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Chen F, Zhang D, Cheng L, Zhao D, Ye H, Zheng S, Yang Q, Han B, Wang R, Li J, Chen S. Xiaowugui decoction alleviates experimental rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing Rab5a-mediated TLR4 internalization in macrophages. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155762. [PMID: 38964156 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by exacerbated synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Recent studies suggest toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) internalization facilitate inflammatory response of macrophage. The role of TLR4 internalization in the pathogenesis of RA is unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the role and mechanism of TLR4 internalization in macrophage inflammatory response of RA and explore whether TLR4 internalization mediates the anti-arthritic effect of Xiaowugui (XWG) decoction, a patented herbal formula used in China. METHODS The co-expression of TLR4 and the internalization marker, early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), in the synovial samples of RA patients and joint tissue of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, were evaluated using immunofluorescence. The effect of Rab5a-mediated early internalization of TLR4 on the activation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells was investigated using small interfering RNAs that act against Rab5a. CIA was induced in Rab5a-/- mice to evaluate the role of Rab5a in vivo. The disease progression and expression of Rab5a and TLR4 in the joint tissue were evaluated in CIA mice treated with XWG. Inflammatory factors production, TLR4 internalization, and activation of downstream signaling pathways were examined in RAW264.7 cells treated with XWG in vitro. RESULTS The co-expression and co-localization of TLR4 and EEA1 were elevated in the synovial samples of RA patients and joint tissue of CIA mice. Pharmaceutical inhibition of TLR4 internalization reduced macrophages inflammatory responses induced by LPS. The co-expression and co-localization of Rab5a and TLR4 were significantly increased in macrophages treated with LPS. Silencing Rab5a reduced LPS-induced TLR4 internalization, inflammatory factors production, and phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p65. Genetic deletion of Rab5a inhibited TLR4 internalization and the development of arthritis in vivo. The co-expression of TLR4 and Rab5a was also elevated in the synovial samples of RA patients. XWG treatment of mice with CIA alleviated arthritis and reduced the co-expression of Rab5a and TLR4 in the joint tissue. XWG treatment of macrophage inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production, co-expression of Rab5a and TLR4, and phosphorylation of JNK and p65. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the pathogenic role of TLR4 internalization in patients with RA and identify a novel Rab5a-dependent internalization pathway that promotes macrophage inflammatory response. XWG treatment demonstrated outstanding therapeutic effects in experimental arthritis, and targeting the Rab5a-mediated internalization of TLR4 may be the main underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lifang Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Haixin Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Songyuan Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bingqi Han
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Shixian Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Zhang Y, He X, Yin D, Zhang Y. Redefinition of Synovial Fibroblasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0514. [PMID: 39122458 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of immune tolerance and the rise in autoimmunity contribute to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), driven by significant changes in immune components. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial transcriptome profiling have revealed shifts in cell distribution and composition, expanding our understanding beyond molecular-level changes in inflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and autoantigens in RA. Surprisingly, synovial fibroblasts (SFs) play an active immunopathogenic role rather than remaining passive bystanders in RA, with notable alterations in their subpopulation distribution and composition. This study examines these changes in SF heterogeneity, assesses their impact on RA progression, and elucidates the immune characteristics and functions of SF subsets in the RA autoimmunity, encompassing both intrinsic and adaptive immunity. Additionally, this review discusses therapeutic strategies targeting immune SF subsets, highlighting the potential of future interventions in SF phenotypic reprogramming. Overall, this review redefines the role of SFs in RA and suggests targeting SF phenotypic reprogramming and its upstream molecules as a promising therapeutic approach to restore immune balance and modulate immune tolerance in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinci Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Xiong He
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- Department of health inspection and quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Han J, Rindone AN, Elisseeff JH. Immunoengineering Biomaterials for Musculoskeletal Tissue Repair across Lifespan. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311646. [PMID: 38416061 PMCID: PMC11239302 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries are among the leading causes of pain and morbidity worldwide. Broad efforts have focused on developing pro-regenerative biomaterials to treat musculoskeletal conditions; however, these approaches have yet to make a significant clinical impact. Recent studies have demonstrated that the immune system is central in orchestrating tissue repair and that targeting pro-regenerative immune responses can improve biomaterial therapeutic outcomes. However, aging is a critical factor negatively affecting musculoskeletal tissue repair and immune function. Hence, understanding how age affects the response to biomaterials is essential for improving musculoskeletal biomaterial therapies. This review focuses on the intersection of the immune system and aging in response to biomaterials for musculoskeletal tissue repair. The article introduces the general impacts of aging on tissue physiology, the immune system, and the response to biomaterials. Then, it explains how the adaptive immune system guides the response to injury and biomaterial implants in cartilage, muscle, and bone and discusses how aging impacts these processes in each tissue type. The review concludes by highlighting future directions for the development and translation of personalized immunomodulatory biomaterials for musculoskeletal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alexandra N. Rindone
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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4
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Omran E, Alzahrani AR, Ezzat SF, Ellithy G, Tarek M, Khairy E, Ghit MM, Elgeushy A, Ibrahim Al-Hazani TM, Aziz Ibrahim IA, Falemban AH, Bamagous GA, Elhawary NA, Jaremko M, Saied EM, Mohamed DI. Deciphering the therapeutic potential of trimetazidine in rheumatoid arthritis via targeting mi-RNA128a, TLR4 signaling pathway, and adenosine-induced FADD-microvesicular shedding: In vivo and in silico study. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1406939. [PMID: 38919260 PMCID: PMC11196411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1406939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating autoimmune condition characterized by chronic synovitis, joint damage, and inflammation, leading to impaired joint functionality. Existing RA treatments, although effective to some extent, are not without side effects, prompting a search for more potent therapies. Recent research has revealed the critical role of FAS-associated death domain protein (FADD) microvesicular shedding in RA pathogenesis, expanding its scope beyond apoptosis to include inflammatory and immune pathways. This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship between mi-RNA 128a, autoimmune and inflammatory pathways, and adenosine levels in modulating FADD expression and microvesicular shedding in a Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced RA rat model and further explore the antirheumatoid potency of trimetazidine (TMZ). The FCA treated model exhibited significantly elevated levels of serum fibrogenic, inflammatory, immunological and rheumatological diagnostic markers, confirming successful RA induction. Our results revealed that the FCA-induced RA model showed a significant reduction in the expression of FADD in paw tissue and increased microvesicular FADD shedding in synovial fluid, which was attributed to the significant increase in the expression of the epigenetic miRNA 128a gene in addition to the downregulation of adenosine levels. These findings were further supported by the significant activation of the TLR4/MYD88 pathway and its downstream inflammatory IkB/NFB markers. Interestingly, TMZ administration significantly improved, with a potency similar to methotrexate (MTX), the deterioration effect of FCA treatment, as evidenced by a significant attenuation of fibrogenic, inflammatory, immunological, and rheumatological markers. Our investigations indicated that TMZ uniquely acted by targeting epigenetic miRNA128a expression and elevating adenosine levels in paw tissue, leading to increased expression of FADD of paw tissue and mitigated FADD microvesicular shedding in synovial fluid. Furthermore, the group treated with TMZ showed significant downregulation of TLR4/MYD88 and their downstream TRAF6, IRAK and NF-kB. Together, our study unveils the significant potential of TMZ as an antirheumatoid candidate, offering anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of the FADD-epigenetic regulator mi-RNA 128a, adenosine levels, and the TLR4 signaling pathway in joint tissue, but also attenuation of FADD microvesicular shedding in synovial fluid. These findings further highlight the synergistic administration of TMZ and MTX as a potential approach to reduce adverse effects of MTX while improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Omran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdullah R. Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar F. Ezzat
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada Ellithy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Tarek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Khairy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Ghit
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elgeushy
- Orthopedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Hisham Falemban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi A. Bamagous
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser A. Elhawary
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa M. Saied
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doaa I. Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Khomeijani-Farahani M, Karami J, Farhadi E, Soltani S, Delbandi AA, Shekarabi M, Tahmasebi MN, Vaziri AS, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M, Akhlaghi M. TAK-242 (Resatorvid) inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in fibroblast-like synoviocytes in osteoarthritis patients. Adv Rheumatol 2024; 64:46. [PMID: 38849923 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-024-00385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are involved in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis through pro-inflammatory cytokine production. TAK-242, a TLR4 blocker, has been found to have a significant impact on the gene expression profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4, as well as the phosphorylation of Ikβα, a regulator of the NF-κB signaling pathway, in OA-FLSs. This study aims to investigate this effect because TLR4 plays a crucial role in inflammatory responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten OA patients' synovial tissues were acquired, and isolated FLSs were cultured in DMEM in order to assess the effectiveness of TAK-242. The treated FLSs with TAK-242 and Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were analyzed for the mRNA expression level of IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 levels by Real-Time PCR. Besides, we used western blot to assess the protein levels of Ikβα and pIkβα. RESULTS The results represented that TAK-242 effectively suppressed the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 which were overexpressed upon LPS treatment. Additionally, TAK-242 inhibited the phosphorylation of Ikβα which was increased by LPS treatment. CONCLUSION According to our results, TAK-242 shows promising inhibitory effects on TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses in OA-FLSs by targeting the NF-κB pathway. TLR4 inhibitors, such as TAK-242, may be useful therapeutic agents to reduce inflammation and its associated complications in OA patients, since traditional and biological treatments may not be adequate for all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Khomeijani-Farahani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Karami
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Soltani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shekarabi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Naghi Tahmasebi
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Knee Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Sharafat Vaziri
- Department of Orthopedics, Division of Knee Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoomeh Akhlaghi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Rheumatology Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave., Tehran, Iran.
