1
|
Hui CW, Wu WC, Leung SO. Interleukins 4 and 21 Protect Anti-IgM Induced Cell Death in Ramos B Cells: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:919854. [PMID: 35911775 PMCID: PMC9326153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 21 (IL-21) belong to the common gamma chain cytokine family which are highly involved in the progression of autoimmune diseases. While IL-4 is well known to be involved in the suppression of apoptosis of autoreactive B cells, the role played by IL-21 remains unclear. In the current study, we activated the human Burkitt’s lymphoma Ramos B cells with anti-IgM to mimic B cell hyperactivation observed in patients of autoimmune diseases. Consistent with other reported findings, anti-IgM led to the downregulation of proteins involved in B cell survival and proliferation, as well as the activation of caspase 3 activity and DNA damage, resulting in apoptotic cell death after 48-hour treatment. Although both IL-4 and IL-21 reversed anti-IgM-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, they did so via different mechanisms: while IL-4 could directly suppress anti-IgM-induced caspase 3 activation and marker indicative of DNA damage, IL-21 could induce B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-IgM. Importantly, IL-21 also suppressed activation induced cell death in human primary B cells. Pre-treatment with clinically validated JAK inhibitors completely reversed the effects of IL-4 and IL-21 to rescue anti-IgM induced cell death and DNA damage. The results indicate the underlying mechanisms of how IL-4 and IL-21 differentially promote survival of hyperactivated B cells and provide hints to treat autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao H, Nakayamada S, Ohkubo N, Yamagata K, Zhang M, Shan Y, Iwata S, Zhang T, Tanaka Y. Involvement of lncRNA IL21-AS1 in interleukin-2 and T follicular regulatory cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:302. [PMID: 34895341 PMCID: PMC8665514 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs62324212, located in IL21 antisense RNA 1 (IL21-AS1), has been identified as a genetic risk variant associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to probe the characteristics of IL21-AS1 and explore its clinical relevance focusing on T helper subsets and disease activity in patients with SLE. METHODS rs62324212 genotyping was determined using allelic discrimination by quantitative PCR. Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell surface markers in CD4+ T cells were analyzed using PCR and flow cytometry. The association among IL21-AS1, CD4+ T cell subsets, and SLE disease activity was accessed. RESULTS Ensembl Genome Browser analysis revealed that rs62324212 (C>A) was located in the predicting enhancer region of IL21-AS1. IL21-AS1 was expressed in the nucleus of CD4+ T and B cells, but its expression was decreased in patients with SLE. IL21-AS1 expression was positively correlated with mRNA levels of IL-2 but not IL-21, and it was associated with the proportion of activated T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells. Furthermore, we observed a significant negative correlation between IL21-AS1 expression and disease activity in patients with SLE (n = 53, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION IL21-AS1 has an effect on disease activity through an involvement of IL-2-mediated activation of Tfr cells in SLE. Thus, targeting the IL21-AS1 may provide therapeutic approaches for SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Hao
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Ohkubo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamagata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mingzeng Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Hematology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Shan
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tong Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata-nishi, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren HM, Lukacher AE, Rahman ZSM, Olsen NJ. New developments implicating IL-21 in autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2021; 122:102689. [PMID: 34224936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elevated interleukin (IL)-21 is a common finding in the tissues and/or sera of patients with autoimmune disease. CD4 T cells are the primary producers of IL-21; often the IL-21 producing CD4 T cells will express molecules associated with follicular helper cells (TFH). Recent work has shown that the CD4 T cell-derived IL-21 is able to promote effector functions and memory differentiation of CD8 T cells in chronic infections and cancer. Autoimmunity has similarities to chronic infections and cancer. However, CD4 T cell-derived IL-21:IL21R signaling in CD8 T cells has not been fully appreciated in the context of autoimmunity. In this review, we assess the current knowledge regarding CD4 T cell-derived IL-21 and IL21R signaling within CD8 T cells and evaluate what implications it has within several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, Sjögren's syndrome, vitiligo, antiphospholipid syndrome, pemphigus, and giant cell arteritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Ren
- MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program at Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Nancy J Olsen
- Devision of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Plasma interleukin-21 levels and genetic variants are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:246. [PMID: 33673829 PMCID: PMC7936495 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by autoantibodies development and an elevated spectrum of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Previous reports highlighted a relationship between IL-21and the pathogenesis of RA. Although elevated IL-21 levels have been reported in RA patients, the association of common IL-21 genetic variants with a predisposition to RA development in the Chinese population lacks. Materials and methods Five hundred and fourteen Chinese subjects (healthy controls: 303 and rheumatoid arthritis patients: 211) were enrolled in the study. Clinical data of patients were collected from medical records, and patients were treated as per the guidelines. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-21 gene (rs907715, rs2221903, rs2055979 and rs6822844) were genotyped by TaqMan SNPs genotyping method. IL-21 level in plasma of RA patients and healthy subjects was measured by ELISA. Results The plasma level of IL-21 was significantly higher in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis relative to healthy controls (p < 0.0001). A positive correlation was observed between IL-21 level and DAS28 score, indicating the association of the cytokine with the worsening of the disease (Spearman r = 0.61, p < 0.0001). The prevalence of AA genotype (rs2055979) was significantly higher in RA subjects than in the controls (p < 0.0001, χ2 = 34.73, OR = 4.34, 95% CI = 2.623 to 7.219). Furthermore, elevated plasma IL-21 was observed in the rs2055979-AA genotype compared to CC type (p < 0.0001). Conclusion IL-21 plays a crucial function in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. IL-21 rs2055979 polymorphism is associated with IL-21 plasma levels and is predisposed to RA development in the Chinese population.
Collapse
|
5
|
IL-21 gene rs6822844 polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:221319. [PMID: 31763680 PMCID: PMC6944661 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in pathogenesis and activity of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Meanwhile, genetic polymorphisms in the IL-21 gene may alter its expression. Previous studies have reported conflicting results assessing the association between the IL-21 rs6822844 G/T polymorphism and RA risk. Thus, it's necessary to perform a meta-analysis to definite above relationship. PubMed database was searched for all papers published until October 20, 2019. Nine case-control studies with 9998 cases and 10742 controls were retrieved based on the search criteria at last. Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was used to calculate the strength of this association. Publication bias was detected using both Begg's and Egger's tests. Overall, the IL-21 rs6822844 G/T polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with decreased RA risk (e.g. T-allele versus G-allele: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72-0.91, P < 0.001). In addition, decreased RA risk was also detected both in Asians (eg: TT+TG versus GG: OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.31-0.56, P < 0.001) and Caucasians (eg: TT+TG versus GG: OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.80-0.91, P < 0.001). A similar trend in association was found in the source of the control and genotype method subgroups. Furthermore, subgroup analysis of rheumatoid factor status revealed a protective relationship between the IL-21 rs6822844 G/T polymorphism and RF+/RF- RA risk. A similar relationship was noted in the anti-citrullinated protein antibody status subgroup. The results of the present study suggest that the IL-21 rs6822844 G/T polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased RA susceptibility.
