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Schmidt T, Mossberg A, Berthold E, Król P, Linge P, Bengtsson AA, Kahn F, Månsson B, Kahn R. Synovial fibroblasts from children with oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis induce migration and prolong viability of neutrophils. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1376371. [PMID: 39022217 PMCID: PMC11251878 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1376371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known of the processes that trigger neutrophil activation in the joint of patients with oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (oJIA), and if synovial fibroblasts (S-Fib) play an important role in the activation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether S-Fib derived from oJIA patients drive neutrophil activation. Methods Synovial fluid (SF) was collected from patients with oJIA. S-Fib were isolated from the SF of n = 7 patients through passaging. Subsequently, the S-Fib were primed or not with 20% of pooled SF. Supernatants were used to study migration of neutrophils in a transwell system. Additionally, the influence of S-Fib on neutrophils were studied in co-cultures. Phenotype and viability were assessed by flow cytometry. Neutrophil function was tested through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and supernatants were tested for myeloperoxidase (MPO) release and elastase activity. Results Supernatants of S-Fib induced neutrophil migration (n = 5, p = 0.0491), which was further pronounced using supernatants from SF-primed S-Fib (p = 0.0063). Additionally, co-culture between SF-primed S-Fib and neutrophils resulted in prolonged viability (n = 5, p = 0.0094), with little effect on activation markers, e.g., CD11b. Conversely, co-culture did not induce functional alterations (n = 4), such as production of ROS (p > 0.1570), release of MPO (p > 0.4934) or elastase activity (p > 0.0904). Finally, supernatant stimulation did not replicate the results of prolonged viability (p = 0.9102), suggesting a role of cell-contact. Conclusion S-Fib from patients with oJIA induce migration of neutrophils via soluble mediators and, in addition, S-Fib prolong neutrophil viability in a cell-contact dependent manner. These mechanisms could be important for accumulation of neutrophils during arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmidt
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anki Mossberg
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Berthold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petra Król
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petrus Linge
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders A. Bengtsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Kahn
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Månsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robin Kahn
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Alasmari AF, Alomar HA, Al-Mazroua HA, Alhamed AS, Shahid M, Alqinyah M, Assiri MA, Al-Hamamah MA, Alassmrry YA, Ahmad SF. Rituximab exerts its anti-arthritic effects via inhibiting NF-κB/GM-CSF/iNOS signaling in B cells in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16673. [PMID: 37274671 PMCID: PMC10238934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoidarthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by uncontrolled joint inflammation and damage to bone and cartilage. B cells are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of arthritis. Previous studies have found that B cells may be a potential target for treating RA. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cells, has induced long-term clinical responses in RA. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model is a widely studied autoimmune model of RA. CIA mouse model was used to investigate the effect of rituximab on the RA severity in the mice. Following induction of CIA, animals were treated with rituximab (250 mg/kg/week) intraperitoneally on the days 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 after collagen induction. We investigated the effect of rituximab on NF-κB p65, IκBα, GM-CSF, MCP-1, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 cells in splenic CD19+ and CD45R+ B cells using flow cytometry. We also assessed the effect of rituximab on NF-κB p65, GM-CSF, IκBα, MCP-1, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 at mRNA levels using RT-PCR analyses of knee tissues. Rituximab treatment significantly decreased CD19+NF-κB p65+, CD45R+NF-κB p65+, CD19+GM-CSF+, CD45R+GM-CSF+, CD19+MCP-1+, CD45R+MCP-1+, CD19+TNF-α+, CD45R+TNF-α+, CD19+iNOS+, CD45R+iNOS+, CD19+IL-6+, and CD45R+IL-6+, and increased CD45R+IκBα+ in spleen cells of CIA mice. We further observed that rituximab treatment downregulated NF-κB p65, GM-CSF, MCP-1, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6, whereas it upregulated IκBα, mRNA level. All these findings suggest that rituximab may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatun A. Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A. Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mudassar Shahid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqinyah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Hamamah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasseen A. Alassmrry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Huang R, Jin M, Liu Y, Lu Y, Zhang M, Yan P, Xian S, Wang S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chen S, Lu B, Yang Y, Huang Z, Liu X, Ji S. Global trends in research of fibroblasts associated with rheumatoid diseases in the 21st century: A bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1098977. [PMID: 36845163 PMCID: PMC9950622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid Diseases (RDs) are a group of systemic auto-immune diseases that are characterized by chronic synovitis, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play an important role in the occurrence and progression of synovitis. Our study is the first to adopt bibliometric analysis to identify the global scientific production and visualize its current distribution in the 21st century, providing insights for future research through the analysis of themes and keywords. Methods We obtained scientific publications from the core collection of the Web of Science (WoS) database, and the bibliometric analysis and visualization were conducted by Biblioshiny software based on R-bibliometrix. Results From 2000 to 2022, a total of 3,391 publications were reviewed. China is the most prolific country (n = 2601), and the USA is the most cited country (cited 7225 times). The Center of Experimental Rheumatology at University Hospital Zürich supported the maximum number of articles (n = 40). Steffen Gay published 85 records with 6263 total citations, perhaps making him the most impactful researcher. Arthritis and Rheumatism, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, and Rheumatology are the top three journals. Conclusion The current study revealed that rheumatoid disease (RD)-related fibroblast studies are growing. Based on the bibliometric analysis, we summarized three important topics: activation of different subsets of fibroblasts; regulation of fibroblast function; and in vitro validation of existing discoveries. They are all valuable directions, which provide reference and guidance for researchers and clinicians engaged in the research of RDs and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Huang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Research Unit of Key Techniques for Treatment of Burns and Combined Burns and Trauma Injury, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Lu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyi Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siqiao Wang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA), Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinkun Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingnan Lu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Shizhao Ji, ; Zongqiang Huang, ; Xin Liu,
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Shizhao Ji, ; Zongqiang Huang, ; Xin Liu,
| | - Shizhao Ji
- Department of Burn Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Research Unit of Key Techniques for Treatment of Burns and Combined Burns and Trauma Injury, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Shizhao Ji, ; Zongqiang Huang, ; Xin Liu,
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Gut immune cell trafficking: inter-organ communication and immune-mediated inflammation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:50-64. [PMID: 35945456 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking is a complex and tightly regulated process that is indispensable for the body's fight against pathogens. However, it is also increasingly acknowledged that dysregulation of cell trafficking contributes to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in gastroenterology and hepatology, such as inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Moreover, altered cell trafficking has also been implicated as a crucial step in the immunopathogenesis of other IMIDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Over the past few years, a central role of the gut in mediating these disorders has progressively emerged, and the partly microbiota-driven imprinting of particular cell trafficking phenotypes in the intestine seems to be crucially involved. Therefore, this Review highlights achievements in understanding immune cell trafficking to, within and from the intestine and delineates its consequences for immune-mediated pathology along the gut-liver, gut-joint and gut-brain axes. We also discuss implications for current and future therapeutic approaches that specifically interfere with homing, retention, egress and recirculation of immune cells.