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Damerau A, Rosenow E, Alkhoury D, Buttgereit F, Gaber T. Fibrotic pathways and fibroblast-like synoviocyte phenotypes in osteoarthritis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385006. [PMID: 38895122 PMCID: PMC11183113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, characterized by osteophyte formation, cartilage degradation, and structural and cellular alterations of the synovial membrane. Activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) of the synovial membrane have been identified as key drivers, secreting humoral mediators that maintain inflammatory processes, proteases that cause cartilage and bone destruction, and factors that drive fibrotic processes. In normal tissue repair, fibrotic processes are terminated after the damage has been repaired. In fibrosis, tissue remodeling and wound healing are exaggerated and prolonged. Various stressors, including aging, joint instability, and inflammation, lead to structural damage of the joint and micro lesions within the synovial tissue. One result is the reduced production of synovial fluid (lubricants), which reduces the lubricity of the cartilage areas, leading to cartilage damage. In the synovial tissue, a wound-healing cascade is initiated by activating macrophages, Th2 cells, and FLS. The latter can be divided into two major populations. The destructive thymocyte differentiation antigen (THY)1─ phenotype is restricted to the synovial lining layer. In contrast, the THY1+ phenotype of the sublining layer is classified as an invasive one with immune effector function driving synovitis. The exact mechanisms involved in the transition of fibroblasts into a myofibroblast-like phenotype that drives fibrosis remain unclear. The review provides an overview of the phenotypes and spatial distribution of FLS in the synovial membrane of OA, describes the mechanisms of fibroblast into myofibroblast activation, and the metabolic alterations of myofibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Damerau
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Glucocorticoids - Bioenergetics - 3R Research Lab, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emely Rosenow
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Alkhoury
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Glucocorticoids - Bioenergetics - 3R Research Lab, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, Glucocorticoids - Bioenergetics - 3R Research Lab, Berlin, Germany
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Liu L, He S, Jia L, Yao H, Zhou D, Guo X, Miao L. Correlation analysis of serum TLR4 protein levels and TLR4 gene polymorphisms in gouty arthritis patients. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300582. [PMID: 38652726 PMCID: PMC11037531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway regulates the production of inflammatory factors and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the link among TLR4 gene polymorphisms at various loci, protein expression, and gouty arthritis susceptibility. METHODS Between 2016 and 2021, a case-control study was used to collect a total of 1207 study subjects, including 317 male patients with gouty arthritis (gout group) and 890 healthy males (control group). The association between gout susceptibility and different genetic models was analyzed by typing three loci of the TLR4 gene (rs2149356, rs2737191, and rs10759932) using a multiplex point mutation rapid assay, and the association between protein expression and gout was confirmed by measuring TLR4 protein concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS In a codominant models AA and AG, the rs2737191 polymorphism in the gout group increased the risk of gout compared to the AA genotype (OR = 2.249, 95%CI 1.010~5.008), and the risk of gout was higher for those carrying the G allele compared to the A allele (OR = 2.227, 95%CI 1.006~4.932). TLR4 protein expression was different between the two groups with different locus genotypes. The differences in TLR4 protein expression between the gout group and control group were statistically significant between the following genotypes: the GG and GT genotypes of the rs2149356 polymorphism; the AA and AG genotypes of the rs2737191 polymorphism; and the TT and TC genotypes of the rs10759932 polymorphism(P<0.05). The TLR4 protein level in the gout group (19.19±3.09 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that in the control group (15.85±4.75 ng/ml). CONCLUSION The AG genotype of the TLR4 gene rs2737191 polymorphism may be correlated with the development of gouty arthritis. The level of TLR4 protein expression is significantly higher in patients with gouty arthritis than in controls, and there is a correlation between high TLR4 protein expression and the development of gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuang He
- Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hua Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Miao
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
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Ghouri M, Lateef M, Liaquat L, Zulfquar A, Saleem S, Zehra S. Decreased muscle strength in adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis animal model: A relationship to behavioural assessments. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23264. [PMID: 38163119 PMCID: PMC10754872 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder with unknown aetiology. Patients suffering from RA face persistent pain due to joint inflammation, and tissue destruction. Behavioural phenotyping is an approach to target the role of different behavioural traits associated with disease progression. The study aimed to assess behavioural patterns associated with decreased muscle strength in the adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis animal model. The study was conducted on male Albino Wister rats (n = 30) [Control, Vehicle, and Disease groups]. After taking ethical approvals RA was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intradermally base of tail. The weight of animals, macroscopic analysis of inflammatory signs, and arthritic scores were measured weekly. Grip strength, ganglia-based movement, cataleptic activity, and motor-coordination-related behaviours were assessed among the groups. Radiographs and spleen index assay were performed followed by data analysis using one-way and two-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). A significant decrease in weight and an increase in arthritic scores among the diseased group was observed. Behavioural analyses confirmed that diseased animals had significantly decreased grip strength and increased cataleptic activity with less motor coordination. Radiographic images and spleen index assay confirmed the pattern of RA. Therefore, it can be suggested that the development of the disease animal model is an effective approach to identifying the disease progression and associated behavioural changes. Moreover, this prepared laboratory animal model may be utilised for pathway analyses to understand the key role of immune regulators and genetic insight into molecular pathways associated with acute and chronic phases of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Ghouri
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Lateef
- Bahria University Medical and Dental College (BUMDC), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Laraib Liaquat
- Bahria University Medical and Dental College (BUMDC), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Zulfquar
- Bahria University Medical and Dental College (BUMDC), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saima Saleem
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
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9
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Kalliolias GD, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting TLR Signaling Cascades in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Update. Biomedicines 2024; 12:138. [PMID: 38255243 PMCID: PMC10813148 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence from animal models and human genetics implicates Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Endosomal TLRs sensing nucleic acids were proposed to induce lupus-promoting signaling in dendritic cells, B cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Ligation of TLR4 in synovial macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) by endogenous ligands was suggested to induce local production of mediators that amplify RA synovitis. Inhibition of TLRs using antagonists or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that selectively prevent extracellular or endosomal TLR ligation has emerged as an attractive treatment strategy for SLE and RA. Despite the consistent success of selective inhibition of TLR ligation in animal models, DV-1179 (dual TLR7/9 antagonist) failed to achieve pharmacodynamic effectiveness in SLE, and NI-0101 (mAb against TLR4) failed to improve arthritis in RA. Synergistic cooperation between TLRs and functional redundancy in human diseases may require pharmacologic targeting of intracellular molecules that integrate signaling downstream of multiple TLRs. Small molecules inhibiting shared kinases involved in TLR signaling and peptidomimetics disrupting the assembly of common signalosomes ("Myddosome") are under development. Targeted degraders (proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs)) of intracellular molecules involved in TLR signaling are a new class of TLR inhibitors with promising preliminary data awaiting further clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D. Kalliolias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Arthritis & Tissue Degeneration, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Efthimia K. Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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10
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Timkovich AE, Holling GA, Afzali MF, Kisiday J, Santangelo KS. TLR4 antagonism provides short-term but not long-term clinical benefit in a full-depth cartilage defect mouse model. Connect Tissue Res 2024; 65:26-40. [PMID: 37898909 PMCID: PMC11271750 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2269257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM Cartilage injury and subsequent osteoarthritis (OA) are debilitating conditions affecting millions worldwide. As there are no cures for these ailments, novel therapies are needed to suppress disease pathogenesis. Given that joint injuries are known to produce damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), our central premise is that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway is a principal driver in the early response to cartilage damage and subsequent pathology. We postulate that TLR4 activation is initiated/perpetuated by DAMPs released following joint damage. Thus, antagonism of the TLR4 pathway immediately after injury may suppress the development of joint surface defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups were utilized: (1) 8-week-old, male C57BL6 mice treated systemically with a known TLR4 antagonist and (2) mice injected with vehicle control. A full-depth cartilage lesion on the midline of the patellofemoral groove was created in the right knee of each mouse. The left knee was used as a sham surgery control. Gait changes were evaluated over 4 weeks using a quantitative gait analysis system. At harvest, knee joints were processed for pathologic assessment, Nanostring® transcript expression, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Short-term treatment with a TLR4 antagonist at 14-days significantly improved relevant gait parameters; improved cartilage metrics and modified Mankin scores were also seen. Additionally, mRNA expression and IHC showed reduced expression of inflammatory mediators in animals treated with the TLR4 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this work demonstrates that systemic treatment with a TLR4 antagonist is protective to further cartilage damage 14-days post-injury in a murine model of induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E. Timkovich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - G. Aaron Holling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John Kisiday
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kelly S. Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Assefi M, Lewandrowski KU, Lorio M, Fiorelli RKA, Landgraeber S, Sharafshah A. Network-Based In Silico Analysis of New Combinations of Modern Drug Targets with Methotrexate for Response-Based Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1550. [PMID: 38003865 PMCID: PMC10672378 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate (MTX), sulfonamides, hydroxychloroquine, and leflunomide have consistently resulted in remission with relatively mild to moderate adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Modern medications outperform traditional treatments in that they target the pathological processes that underlie the development of RA. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, the authors accomplished a systematic review of the clinical efficacy of RA drugs, including the biologics such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha inhibitors (TNF-α i) like Etanercept, Infliximab, Golimumab, and Adalimumab, kinase inhibitors (JAK inhibitors including Baricitinib and Tofacitanib), SyK inhibitors like Fos-tamatinib, MAPK inhibitors such as Talmapimod, T-cell inhibitors (Abatacept), IL6 blockers (Tocilizumab), and B cells depleters (Rituximab). These drugs have been found to increase remission rates when combined with MTX. A bioinformatics-based network was designed applying STRING-MODEL and the DrugBank database for the aforementioned drugs and MTX and, finally, employed for this systematic review. RESULTS Current research demonstrates that non-TNF-α inhibitor biologicals are particularly helpful in treating patients who did not respond well to conventional medications and TNF-α inhibitors. Despite being effective, these innovative drugs have a higher chance of producing hazardous side effects. The in silico investigations suggested an uncovered molecular interaction in combining MTX with other biological drugs. The STRING-MODEL showed that DHFR, TYMS, and ATIC, as the receptors of MTX, interact with each other but are not connected to the major interacted receptors. CONCLUSIONS New game-changing drugs including Mavrilimumab, Iguratimod, Upadacitinib, Fenebrutinib, and nanoparticles may be crucial in controlling symptoms in poorly managed RA patients. Emerging therapeutic targets like Toll-like 4 receptors, NLRP3 inflammasome complexes, and mesenchymal stem cells can further transform RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Assefi