Collapse
|
6
|
An integrative microenvironment approach for follicular lymphoma: roles of inflammatory cell subsets and immune-response polymorphisms on disease clinical course. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3153-3173. [PMID: 32913559 PMCID: PMC7443366 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in follicular lymphoma (FL) has produced conflicting results due to assessment of limited TME subpopulations, and because of heterogeneous treatments among different cohorts. Also, important genetic determinants of immune response, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), remain underexplored in this disease. We performed a detailed study of the TME in 169 FL biopsies using immunohistochemistry, encompassing lymphocytes, macrophages, and cytokines. We also genotyped 16 SNPs within key immune-response genes (IL12A, IL2, IL10, TGFB1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, IL17A, and IL17F) in 159 patients. We tested associations between SNPs, clinicopathological features and TME composition, and proposed survival models in R-CHOP/R-CVP-treated patients. Presence of the IL12A rs568408 "A" allele associated with the follicular pattern of FOXP3+ cells. The IL12A AA haplotype included rs583911 and rs568408 and was an independent predictor of worse survival, together with the follicular patterns of T-cells (FOXP3+ and CD8+) and high IL-17F tumor levels. The patterns of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, displayed as a principal component, also associated with survival. Hierarchical clustering of the TME proteins demonstrated a cluster that was associated with worse prognosis (tumors enriched in IL-17A, IL-17F, CD8, PD1, and Ki-67). The survival of FL patients who were treated in the rituximab era shows a strong dependence on TME signals, especially the T-cell infiltration patterns and IL-17F tumor levels. The presence of the AA haplotype of IL12A in the genome of FL patients is an additional prognostic factor that may modulate the composition of T-reg cells in this disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Marinkovic T, Marinkovic D. Biological mechanisms of ectopic lymphoid structure formation and their pathophysiological significance. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:255-267. [PMID: 32631119 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1789620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) or tertiary lymphoid organs are structures with the organization similar to the one of secondary lymphoid organs, formed in non-lymphoid tissues. They are considered to be an important site for the lymphocytic physiological and pathological role in conditions such are chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and allograft rejection. Although similar to the secondary lymphoid tissues, the initiation of ELS formation is not preprogramed and requires chronic inflammation, expression of homeostatic chemokines, and lymphotoxin beta receptor activation. Importantly, while ELS formation may be considered beneficiary in antimicrobial and antitumor immunity, the persistence of these active lymphoid structures within the tissue increase the chance for development of autoimmunity and lymphoma. This paper is providing an overview of biological mechanisms involved in ELS formation, as well as the overview of the pathophysiological role of these structures. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility to therapeutically target ELS formation, bearing in mind their bivalent nature and role in different pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Marinkovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Western Serbia Academy of Applied Sciences, Uzice, Serbia
| | - Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Agonia I, Couras J, Cunha A, Andrade AJ, Macedo J, Sousa-Pinto B. IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22 polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 2020; 125:154813. [PMID: 31454755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune systemic disease and in its pathogenesis participate several proinflammatory cytokines, including those produced by Th17 cells. We performed a systematic review aiming to assess the associations between polymorphisms in Th17 cytokines, namely IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22, and susceptibility to RA. METHODS We searched three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science) for observational studies assessing the association between susceptibility to RA (or its clinical presentation) and polymorphisms of the cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. From the selected studies, we extracted information on the studied polymorphisms, assessed outcomes, and demographic characteristics of participants. We performed random effects meta-analyses assessing the associations between susceptibility to RA and different genotypes of the IL-17A rs2275913, IL-17Frs763780 andIL-17Frs2397084polymorphisms. Primary studies' quality was assessed using the Q-Genie tool. RESULTS Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review. Five IL-17A polymorphisms were reported to be associated with susceptibility to RA. For the IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism, our meta-analysis showed the AA genotype to be significantly associated with lower susceptibility to RA(OR = 0.76; 95%CI = 0.61-0.93;p = 0.01), while the opposite was observed for the GG genotype (OR = 1.20; 95%CI = 1.06-1.35;p = 0.01). Concerning IL-17Frs763780 polymorphism, theTT genotype was found to be significantly less frequent in RA patients(OR = 0.49; 95%CI = 0.31-0.77;p = 0.002), while the opposite was observed for the CT genotype (OR = 2.00; 95%CI = 1.03-3.87;p = 0.04). No significant associations were found regarding rs2397084polymorphisms. For IL-21, rs6822844 and rs4505848 were described to have significant associations with susceptibility to RA. No studies were found assessing IL-22 polymorphisms in RA. CONCLUSIONS IL-17A rs2275913 and IL-17F rs763780 polymorphisms are significantly associated with susceptibility to RA and with different clinical characteristics of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Agonia
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Juliana Couras
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Anita Cunha
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alda João Andrade
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Macedo
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Sousa-Pinto
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Association between interleukin-21 gene rs6822844 polymorphism and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190110. [PMID: 31366568 PMCID: PMC6695501 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial results concerning the association between a polymorphism rs6822844 in the interleukin (IL) 21 (IL-21) gene and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have existed. A meta-analysis to confirm above relationships is necessary to be performed immediately. We conducted a search in the PubMed database, covering all papers published up to 20 October 2018. Overall, six case–control studies with 3244 cases and 3431 healthy controls were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of this association. Publication bias was assessed with both Egger’s and Begg’s tests. After calculation, we found that IL-21 rs6822844 polymorphism could decrease RA risk in overall genetic models (allelic contrast: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62–0.97, P=0.024; TG versus GG: OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50–0.92, P=0.013, and dominant genetic model: OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55–0.94, P=0.016). Similarly, stratified analysis by race, source of control, significantly decreased association was found in Asians, Caucasians and hospital-based (HB) control source. Finally, in the subgroup analysis of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status, poorly decreased relationship was detected between IL-21 rs6822844 polymorphism and RF negative and ACPA positive RA risk, respectively. No obvious evidence of publication bias was detected in overall analysis. In summary, our study indicated that IL-21 rs6822844 polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased RA susceptibility.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohammadi FS, Aslani S, Mostafaei S, Jamshidi A, Riahi P, Mahmoudi M. Are genetic variations in IL-21-IL-23R-IL-17A cytokine axis involved in a pathogenic pathway of rheumatoid arthritis? Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17159-17171. [PMID: 30924147 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines have been established to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL) 23 receptor (IL23R), IL21, and IL17 have been associated with RA risk. However, there is no conclusive understanding of the genes encoding the immunoinflammatory IL-21-IL-23R-IL-17A pathway in RA aetiopathogenesis. This meta-analysis was conducted to attain this goal. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed to look for the relevant case-control studies up until 2018. A Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis was carried out to assess the association between the polymorphisms and the risk of RA. The association was estimated by calculating the logarithm of odds ratio (Log OR) and 95% credible interval (95% CI). In this meta-analysis, 37 case-control studies comprising 23,506 RA patients and 25,984 healthy individuals were found for analyzing the IL23R, IL21, and IL1A gene polymorphism and risk of RA. In the IL23R gene rs1343151 SNP, the minor A allele significantly increased the risk of RA (Log OR = 0.085, 95% CI = 0.008, 0.156). Moreover, the minor AA genotype was significantly associated with increased RA risk (Log OR = 0.176, 95% CI = 0.028, 0.321). In addition, the C allele of the IL23R gene rs2201841 SNP significantly decreased the disease risk (Log OR = -0.544, 95% CI = -1.0, -0.065). Since Bayesian meta-analysis is a powerful strategy to pool the data, it can be mentioned that genetic polymorphisms of IL23R, but not IL21 and IL17A, are involved in susceptibility to RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Riahi
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo J, Ming B, Zhang C, Deng X, Li P, Wei Z, Xia Y, Jiang K, Ye H, Ma W, Liu Z, Li H, Yang XP, Dong L. IL-2 Inhibition of Th17 Generation Rather Than Induction of Treg Cells Is Impaired in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1755. [PMID: 30150979 PMCID: PMC6100298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of IL-2 in the balance of Th17 and Tregs and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of enhanced Th17 differentiation in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients. Methods This study involved 31 pSS patients, 7 Sicca patients, and 31 healthy subjects. Th17 and Treg cells were determined by flow cytometry, and IL-17A was detected by immunohistochemistry. IL-2 and IL-6 levels were assessed by ELISA and qPCR. p-STAT5 and p-STAT3 in salivary glands (SGs) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The binding of STAT5 and STAT3 to the Il17a gene locus was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results We found that the percentage of Th17 cells was increased in the periphery and SG of pSS patients when compared with healthy subjects, but the Treg cells was unchanged. Meanwhile, the IL-2 level was reduced, and the IL-6 and IL-17A level was increased in the plasma of pSS patients. The ratio of IL-2 and IL-6 level was also decreased and IL-2 level was negatively correlated with the level of IL-17A. The expression of Il6 and Il17a mRNA was significantly increased, whereas Foxp3, Tgfb1, Tnfa, and Ifng mRNA were comparable. Furthermore, the level of STAT5 phosphorylation (p-STAT5) was reduced and p-STAT3 was enhanced in the SGs and in peripheral CD4+ T cells of pSS patients. In vitro IL-2 treatment-induced STAT5 competed with STAT3 binding in human Il17a locus, leading to decreased Th17 differentiation, which was associated with the reduced transcription activation marker H3K4me3. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated a Treg-independent upregulation of Th17 generation in pSS, which is likely due to a lack of IL-2-mediated suppression of Th17 differentiation. This study identified a novel mechanism of IL-2-mediated immune suppression in pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxia Ming
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Pingfei Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengping Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Kan Jiang
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hong Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Huabin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anaya JM, Leon KJ, Rojas M, Rodriguez Y, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Ramirez-Santana C. Progress towards precision medicine for lupus: the role of genetic biomarkers. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2018.1448266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kelly J. Leon
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yhojan Rodriguez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yovana Pacheco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana M. Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramirez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol natural product isolated from turmeric, interacting with different cellular and molecular targets and, consequently, showing a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent preclinical and clinical trials have revealed immunomodulatory properties of curcumin that arise from its effects on immune cells and mediators involved in the immune response, such as various T-lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cells, as well as different inflammatory cytokines. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory, chronic autoimmune-mediated disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, deposition of immune complexes in various organs, recruitment of autoreactive and inflammatory T cells, and excessive levels of plasma proinflammatory cytokines. The function and numbers of dendritic cells and T cell subsets, such as T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and regulatory T cells have been found to be significantly altered in SLE. In the present report, we reviewed the results of in vitro, experimental (pre-clinical), and clinical studies pertaining to the modulatory effects that curcumin produces on the function and numbers of dendritic cells and T cell subsets, as well as relevant cytokines that participate in SLE.
Collapse
|
14
|
Malinowski D, Paradowska-Gorycka A, Safranow K, Pawlik A. Interleukin-21 gene polymorphism rs2221903 is associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:1142-1147. [PMID: 28883856 PMCID: PMC5575225 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.68945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a cytokine which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Genetic polymorphisms in the IL-21 gene may alter the synthesis of IL-21. The aim of this study was to examine IL-21 and IL-21R polymorphisms in patients with RA. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 422 patients with RA and 338 healthy controls. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the IL-21 (rs6822844 G>T, rs6840978 C>T, rs2221903 T>C) and IL-21R (rs2285452 G>A) genes were genotyped using TaqMan genotyping assays. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of studied genotypes and alleles between RA patients and the control group. To examine whether IL-21 polymorphisms affect disease activity in RA patients, we compared the distribution of IL-21 genotypes between patients with DAS28 ≤ 2.5 (patients with remission of disease symptoms) and patients with DAS28 > 2.5 (patients with active RA). Among patients with DAS28 > 2.5, increased prevalence of rs2221903 CT and CC genotypes was observed (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.04-2.28; p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that IL-21 and IL-21R gene polymorphisms are not risk loci for RA susceptibility, whereas the IL-21 rs2221903 polymorphism is associated with disease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Malinowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gensous N, Schmitt N, Richez C, Ueno H, Blanco P. T follicular helper cells, interleukin-21 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:516-523. [PMID: 27498357 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a breakdown of tolerance to nuclear antigens and generation of high-affinity pathogenic autoantibodies. These autoantibodies form, with autoantigens, immune complexes that are involved in organ and tissue damages. Understanding how the production of these pathogenic autoantibodies arises is of prime importance. T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and IL-21 have emerged as central players in this process. This article reviews the pathogenic role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ahmed YM, Erfan DM, Hafez SF, Shehata IH, Morshedy NA. The association of single nucleotide polymorphism of interleukin-21 gene and serum interleukin-21 levels with systemic lupus erythematosus. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
|
17
|