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Kishimoto T, Kang S. IL-6 Revisited: From Rheumatoid Arthritis to CAR T Cell Therapy and COVID-19. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:323-348. [PMID: 35113729 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-023458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The diverse biological activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis. Emergent infection or tissue injury induces rapid production of IL-6 and activates host defense through augmentation of acute-phase proteins and immune responses. However, excessive IL-6 production and uncontrolled IL-6 receptor signaling are critical to pathogenesis. Over the years, therapeutic agents targeting IL-6 signaling, such as tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, have shown remarkable efficacy for rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman disease, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and their efficacy in other diseases is continually being reported. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the benefit of tocilizumab for several types of acute inflammatory diseases, including cytokine storms induced by chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we refocus attention on the biology of IL-6 and summarize the distinct pathological roles of IL-6 signaling in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; ,
| | - Sujin Kang
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; ,
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Mahmoud AM, Sayed AM, Ahmed OS, Abdel-Daim MM, Hassanein EHM. The role of flavonoids in inhibiting IL-6 and inflammatory arthritis. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:746-768. [PMID: 34994311 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220107105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the synovial joints. RA has well-known clinical manifestations and can cause progressive disability and premature death along with socioeconomic burdens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in the pathology of RA where it can stimulate pannus formation, osteoclastogenesis, and oxidative stress. Flavonoids are plant metabolites with beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and others. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in a variety of plants, vegetables, and fruits. Many flavonoids have demonstrated anti-arthritic activity mediated mainly through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review thoroughly discusses the accumulate data on the role of flavonoids on IL-6 in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Osama S Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Egypt
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7
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Wang S, Geng Q, Zhang H, Du Q, Wei Q, Cui Y, Zhang X, Yuan M. Downregulation of miR-98-5p expression induces interleukin-6 expression in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1024-1031. [PMID: 34155816 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The increased level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Specific blockade of IL-6 or its receptor has been used successfully in treating RA. MicroRNAs can regulate gene expression and act as regulators of target genes. Manipulation of specific microRNAs provides a novel therapeutic strategy for treating/preventing diseases. This study explored the role of miR-98-5p in the regulation of IL-6 expression in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs). METHODS Real-time PCR was used to detect miR-98-5p expression in RA-FLSs and normal human fibroblast-like synovial cells (HFLSs). Site-directed gene mutagenesis and reporter gene assay were performed to identify the interaction between miR-98-5p and IL-6. Manipulation of miR-98-5p expression in RA-FLS used transfection with miR-98-5p mimic or inhibitor. Stimulation of FLSs with IL-1β induced IL-6 production. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the level of IL-6 secreted into the RA-FLS culture supernatant. RESULTS Compared with HFLSs, the expression of miR-98-5p in RA-FLSs was significantly downregulated, and was negatively correlated with DAS28 scores and rheumatoid factor. In patients with anti-keratin antibody-positive RA, the expression level of miR-98-5p was lower. miR-98-5p negatively regulated the expression of IL-6 in RA-FLSs. After IL-1β stimulation, the expression of miR-98-5p decreased and the level of IL-6 protein was upregulated during IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSION These data suggest that manipulation of miR-98-5p, which negatively modulates IL-6 expression, may be a potential clinical approach in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Qin Geng
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Hongju Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Qiaofeng Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yanhui Cui
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology, People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
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8
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Richardson IM, Calo CJ, Hind LE. Microphysiological Systems for Studying Cellular Crosstalk During the Neutrophil Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661537. [PMID: 33986752 PMCID: PMC8111168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary responders to infection, rapidly migrating to sites of inflammation and clearing pathogens through a variety of antimicrobial functions. This response is controlled by a complex network of signals produced by vascular cells, tissue resident cells, other immune cells, and the pathogen itself. Despite significant efforts to understand how these signals are integrated into the neutrophil response, we still do not have a complete picture of the mechanisms regulating this process. This is in part due to the inherent disadvantages of the most-used experimental systems: in vitro systems lack the complexity of the tissue microenvironment and animal models do not accurately capture the human immune response. Advanced microfluidic devices incorporating relevant tissue architectures, cell-cell interactions, and live pathogen sources have been developed to overcome these challenges. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro models currently being used to study the neutrophil response to infection, specifically in the context of cell-cell interactions, and provide an overview of their findings. We will also provide recommendations for the future direction of the field and what important aspects of the infectious microenvironment are missing from the current models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurel E. Hind
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado – Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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Manning JE, Lewis JW, Marsh LJ, McGettrick HM. Insights Into Leukocyte Trafficking in Inflammatory Arthritis - Imaging the Joint. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635102. [PMID: 33768093 PMCID: PMC7985076 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate accumulation and activation of leukocytes is a shared pathological feature of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Cellular accumulation is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, attempts to modulate leukocyte entry and exit from the joint have proven unsuccessful to date, indicating that gaps in our knowledge remain. Technological advancements are now allowing real-time tracking of leukocyte movement through arthritic joints or in vitro joint constructs. Coupling this technology with improvements in analyzing the cellular composition, location and interactions of leukocytes with neighboring cells has increased our understanding of the temporal dynamics and molecular mechanisms underpinning pathological accumulation of leukocytes in arthritic joints. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to inappropriate leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory arthritis, and how these evolve with disease progression. Moreover, we highlight the advances in imaging of human and murine joints, along with multi-cellular ex vivo joint constructs that have led to our current knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen M. McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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D-Lactate Increases Cytokine Production in Bovine Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes via MCT1 Uptake and the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NFκB Pathways. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112105. [PMID: 33202791 PMCID: PMC7698040 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ruminal acidosis (ARA) is caused by the excessive intake of highly fermentable carbohydrates, followed by the massive production of D-lactate and the appearance of neutrophilic aseptic polysynovitis. Bovines with ARA develop different lesions, such as ruminitis, polioencephalomalacia (calves), liver abscess and lameness. Lameness in cattle with ARA is closely associated with the presence of laminitis and polysynovitis. However, despite decades of research in bovine lameness as consequence of ruminal acidosis, the aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are components of synovial tissue, and under pathological conditions, FLSs increase cytokine production, aggravating inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that D-lactate could induce cytokine production in bovine FLSs. Analysis by qRT-PCR and ELISA revealed that D-lactate, but not L-lactate, increased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in a monocarboxylate transporter-1-dependent manner. In addition, we observed that the inhibition of the p38, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB pathways reduced the production of IL-8 and IL-6. In conclusion, our results suggest that D-lactate induces an inflammatory response; this study contributes to the literature by revealing a potential key role of D-lactate in the polysynovitis of cattle with ARA.