- Marie Curie Science Research Center, Greensboro, NC 27407, USA;
| | - Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski
- Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, 4787 E Camp Lowell Drive, Tucson, AZ 85712, USA;
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital Universitário Gaffre e Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| | - Morgan Lorio
- Advanced Orthopaedics, 499 E. Central Pkwy, Ste. 130, Altamonte Springs, FL 32701, USA;
| | - Rossano Kepler Alvim Fiorelli
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Stefan Landgraeber
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie Gebäude 37, EG, Zimmer 56, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Alireza Sharafshah
- Marie Curie Science Research Center, Greensboro, NC 27407, USA;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht P.O. Box 4144654839, Iran
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12
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Jeljeli MM, Adamopoulos IE. Innate immune memory in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:627-639. [PMID: 37674048 PMCID: PMC10721491 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of immunological memory was demonstrated in antiquity when protection against re-exposure to pathogens was observed during the plague of Athens. Immunological memory has been linked with the adaptive features of T and B cells; however, in the past decade, evidence has demonstrated that innate immune cells can exhibit memory, a phenomenon called 'innate immune memory' or 'trained immunity'. Innate immune memory is currently being defined and is transforming our understanding of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. In this Review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the memory-like features of innate immune cells in inflammatory arthritis and the crosstalk between chronic inflammatory milieu and cell reprogramming. Aberrant pro-inflammatory signalling, including cytokines, regulates the metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of haematopoietic progenitors, leading to exacerbated inflammatory responses and osteoclast differentiation, in turn leading to bone destruction. Moreover, imprinted memory on mature cells including terminally differentiated osteoclasts alters responsiveness to therapies and modifies disease outcomes, commonly manifested by persistent inflammatory flares and relapse following medication withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime M Jeljeli
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Ren W, Zhao L, Sun Y, Wang X, Shi X. HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2023; 29:117. [PMID: 37667233 PMCID: PMC10478470 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mediate early inflammatory and immune response when it is translocated to the extracellular space. The binding of extracellular HMGB1 to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2 and TLR4 transforms HMGB1 into a pro-inflammatory cytokine, contributing to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. TLRs, which are members of a family of pattern recognition receptors, can bind to endogenous DAMPs and activate the innate immune response. Additionally, TLRs are key signaling molecules mediating the immune response and play a critical role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune balance. HMGB1 and TLRs are reported to be upregulated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune thyroid disease. The expression levels of HMGB1 and some TLRs are upregulated in tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of HMGB1 and TLRs inhibits the progression of inflammation in animal models. Thus, HMGB1 and TLRs are indispensable biomarkers and important therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. This review provides comprehensive strategies for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases discovered in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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14
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Signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:68. [PMID: 36797236 PMCID: PMC9935929 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable systemic autoimmune disease. Disease progression leads to joint deformity and associated loss of function, which significantly impacts the quality of life for sufferers and adds to losses in the labor force. In the past few decades, RA has attracted increased attention from researchers, the abnormal signaling pathways in RA are a very important research field in the diagnosis and treatment of RA, which provides important evidence for understanding this complex disease and developing novel RA-linked intervention targets. The current review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of RA, including a general introduction to the disease, historical events, epidemiology, risk factors, and pathological process, highlight the primary research progress of the disease and various signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms, including genetic factors, epigenetic factors, summarize the most recent developments in identifying novel signaling pathways in RA and new inhibitors for treating RA. therapeutic interventions including approved drugs, clinical drugs, pre-clinical drugs, and cutting-edge therapeutic technologies. These developments will hopefully drive progress in new strategically targeted therapies and hope to provide novel ideas for RA treatment options in the future.
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15
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Psoriatic arthritis: review of potential biomarkers predicting response to TNF inhibitors. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:77-87. [PMID: 36508130 PMCID: PMC9957889 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic and painful inflammatory immune-mediated disease. It affects up to 40% of people with psoriasis and it is associated with several comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension. PsA is difficult to diagnose because of its diverse symptoms, namely axial and peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, skin changes, and nail dystrophy. Different drugs exist to treat the inflammation and pain. When patients do not respond to conventional drugs, they are treated with biologic drugs. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi's) are commonly given as the first biologic drug; beside being expensive, they also lack efficacy in 50% of patients. A biomarker predicting individual patient's response to TNFi would help treating them earlier with an appropriate biologic drug. This study aimed to review the literature to identify potential biomarkers that should be investigated for their predictive ability. Several such biomarkers were identified, namely transmembrane TNFα (tmTNF), human serum albumin (HSA) and its half-life receptor, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) which is also involved in IgG lifespan; calprotectin, high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) whose overexpression lead to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; lymphotoxin α (LTα) which induces inflammation by binding to TNF receptor (TNFR); and T helper 17 (Th17) cells which induce inflammation by IL-17A secretion.
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16
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Tsaltskan V, Firestein GS. Targeting fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 67:102304. [PMID: 36228471 PMCID: PMC9942784 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are mesenchymal-derived cells that play an important role in the physiology of the synovium by producing certain components of the synovial fluid and articular cartilage. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, fibroblasts become a key driver of synovial inflammation and joint damage. Because of this, there has been recent interest in FLS as a therapeutic target in RA to avoid side effects such as systemic immune suppression associated with many existing RA treatments. In this review, we describe how approved treatments for RA affect FLS signaling and function and discuss the effects of investigational FLS-targeted drugs for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Tsaltskan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gary S Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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17
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Niu Q, Gao J, Wang L, Liu J, Zhang L. Regulation of differentiation and generation of osteoclasts in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034050. [PMID: 36466887 PMCID: PMC9716075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which affects nearly 1% of the world's population, is a debilitating autoimmune disease. Bone erosion caused by periarticular osteopenia and synovial pannus formation is the most destructive pathological changes of RA, also leads to joint deformity and loss of function,and ultimately affects the quality of life of patients. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the only known bone resorption cells and their abnormal differentiation and production play an important role in the occurrence and development of RA bone destruction; this remains the main culprit behind RA. METHOD Based on the latest published literature and research progress at home and abroad, this paper reviews the abnormal regulation mechanism of OC generation and differentiation in RA and the possible targeted therapy. RESULT OC-mediated bone destruction is achieved through the regulation of a variety of cytokines and cell-to-cell interactions, including gene transcription, epigenetics and environmental factors. At present, most methods for the treatment of RA are based on the regulation of inflammation, the inhibition of bone injury and joint deformities remains unexplored. DISCUSSION This article will review the mechanism of abnormal differentiation of OC in RA, and summarise the current treatment oftargeting cytokines in the process of OC generation and differentiation to reduce bone destruction in patients with RA, which isexpected to become a valuable treatment choice to inhibit bone destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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18
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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19
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A novel mechanism of regulation of the oncogenic transcription factor GLI3 by toll-like receptor signaling. Oncotarget 2022; 13:944-959. [PMID: 35937499 PMCID: PMC9348707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GLI3 is a member of the GLI family and has been shown to be regulated by canonical hedgehog (HH) signaling through smoothened (SMO). Little is known about SMO-independent regulation of GLI3. Here, we identify TLR signaling as a novel pathway regulating GLI3 expression. We show that GLI3 expression is induced by LPS/TLR4 in human monocyte cell lines and peripheral blood CD14+ cells. Further analysis identified TRIF, but not MyD88, signaling as the adapter used by TLR4 to regulate GLI3. Using pharmacological and genetic tools, we identified IRF3 as the transcription factor regulating GLI3 downstream of TRIF. Furthermore, using additional TLR ligands that signal through TRIF such as the TLR4 ligand, MPLA and the TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C), we confirm the role of TRIF-IRF3 in the regulation of GLI3. We found that IRF3 directly binds to the GLI3 promoter region and this binding was increased upon stimulation of TRIF-IRF3 with Poly(I:C). Furthermore, using Irf3 -/- MEFs, we found that Poly(I:C) stimulation no longer induced GLI3 expression. Finally, using macrophages from mice lacking Gli3 expression in myeloid cells (M-Gli3-/- ), we found that in the absence of Gli3, LPS stimulated macrophages secrete less CCL2 and TNF-α compared with macrophages from wild-type (WT) mice. Taken together, these results identify a novel TLR-TRIF-IRF3 pathway that regulates the expression of GLI3 that regulates inflammatory cytokines and expands our understanding of the non-canonical signaling pathways involved in the regulation of GLI transcription factors.