Interleukin-21 signaling in B cells, but not in T cells, is indispensable for the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:188. [PMID: 27535236 PMCID: PMC4989522 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a T-cell-derived cytokine whose receptor is expressed on a variety of cells and therefore might have pleiotropic roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we investigated the involvement of IL-21 signaling in the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of RA, using IL-21 receptor knockout (Il21r KO) mice. Methods Il21r KO mice or wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice were immunized with chicken type II collagen (CII) emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant on day 0 and were given a boost injection on day 21. The production of anti-CII antibody, development of T-cell and B-cell subsets, and T-cell responses to CII were analyzed. CIA was induced in Rag2 KO mice to which combinations of WT or Il21r KO CD4 T cells and WT or Il21r KO B cells had been transferred, in order to examine the role of IL-21 signaling in each cell subset. Results Il21r KO mice were resistant to the development of CIA. CII-specific IgG but not IgM production was impaired in Il21r KO mice. This is consistent with a reduction of germinal center B cells in the draining lymph nodes. In contrast, CII-specific Th1 and Th17 responses were unaffected in Il21r KO mice. There was also no difference in the number of CII-specific follicular helper T cells between WT and Il21r KO mice. By analyzing the development of CIA in T-cell and B-cell mixed transfer experiments, we confirmed that IL-21 receptor expression on B cells, but not on T cells, was essential for the development of CIA. Conclusion IL-21 signaling in B cells, but not in T cells, plays essential roles in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies that induce CIA development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Miao T, Pu Y, Zhou B, Chen P, Wang Y, Song Y, Zhao J, Zhang L. Association between polymorphisms inIL21gene and risk for sepsis. Biomarkers 2016; 22:14-18. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1201537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Louahchi S, Allam I, Raaf N, Berkani L, Boucharef A, Abdessemed A, Khaldoun N, Bahaz N, Ladjouze-Rezig A, Nebbab A, Ghaffor M, Djidjik R. Association of rs6822844 within the KIAA1109/TENR/IL2/IL21 locus with rheumatoid arthritis in the Algerian population. HLA 2016; 87:160-4. [PMID: 26917059 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the rs6822844, within KIAA1109/TENR/IL2/IL21 gene cluster on 4q27, is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Caucasian population. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible association between the SNP rs6822844 and susceptibility to RA in the Algerian Maghreb population, and to explore the association with the clinical and immunological features of RA. The polymorphism rs6822844 was genotyped in 323 RA patients and 323 healthy individuals using the TaqMan assay. A strong association of IL2/IL21 with RA susceptibility was detected in the Algerian population [odds ratio (OR) = 2.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.74-3.83), P = 10(-4) ]. Our results revealed that IL2/IL21 predisposed to disease development in both autoantibody positive and negative disease. Meanwhile, the association was stronger in RA patients with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (ACPA) positive than those with ACPA negative [OR = 2.30 (95% CI 1.53-3.51), P = 10(-4) and OR = 1.98 (95% CI 1.01-4.22), P = 0.037, respectively]. Moreover, our findings showed a moderate association of the rs6822844 polymorphism with disease activity (P = 0.014). This study indicates for the first time that there is a strong association between IL2/IL21 rs6822844 variant and susceptibility to RA in the Algerian population, and that this association was independent from the autoantibodies status of RA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Louahchi
- Immunology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cytokine and NO Synthase Team, USTHB, Algiers, Algeria
| | - I Allam
- Immunology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - N Raaf
- Biology Department, Beni Messous Teaching hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - L Berkani
- Immunology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Boucharef
- Immunology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Abdessemed
- Rheumatology Department, Ben Aknoun Specialized Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - N Khaldoun
- Rheumatology Department, Ben Aknoun Specialized Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - N Bahaz
- Rheumatology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Ladjouze-Rezig
- Rheumatology Department, Ben Aknoun Specialized Center, Algiers, Algeria
| | - A Nebbab
- Epidemiology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - M Ghaffor
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Algiers 1 University, Algiers, Algeria
| | - R Djidjik
- Immunology Department, Beni Messous Teaching Hospital, Algiers, Algeria.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Algiers 1 University, Algiers, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Crispín JC, Rosetti F, Hernández-Molina G. Lessons from Sjögren’s syndrome etiopathogenesis: Novel cellular and molecular targets. World J Immunol 2015; 5:152-159. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects primarily the lacrimal and salivary glands. In addition to a systemic autoimmune response directed against ubiquitous antigens (such as Ro and La antigens), patients with SS mount a localized response that affects the epithelial component of exocrine glands leading to the establishment of a destructive inflammatory infiltrate comprised of activated T and B cells. Local chemokine and cytokine production drive the recruitment and local activation of immune cells that cause injury to acinar cells. CD4 T cells with different functional differentiation programs including Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-13, IL-4) and Th17 (IL-17, IL-21, IL-22) as well as diverse cytokine signaling pathways, are involved at the initiation, perpetuation, and progression of the disease. Which factors initiate this response and allow it to become chronic are unknown. Proposed mechanisms include viral infections and acinar cell apoptosis. Moreover risk-conferring genetic variants, probably through the facilitation of innate and adaptive immune activation, most certainly contribute to the creation of an underlying environment that fosters tolerance loss and facilitates perpetuation of the autoimmune response. In this review, we describe the mechanisms through which the immune response causes SS and emphasize the pathways that are amenable of being targeted with therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
|
21
|
You Y, Zhai ZF, Chen FR, Chen W, Hao F. Autoimmune risk loci of IL12RB2, IKZF1, XKR6, TMEM39A and CSK in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 85:200-3. [PMID: 25720506 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide or follow-up studies conducted in European or Caucasian populations have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring increased risk to autoimmune diseases. It is unclear whether these observations can apply to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in China. An association study was performed on 395 SLE patients and 378 healthy controls recruited from the Chinese population, in which the IL12RB2 rs3790567, IKZF1 rs2366293, XKR6 rs4240671, TMEM39A rs1132200 and CSK rs34933034 polymorphisms were examined by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. The frequency of the A allele of IL12RB2 rs3790567 was lower in the cases compared with the controls (24.8% vs 30.2%, P = 0.018) and significant difference among the AA, AG and GG genotypes of rs3790567 was detected between the SLE patients and healthy controls (P = 0.020). We also found a statistically significant difference in the dominant model (GG+AG vs AA, P = 0.008). There was no correlation between the genotypes and specific sub-phenotypes in the current cohort. Associations with IKZF1 rs2366293, XKR6 rs4240671, TMEM39A rs1132200 and CSK rs34933034 were also lacking (P > 0.05). The results supported the theory that IL12RB2 is associated with SLE in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y You