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Nawaz H, Ali A, Rehman T, Aslam A. Chronological effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:1767-1778. [PMID: 33009599 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in reducing pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and other joint- and muscle-associated diseases. However, the extensive, long-term, and over the counter administration of NSAIDs may cause various side effects in the patients. In the present study, the chronological effect of NSAIDs on oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied. METHODS The study included 100 female individuals categorized in four major groups: (1) control group consisting of age- and gender-matched healthy individuals, (2) NRA-NSAID individuals taking NSAIDs without any history of RA, (3) RA individuals with a history of RA but not taking NSAIDs, and (4) RA-NSAID individuals with chronic RA and taking NSAIDs for a long period. The sera of the participants were analyzed for the oxidative stress and antioxidant status. RESULTS The RA-NSAID group showed the significantly highest oxidative stress, in terms of malondialdehyde content and lipid-reducing ability as determined in thiocyanate and hemoglobin-induced linoleic acid systems. However, the free radical scavenging ability of the RA-NSAID group, against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, superoxide, and 2,2-azino-bis-tetrazolium sulfate radicals, was found to be lower than those of the other study groups. The regression analysis of the experimental data showed a significant positive relationship between duration of NSAID intake and malondialdehyde production, lipid-reducing ability, and metal chelating ability in the RA-NSAID patients. The free radical scavenging abilities of the RA-NSAID group were negatively correlated with the duration of NSAID intake. CONCLUSIONS The prolonged use of NSAIDs significantly increased the oxidative stress and decrease the antioxidant potential of both the RA patients and NRA individuals. The study provides awareness to the public particularly the RA patients regarding the risk of oxidative stress-associated abnormalities caused by the frequent and prolonged use of NSAIDs for temporary relief from pain. Key Points • The study presents the effects of long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on antioxidant status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. • The continuous administration of NSAIDs has been found to significantly increase the oxidative stress of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as the individuals with no signs of rheumatoid arthritis. • The prolonged NSAID therapy also decreased the antioxidant potential of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as the individuals with no signs of rheumatoid arthritis. • The study would be a significant and valuable contribution to the literature for the awareness regarding the use of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Nawaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Tanzila Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aslam
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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Lee R, Choi SJ, Moon KC, Park JW, Kim K, Yoon SY, Youn I. Fluorogenic Probe for Detecting Active Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Neutrophils to Indicate the Severity of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3039-3048. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruda Lee
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Magnesium Research Center (MRC), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Sung-Jae Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, 516 Danwon-gu, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-ku, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Woong Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5. Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-ku, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Youn
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5. Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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13
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Hopkin SJ, Lewis JW, Krautter F, Chimen M, McGettrick HM. Triggering the Resolution of Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: Can Targeting Leukocyte Migration Be the Answer? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:184. [PMID: 30881306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment is a pivotal process in the regulation and resolution of an inflammatory episode. It is vital for the protective responses to microbial infection and tissue damage, but is the unwanted reaction contributing to pathology in many immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). Indeed, it is now recognized that patients with IMIDs have defects in at least one, if not multiple, check-points regulating the entry and exit of leukocytes from the inflamed site. In this review, we will explore our understanding of the imbalance in recruitment that permits the accumulation and persistence of leukocytes in IMIDs. We will highlight old and novel pharmacological tools targeting these processes in an attempt to trigger resolution of the inflammatory response. In this context, we will focus on cytokines, chemokines, known pro-resolving lipid mediators and potential novel lipids (e.g., sphingosine-1-phosphate), along with the actions of glucocorticoids mediated by 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Hopkin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Lewis
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Different Faces for Different Places: Heterogeneity of Neutrophil Phenotype and Function. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8016254. [PMID: 30944838 PMCID: PMC6421822 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8016254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant leukocytes in the circulation, neutrophils are committed to innate and adaptive immune effector function to protect the human body. They are capable of killing intruding microbes through various ways including phagocytosis, release of granules, and formation of extracellular traps. Recent research has revealed that neutrophils are heterogeneous in phenotype and function and can display outstanding plasticity in both homeostatic and disease states. The great flexibility and elasticity arm neutrophils with important regulatory and controlling functions in various disease states such as autoimmunity and inflammation as well as cancer. Hence, this review will focus on recent literature describing neutrophils' variable and diverse phenotypes and functions in different contexts.
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15
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Jones SA, Takeuchi T, Aletaha D, Smolen J, Choy EH, McInnes I. Interleukin 6: The biology behind the therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/conmed-2018-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)−6 performs a diverse portfolio of functions in normal physiology and disease. These functions extend beyond the typical role for an inflammatory cytokine, and IL-6 often displays hormone-like properties that affect metabolic processes associated with lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and the neuroendocrine system. Consequently, the biology of IL-6 is complex. Recent advances in the field have led to novel interpretations of how IL-6 delivers immune homeostasis in health and yet drives disease pathology during infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Various biological drugs that target IL-6 are in clinical practice or emerging in clinical trials and pre-clinical development programmes. The challenge is knowing how and when to apply these therapies. In this review, we will explore the biology behind IL-6 directed therapies and identify some key hurdles for future investigation.
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16
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Biggioggero M, Crotti C, Becciolini A, Favalli EG. Tocilizumab in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an evidence-based review and patient selection. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 13:57-70. [PMID: 30587928 PMCID: PMC6304084 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s150580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by articular and systemic manifestations, such as anemia, fatigue, osteoporosis, and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. The pathogenesis of RA is driven by a complex network of proinflammatory cytokines, with a pivotal role of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The management of RA has been dramatically changed during the last years by the introduction of a treat-to-target approach aiming to achieve an acceptable disease control. Nowadays, TNF inhibitors (TNFis) are the most frequently prescribed class of biologic therapies, but the significant proportion of patients experiencing the failure of a TNFi led to the development of alternative therapeutic options targeted on different pathways. Considering the increasing number of targeted therapeutic options for RA, there is a growing interest in the identification of potential predictors of clinical response to each available mechanism of action, with the aim to drive the management of the disease toward a personalized approach according to the concept of precision medicine. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is the first humanized anti-IL-6 receptor subunit alpha (anti-IL-6R) monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of RA refractory to methotrexate or TNFis. TCZ inhibits both the cis- and trans-signaling cascades involving the Janus kinase-signal transducer and the activator of transcription pathway, playing a crucial role in modulating not only joint inflammation but also the previously mentioned extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities of RA, such as fatigue, anemia, bone loss, depression, type 2 diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk. In this review, moving from pathogenetic insights and evidence-based clinical data from randomized controlled trials and real-life observational studies, we will discuss the drivers for the selection of patient candidates to receive TCZ, in order to clarify the current positioning of this drug in the treatment algorithm of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Crotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Health Community, University of Milan, Division of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, Milan, Italy
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17
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Buckley CD, McGettrick HM. Leukocyte trafficking between stromal compartments: lessons from rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:476-487. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Dai W, Chen W, Debnath B, Wu Y, Neamati N. Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationship Studies, and ADMET Properties of 3‐Aminocyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ones as Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:916-930. [PMID: 29493096 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Dai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Michigan 1600 Huron Parkway Ann Arbor MI USA
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery, System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No. 17 People's South Road Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Wenmin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Michigan 1600 Huron Parkway Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Bikash Debnath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Michigan 1600 Huron Parkway Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery, System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No. 17 People's South Road Chengdu 610041 P.R. China
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy University of Michigan 1600 Huron Parkway Ann Arbor MI USA
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19
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Munir H, Ward LSC, McGettrick HM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Endogenous Regulators of Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1060:73-98. [PMID: 30155623 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78127-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulatory role of endogenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) during an inflammatory response. MSC are a heterogeneous population of multipotent cells that normally contribute towards tissue maintenance and repair but have garnered significant scientific interest for their potent immunomodulatory potential. It is through these physicochemical interactions that MSC are able to exert an anti-inflammatory response on neighbouring stromal and haematopoietic cells. However, the impact of the chronic inflammatory environment on MSC function remains to be determined. Understanding the relationship of MSC between resolution of inflammation and autoimmunity will both offer new insights in the use of MSC as a therapeutic, and also their involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Munir
- MRC Cancer Unit/Hutchison, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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20
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Elevated levels of epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78 (ENA-78) (CXCL5) and Interleukin-1β is correlated with varicocele-caused infertility: A novel finding. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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21
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Abstract
Stromal cells like synovial fibroblasts gained great interest over the years, since it has become clear that they strongly influence their environment and neighbouring cells. The current review describes the role of synovial fibroblasts as cells of the innate immune system and expands on their involvement in inflammation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Furthermore, epigenetic changes in RA synovial fibroblasts and studies that focused on the identification of different subsets of synovial fibroblasts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ospelt
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Bala A, Mondal C, Haldar PK, Khandelwal B. Oxidative stress in inflammatory cells of patient with rheumatoid arthritis: clinical efficacy of dietary antioxidants. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 25:595-607. [PMID: 28929423 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease responsible for significant human morbidity in modern life. However, oxidative stress is one of the key markers for determining pathophysiology of patients with RA. The interaction between cellular immune system and body's endogenous and/or exogenous antigens produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in autoimmune disease like RA. ROS and RNS include highly toxic superoxide (O2-) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) radicals, which activate the signaling cascades of inflammatory cells to synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Previous studies reported that Th1 cytokines could promote the development of autoimmune disorders like RA, whereas the Th2 cytokines may attenuate the same diseases. An increased awareness of the relationship between food and health led to a tremendous increase of antioxidant research in the last decade. Evaluation of the efficacy of dietary antioxidants is also becoming highly acceptable in RA research. A number of dietary phytomolecules are already established as having antioxidant activity in isolated synovial cellular infiltrate or peripheral blood neutrophils and lymphocytes. This review aims to highlight the oxidative stress in inflammatory cells of patients with RA and to summarize the clinical relevance of dietary antioxidants as a first step in assessing beneficial effect, safety and dose safety ratio in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asis Bala
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, Free State, South Africa. .,Division of Pharmacology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 157/F Nilgunj Road, Panihati, West Bengal, 700114, India.