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20
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Németh T, Nagy G, Pap T. Synovial fibroblasts as potential drug targets in rheumatoid arthritis, where do we stand and where shall we go? Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:annrheumdis-2021-222021. [PMID: 35715191 PMCID: PMC9279838 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-222021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes or synovial fibroblasts (FLS) are important cellular components of the inner layer of the joint capsule, referred to as the synovial membrane. They can be found in both layers of this synovial membrane and contribute to normal joint function by producing extracellular matrix components and lubricants. However, under inflammatory conditions like in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), they may start to proliferate, undergo phenotypical changes and become central elements in the perpetuation of inflammation through their direct and indirect destructive functions. Their importance in autoimmune joint disorders makes them attractive cellular targets, and as mesenchymal-derived cells, their inhibition may be carried out without immunosuppressive consequences. Here, we aim to give an overview of our current understanding of the target potential of these cells in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Nagy
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelm University, Münster, Germany
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21
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Wu M, Yu S, Chen Y, Meng W, Chen H, He J, Shen J, Lin X. Acteoside promotes B cell-derived IL-10 production and ameliorates autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:875-885. [PMID: 35638582 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0422-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells are well recognized for maintaining immune tolerance. The impaired Breg cell function with decreased IL-10-producing capacity has been found in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). However, seldom therapeutic agents targeting Breg cells are available to treat those autoimmune diseases. Here, we showed that acteoside (AC), a caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside from a medicinal herb Radix Rehmanniae, could promote IL-10 production from both human and murine B cells via critically regulating the TLR4/PI3K axis. Moreover, TLR4 was found increased in Breg cells from mice with experimental SS (ESS), a mouse model that recapitulates human pSS. Thus, B cells from the ESS mice were susceptible to AC treatment, showing higher IL-10-producing capacity than those from naïve controls. In addition, AC treatment also promoted the production of IL-10 from TLR4+ CXCR4+ plasma cells of ESS mice. Notably, we found that AC was able to enter lymphoid organs upon oral administration. AC treatment effectively increased IL-10+ B cells in ESS mice and ameliorated disease pathology accompanied by reduced T effector cells, including Th17 and T follicular helper cells in the ESS mice. In conclusion, AC could promote Breg cell function and attenuate ESS pathology in vivo, which may be a promising drug candidate for treating pSS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sulan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yacun Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Workstation for Training and Research (Hong Kong Branch), Distinguished Professor Yu Jin Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine & Integrative Medicine, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Workstation of Zhu Nansun, National Master of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Branch of Zhu's School of Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine from Shanghai, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haiyong Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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22
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Chuang ST, Conklin B, Stein JB, Pan G, Lee KB. Nanotechnology-enabled immunoengineering approaches to advance therapeutic applications. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:19. [PMID: 35482149 PMCID: PMC9047473 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has reached clinical success in the last decade, with the emergence of new and effective treatments such as checkpoint blockade therapy and CAR T-cell therapy that have drastically improved patient outcomes. Still, these therapies can be improved to limit off-target effects, mitigate systemic toxicities, and increase overall efficacies. Nanoscale engineering offers strategies that enable researchers to attain these goals through the manipulation of immune cell functions, such as enhancing immunity against cancers and pathogens, controlling the site of immune response, and promoting tolerance via the delivery of small molecule drugs or biologics. By tuning the properties of the nanomaterials, such as size, shape, charge, and surface chemistry, different types of immune cells can be targeted and engineered, such as dendritic cells for immunization, or T cells for promoting adaptive immunity. Researchers have come to better understand the critical role the immune system plays in the progression of pathologies besides cancer, and developing nanoengineering approaches that seek to harness the potential of immune cell activities can lead to favorable outcomes for the treatment of injuries and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar T Chuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brandon Conklin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joshua B Stein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - George Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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23
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Knab K, Chambers D, Krönke G. Synovial Macrophage and Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Joint Homeostasis and Inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:862161. [PMID: 35547214 PMCID: PMC9081642 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.862161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synovial tissue is an immunologically challenging environment where, under homeostatic conditions, highly specialized subsets of immune-regulatory macrophages and fibroblasts constantly prevent synovial inflammation in response to cartilage- and synovial fluid-derived danger signals that accumulate in response to mechanical stress. During inflammatory joint diseases, this immune-regulatory environment becomes perturbed and activated synovial fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells start to contribute to synovial inflammation and joint destruction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of resident synovial macrophages and fibroblasts and highlights their crosstalk during joint homeostasis and joint inflammation, which is increasingly appreciated as vital to understand the molecular basis of prevalent inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Knab
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Chambers
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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24
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Demarco B, Danielli S, Fischer FA, Bezbradica JS. How Pyroptosis Contributes to Inflammation and Fibroblast-Macrophage Cross-Talk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2022; 11:1307. [PMID: 35455985 PMCID: PMC9028325 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
About thirty years ago, a new form of pro-inflammatory lytic cell death was observed and termed pyroptosis. Only in 2015, gasdermins were defined as molecules that create pores at the plasma membrane and drive pyroptosis. Today, we know that gasdermin-mediated death is an important antimicrobial defence mechanism in bacteria, yeast and mammals as it destroys the intracellular niche for pathogen replication. However, excessive and uncontrolled cell death also contributes to immunopathology in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including arthritis. In this review, we discuss recent findings where pyroptosis contributes to tissue damage and inflammation with a main focus on injury-induced and autoimmune arthritis. We also review novel functions and regulatory mechanisms of the pyroptotic executors gasdermins. Finally, we discuss possible models of how pyroptosis may contribute to the cross-talk between fibroblast and macrophages, and also how this cross-talk may regulate inflammation by modulating inflammasome activation and pyroptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demarco
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; (S.D.); (F.A.F.)
| | | | | | - Jelena S. Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; (S.D.); (F.A.F.)