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nakagome S, Alkorta-Aranburu G, Amato R, Howie B, Peter BM, Hudson RR, Di Rienzo A. Estimating the Ages of Selection Signals from Different Epochs in Human History. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:657-69. [PMID: 26545921 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation harbors signatures of natural selection driven by selective pressures that are often unknown. Estimating the ages of selection signals may allow reconstructing the history of environmental changes that shaped human phenotypes and diseases. We have developed an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) approach to estimate allele ages under a model of selection on new mutations and under demographic models appropriate for human populations. We have applied it to two resequencing data sets: An ultra-high depth data set from a relatively small sample of unrelated individuals and a lower depth data set in a larger sample with transmission information. In addition to evaluating the accuracy of our method based on simulations, for each SNP, we assessed the consistency between the posterior probabilities estimated by the ABC approach and the ancient DNA record, finding good agreement between the two types of data and methods. Applying this ABC approach to data for eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we were able to rule out an onset of selection prior to the dispersal out-of-Africa for three of them and more recent than the spread of agriculture for an additional three SNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Amato
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Howie
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago
| | | | - Richard R Hudson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu M, Wu X, Liu X, He J, Su Y, Guo J, Li Z. Contribution of dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) polymorphisms in susceptibility of systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjogren's syndrome. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:808-11. [PMID: 26429306 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) has previously shown an association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Caucasians and Han Chinese. This study was aimed to further investigate whether DCIR polymorphisms are novel susceptibility factors for other autoimmune diseases, i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS). A total of 1502 patients with SLE, 476 patients with primary SS, and 1278 non-related healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2377422 and rs10840759 were genotyped using TaqMan assay. The differences in allelic and genotypic distribution between two groups were assessed using Pearson chi-square test, and logistic regression adjusting for age and sex, respectively. P-value < 0.025 was considered statistically significant by Bonferroni correction. The SNP rs2377422 confers an increased susceptibility risk to both SLE (allele model: P = 7.65 × 10(-4), OR 1.20; genotype recessive model: P = 0.012, OR 1.29), and primary SS (allele model: P = 3.74 × 10(-4), OR 1.31; genotype dominant model: P = 1.62 × 10(-4), OR 2.02). There is no association between rs10840759 and SLE or primary SS. In conclusion, DCIR SNP rs2377422 is a novel genetic susceptibility factor for both SLE and primary SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing 100044, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Long-Range Transcriptional Control of the Il2 Gene by an Intergenic Enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3880-91. [PMID: 26351138 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00592-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent cytokine with roles in both immunity and tolerance. Genetic studies in humans and mice demonstrate a role for Il2 in autoimmune disease susceptibility, and for decades the proximal Il2 upstream regulatory region has served as a paradigm of tissue-specific, inducible gene regulation. In this study, we have identified a novel long-range enhancer of the Il2 gene located 83 kb upstream of the transcription start site. This element can potently enhance Il2 transcription in recombinant reporter assays in vitro, and the native region undergoes chromatin remodeling, transcribes a bidirectional enhancer RNA, and loops to physically interact with the Il2 gene in vivo in a CD28-dependent manner in CD4(+) T cells. This cis regulatory element is evolutionarily conserved and is situated near a human single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with multiple autoimmune disorders. These results indicate that the regulatory architecture of the Il2 locus is more complex than previously appreciated and suggest a novel molecular basis for the genetic association of Il2 polymorphism with autoimmune disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Konsta OD, Le Dantec C, Charras A, Brooks WH, Arleevskaya MI, Bordron A, Renaudineau Y. An in silico Approach Reveals Associations between Genetic and Epigenetic Factors within Regulatory Elements in B Cells from Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients. Front Immunol 2015; 6:437. [PMID: 26379672 PMCID: PMC4549647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics have highlighted several regions and candidate genes associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), a systemic autoimmune epithelitis that combines exocrine gland dysfunctions, and focal lymphocytic infiltrations. In addition to genetic factors, it is now clear that epigenetic deregulations are present during SS and restricted to specific cell type subsets, such as lymphocytes and salivary gland epithelial cells. In this study, 72 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with 43 SS gene risk factors were selected from publicly available and peer reviewed literature for further in silico analysis. SS risk variant location was tested revealing a broad distribution in coding sequences (5.6%), intronic sequences (55.6%), upstream/downstream genic regions (30.5%), and intergenic regions (8.3%). Moreover, a significant enrichment of regulatory motifs (promoter, enhancer, insulator, DNAse peak, and expression quantitative trait loci) characterizes SS risk variants (94.4%). Next, screening SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (r (2) ≥ 0.8 in Caucasians) revealed 645 new variants including 5 SNPs with missense mutations, and indicated an enrichment of transcriptionally active motifs according to the cell type (B cells > monocytes > T cells ≫ A549). Finally, we looked at SS risk variants for histone markers in B cells (GM12878), monocytes (CD14(+)) and epithelial cells (A548). Active histone markers were associated with SS risk variants at both promoters and enhancers in B cells, and within enhancers in monocytes. In conclusion and based on the obtained in silico results that need further confirmation, associations were observed between SS genetic risk factors and epigenetic factors and these associations predominate in B cells, such as those observed at the FAM167A-BLK locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orsia D. Konsta
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy Graft Oncology”, Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Christelle Le Dantec
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy Graft Oncology”, Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Amandine Charras
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy Graft Oncology”, Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Wesley H. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Anne Bordron
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy Graft Oncology”, Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy Graft Oncology”, Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan, Brest, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC, Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26106387 PMCID: PMC4459100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is one of the most complex systemic autoimmune diseases. It targets the vasculature, connective tissue-producing cells (namely fibroblasts/myofibroblasts), and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Clinical and pathologic manifestations of SSc are the result of: (1) innate/adaptive immune system abnormalities leading to production of autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity, (2) microvascular endothelial cell/small vessel fibroproliferative vasculopathy, and (3) fibroblast dysfunction generating excessive accumulation of collagen and other matrix components in skin and internal organs. All three of these processes interact and affect each other. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation that likely reflects different genetic or triggering factor (i.e., infection or environmental toxin) influences on the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells. The roles played by other ubiquitous molecular entities (such as lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and their diverse receptors and vitamin D) in influencing the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells are just beginning to be realized and studied and may provide insights into new therapeutic approaches to treat SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Monica Brown