| | - Chaitali Mondal
- TCG Life Sciences (Chembiotek) Pvt. Ltd., Sector V, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Pallab Kanti Haldar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Bidita Khandelwal
- Department of Medicine, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Science, 5th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim, 737102, India
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23
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Nguyen HN, Noss EH, Mizoguchi F, Huppertz C, Wei KS, Watts GFM, Brenner MB. Autocrine Loop Involving IL-6 Family Member LIF, LIF Receptor, and STAT4 Drives Sustained Fibroblast Production of Inflammatory Mediators. Immunity 2017; 46:220-232. [PMID: 28228280 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are major contributors to and regulators of inflammation and dominant producers of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Yet, compared to leukocytes, the regulation of inflammatory pathways in fibroblasts is largely unknown. Here, we report that analyses of genes coordinately upregulated with IL-6 pointed to STAT4 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as potentially linked. Gene silencing revealed that STAT4 was required for IL-6 transcription. STAT4 was recruited to the IL-6 promoter after fibroblast activation, and LIF receptor (LIFR) and STAT4 formed a molecular complex that, together with JAK1 and TYK2 kinases, controlled STAT4 activation. Importantly, a positive feedback loop involving autocrine LIF, LIFR, and STAT4 drove sustained IL-6 transcription. Besides IL-6, this autorine loop also drove the production of other key inflammatory factors including IL-8, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), IL-33, IL-11, IL-1α, and IL-1β. These findings define the transcriptional regulation of fibroblast-mediated inflammation as distinct from leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Nguyen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erika H Noss
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fumitaka Mizoguchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Christine Huppertz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin S Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gerald F M Watts
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Sheppard M, Laskou F, Stapleton PP, Hadavi S, Dasgupta B. Tocilizumab (Actemra). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1972-1988. [PMID: 28841363 PMCID: PMC5612212 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1316909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocilizumab (TCZ), is a recombinant humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) monoclonal antibody which has a main use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA). This article provides an overview of TCZ including looking into the past at the discovery of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. It also looks at how tocilizumab was developed, manufactured and tested to ensure both safety and efficacy in a human population. The article then explores the advantages and disadvantages of using TCZ when compared to other biologics approved in RA, sJIA and pJIA and finally looks ahead to the future and the emerging role of IL-6 and its blockade by TCZ as a treatment for giant cell arteritis (GCA), polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and large vessel vasculitis (LVV).
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Drug Approval
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica/drug therapy
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/immunology
- Vasculitis/drug therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sheppard
- Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westcliff on Sea, UK
| | - Faidra Laskou
- Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westcliff on Sea, UK
| | | | - Shahryar Hadavi
- Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westcliff on Sea, UK
| | - Bhaskar Dasgupta
- Southend University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Westcliff on Sea, UK
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25
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Filer A, Ward LSC, Kemble S, Davies CS, Munir H, Rogers R, Raza K, Buckley CD, Nash GB, McGettrick HM. Identification of a transitional fibroblast function in very early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:2105-2112. [PMID: 28847766 PMCID: PMC5705853 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synovial fibroblasts actively regulate the inflammatory infiltrate by communicating with neighbouring endothelial cells (EC). Surprisingly, little is known about how the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) alters these immunomodulatory properties. We examined the effects of phase of RA and disease outcome (resolving vs persistence) on fibroblast crosstalk with EC and regulation of lymphocyte recruitment. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from patients without synovitis, with resolving arthritis, very early RA (VeRA; symptom ≤12 weeks) and established RA undergoing joint replacement (JRep) surgery. Endothelial-fibroblast cocultures were formed on opposite sides of porous filters. Lymphocyte adhesion from flow, secretion of soluble mediators and interleukin 6 (IL-6) signalling were assessed. RESULTS Fibroblasts from non-inflamed and resolving arthritis were immunosuppressive, inhibiting lymphocyte recruitment to cytokine-treated endothelium. This effect was lost very early in the development of RA, such that fibroblasts no longer suppressed recruitment. Changes in IL-6 and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) signalling appeared critical for the loss of the immunosuppressive phenotype. In the absence of exogenous cytokines, JRep, but not VeRA, fibroblasts activated endothelium to support lymphocyte. CONCLUSIONS In RA, fibroblasts undergo two distinct changes in function: first a loss of immunosuppressive responses early in disease development, followed by the later acquisition of a stimulatory phenotype. Fibroblasts exhibit a transitional functional phenotype during the first 3 months of symptoms that contributes to the accumulation of persistent infiltrates. Finally, the role of IL-6 and TGF-β1 changes from immunosuppressive in resolving arthritis to stimulatory very early in the development of RA. Early interventions targeting 'pathogenic' fibroblasts may be required in order to restore protective regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lewis S C Ward
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Kemble
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Hafsa Munir
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebekah Rogers
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Dominic Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Kim YJ, Shin JM, Shin SH, Kim JH, Sohn KY, Kim HJ, Kang JK, Yoon SY, Kim JW. 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol ameliorates arthritic joints through reducing neutrophil infiltration mediated by IL-6/STAT3 and MIP-2 activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96636-96648. [PMID: 29228558 PMCID: PMC5722510 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been implicated neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation which could generate autoantigen. Neutrophil contributes to initiate and maintain the inflammatory process in the joint. In this study, we show that 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) decreases neutrophil migration by regulating the activity of STAT3, a regulator of IL-6 and MIP-2 expression. PLAG caused a decrease in IL-6 production in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line and in rheumatoid arthritis–fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the regulation of STAT3 signaling without affecting NF-κB signaling. In a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), arthritic symptoms were recapitulated, with increased IL-6 level in the synovium, and PLAG treatment restored IL-6 to a level comparable to that achieved with commercial therapeutics (such as Remicade or methotrexate). Staining of joint tissue with neutrophil-specific antibody showed that PLAG significantly reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the joint synovium of CIA mice. The inhibitory effect of PLAG on IL-6/STAT3 or MIP-2 signaling also reduced the migration of differentiated neutrophils in vitro. Therefore, PLAG inhibits the infiltration of destructive neutrophils into inflammatory sites, and can be utilized as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of sustained inflammation and joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Shin
- Cell Factory Research Center, Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Shin
- Cell Factory Research Center, Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, EulJi University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jong-Koo Kang
- Department of Laboratory Animal medicine, College of Veterinary medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Wha Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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27
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Zhang S, Huang G, Yuan K, Zhu Q, Sheng H, Yu R, Luo G, Xu A. Tanshinone IIA ameliorates chronic arthritis in mice by modulating neutrophil activities. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:29-39. [PMID: 28542869 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune inflammatory disease mediated by the influx of immune cells into the synovial joint space. As Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) has potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, we used the adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) murine model of RA to investigate the impact of TIIA on RA and immune cell activation. The anti-arthritic activity of TIIA was investigated in an adjuvant-induced arthritis model of RA in mice. Myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase expression levels were assessed in ankle joints by immunohistochemistry analysis. Immune cell infiltration was evaluated in air pouch experiments. Proinflammatory cytokines expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were assessed by immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Treatment with TIIA alleviated cartilage erosion and neutrophil infiltration in the ankle joints of AA mice and reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression levels in sera. TIIA suppressed interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α expression and release in neutrophils and promoted neutrophil apoptosis. TIIA also inhibited the NET formation of neutrophils. Our findings demonstrated that TIIA can ameliorate RA effectively by targeting neutrophils, indicating that TIIA may act as a potential therapeutic for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - G Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - K Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Q Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - H Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - R Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - G Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - A Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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28