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25
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Peng Y, Chen B, Sheng X, Qian Y. The Genetic Association Between TLR-1, -2, -4, and -6 Gene Polymorphisms and Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility in a Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:140-145. [PMID: 35254871 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2021.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The toll-like receptor (TLR) genes were shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to investigate the genetic associations between the TLR-1, -2, -4, and -6 genes polymorphisms and RA susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Methods: Six polymorphisms [TLR-1 (rs5743610, rs5743618), -2 (rs5743708), -4 (rs4986790, rs4986791), and -6 (rs5743810)] in TLRs genes were genotyped in 360 patients with RA and 560 matched healthy controls by using direct sequencing method. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated using a standard logistic regression analysis. Results: No significant association between the allelic, dominant, and recessive models of TLR-1 rs5743610, TLR-2 rs5743708, TLR-4 rs4986790 and rs4986791, and TLR-6 rs5743810 polymorphisms and RA risk was observed (p > 0.05). However, significant associations were detected between the allelic, dominant, and recessive models of TLR-1 rs5743618 and RA risk (allelic: OR [95% CI] = 2.21 [1.73-2.81], p < 0.0001; dominant: OR [95% CI] = 2.33 [1.75-3.09], p < 0.0001; recessive models: OR [95% CI] = 3.70 [1.85-7.41], p = 0.0002). In addition, the TLR6 rs5743810 was found to be associated with the rheumatoid factor (RF)- and anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)- antibody in RA group (RF: OR [95% CI] = 2.29 [1.42-3.69], p = 0.0007; anti-CCP: OR [95% CI] = 2.33 [1.39-3.89], p = 0.001). Conclusions: The allelic, dominant, and recessive models of TLR1 rs5743618 might be associated with RA susceptibility. Also, the TLR6 rs5743810 might be associated with RF and anti-CCP antibody of RA in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu, China
| | - Bingqian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu, China
| | - Xiaowen Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu, China
| | - Yufeng Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu, China
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26
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Chou WC, Tsai KL, Hsieh PL, Wu CH, Jou IM, Tu YK, Ma CH. Galectin-3 facilitates inflammation and apoptosis in chondrocytes through upregulation of the TLR-4-mediated oxidative stress pathway in TC28a2 human chondrocyte cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:478-488. [PMID: 34894372 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease. The pathological changes of chondrocytes involve oxidative stress, the pro-inflammatory response, and pro-apoptotic events. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 35 kDa protein with a special chimeric structure. Gal-3 participates in the progression of many diseases, such as cancer metastasis and heart failure. A previous study demonstrated that Gal-3 expression in human cartilage with OA is increased. However, the role of Gal-3 in chondrocyte dysfunction in joints is still unclear. In this study, we applied Gal-3 (5-20 μg/ml) to TC28a2 human chondrocyte cells for 24 h to induce chondrocyte dysfunction. We found that Gal-3 upregulated TLR-4 and MyD88 expression and NADPH oxidase, thereby increasing intracellular ROS in the chondrocytes. Gal-3 increased phosphorylated MEK1/2 and ERK levels, and promoted NF-κB activity. This activation of NF-κB was reduced by silencing TLR-4 and NOX-2. In addition, Gal-3 caused apoptosis of chondrocytes through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway via the TLR-4/NADPH oxidase/MAPK axis. Our study proves the pathogenic role of Gal-3 in Gal-3-induced chondrocyte dysfunction and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hou Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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27
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Najm A, Costantino F, Weill C, Filer A, D'Agostino MA. Impact of synovial biopsy procedures and disease-specific aspects on synovial tissue outcome: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR points to consider for the minimal reporting requirements in synovial tissue research in rheumatology. RMD Open 2022; 8:rmdopen-2021-002116. [PMID: 35177556 PMCID: PMC8860072 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-002116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to summarise the literature evaluating the impact of biopsy procedures, tissue handling, tissue quality and disease-specific aspects including joint biopsied and disease stage, on synovial tissue outcome. METHODS Two reviewers independently identified eligible studies according to the Patients, Intervention, Comparator and Outcome framework obtained for five research questions formulated during the first EULAR task force meeting to produce points to consider (PtC) for minimal reporting requirements in synovial tissue studies. The databases explored were Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and Cinhal. The risk of bias of each study was evaluated using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. RESULTS Of the 7654 records yielded, 75 full texts were assessed, leading to the inclusion of 26 manuscripts in the systematic literature review (SLR). Two papers assessed the impact of biopsy procedures on the quality and quantity of tissue retrieved alongside patient tolerability; six papers focused on synovial tissue variability. Four papers studied the impact of sample handling or randomisation and 14 assessed the impact of disease stage and state, namely early or established active rheumatoid arthritis and remission on histopathological and transcriptomic results. CONCLUSIONS This SLR informs the EULAR PtC for minimal reporting requirements in synovial tissue research in rheumatology. Characteristics related to the study design, population, sample handling, randomisation and analysis can affect the final synovial tissue outcome in the studies reviewed. Thus, accurate reporting of these factors is required in order to ensure the scientific validity of manuscripts describing synovial tissue outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Najm
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Félicie Costantino
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et inflammation, Laboratory of excellence Inflamex, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Rheumatology Department, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Catherine Weill
- Medicine, University of Paris Health Interuniversity Library, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Andrew Filer
- Rheumatology Research Group and Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Antonieta D'Agostino
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et inflammation, Laboratory of excellence Inflamex, Paris, Île-de-France, France.,Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Lazio, Italy
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28
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Sakalyte R, Denkovskij J, Bernotiene E, Stropuviene S, Mikulenaite SO, Kvederas G, Porvaneckas N, Tutkus V, Venalis A, Butrimiene I. The Expression of Inflammasomes NLRP1 and NLRP3, Toll-Like Receptors, and Vitamin D Receptor in Synovial Fibroblasts From Patients With Different Types of Knee Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:767512. [PMID: 35126351 PMCID: PMC8807559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.767512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (SFs) are among the most important cells promoting RA pathogenesis. They are considered active contributors to the initiation, progression, and perpetuation of the disease; therefore, early detection of RASF activation could advance contemporary diagnosis and adequate treatment of undifferentiated early inflammatory arthritis (EA). In this study, we investigated the expression of nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing (NLRP)1, NLRP3 inflammasomes, Toll-like receptor (TLR)1, TLR2, TLR4, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in SFs isolated from patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), EA, and control individuals (CN) after knee surgical intervention. C-reactive protein, general blood test, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), rheumatoid factor (RF), and vitamin D (vitD) in patients’ sera were performed. Cells were stimulated or not with 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or/and 1 nM or/and 0.01 nM vitamin D3 for 72 h. The expression levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and VDR in all examined SFs were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, the secretion of IL-1β by SFs and MMPs were determined by ELISA and Luminex technology. The expression of NLRP3 was correlated with the levels of CRP, RF, and anti-CCP, suggesting its implication in SF inflammatory activation. In the TNF-α-stimulated SFs, a significantly lower expression of NLRP3 and TLR4 was observed in the RA group, compared with the other tested forms of arthritis. Moreover, upregulation of NLRP3 expression by TNF-α alone or in combination with vitD3 was observed, further indicating involvement of NLRP3 in the inflammatory responses of SFs. Secretion of IL-1β was not detected in any sample, while TNF-α upregulated the levels of secreted MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-12, and MMP-13 in all patient groups. Attenuating effects of vitD on the expression of NLRP3, TLR1, and TLR4 suggest potential protective effects of vitD on the inflammatory responses in SFs. However, longer studies may be needed to confirm or fully rule out the potential implication of vitD in SF activation in inflammatory arthritis. Both VDR and NLRP3 in the TNF-α-stimulated SFs negatively correlated with the age of patients, suggesting potential age-related changes in the local inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Sakalyte
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Regina Sakalyte,
| | - Jaroslav Denkovskij
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, The Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius Tech, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Stropuviene
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Silvija Ona Mikulenaite
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Kvederas
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Narunas Porvaneckas
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Tutkus
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Venalis
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irena Butrimiene
- The Clinic of Rheumatology, Traumatology Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Experimental, Preventative and Clinic Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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29
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Parantainen J, Barreto G, Koivuniemi R, Kautiainen H, Nordström D, Moilanen E, Hämäläinen M, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nurmi K, Eklund KK. The biological activity of serum bacterial lipopolysaccharides associates with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:256. [PMID: 36411473 PMCID: PMC9677706 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysbiotic intestinal and oral microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the mechanisms how microbiota could impact disease activity have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to assess the association of the biological activity of serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with disease activity and likelihood of achieving remission in RA patients. METHODS We measured Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-stimulating activity of sera of 58 RA patients with a reporter cell line engineered to produce secreted alkaline phosphatase in response to TLR4 stimulation. Levels of LPS-binding protein, CD14, and CD163 were determined by ELISA assays. RESULTS The patient serum-induced TLR4 activation (biological activity of LPS) was significantly associated with inflammatory parameters and body mass index at baseline and at 12 months and with disease activity (DAS28-CRP, p<0.001) at 12 months. Importantly, baseline LPS bioactivity correlated with disease activity (p=0.031) and, in 28 early RA patients, the likelihood of achieving remission at 12 months (p=0.009). The level of LPS bioactivity was similar at baseline and 12-month visits, suggesting that LPS bioactivity is an independent patient-related factor. Neutralization of LPS in serum by polymyxin B abrogated the TLR4 signaling, suggesting that LPS was the major contributor to TLR4 activation. CONCLUSION We describe a novel approach to study the biological activity of serum LPS and their impact in diseases. The results suggest that LPS contribute to the inflammatory burden and disease activity on patients with RA and that serum-induced TLR4 activation assays can serve as an independent prognostic factor. A graphical summary of the conclusions of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Parantainen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - G. Barreto
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Koivuniemi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.413739.b0000 0004 0628 3152Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Riihimäki, Finland
| | - H. Kautiainen
- grid.410705.70000 0004 0628 207XFolkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Primary Health Care, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - D. Nordström
- grid.15485.3d0000 0000 9950 5666Department of Internal medicine and rehabilitation, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E. Moilanen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Hämäläinen
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254The Immunopharmacology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Leirisalo-Repo
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. Nurmi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. K. Eklund
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Rheumatology, Inflammation Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Cannon AS, Nagarkatti PS, Nagarkatti M. Targeting AhR as a Novel Therapeutic Modality against Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:288. [PMID: 35008717 PMCID: PMC8745713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) was excluded from consideration as a therapeutic approach due to the potential toxic effects of AhR ligands and the induction of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, Cyp1a1, following AhR activation. However, it is now understood that AhR activation not only serves as an environmental sensor that regulates the effects of environmental toxins, but also as a key immunomodulator where ligands induce a variety of cellular and epigenetic mechanisms to attenuate inflammation. Thus, the emergence of further in-depth research into diverse groups of compounds capable of activating this receptor has prompted reconsideration of its use therapeutically. The aim of this review is to summarize the body of research surrounding AhR and its role in regulating inflammation. Specifically, evidence supporting the potential of targeting this receptor to modulate the immune response in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases will be highlighted. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges of developing AhR-based therapies to suppress inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.S.C.); (P.S.N.)