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Bradley C Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) characterize it as a highly complex process encompassing both the initiation of innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immune responses. IL-21 is receiving attention as a potential key player in the pathogenesis of pSS owing to its pleiotropic effects on the type I interferon signalling pathway, and newly identified roles in generation of follicular and IL-17-producing subtypes of helper T cells, as well as plasma-cell differentiation and B-cell activation. Taking into consideration the diverse biological functions of IL-21 and its clinical relevance to pSS, we propose that this cytokine has a central role in orchestrating the complex immune response in pSS. This hypothesis might provide new insight into the pathogenesis of pSS and facilitate the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
28
|
Fichna M, Żurawek M, Bratland E, Husebye ES, Kasperlik-Załuska A, Czarnocka B, Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D, Nowak J. Interleukin-2 and subunit alpha of its soluble receptor in autoimmune Addison's disease--an association study and expression analysis. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:100-7. [PMID: 25347332 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.976628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD) results from T cell-mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex, commonly accompanied by autoantibodies to 21-hydroxylase (21OH). In order to gain insight into the obscure aetiology of this disease, we investigated the roles of the IL2 and IL2RA genes, encoding interleukin-2 and subunit alpha of its receptor (IL2Ra), respectively. The association of AAD with IL2 and IL2RA polymorphisms (rs6822844, rs2069762, rs3136534, rs11594656, rs3118470 and rs2104286) was tested in 223 patients and 672 healthy controls. Functional studies consisted of gene expression analysis in cultured PBMCs exposed to 21OH and evaluation of serum interleukin by ELISA assays. The frequency of the minor C allele of rs3136534 was significantly decreased in AAD subjects compared to controls (OR 0.71; 95%CI 0.561-0.887; p = 0.003). Only AAD cells responded to 21OH with an elevated IL2 and IL2RA mRNA synthesis (p = 0.004 and p = 0.009 versus controls, respectively), paralleled by increased supernatant levels of both cytokines (p = 0.031 and p = 0.001 versus controls). IL2 mRNA level in 21OH-stimulated AAD PBMCs correlated negatively with age (p = 0.036) and positively with serum antibodies to 21OH (p = 0.006). Carriers of the rs2104286 AA genotype demonstrated higher IL2RA mRNA (p = 0.022) and soluble IL2Ra secretion (p = 0.029) upon 21OH stimulation. Serum interleukin-2 in AAD subjects was significantly higher compared to controls (4.61 ± 4.3 versus 1.71 ± 3.2 pg/mL, p < 0.001), whereas sIL2Ra levels remained similar in both groups (p = 0.885). In conclusion, the study reveals an association between AAD and IL2 locus. It confirms specific 21OH-directed reactivity of the peripheral AAD lymphocytes, which display increased synthesis of interleukin-2 and sIL2Ra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fichna
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reksten TR, Jonsson MV. Sjögren's syndrome: an update on epidemiology and current insights on pathophysiology. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2014; 26:1-12. [PMID: 24287189 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder affecting 0.2% to 3.0% of the population, with a 9:1 female to male ratio. Features are oral and ocular dryness, local and systemic autoantibody production, and progressive focal mononuclear cell infiltration in the affected salivary and lacrimal glands. Lymphoma is the most severe complication of pSS, occurring in 4% to 5% of patients. Genetic studies identified an association with HLA and susceptibility genes in cytokine genes and genes involved in B-cell differentiation. Genetic variations may help explain why disease manifestations differ among patients and supports the hypothesis of certain distinct disease phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tove R Reksten
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, 5th Floor, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Korczowska I. Rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes: An overview. World J Orthop 2014; 5:544-549. [PMID: 25232530 PMCID: PMC4133460 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i4.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease sustained by genetic factors. Various aspects of the genetic contribution to the pathogenetics and outcome of RA are still unknown. Several genes have been indicated so far in the pathogenesis of RA. Apart from human leukocyte antigen, large genome wide association studies have identified many loci involved in RA pathogenesis. These genes include protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 22, Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase type IV, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, tumor necrosis factor-receptor associated factor 1/complement component 5, tumor necrosis factor and others. It is important to determine whether a combination of RA risk alleles are able to identify patients who will develop certain clinical outcomes, such myocardium infarction, severe infection or lymphoma, as well as to identify patients who will respond to biological medication therapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Katz LH, Kopylov U, Fudim E, Yavzori M, Picard O, Ungar B, Eliakim R, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y. Expression of IL-2, IL-17 and TNF-alpha in patients with Crohn's disease treated with anti-TNF antibodies. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2014; 38:491-8. [PMID: 24613656 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T cell cytokine IL-17 and the Th-17 pathway appear to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. IL-2 is a potent stimulator of lymphocyte proliferation and IL2/IL21 receptor polymorphisms have recently been associated with susceptibility to IBD. AIMS To evaluate the expression of IL-17, IL-2 and TNFα in Crohn's disease (CD) patients with and without anti-TNFs. METHODS Cytokine expression was evaluated by ELISA and intracellular staining of CD4(+) T-cells from the peripheral blood and lamina propria of CD patients and of non-IBD controls. The results were stratified by disease activity and anti-TNF treatment. RESULTS IL2 expression was significantly elevated in CD patients not treated with anti-TNFs in comparison to healthy controls (19.6% vs. 33.3%, P=0.03) and CD patients treated with anti-TNFs (20.4% vs. 33.3%, P=0.02), and similar in infliximab-treated patients and controls. IL17 expression was similar in CD patients and controls, and was not affected by anti-TNF therapy. TNFα expression in patients with active CD was increased compared to controls (35.5% vs 25.7%, P<0.005), and was significantly decreased in anti-TNF treated patients in comparison to CD patients without anti-TNFs (39.6% vs 26.2%, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Expression of IL2 was significantly decreased in anti-TNF-treated CD patients in comparison to non-treated CD patients and controls. This novel finding may indicate a further mechanism of anti-TNF therapy in CD. Expression of IL17 was not influenced by presence of CD or anti-TNF therapy, which may partly explain the failure of recent clinical trials investigating anti-IL17 therapy in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior H Katz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Kopylov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Ella Fudim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Yavzori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orit Picard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Bella Ungar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rami Eliakim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shomron Ben-Horin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yehuda Chowers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus & Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Di Fusco D, Izzo R, Figliuzzi MM, Pallone F, Monteleone G. IL-21 as a therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1329-38. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.945426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
33
|