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Munir H, Ward LSC, Sheriff L, Kemble S, Nayar S, Barone F, Nash GB, McGettrick HM. Adipogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alters Their Immunomodulatory Properties in a Tissue-Specific Manner. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1636-1646. [PMID: 28376564 PMCID: PMC6052434 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with formation of ectopic fat deposits that might represent damage-induced aberrant mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. Such deposits are associated with increased levels of inflammatory infiltrate and poor prognosis. Here we tested the hypothesis that differentiation from MSC to adipocytes in inflamed tissue might contribute to chronicity through loss of immunomodulatory function. We assessed the effects of adipogenic differentiation of MSC isolated from bone marrow or adipose tissue on their capacity to regulate neutrophil recruitment by endothelial cells and compared the differentiated cells to primary adipocytes from adipose tissue. Bone marrow derived MSC were immunosuppressive, inhibiting neutrophil recruitment to TNFα-treated endothelial cells (EC), but MSC-derived adipocytes were no longer able to suppress neutrophil adhesion. Changes in IL-6 and TGFβ1 signalling appeared critical for the loss of the immunosuppressive phenotype. In contrast, native stromal cells, adipocytes derived from them, and mature adipocytes from adipose tissue were all immunoprotective. Thus disruption of normal tissue stroma homeostasis, as occurs in chronic inflammatory diseases, might drive "abnormal" adipogenesis which adversely influences the behavior of MSC and contributes to pathogenic recruitment of leukocytes. Interestingly, stromal cells programmed in native fat tissue retain an immunoprotective phenotype. Stem Cells 2017;35:1636-1646.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Munir
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Lewis S C Ward
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lozan Sheriff
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Samuel Kemble
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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29
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Schinnerling K, Aguillón JC, Catalán D, Soto L. The role of interleukin-6 signalling and its therapeutic blockage in skewing the T cell balance in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:12-20. [PMID: 28369786 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic blockage of cytokine signalling in autoimmune diseases has improved our understanding of the role of these cytokines in triggering, shaping and perpetuating autoimmune responses. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), immunopathology is driven by a predominance of arthritogenic T helper cells secreting interferon-γ [T helper type 1 (Th1)] and interleukin (IL)-17 (Th17) over regulatory T cells (Treg ). The pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 is crucial to the differentiation of Th17 cells and the balance between pathogenic Th17 and protective Treg . Targeting the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) by humanized antibodies improves signs and symptoms of RA, and has provided new insights into the mechanisms of inflammation and immune regulation. Here we review current evidence on the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of RA and the molecular consequences of IL-6R blockage in disease, with special focus on the Th17/Treg balance and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schinnerling
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - J C Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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30
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Chimen M, Yates CM, McGettrick HM, Ward LSC, Harrison MJ, Apta B, Dib LH, Imhof BA, Harrison P, Nash GB, Rainger GE. Monocyte Subsets Coregulate Inflammatory Responses by Integrated Signaling through TNF and IL-6 at the Endothelial Cell Interface. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2834-2843. [PMID: 28193827 PMCID: PMC5357784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two major monocyte subsets, CD14+CD16− (classical) and CD14+/dimCD16+ (nonclassical/intermediate), have been described. Each has different functions ascribed in its interactions with vascular endothelial cells (EC), including migration and promoting inflammation. Although monocyte subpopulations have been studied in isolated systems, their influence on EC and on the course of inflammation has been ignored. In this study, using unstimulated or cytokine-activated EC, we observed significant differences in the recruitment, migration, and reverse migration of human monocyte subsets. Associated with this, and based on their patterns of cytokine secretion, there was a difference in their capacity to activate EC and support the secondary recruitment of flowing neutrophils. High levels of TNF were detected in cocultures with nonclassical/intermediate monocytes, the blockade of which significantly reduced neutrophil recruitment. In contrast, classical monocytes secreted high levels of IL-6, the blockade of which resulted in increased neutrophil recruitment. When cocultures contained both monocyte subsets, or when conditioned supernatant from classical monocytes cocultures (IL-6hi) was added to nonclassical/intermediate monocyte cocultures (TNFhi), the activating effects of TNF were dramatically reduced, implying that when present, the anti-inflammatory activities of IL-6 were dominant over the proinflammatory activities of TNF. These changes in neutrophil recruitment could be explained by regulation of E-selectin on the cocultured EC. This study suggests that recruited human monocyte subsets trigger a regulatory pathway of cytokine-mediated signaling at the EC interface, and we propose that this is a mechanism for limiting the phlogistic activity of newly recruited monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Chimen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Clara M Yates
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lewis S C Ward
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Matthew J Harrison
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Bonita Apta
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lea H Dib
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Harrison
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - G Ed Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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31
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Mcgettrick HM, Ward LSC, Rainger GE, Nash GB. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Active Regulators of Lymphocyte Recruitment to Blood Vascular Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1591:121-142. [PMID: 28349479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6931-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methods are described for analyzing adhesion and migration of isolated lymphocytes on endothelial cell monolayers which have been cocultured with different mesenchymal stromal cells, with or without additional cytokine treatment. The different cells types are grown on opposite sides of 3.0 or 0.4 μm pore filters, depending on whether migration through the whole construct is to be analyzed, or adhesion to the endothelial cells alone. Migration away from the sub-endothelial space and through the stromal layer can also be assessed by culturing mesenchymal stromal cells within a 3-D collagen gel overlaid with endothelial cells. Assays may be "static" or the filter-based constructs can be incorporated into flow chambers so that cell behavior can be directly observed under conditions simulating those in vivo. In general, by choice of method, one can evaluate efficiency of attachment, and ability of cells to migrate across the endothelial monolayer, through the filter and through the stromal cell layer in 2-D or 3-D. Fluorescence microscopic examination of fixed filters can be used, e.g., to ascertain whether lymphocytes are retained by stromal cells. In general, static assays have the higher throughput and greatest ease of use, while the flow-based assays are more physiologically relevant and allow detailed recording of cell behavior in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Mcgettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and DentalSciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Lewis S C Ward
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - George Edward Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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32
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Munir H, Luu NT, Clarke LSC, Nash GB, McGettrick HM. Comparative Ability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Tissues to Limit Neutrophil Recruitment to Inflamed Endothelium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155161. [PMID: 27171357 PMCID: PMC4865100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are tissue-resident stromal cells capable of modulating immune responses, including leukocyte recruitment by endothelial cells (EC). However, the comparative potency of MSC from different sources in suppressing recruitment, and the necessity for close contact with endothelium remain uncertain, although these factors have implications for use of MSC in therapy. We thus compared the effects of MSC isolated from bone marrow, Wharton's jelly, and trabecular bone on neutrophil recruitment to cytokine-stimulated EC, using co-culture models with different degrees of proximity between MSC and EC. All types of MSC suppressed neutrophil adhesion to inflamed endothelium but not neutrophil transmigration, whether directly incorporated into endothelial monolayers or separated from them by thin micropore filters. Further increase in the separation of the two cell types tended to reduce efficacy, although this diminution was least for the bone marrow MSC. Immuno-protective effects of MSC were also diminished with repeated passage; with BMMSC, but not WJMSC, completing losing their suppressive effect by passage 7. Conditioned media from all co-cultures suppressed neutrophil recruitment, and IL-6 was identified as a common bioactive mediator. These results suggest endogenous MSC have a homeostatic role in limiting inflammatory leukocyte infiltration in a range of tissues. Since released soluble mediators might have effects locally or remotely, infusion of MSC into blood or direct injection into target organs might be efficacious, but in either case, cross-talk between EC and MSC appears necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Munir
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyet-Thin Luu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis S. C. Clarke
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard B. Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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33