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31
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Zhao J, Guo S, Schrodi SJ, He D. Molecular and Cellular Heterogeneity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790122. [PMID: 34899757 PMCID: PMC8660630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that exhibits significant clinical heterogeneity. There are various treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, including disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and inflammatory cytokine inhibitors (ICI), typically associated with differentiated clinical effects and characteristics. Personalized responsiveness is observed to the standard treatment due to the pathophysiological heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis, resulting in an overall poor prognosis. Understanding the role of individual variation in cellular and molecular mechanisms related to rheumatoid arthritis will considerably improve clinical care and patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the source of pathophysiological heterogeneity derived from genetic, molecular, and cellular heterogeneity and their possible impact on precision medicine and personalized treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We provide emphasized description of the heterogeneity derived from mast cells, monocyte cell, macrophage fibroblast-like synoviocytes and, interactions within immune cells and with inflammatory cytokines, as well as the potential as a new therapeutic target to develop a novel treatment approach. Finally, we summarize the latest clinical trials of treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis and provide a suggestive framework for implementing preclinical and clinical experimental results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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32
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Kohno H, Ouhara K, Mokuda S, Tokunaga T, Sugimoto T, Watanabe H, Ishitoku M, Yoshida Y, Mizuno N, Ozawa T, Kawataka M, Hirata S, Kishi H, Sugiyama E. The Lipopolysaccharide Mutant Re-LPS Is a Useful Tool for Detecting LPS Contamination in Rheumatoid Synovial Cell Cultures. Pathobiology 2021; 89:92-100. [PMID: 34802006 DOI: 10.1159/000520022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination of commercially available proteins has seriously impeded research on citrullinated fibrinogen (cit-Fb) in rheumatoid synovial cells (RSCs). METHODS RSCs obtained from 4 rheumatoid arthritis patients who underwent full knee arthroplasty were cultured, stimulated with cit-Fb, and cytokine expression levels were measured. We then evaluated polymyxin-B (PMB), heat inactivation, and rough (R)-type LPS mutants for rapid detection of LPS contamination. RESULTS cit-Fb induced expression of CXCL10 and IFNB in RSCs via the toll-like receptor. PMB inhibited cit-Fb-mediated CXCL10 gene expression but not protein expression induced by 20 μg/mL cit-Fb. Heat inactivation did not affect LPS-mediated CXCL10 or IL-6 induction; however, cit-Fb-mediated CXCL10expression was inhibited. Wild-type LPS from Escherichia coli (WT-LPS) strongly induces CXCL10 expression, but induction by Ra-LPS was weak, and induction by Rc- and Re-LPS was minimal. Re-LPS suppression of WT-LPS-mediated CXCL10 induction in RSCs and peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) was dose dependent. Furthermore, Re-LPS completely suppressed cit-Fb-mediated CXCL10 induction in RSCs and PBMs. CONCLUSION To easily identify LPS contamination during routine experiments, our results suggest that Re-LPS is a better tool for rapid detection of LPS contamination compared to PMB and heat treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kohno
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho Mokuda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Tokunaga
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michinori Ishitoku
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawataka
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hirata
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
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Fibroblasts as immune regulators in infection, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:704-717. [PMID: 33911232 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In chronic infection, inflammation and cancer, the tissue microenvironment controls how local immune cells behave, with tissue-resident fibroblasts emerging as a key cell type in regulating activation or suppression of an immune response. Fibroblasts are heterogeneous cells, encompassing functionally distinct populations, the phenotypes of which differ according to their tissue of origin and type of inciting disease. Their immunological properties are also diverse, ranging from the maintenance of a potent inflammatory environment in chronic inflammation to promoting immunosuppression in malignancy, and encapsulating and incarcerating infectious agents within tissues. In this Review, we compare the mechanisms by which fibroblasts control local immune responses, as well as the factors regulating their inflammatory and suppressive profiles, in different tissues and pathological settings. This cross-disease perspective highlights the importance of tissue context in determining fibroblast-immune cell interactions, as well as potential therapeutic avenues to exploit this knowledge for the benefit of patients with chronic infection, inflammation and cancer.
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Association of TLR 9 gene polymorphisms with remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving TNF-α inhibitors and development of machine learning models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20169. [PMID: 34635730 PMCID: PMC8505487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and TLR9 are known to play important roles in the immune system, and several studies have shown their association with the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, studies that investigate the association between TLR4 or TLR9 gene polymorphisms and remission of the disease in RA patients taking TNF-α inhibitors have yet to be conducted. In this context, this study was designed to investigate the effects of polymorphisms in TLR4 and TLR9 on response to TNF-α inhibitors and to train various models using machine learning approaches to predict remission. A total of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were investigated. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms and response to treatment. Various machine learning methods were utilized for prediction of remission. After adjusting for covariates, the rate of remission of T-allele carriers of TLR9 rs352139 was about 5 times that of the CC-genotype carriers (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.325-19.231, p = 0.018). Among machine learning algorithms, multivariate logistic regression and elastic net showed the best prediction with the area under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC) value of 0.71 (95% CI 0.597-0.823 for both models). This study showed an association between a TLR9 polymorphism (rs352139) and treatment response in RA patients receiving TNF-α inhibitors. Moreover, this study utilized various machine learning methods for prediction, among which the elastic net provided the best model for remission prediction.
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35
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Farooq M, Batool M, Kim MS, Choi S. Toll-Like Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in the Era of Immunotherapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:756315. [PMID: 34671606 PMCID: PMC8522911 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.756315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors, which are activated by foreign and host molecules in order to initiate the immune response. They play a crucial role in the regulation of innate immunity, and several studies have shown their importance in bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. The consensus view from an immunological perspective is that TLR agonists can serve either as a possible therapeutic agent or as a vaccine adjuvant toward cancers or infectious diseases and that TLR inhibitors may be a promising approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases, some cancers, bacterial, and viral infections. These notions are based on the fact that TLR agonists stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and in general, the development of proinflammatory responses. Some of the TLR-based inhibitory agents have shown to be efficacious in preclinical models and have now entered clinical trials. Therefore, TLRs seem to hold the potential to serve as a perfect target in the era of immunotherapies. We offer a perspective on TLR-based therapeutics that sheds light on their usefulness and on combination therapies. We also highlight various therapeutics that are in the discovery phase or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Farooq
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Maria Batool
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Suwon, South Korea
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36
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Farah H, Young SP, Mauro C, Jones SW. Metabolic dysfunction and inflammatory disease: the role of stromal fibroblasts. FEBS J 2021; 288:5555-5568. [PMID: 33251764 PMCID: PMC8518940 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal fibroblasts have emerged as key mediators of the inflammatory response and drivers of localised inflammation, in part through their interactions with resident and circulating immune cells at inflammatory sites. As such, they have been implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions as well as in tumour progression through modifying the microenvironment. The connection between metabolic changes and altered phenotype of fibroblasts in inflammatory microenvironments has clear implications for our understanding of how chronic inflammation is regulated and for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. In this review, we consider the evidence that changes to fibroblast metabolic state underpin chronic inflammation. We examine recent research on fibroblast metabolism in inflammatory microenvironments and consider their involvement in inflammation, providing insight into the role of fibroblasts and metabolism in mediating inflammatory disease progression namely cancer, arthritis and fibrotic disorders including chronic kidney disease, pulmonary fibrosis, heart disease and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Farah
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Stephen P. Young
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Simon W. Jones
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingMRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamUK
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Amaral-Silva D, Gonçalves R, Torrão RC, Torres R, Falcão S, Gonçalves MJ, Araújo MP, Martins MJ, Lopes C, Neto A, Marona J, Costa T, Castelão W, Silva AB, Silva I, Lourenço MH, Mateus M, Gonçalves NP, Manica S, Costa M, Pimentel-Santos FM, Mourão AF, Branco JC, Soares H. Direct tissue-sensing reprograms TLR4 + Tfh-like cells inflammatory profile in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1135. [PMID: 34580414 PMCID: PMC8476501 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells mediate rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis through both antibody-dependent and independent mechanisms. It remains unclear how synovial microenvironment impinges on CD4+ T cells pathogenic functions. Here, we identified a TLR4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cell-like population present in the blood and expanded in synovial fluid. TLR4+ T cells possess a two-pronged pathogenic activity whereby direct TLR4+ engagement by endogenous ligands in the arthritic joint reprograms them from an IL-21 response, known to sponsor antibody production towards an IL-17 inflammatory program recognized to fuel tissue damage. Ex vivo, synovial fluid TLR4+ T cells produced IL-17, but not IL-21. Blocking TLR4 signaling with a specific inhibitor impaired IL-17 production in response to synovial fluid recognition. Mechanistically, we unveiled that T-cell HLA-DR regulates their TLR4 expression. TLR4+ T cells appear to uniquely reconcile an ability to promote systemic antibody production with a local synovial driven tissue damage program. In order to identify how the synovial microenvironment impinges on CD4+ T cells pathogenic functions in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Amaral-Silva examined RA patient blood and synovial fluif and identified the presence of a TLR4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cell-like population. They provided mechanistic insight into how TLR4+ T cells uniquely reconcile an ability to promote systemic antibody production with a local synovial driven-tissue damage program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amaral-Silva
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Gonçalves
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C. Torrão
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Torres
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Falcão
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gonçalves
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Paula Araújo
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria José Martins
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Lopes
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Agna Neto
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Marona
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago Costa
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Walter Castelão
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Bento Silva
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Silva
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Lourenço
