoantibodies in healthy donor and SS sera using MR-transfected whole-cell binding assays as well as M1R and M3R peptide ELISAs. Control antibodies against the second extracellular loop of the M3R, a suggested target epitope, were induced in rabbits and found to be cross-reactive on the peptides M3R and M1R. The rabbit antibodies had neither an agonistic nor an antagonistic effect on M3R-dependent ERK1/2 signalling. Only one primary SS (out of 5 primary SS, 2 secondary SS and 5 control sera) reacted strongly with M3R transfected cells. The same SS serum also reacted strongly with M1R and M2R transfectants, as well as M1R and two different M3R peptides. Strong binding to M1R and low-level activities against M3R peptides were observed both in SS and control sera. IVIg showed a strong reactivity against all three peptides, especially M1R. Our results indicate that certain SS individuals may have antibodies against M1R, M2R and M3R. Our results also suggest that neither the linear M3R peptide nor M3R transfectants represent suitable tools for discrimination of pathogenic from natural autoantibodies in SS.
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Nguyen CQ, Kim H, Cornelius JG, Peck AB. Development of Sjogren's syndrome in nonobese diabetic-derived autoimmune-prone C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice is dependent on complement component-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2318-29. [PMID: 17675493 PMCID: PMC2850056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of complement in the etiology of Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), a human autoimmune disease manifested primarily by salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction resulting in dry mouth/dry eye syndrome, remains ill-defined. In the present study, we examined the role of complement component-3 (C3) using a newly constructed C3-gene knockout mouse, C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2.C3(-/-). Inactivation of C3 in the parental C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 strain, a model of primary SjS, resulted in a diminished or total absence of both preclinical and clinical manifestations during development and onset of disease, including reduced acinar cell apoptosis, reduced levels of caspase-3, lack of leukocyte infiltration of submandibular glands, reduced synthesis of disease-associated autoantibodies, maintenance of normal glandular architecture, and retention of normal saliva secretion. In addition, C57BL/6-NOD.Aec1Aec2.C3(-/-) mice did not exhibit increased numbers of marginal zone B cells, a feature of SjS-prone C57BL/6-NOD.Aec1Aec2 mice. Interestingly, C57BL/6-NOD.Aec1Aec2.C3(-/-) mice retained some early pathological manifestations, including activation of serine kinases with proteolytic activity for parotid secretory protein. This improvement in the clinical manifestations of SjS-like disease in C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2.C3(-/-) mice, apparently a direct consequence of C3 deficiency, supports a much more important role for complement in the adaptive autoimmune response than previously recognized, possibly implicating an essential role for innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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