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Góralczyk K, Szymańska J, Szot K, Fisz J, Rość D. Low-level laser irradiation effect on endothelial cells under conditions of hyperglycemia. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:825-31. [PMID: 26861982 PMCID: PMC4908157 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1880-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is considered to be a very serious lifestyle disease leading to cardiovascular complications and impaired wound healing observed in the diabetic foot syndrome. Chronic hyperglycemia is the source of the endothelial activation. The inflammatory process in diabetes is associated with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by endothelial cells, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The method of phototherapy using laser beam of low power (LLLT-low-level laser therapy) effectively supports the conventional treatment of diabetic vascular complications such as diabetic foot syndrome. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of low-power laser irradiation at two wavelengths (635 and 830 nm) on the secretion of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) by the endothelial cell culture-HUVEC line (human umbilical vein endothelial cell)-under conditions of hyperglycemia. It is considered that adverse effects of hyperglycemia on vascular endothelial cells may be corrected by the action of LLLT, especially with the wavelength of 830 nm. It leads to the reduction of TNF-α concentration in the supernatant and enhancement of cell proliferation. Endothelial cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes; however, a small number of studies evaluate an impact of LLLT on these cells under conditions of hyperglycemia. Further work on this subject is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Góralczyk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Skłodowskiej-Curie Street No 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Szymańska
- Department of Laserotherapy and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szot
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Skłodowskiej-Curie Street No 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek Fisz
- Department of Laserotherapy and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Danuta Rość
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Skłodowskiej-Curie Street No 9, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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34
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Atkinson SM, Hoffmann U, Hamann A, Bach E, Danneskiold-Samsøe NB, Kristiansen K, Serikawa K, Fox B, Kruse K, Haase C, Skov S, Nansen A. Depletion of regulatory T cells leads to an exacerbation of delayed-type hypersensitivity arthritis in C57BL/6 mice that can be counteracted by IL-17 blockade. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:427-40. [PMID: 26822477 PMCID: PMC4852503 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of arthritis have been extensively used in the elucidation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis and are instrumental in the development of therapeutic strategies. Here we utilise delayed-type hypersensitivity arthritis (DTHA), a model in C57BL/6 mice affecting one paw with synchronised onset, 100% penetrance and low variation. We investigate the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in DTHA through selective depletion of Tregsand the role of IL-17 in connection with Tregdepletion. Given the relevance of Tregsin RA, and the possibility of developing Treg-directed therapies, this approach could be relevant for advancing the understanding of Tregsin inflammatory arthritis. Selective depletion of Tregswas achieved using aFoxp3-DTR-eGFPmouse, which expresses the diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under control of theFoxp3gene. Anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used for IL-17 blockade. Numbers and activation of Tregsincreased in the paw and its draining lymph node in DTHA, and depletion of Tregsresulted in exacerbation of disease as shown by increased paw swelling, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, increased bone remodelling and increased production of inflammatory mediators, as well as increased production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Anti-IL-17 mAb treatment demonstrated that IL-17 is important for disease severity in both the presence and absence of Tregs, and that IL-17 blockade is able to rescue mice from the exacerbated disease caused by Tregdepletion and caused a reduction in RANKL, IL-6 and the number of neutrophils. We show that Tregsare important for the containment of inflammation and bone remodelling in DTHA. To our knowledge, this is the first study using theFoxp3-DTR-eGFPmouse on a C57BL/6 background for Tregdepletion in an arthritis model, and we here demonstrate the usefulness of the approach to study the role of Tregsand IL-17 in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marie Atkinson
- Department of Diabetes Complications Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev 2760, Denmark Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Ute Hoffmann
- Experimentelle Rheumatologie, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Alf Hamann
- Experimentelle Rheumatologie, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Emil Bach
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Brian Fox
- Immunexpress, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kim Kruse
- Department of Diabetes Complications Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev 2760, Denmark
| | - Claus Haase
- Department of Diabetes Complications Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev 2760, Denmark
| | - Søren Skov
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Anneline Nansen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zealand Pharma, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
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35
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Zampeli E, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Tzioufas AG. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Unraveling the conundrum. J Autoimmun 2015; 65:1-18. [PMID: 26515757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous disease with a complex and yet not fully understood pathophysiology, where numerous different cell-types contribute to a destructive process of the joints. This complexity results into a considerable interpatient variability in clinical course and severity, which may additionally involve genetics and/or environmental factors. After three decades of focused efforts scientists have now achieved to apply in clinical practice, for patients with RA, the "treat to target" approach with initiation of aggressive therapy soon after diagnosis and escalation of the therapy in pursuit of clinical remission. In addition to the conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, biologics have greatly improved the management of RA, demonstrating efficacy and safety in alleviating symptoms, inhibiting bone erosion, and preventing loss of function. Nonetheless, despite the plethora of therapeutic options and their combinations, unmet therapeutic needs in RA remain, as current therapies sometimes fail or produce only partial responses and/or develop unwanted side-effects. Unfortunately the mechanisms of 'nonresponse' remain unknown and most probable lie in the unrevealed heterogeneity of the RA pathophysiology. In this review, through the effort of unraveling the complex pathophysiological pathways, we will depict drugs used throughout the years for the treatment of RA, the current and future biological therapies and their molecular or cellular targets and finally will suggest therapeutic algorithms for RA management. With multiple biologic options, there is still a need for strong predictive biomarkers to determine which drug is most likely to be effective, safe, and durable in a given individual. The fact that available biologics are not effective in all patients attests to the heterogeneity of RA, yet over the long term, as research and treatment become more aggressive, efficacy, toxicity, and costs must be balanced within the therapeutic equation to enhance the quality of life in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zampeli
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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36
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Kim ND, Luster AD. The role of tissue resident cells in neutrophil recruitment. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:547-55. [PMID: 26297103 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are first responders of the immune system, rapidly migrating into affected tissues in response to injury or infection. To effectively call in this first line of defense, strategically placed cells within the vasculature and tissue respond to noxious stimuli by sending out coordinated signals that recruit neutrophils. Regulation of organ-specific neutrophil entry occurs at two levels. First, the vasculature supplying the organ provides cues for neutrophil egress out of the bloodstream in a manner dependent upon its unique cellular composition and architectural features. Second, resident immune cells and stromal cells within the organ send coordinated signals that guide neutrophils to their final destination. Here, we review recent findings that highlight the importance of these tissue-specific responses in the regulation of neutrophil recruitment and the initiation and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad effect on cells of the immune system and those not of the immune system and often displays hormone-like characteristics that affect homeostatic processes. IL-6 has context-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties and is now regarded as a prominent target for clinical intervention. However, the signaling cassette that controls the activity of IL-6 is complicated, and distinct intervention strategies can inhibit this pathway. Clinical experience with antagonists of IL-6 has raised new questions about how and when to block this cytokine to improve disease outcome and patient wellbeing. Here we discuss the effect of IL-6 on innate and adaptive immunity and the possible advantages of various antagonists of IL-6 and consider how the immunobiology of IL-6 may inform clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon A Jones
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Campus, Cardiff, UK
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38
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IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:448-57. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1392] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Buckley CD, Barone F, Nayar S, Bénézech C, Caamaño J. Stromal Cells in Chronic Inflammation and Tertiary Lymphoid Organ Formation. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:715-45. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WD, United Kingdom
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Cecile Bénézech
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jorge Caamaño
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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40
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Ogura N, Kondoh T. Molecular aspects in inflammatory events of temporomandibular joint: Microarray-based identification of mediators. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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41
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Witte T. Methotrexate as combination partner of TNF inhibitors and tocilizumab. What is reasonable from an immunological viewpoint? Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:629-34. [PMID: 25604317 PMCID: PMC4365184 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-2861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of therapy of rheumatoid arthritis is to achieve a remission or at least low disease activity. TNF inhibitors induce high remission rates only in combination with methotrexate, whereas the efficacy of tocilizumab is optimal even as a monotherapy. In this article, the differing dependence of the biological drugs on methotrexate is explained from the viewpoint of an immunologist. A selective search and evaluation of the literature was performed with regard to the mode of action of TNF inhibitors, tocilizumab and methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate primarily inhibits the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes. TNF inhibitors suppress monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, and tocilizumab has a broader activity and is directed against both the lymphoid as well as the myeloid compartment. In view of the broad mode of action of tocilizumab, it can be explained why this drug, in contrast to TNF inhibitors, is acting optimally even in monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Witte