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Mateus
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Pina Gonçalves
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Santiago Manica
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Costa
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Pimentel-Santos
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Mourão
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaime C. Branco
- grid.414462.10000 0001 1009 677XHospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira n° 126, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatological Diseases Laboratory, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.10772.330000000121511713CHRC|CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Human Immunobiology and Pathogenesis Group, Lisboa, Portugal
- grid.10772.330000000121511713iNOVA4Health | CEDOC, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Rua do Instituto Bacteriológico 5, Lisboa, Portugal
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Pan D, Li Y, Yang F, Lv Z, Zhu S, Shao Y, Huang Y, Ning G, Feng S. Increasing toll-like receptor 2 on astrocytes induced by Schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery by inhibiting CSPGs deposition after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:172. [PMID: 34372877 PMCID: PMC8353762 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease that leads to loss of sensation, motor, and autonomic function. As exosomes have great potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SCI because of their ability to easily cross the blood–brain barrier, the function of Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) is still largely unknown. Methods A T10 spinal cord contusion was established in adult female mice. SCDEs were injected into the tail veins of mice three times a week for 4 weeks after the induction of SCI, and the control group was injected with PBS. High-resolution transmission electron microscope and western blot were used to characterize the SCDEs. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposition and neurological function recovery were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by immunofluorescence staining of TLR2, GFAP, CS56, 5-HT, and β-III-tublin, respectively. TLR2f/f mice were crossed to the GFAP-Cre strain to generate astrocyte specific TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2−/−). Finally, western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of signaling proteins and IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was used to validate the involved signaling pathway. Results Here, we found that TLR2 increased significantly on astrocytes post-SCI. SCDEs treatment can promote functional recovery and induce the expression of TLR2 on astrocytes accompanied with decreased CSPGs deposition. The specific knockout of TLR2 on astrocytes abolished the decreasing CSPGs deposition and neurological functional recovery post-SCI. In addition, the signaling pathway of NF-κB/PI3K involved in the TLR2 activation was validated by western blot. Furthermore, IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was also used to validate this signaling pathway. Conclusion Thus, our results uncovered that SCDEs can promote functional recovery of mice post-SCI by decreasing the CSPGs deposition via increasing the TLR2 expression on astrocytes through NF-κB/PI3K signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Lv
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Unterberger S, Davies KA, Rambhatla SB, Sacre S. Contribution of Toll-Like Receptors and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:285-298. [PMID: 34350135 PMCID: PMC8326786 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s288547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation of the synovial joints leading to cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis is sustained by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, which can be targeted therapeutically to alleviate disease severity. Several innate immune receptors are suggested to contribute to the chronic inflammation in RA, through the production of pro-inflammatory factors in response to endogenous danger signals. Much research has focused on toll-like receptors and more recently the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin containing protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is required for the processing and release of IL-1β. This review summarizes the current understanding of the potential involvement of these receptors in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation and tissue damage in RA and experimental arthritis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Unterberger
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Kevin A Davies
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
| | | | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
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40
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Roszkowski L, Ciechomska M. Tuning Monocytes and Macrophages for Personalized Therapy and Diagnostic Challenge in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081860. [PMID: 34440629 PMCID: PMC8392289 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages play a central role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Activation of these cells results in the production of various mediators responsible for inflammation and RA pathogenesis. On the other hand, the depletion of macrophages using specific antibodies or chemical agents can prevent their synovial tissue infiltration and subsequently attenuates inflammation. Their plasticity is a major feature that helps the switch from a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) to an anti-inflammatory state (M2). Therefore, understanding the precise strategy targeting pro-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages should be a powerful way of inhibiting chronic inflammation and bone erosion. In this review, we demonstrate potential consequences of different epigenetic regulations on inflammatory cytokines production by monocytes. In addition, we present unique profiles of monocytes/macrophages contributing to identification of new biomarkers of disease activity or predicting treatment response in RA. We also outline novel approaches of tuning monocytes/macrophages by biologic drugs, small molecules or by other therapeutic modalities to reduce arthritis. Finally, the importance of cellular heterogeneity of monocytes/macrophages is highlighted by single-cell technologies, which leads to the design of cell-specific therapeutic protocols for personalized medicine in RA in the future.
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41
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Cheng L, Wang Y, Wu R, Ding T, Xue H, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. New Insights From Single-Cell Sequencing Data: Synovial Fibroblasts and Synovial Macrophages in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709178. [PMID: 34349767 PMCID: PMC8326910 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology can analyze the transcriptome expression level of cells with high-throughput from the single cell level, fully show the heterogeneity of cells, and provide a new way for the study of multicellular biological heterogeneity. Synovitis is the pathological basis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Synovial fibroblasts (SFs) and synovial macrophages are the core target cells of RA, which results in the destruction of articular cartilage, as well as bone. Recent scRNA-seq technology has made breakthroughs in the differentiation and development of two types of synovial cells, identification of subsets, functional analysis, and new therapeutic targets, which will bring remarkable changes in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Cheng
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Marsh LJ, Kemble S, Reis Nisa P, Singh R, Croft AP. Fibroblast pathology in inflammatory joint disease. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:163-183. [PMID: 34096076 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease in which fibroblasts contribute to both joint damage and inflammation. Fibroblasts are a major cell constituent of the lining of the joint cavity called the synovial membrane. Under resting conditions, fibroblasts have an important role in maintaining joint homeostasis, producing extracellular matrix and joint lubricants. In contrast, during joint inflammation, fibroblasts contribute to disease pathology by producing pathogenic levels of inflammatory mediators that drive the recruitment and retention of inflammatory cells within the joint. Recent advances in single-cell profiling techniques have transformed our ability to examine fibroblast biology, leading to the identification of specific fibroblast subsets, defining a previously underappreciated heterogeneity of disease-associated fibroblast populations. These studies are challenging the previously held dogma that fibroblasts are homogeneous and are providing unique insights into their role in inflammatory joint pathology. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of how fibroblast heterogeneity contributes to joint pathology in rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, we address how these insights could lead to the development of novel therapies that directly target selective populations of fibroblasts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy-Jayne Marsh
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Kemble
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patricia Reis Nisa
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruchir Singh
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam P Croft
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing (IIA), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Rychkov D, Neely J, Oskotsky T, Yu S, Perlmutter N, Nititham J, Carvidi A, Krueger M, Gross A, Criswell LA, Ashouri JF, Sirota M. Cross-Tissue Transcriptomic Analysis Leveraging Machine Learning Approaches Identifies New Biomarkers for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638066. [PMID: 34177888 PMCID: PMC8223752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and disease activity monitoring in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We leveraged publicly available microarray gene expression data in the NCBI GEO database for whole blood (N=1,885) and synovial (N=284) tissues from RA patients and healthy controls. We developed a robust machine learning feature selection pipeline with validation on five independent datasets culminating in 13 genes: TNFAIP6, S100A8, TNFSF10, DRAM1, LY96, QPCT, KYNU, ENTPD1, CLIC1, ATP6V0E1, HSP90AB1, NCL and CIRBP which define the RA score and demonstrate its clinical utility: the score tracks the disease activity DAS28 (p = 7e-9), distinguishes osteoarthritis (OA) from RA (OR 0.57, p = 8e-10) and polyJIA from healthy controls (OR 1.15, p = 2e-4) and monitors treatment effect in RA (p = 2e-4). Finally, the immunoblotting analysis of six proteins on an independent cohort confirmed two proteins, TNFAIP6/TSG6 and HSP90AB1/HSP90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Rychkov
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tomiko Oskotsky
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven Yu
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Noah Perlmutter
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joanne Nititham
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Carvidi
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Krueger
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Andrew Gross
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Institute for Human Genetics (IHG), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judith F. Ashouri
- Rosalind Russell/Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Friščić J, Böttcher M, Reinwald C, Bruns H, Wirth B, Popp SJ, Walker KI, Ackermann JA, Chen X, Turner J, Zhu H, Seyler L, Euler M, Kirchner P, Krüger R, Ekici AB, Major T, Aust O, Weidner D, Fischer A, Andes FT, Stanojevic Z, Trajkovic V, Herrmann M, Korb-Pap A, Wank I, Hess A, Winter J, Wixler V, Distler J, Steiner G, Kiener HP, Frey B, Kling L, Raza K, Frey S, Kleyer A, Bäuerle T, Hughes TR, Grüneboom A, Steffen U, Krönke G, Croft AP, Filer A, Köhl J, Klein K, Buckley CD, Schett G, Mougiakakos D, Hoffmann MH. The complement system drives local inflammatory tissue priming by metabolic reprogramming of synovial fibroblasts. Immunity 2021; 54:1002-1021.e10. [PMID: 33761330 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arthritis typically involves recurrence and progressive worsening at specific predilection sites, but the checkpoints between remission and persistence remain unknown. Here, we defined the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this inflammation-mediated tissue priming. Re-exposure to inflammatory stimuli caused aggravated arthritis in rodent models. Tissue priming developed locally and independently of adaptive immunity. Repeatedly stimulated primed synovial fibroblasts (SFs) exhibited enhanced metabolic activity inducing functional changes with intensified migration, invasiveness and osteoclastogenesis. Meanwhile, human SF from patients with established arthritis displayed a similar primed phenotype. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses as well as genetic and pharmacological targeting demonstrated that inflammatory tissue priming relies on intracellular complement C3- and C3a receptor-activation and downstream mammalian target of rapamycin- and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated metabolic SF invigoration that prevents activation-induced senescence, enhances NLRP3 inflammasome activity, and in consequence sensitizes tissue for inflammation. Our study suggests possibilities for therapeutic intervention abrogating tissue priming without immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Friščić
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine 5 for Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Reinwald
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine 5 for Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wirth
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samantha-Josefine Popp
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine 5 for Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kellie Irene Walker
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen A Ackermann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jason Turner
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lisa Seyler
- Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) ands Universitäts-klinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilien Euler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Krüger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Triin Major
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Aust
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Weidner
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anita Fischer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian T Andes
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zeljka Stanojevic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adelheid Korb-Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D3, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Isabel Wank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johnathan Winter
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Jörg Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Günter Steiner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans P Kiener
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lasse Kling
- Innovations-Institut für Nanotechnologie und korrelative Mikroskopie, 91301 Forchheim, Germany
| | - Karim Raza
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham, B18 7QH Birmingham, UK
| | - Silke Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) ands Universitäts-klinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steffen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adam P Croft
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Filer
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 45229-3026 Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kerstin Klein
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7FY Oxford, UK
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine 5 for Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus H Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang C, Liu J, Lu W. Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphisms in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672346. [PMID: 33981318 PMCID: PMC8107678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important initiators of the immune response, both innate and acquired. Evidence suggests that gene polymorphisms within TLRs cause malfunctions of certain key TLR-related signaling pathways, which subsequently increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. We illustrate and discuss the current findings on the role of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in numerous autoimmune diseases in this review, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Graves’ disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The study of genetic variation in TLRs in different populations has shown a complex interaction between immunity and environmental factors. This interaction suggests that TLR polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases differently in various populations. The identification of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which will subsequently guide effective medical management and provide insight into prognosis and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changlun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxian Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Location, location, location: how the tissue microenvironment affects inflammation in RA. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:195-212. [PMID: 33526927 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Current treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) do not work well for a large proportion of patients, or at all in some individuals, and cannot cure or prevent this disease. One major obstacle to developing better drugs is a lack of complete understanding of how inflammatory joint disease arises and progresses. Emerging evidence indicates an important role for the tissue microenvironment in the pathogenesis of RA. Each tissue is made up of cells surrounded and supported by a unique extracellular matrix (ECM). These complex molecular networks define tissue architecture and provide environmental signals that programme site-specific cell behaviour. In the synovium, a main site of disease activity in RA, positional and disease stage-specific cellular diversity exist. Improved understanding of the architecture of the synovium from gross anatomy to the single-cell level, in parallel with evidence demonstrating how the synovial ECM is vital for synovial homeostasis and how dysregulated signals from the ECM promote chronic inflammation and tissue destruction in the RA joint, has opened up new ways of thinking about the pathogenesis of RA. These new ideas provide novel therapeutic approaches for patients with difficult-to-treat disease and could also be used in disease prevention.
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Orchestrated modulation of rheumatoid arthritis via crosstalking intracellular signaling pathways. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:965-974. [PMID: 33740220 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell signaling is considered a part of a network for communication that regulates basic cellular activities. The ability of cells to communicate correctly to the surrounding environment has an important role in development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Dysregulated activation and crosstalk between many intracellular signaling pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), such as the Janus Kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor kappa B (TLR/NF-κB), phosphatidylinositide-3Kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI-3K/AKT/mTOR), the stress activated protein kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (SAPK/MAPK), and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) pathways. Other interrelated pathways that can be targeted to halt the inflammatory status in the disease are purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R)/nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 or inflammasome (NLRP-3)/NF-κB and Notch pathways. In this review, we will show the orchestrated modulation in the pathogenesis of RA via the crossregulation between dysregulated signaling pathways which can mediate a sustained loop of activation for these signaling pathways as well as aggrevate the inflammatory condition. Also, this review will highlight many targets that can be useful in the development of more effective therapeutic options.
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The aftermath of the interplay between the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and redox signaling. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:151-167. [PMID: 33558590 PMCID: PMC8080639 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle of eukaryotic cells. Its main functions include protein synthesis, proper protein folding, protein modification, and the transportation of synthesized proteins. Any perturbations in ER function, such as increased demand for protein folding or the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, lead to a stress response called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The primary aim of the UPR is to restore cellular homeostasis; however, it triggers apoptotic signaling during prolonged stress. The core mechanisms of the ER stress response, the failure to respond to cellular stress, and the final fate of the cell are not yet clear. Here, we discuss cellular fate during ER stress, cross talk between the ER and mitochondria and its significance, and conditions that can trigger ER stress response failure. We also describe how the redox environment affects the ER stress response, and vice versa, and the aftermath of the ER stress response, integrating a discussion on redox imbalance-induced ER stress response failure progressing to cell death and dynamic pathophysiological changes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a cellular organelle responsible for protein folding, is sensitive to chemical imbalances that can induce stress, leading to cell death and disease. Researchers in South Korea, led by Han-Jung Chae from Jeonbuk National University in Jeonju and Hyung-Ryong Kim from Dankook University in Cheonan, review how the ER counters changes in its environment that spur protein folding defects by activating a series of signaling pathways, known collectively as the unfolded protein response. Redox imbalance, may fail adaptive ER stress response that can damage the ER and surrounding mitochondria by modifying cysteine residues. The interaction between the two stress systems, ER stress and oxidative stress, has profound negative impacts on normal physiology. Targeting one or both of these stress mechanisms may therefore be an effective means of treating disease.
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Mechanical Stress Induce PG-E2 in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts Originating from the Temporomandibular Joint. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020298. [PMID: 33535605 PMCID: PMC7912861 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic predisposition, traumatic events, or excessive mechanical exposure provoke arthritic changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We analysed the impact of mechanical stress that might be involved in the development and progression of TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) on murine synovial fibroblasts (SFs) of temporomandibular origin. SFs were subjected to different protocols of mechanical stress, either to a high-frequency tensile strain for 4 h or to a tensile strain of varying magnitude for 48 h. The TMJ OA induction was evaluated based on the gene and protein secretion of inflammatory factors (Icam-1, Cxcl-1, Cxcl-2, Il-1ß, Il-1ra, Il-6, Ptgs-2, PG-E2), subchondral bone remodelling (Rankl, Opg), and extracellular matrix components (Col1a2, Has-1, collagen and hyaluronic acid deposition) using RT-qPCR, ELISA, and HPLC. A short high-frequency tensile strain had only minor effects on inflammatory factors and no effects on the subchondral bone remodelling induction or matrix constituent production. A prolonged tensile strain of moderate and advanced magnitude increased the expression of inflammatory factors. An advanced tensile strain enhanced the Ptgs-2 and PG-E2 expression, while the expression of further inflammatory factors were decreased. The tensile strain protocols had no effects on the RANKL/OPG expression, while the advanced tensile strain significantly reduced the deposition of matrix constituent contents of collagen and hyaluronic acid. The data indicates that the application of prolonged advanced mechanical stress on SFs promote PG-E2 protein secretion, while the deposition of extracellular matrix components is decreased.
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TLR expression profiles are a function of disease status in rheumatoid arthritis and experimental arthritis. J Autoimmun 2021; 118:102597. [PMID: 33493980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of the innate immune system has been established in the initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory disease, but less attention has been paid to its role in the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression profiles were analysed in tissues with differing disease status in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and in experimental arthritis. TLR gene expression was measured in whole blood and monocytes, before and after TNF blockade. In RA and osteoarthritis synovia, the expression of TLRs was quantified by standard curve qPCR. In addition, four distinct stages of disease were defined and validated in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), the gold standard animal model for RA - pre-onset, early disease, late disease and immunised mice that were resistant to the development of disease. TLR expression was measured in spleens, lymph nodes, blood cells, liver and the paws (inflamed and unaffected). In RA whole blood, the expression of TLR1, 4 and 6 was significantly reduced by TNF blockade but the differences in TLR expression profiles between responders and non-responders were less pronounced than the differences between RA and AS patients. In RA non-responders, monocytes had greater TLR2 expression prior to therapy compared to responders. The expression of TLR1, 2, 4 and 8 was higher in RA synovium compared to control OA synovium. Circulating cytokine levels in CIA resistant mice were similar to naïve mice, but anti-collagen antibodies were similar to arthritic mice. Distinct profiles of inflammatory gene expression were mapped in paws and organs with differing disease status. TLR expression in arthritic paws tended to be similar in early and late disease, with TLR1 and 2 moderately higher in late disease. TLR expression in unaffected paws varied according to gene and disease status but was generally lower in resistant paws. Disease status-specific profiles of TLR expression were observed in spleens, lymph nodes, blood cells and the liver. Notably, TLR2 expression rose then fell in the transition from naïve to pre-onset to early arthritis. TLR gene expression profiles are strongly associated with disease status. In particular, increased expression in the blood precedes clinical manifestation.
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