- Clinic for Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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42
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Luu NT, McGettrick HM, Buckley CD, Newsome PN, Rainger GE, Frampton J, Nash GB. Crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells leads to downregulation of cytokine-induced leukocyte recruitment. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2690-702. [PMID: 23939932 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have immunomodulatory properties, but their effects on endothelial cells (EC) and recruitment of leukocytes are unknown. We cocultured human bone marrow-derived MSC with EC and found that MSC could downregulate adhesion of flowing neutrophils or lymphocytes and their subsequent transendothelial migration. This applied for EC treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1), or TNF and interferon-γ combined. Supernatant from cocultures also inhibited endothelial responses. This supernatant had much higher levels of IL-6 than supernatant from cultures of the individual cells, which also lacked inhibitory functions. Addition of neutralizing antibody against IL-6 removed the bioactivity of the supernatant and also the immunomodulatory effects of coculture. Studies using siRNA showed that IL-6 came mainly from the MSC in coculture, and reduction in production in MSC alone was sufficient to impair the protective effects of coculture. Interestingly, siRNA knockdown of IL-6-receptor expression in MSC as well as EC inhibited anti-inflammatory effects. This was explained when we detected soluble IL-6R receptor in supernatants and showed that receptor removal reduced the potency of supernatant. Neutralization of transforming growth factor-β indicated that activation of this factor in coculture contributed to IL-6 production. Thus, crosstalk between MSC and EC caused upregulation of production of IL-6 by MSC which in turn downregulated the response of EC to inflammatory cytokines, an effect potentiated by MSC release of soluble IL-6R. These studies establish a novel mechanism by which MSC might have protective effects against inflammatory pathology and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thin Luu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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43
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Munir H, Rainger GE, Nash GB, McGettrick H. Analyzing the effects of stromal cells on the recruitment of leukocytes from flow. J Vis Exp 2015:e52480. [PMID: 25590557 DOI: 10.3791/52480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells regulate the recruitment of circulating leukocytes during inflammation through cross-talk with neighboring endothelial cells. Here we describe two in vitro "vascular" models for studying the recruitment of circulating neutrophils from flow by inflamed endothelial cells. A major advantage of these models is the ability to analyze each step in the leukocyte adhesion cascade in order, as would occur in vivo. We also describe how both models can be adapted to study the role of stromal cells, in this case mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), in regulating leukocyte recruitment. Primary endothelial cells were cultured alone or together with human MSC in direct contact on Ibidi microslides or on opposite sides of a Transwell filter for 24 hr. Cultures were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) for 4 hr and incorporated into a flow-based adhesion assay. A bolus of neutrophils was perfused over the endothelium for 4 min. The capture of flowing neutrophils and their interactions with the endothelium was visualized by phase-contrast microscopy. In both models, cytokine-stimulation increased endothelial recruitment of flowing neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the behavior of recruited neutrophils showed a dose-dependent decrease in rolling and a dose-dependent increase in transmigration through the endothelium. In co-culture, MSC suppressed neutrophil adhesion to TNFα-stimulated endothelium. Our flow based-adhesion models mimic the initial phases of leukocyte recruitment from the circulation. In addition to leukocytes, they can be used to examine the recruitment of other cell types, such as therapeutically administered MSC or circulating tumor cells. Our multi-layered co-culture models have shown that MSC communicate with endothelium to modify their response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, altering the recruitment of neutrophils. Further research using such models is required to fully understand how stromal cells from different tissues and conditions (inflammatory disorders or cancer) influence the recruitment of leukocytes during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Munir
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham; College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - G Ed Rainger
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham; College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Gerard B Nash
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham; College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham
| | - Helen McGettrick
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham; School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham;
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Patel R, Filer A, Barone F, Buckley CD. Stroma: fertile soil for inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2014; 28:565-76. [PMID: 25481550 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological therapies for the management of immune mediated inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis have proven to be extremely successful in recent years. Despite these successes, even the most effective of therapies do not lead to cure. Why chronic inflammation persists indefinitely within the rheumatoid synovium despite an absence of continuous stimulation, and why some patients with early synovitis progress to persistent disease whilst others do not, has remained unexplained. In contrast to the paradigm that stromal cells are biochemically active but immunologically passive, there is now growing evidence that stromal components from the rheumatoid synovium play a crucial part in the immunopathology of rheumatoid arthritis. Stromal cells play a central role in the transformation of an acute, resolving to a chronic inflammatory process, and to the persistence of synovial inflammation and joint destruction through a variety of immune mechanisms. Therapeutic manipulation of the stroma is a largely unexplored, yet potentially vital area of research. Targeting pathogenic stromal cells has the potential to provide a cure for chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikesh Patel
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Rheumatology Research Group, Center for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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45
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Maeda DY, Peck AM, Schuler A, Quinn MT, Kirpotina LN, Wicomb WN, Fan GH, Zebala JA. Discovery of 2-[5-(4-Fluorophenylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl]phenylboronic Acid (SX-517): Noncompetitive Boronic Acid Antagonist of CXCR1 and CXCR2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8378-97. [PMID: 25254640 PMCID: PMC4207547 DOI: 10.1021/jm500827t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 play key roles in inflammatory diseases and carcinogenesis. In inflammation, they activate and recruit polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) through binding of the chemokines CXCL1 (CXCR1) and CXCL8 (CXCR1 and CXCR2). Structure-activity studies that examined the effect of a novel series of S-substituted 6-mercapto-N-phenyl-nicotinamides on CXCL1-stimulated Ca(2+) flux in whole human PMNs led to the discovery of 2-[5-(4-fluorophenylcarbamoyl)pyridin-2-ylsulfanylmethyl]phenylboronic acid (SX-517), a potent noncompetitive boronic acid CXCR1/2 antagonist. SX-517 inhibited CXCL1-induced Ca(2+) flux (IC50 = 38 nM) in human PMNs but had no effect on the Ca(2+) flux induced by C5a, fMLF, or PAF. In recombinant HEK293 cells that stably expressed CXCR2, SX-517 antagonized CXCL8-induced [(35)S]GTPγS binding (IC50 = 60 nM) and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition was noncompetitive, with SX-517 unable to compete the binding of [(125)I]-CXCL8 to CXCR2 membranes. SX-517 (0.2 mg/kg iv) significantly inhibited inflammation in an in vivo murine model. SX-517 is the first reported boronic acid chemokine antagonist and represents a novel pharmacophore for CXCR1/2 antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Y. Maeda
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
| | - Angela M. Peck
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
| | - Aaron
D. Schuler
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana
State University, 960
Technology Boulevard, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Liliya N. Kirpotina
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana
State University, 960
Technology Boulevard, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Winston N. Wicomb
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Guo-Huang Fan
- Department
of Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. DB Todd Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, United States
| | - John A. Zebala
- Syntrix
Biosystems, 215 Clay
Street, Auburn, Washington 98001, United States
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Cellular adhesion gene SELP is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and displays differential allelic expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103872. [PMID: 25147926 PMCID: PMC4141704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a key event is infiltration of inflammatory immune cells into the synovial lining, possibly aggravated by dysregulation of cellular adhesion molecules. Therefore, single nucleotide polymorphisms of 14 genes involved in cellular adhesion processes (CAST, ITGA4, ITGB1, ITGB2, PECAM1, PTEN, PTPN11, PTPRC, PXN, SELE, SELP, SRC, TYK2, and VCAM1) were analyzed for association with RA. Association analysis was performed consecutively in three European RA family sample groups (Nfamilies = 407). Additionally, we investigated differential allelic expression, a possible functional consequence of genetic variants. SELP (selectin P, CD62P) SNP-allele rs6136-T was associated with risk for RA in two RA family sample groups as well as in global analysis of all three groups (ptotal = 0.003). This allele was also expressed preferentially (p<10-6) with a two- fold average increase in regulated samples. Differential expression is supported by data from Genevar MuTHER (p1 = 0.004; p2 = 0.0177). Evidence for influence of rs6136 on transcription factor binding was also found in silico and in public datasets reporting in vitro data. In summary, we found SELP rs6136-T to be associated with RA and with increased expression of SELP mRNA. SELP is located on the surface of endothelial cells and crucial for recruitment, adhesion, and migration of inflammatory cells into the joint. Genetically determined increased SELP expression levels might thus be a novel additional risk factor for RA.
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47
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Wright HL, Moots RJ, Edwards SW. The multifactorial role of neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:593-601. [PMID: 24914698 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Of all cells implicated in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), neutrophils possess the greatest cytotoxic potential, owing to their ability to release degradative enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Neutrophils also contribute to the cytokine and chemokine cascades that accompany inflammation, and regulate immune responses via cell-cell interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils also have a previously unrecognised role in autoimmune diseases: neutrophils can release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) containing chromatin associated with granule enzymes, which not only kill extracellular microorganisms but also provide a source of autoantigens. For example, citrullinated proteins that can act as neoepitopes in loss of immune tolerance are generated by peptidylarginine deiminases, which replace arginine with citrulline residues, within neutrophils. Indeed, antibodies to citrullinated proteins can be detected before the onset of symptoms in patients with RA, and are predictive of erosive disease. Neutrophils from patients with RA have an increased tendency to form NETs containing citrullinated proteins, and sera from such patients contain autoantibodies that recognize these proteins. Thus, in addition to their cytotoxic and immunoregulatory role in RA, neutrophils may be a source of the autoantigens that drive the autoimmune processes underlying this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Wright
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Robert J Moots
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University Hospital Aintree, University of Liverpool, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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48
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Kuravi SJ, McGettrick HM, Satchell SC, Saleem MA, Harper L, Williams JM, Rainger GE, Savage COS. Podocytes regulate neutrophil recruitment by glomerular endothelial cells via IL-6-mediated crosstalk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:234-43. [PMID: 24872191 PMCID: PMC4067868 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells actively modulate the inflammatory process, in part by influencing the ability of neighboring endothelial cells to support the recruitment of circulating leukocytes. We hypothesized that podocytes influence the ability of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) to recruit neutrophils during inflammation. To address this, human podocytes and human GEnCs were cultured on opposite sides of porous inserts and then treated with or without increasing concentrations of TNF-α prior to addition of neutrophils. The presence of podocytes significantly reduced neutrophil recruitment to GEnCs by up to 50% when cultures were treated with high-dose TNF-α (100 U/ml), when compared with GEnC monocultures. Importantly, this phenomenon was dependent on paracrine actions of soluble IL-6, predominantly released by podocytes. A similar response was absent when HUVECs were cocultured with podocytes, indicating a tissue-specific phenomenon. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 elicited the immunosuppressive actions of IL-6 in a process that disrupted the presentation of chemokines on GEnCs by altering the expression of the duffy Ag receptor for chemokines. Interestingly, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 knockdown in GEnCs upregulated duffy Ag receptor for chemokines and CXCL5 expression, thereby restoring the neutrophil recruitment. In summary, these studies reveal that podocytes can negatively regulate neutrophil recruitment to inflamed GEnCs by modulating IL-6 signaling, identifying a potential novel anti-inflammatory role of IL-6 in renal glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi J Kuravi
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Satchell
- Academic Renal Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Academic Renal Unit, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine Harper
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Julie M Williams
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; and
| | - George Ed Rainger
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline O S Savage
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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49
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Duraes FV, Thelemann C, Sarter K, Acha-Orbea H, Hugues S, Reith W. Role of major histocompatibility complex class II expression by non-hematopoietic cells in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders: facts and fiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 82:1-15. [PMID: 23745569 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that interactions between CD4(+) T cells and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) positive antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of hematopoietic origin play key roles in both the maintenance of tolerance and the initiation and development of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In sharp contrast, despite nearly three decades of intensive research, the functional relevance of MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic tissue-resident cells has remained obscure. The widespread assumption that MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic APCs has an impact on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases has in most instances neither been confirmed nor excluded by indisputable in vivo data. Here we review and put into perspective conflicting in vitro and in vivo results on the putative impact of MHCII expression by non-hematopoietic APCs--in both target organs and secondary lymphoid tissues--on the initiation and development of representative autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Emphasis will be placed on the lacunar status of our knowledge in this field. We also discuss new mouse models--developed on the basis of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate MHCII expression--that constitute valuable tools for filling the severe gaps in our knowledge on the functions of non-hematopoietic APCs in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Duraes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Jeffery HC, Buckley CD, Moss P, Rainger GE, Nash GB, McGettrick HM. Analysis of the effects of stromal cells on the migration of lymphocytes into and through inflamed tissue using 3-D culture models. J Immunol Methods 2013; 400-401:45-57. [PMID: 24140419 PMCID: PMC3878567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells may regulate the recruitment and behaviour of leukocytes during an inflammatory response, potentially through interaction with the endothelial cells (EC) and the leukocytes themselves. Here we describe new in vitro methodologies to characterise the effects of stromal cells on the migration of lymphocytes through endothelium and its underlying matrix. Three-dimensional tissue-like constructs were created in which EC were cultured above a stromal layer incorporating fibroblasts either as a monolayer on a porous filter or dispersed within a matrix of collagen type 1. A major advantage of these constructs is that they enable each step in leukocyte migration to be analysed in sequence (migration through EC and then stroma), as would occur in vivo. Migrated cells can also be retrieved from the constructs to identify which subsets traffic more effectively and how their functional responses evolve during migration. We found that culture of EC with dermal fibroblasts promoted lymphocyte transendothelial migration but not onward transit through matrix. A critical factor influencing the effect of fibroblasts on recruitment proved to be their proximity to the EC, with direct contact tending to disrupt migration. Comparison of the different approaches indicates that choice of an appropriate 3-D model enables the steps in lymphocyte entry into tissue to be studied in sequence, the regulatory mechanism to be dissected, and the effects of changes in stroma to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Jeffery
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher D. Buckley
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - G. Ed. Rainger
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gerard B. Nash
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen M. McGettrick
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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