Suratanee A, Plaimas K. Identification of inflammatory bowel disease-related proteins using a reverse k-nearest neighbor search. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2014; 12:1450017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720014500176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease whose incidence and prevalence increase every year; however, the pathogenesis of IBD is still unclear. Thus, identifying IBD-related proteins is important for understanding its complex disease mechanism. Here, we propose a new and simple network-based approach using a reverse k-nearest neighbor ( R k NN ) search to identify novel IBD-related proteins. Protein–protein interactions (PPI) and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) were used in this study. After constructing the PPI network, the R k NN search was applied to all of the proteins to identify sets of influenced proteins among their k-nearest neighbors ( R k NNs ). An observed protein whose influenced proteins were mostly known IBD-related proteins was statistically identified as a novel IBD-related protein. Our method outperformed a random aspect, k NN search, and centrality measures based on the network topology. A total of 39 proteins were identified as IBD-related proteins. Of these proteins, 71% were reported at least once in the literature as related to IBD. Additionally, these proteins were found over-represented in the IBD pathway and enriched in importantly functional pathways in IBD. In conclusion, the R k NN search with the statistical enrichment test is a great tool to identify IBD-related proteins to better understand its complex disease mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apichat Suratanee
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Kitiporn Plaimas
- Integrative Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Group, Advanced Virtual and Intelligent Computing Research Center (AVIC), Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu J, Cen H, Ni J, Zhang M, Li P, Yang XK, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Association of IL-21 polymorphisms (rs907715, rs2221903) with susceptibility to multiple autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Autoimmunity 2014; 48:108-16. [PMID: 25074442 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.944262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous published data indicated that interleukin-21 (IL-21) gene polymorphisms were shown to associate with multiple autoimmune diseases (ADs), but the results remain inconclusive. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to assess the overall association between IL-21 gene polymorphisms (rs907715, rs2221903) and multiple ADs. METHODS All eligible case-control studies were searched in the PubMed and Embase database. A meta-analysis was conducted on the association between the IL-21 gene variants and ADs using: (1) allelic contrast, (2) homozygote contrast, (3) the recessive model, and (4) the dominant model. RESULTS A total of 12 relevant studies including 10,535 cases and 19,356 controls were enrolled in this meta-analysis. A significant association between IL-21 rs907715 gene polymorphism and AD was found under the allelic (OR: 1.102, 95% CI: 1.057-1.149, p = 0.000), homozygous (OR: 1.220, 95% CI: 1.089-1.368, p = 0.001), dominant (OR: 1.160, 95% CI: 1.027-1.309, p = 0.017), and recessive genetic model (OR: 1.119, 95% CI: 1.055-1.187, p = 0.000) among Caucasian populations. However, there was no significant association between IL-21 rs2221903 polymorphism and AD in different genetic models. CONCLUSIONS Data from the present study suggest that the IL-21 rs907715 polymorphism might be associated with multiple ADs susceptibility in Caucasians. Especially, the allele G of intronic rs907715 in IL-21 confers increased risk of ADs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui Province , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pitzalis C, Jones GW, Bombardieri M, Jones SA. Ectopic lymphoid-like structures in infection, cancer and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:447-62. [PMID: 24948366 DOI: 10.1038/nri3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid-like structures often develop at sites of inflammation where they influence the course of infection, autoimmune disease, cancer and transplant rejection. These lymphoid aggregates range from tight clusters of B cells and T cells to highly organized structures that comprise functional germinal centres. Although the mechanisms governing ectopic lymphoid neogenesis in human pathology remain poorly defined, the presence of ectopic lymphoid-like structures within inflamed tissues has been linked to both protective and deleterious outcomes in patients. In this Review, we discuss investigations in both experimental model systems and patient cohorts to provide a perspective on the formation and functions of ectopic lymphoid-like structures in human pathology, with particular reference to the clinical implications and the potential for therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gareth W Jones
- Cardiff Institute for Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, The Tenovus Building, Heath Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Cardiff Institute for Infection and Immunity, The School of Medicine, Cardiff University, The Tenovus Building, Heath Campus, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Du Y, Su Y, He J, Yang Y, Shi Y, Cui Y, Luo C, Wu X, Liu X, Hu F, Ma X, Zheng L, Zhang J, Zuo X, Sheng Y, Wu L, Zhang X, Guo J, Li Z. Impact of the leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 (LILRA3) on susceptibility and subphenotypes of systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:2070-5. [PMID: 24906639 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, our research group identified the non-deleted (functional) leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor A3 (LILRA3) as a new genetic risk for rheumatoid arthritis. OBJECTIVES To further investigate whether the functional LILRA3 is a new susceptibility factor for other autoimmune diseases-for example, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS The LILRA3 deletion polymorphism and its tagging single nucleotide polymorphism rs103294 were genotyped for 1099 patients with SLE, 403 patients with pSS and 2169 healthy controls. Association analyses were performed in whole dataset or clinical/serological subsets. The impact of LILRA3 on SLE activity and LILRA3 expression was evaluated. RESULTS The functional LILRA3 conferred high susceptibility to both SLE (p=3.51×10(-7), OR=2.03) and pSS (p=1.40×10(-3), OR=2.32). It was associated with almost all the clinical/serological features in SLE, especially with leucopenia (p=4.09×10(-7), OR=2.19) and thrombocytopenia (p=1.68×10(-5), OR=1.70). In pSS, functional LILRA3 was specifically associated with leucopenia (p=4.39×10(-4), OR=3.25), anti-Ro/SSA-positive subphenotypes (p=4.54×10(-3), OR=2.34) and anti-La/SSB-positive subphenotypes (p=0.012, OR=2.49). Functional LILRA3 conferred higher disease activity in patients with SLE (p=0.044) and higher LILRA3 expression in both SLE (p=5.57×10(-8)) and pSS (p=1.49×10(-7)) than in controls. CONCLUSIONS Functional LILRA3 is a new susceptibility factor for SLE and pSS. It highly predisposes to certain phenotypes such as leucopenia and thrombocytopenia in SLE, and may confer increased disease activity in SLE and a higher risk of leucopenia and autoantibody-positive subphenotypes in pSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yamei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cainan Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, No 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lan Y, Luo B, Wang JL, Jiang YW, Wei YS. The association of interleukin-21 polymorphisms with interleukin-21 serum levels and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Gene 2014; 538:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
38
|
Moens L, Tangye SG. Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Plasma Cell Generation: IL-21 Takes Center Stage. Front Immunol 2014; 5:65. [PMID: 24600453 PMCID: PMC3927127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During our life, we are surrounded by continuous threats from a diverse range of invading pathogens. Our immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to efficiently deal with these threats so as to prevent them from causing disease. Terminal differentiation of mature B cells into plasma cells (PC) – the antibody (Ab) secreting cells of the immune system – is critical for the generation of protective and long-lived humoral immune responses. Indeed, efficient production of antigen (Ag)-specific Ab by activated B cells underlies the success of most currently available vaccines. The mature B-cell pool is composed of several subsets, distinguished from one according to size, surface marker expression, location, and Ag exposure, and they all have the capacity to differentiate into PCs. For a B-cell to acquire the capacity to produce Abs, it must undergo an extensive differentiation process driven by changes in gene expression. Two broad categories of Ags exist that cause B-cell activation and differentiation: T cell dependent (TD) or T cell independent (TI). In addition to the B-cell subset and nature of the Ag, it is important to consider the cytokine environment that can also influence how B-cell differentiation is achieved. Thus, while many cytokines can induce Ab-secretion by B cells after activation with mimics of TD and TI stimuli in vitro, they can have different efficacies and specificities, and can often preferentially induce production of one particular Ig isotype over another. Here, we will provide an overview of in vitro studies (mouse and human origin) that evaluated the role of different cytokines in inducing the differentiation of distinct B-cell subsets to the PC lineage. We will place particular emphasis on IL-21, which has emerged as the most potent inducer of terminal B-cell differentiation in humans. We will also focus on the role of IL-21 and defects in B-cell function and how these contribute to human immunopathologies such as primary immunodeficiencies and B-cell mediated autoimmune conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Group, Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia ; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Darlinghurst, NSW , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ikeda S, Saijo S, Murayama MA, Shimizu K, Akitsu A, Iwakura Y. Excess IL-1 signaling enhances the development of Th17 cells by downregulating TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1449-58. [PMID: 24431229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-1R antagonist-deficient (Il1rn(-/-)) mice develop autoimmune arthritis in which IL-17A plays a crucial role. Although many studies have shown that Th17 cell differentiation is dependent on TGF-β and IL-6, we found that Th17 cells developed normally in Il1rn(-/-)Il6(-/-) mice in vivo. Then, we analyzed the mechanisms of Th17 cell differentiation in Il1rn(-/-)Il6(-/-) mice. We found that IL-21 production was increased in the lymph nodes of Il1rn(-/-) mice, naive Il6(-/-) CD4(+) T cells differentiated into Th17 cells when cultured with TGF-β and IL-21, and the differentiation was greatly enhanced when IL-1 was added to the culture. Th17 cell differentiation was not induced by either TGF-β or IL-1 alone or in combination. IL-21 induced IL-1R expression in naive CD4(+) T cells, and IL-1 inhibited TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression, resulting in the promotion of Th17 cell differentiation. Furthermore, IL-1 augmented the expression of Th17 cell-specific transcription factors such as Nfkbiz and Batf. These results indicate that excess IL-1 signaling can overcome the requirement of IL-6 in the differentiation of Th17 cells by suppressing Foxp3 expression and inducing Th17 cell-specific transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ikeda
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Polymorphic variant at the IL2 region is associated with type 1 diabetes and may affect serum levels of interleukin-2. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6957-63. [PMID: 24154763 PMCID: PMC3835945 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic variants at the interleukin-2 (IL2) locus affect the risk of several autoimmune disorders. Our aim was to evaluate the association of the four IL2 polymorphisms (rs6822844, rs6534349, rs2069762 and rs3136534) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Polish population, and to correlate them with the serum interleukin-2 levels. 543 unrelated T1D patients and 706 healthy control subjects were enrolled. The minor T allele at rs6822844 was significantly less frequent in T1D compared to controls (p = 0.002; OR 0.71; 95 % CI 0.571–0.880). Likewise, the frequency of the TT genotype was decreased among the affected individuals (p = 0.007). In healthy subjects, stratification according to the rs6822844 genotype revealed significant differences in circulating interleukin-2 (p = 0.037) with the highest levels in TT protective genotypes. Three other IL2 polymorphisms did not display significant differences in allele and genotype distribution. In conclusion, the rs6822844 variant is associated with T1D and may play a functional role, or reflect the influence of another causative genetic variant in linkage disequilibrium.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nagai Y, Imanishi T. RAvariome: a genetic risk variants database for rheumatoid arthritis based on assessment of reproducibility between or within human populations. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2013; 2013:bat073. [PMID: 24158836 PMCID: PMC3807080 DOI: 10.1093/database/bat073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune inflammatory disease of the joints and is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. In the past six years, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified many risk variants associated with RA. However, not all associations reported from GWASs are reproduced when tested in follow-up studies. To establish a reliable set of RA risk variants, we systematically classified common variants identified in GWASs by the degree of reproducibility among independent studies. We collected comprehensive genetic associations from 90 papers of GWASs and meta-analysis. The genetic variants were assessed according to the statistical significance and reproducibility between or within nine geographical populations. As a result, 82 and 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were confirmed as intra- and inter-population-reproduced variants, respectively. Interestingly, majority of the intra-population-reproduced variants from European and East Asian populations were not common in two populations, but their nearby genes appeared to be the components of common pathways. Furthermore, a tool to predict the individual’s genetic risk of RA was developed to facilitate personalized medicine and preventive health care. For further clinical researches, the list of reliable genetic variants of RA and the genetic risk prediction tool are provided by open access database RAvariome. Database URL: http://hinv.jp/hinv/rav/
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nagai
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan and Data Management and Integration Team, Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Carmona FD, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Martin J. Genetic component of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 53:6-18. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
43
|
Ding L, Wang S, Chen GM, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. A single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-21 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Inflammation 2013. [PMID: 22752563 DOI: 10.1002/art.3032010.1007/s10753-012-9497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-21 gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese population. A total of 605 independent SLE patients and 666 unrelated healthy controls were recruited for the case-control association study. Two SNPs (rs2221903 and rs907715) within the IL-21 gene intronic region were genotyped by TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination methods. The allele T frequency of SNP rs2221903 in patients and healthy controls was 89.4 % and 86.8 %, respectively [T versus C, odds ratio (OR) = 1.287, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.010-1.640]. No significant differences in genotype frequencies were shown between SLE patients and healthy controls (P value = 0.705, 0.406, respectively). However, the effect of recessive model (TT versus CC + CT, OR = 1.368, 95 % CI = 1.050-1.781) was observed. Distributions of allele and genotype frequencies of the SNP rs907715 showed no significant differences between SLE patients and controls. Analysis of the haplotypes revealed that CC haplotype was significantly associated with SLE (OR = 0.734, 95 % CI = 0.573-0.941). In conclusion, our findings suggest that a SNP (rs2221903) and CC haplotype (rs2221903 and rs907715) of the IL-21 gene is associated with SLE in the Chinese population. However, further studies are needed to determine the functional consequences of this polymorphism with SLE susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ding L, Wang S, Chen GM, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. A single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-21 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Inflammation 2013; 35:1781-5. [PMID: 22752563 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-21 gene with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Chinese population. A total of 605 independent SLE patients and 666 unrelated healthy controls were recruited for the case-control association study. Two SNPs (rs2221903 and rs907715) within the IL-21 gene intronic region were genotyped by TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination methods. The allele T frequency of SNP rs2221903 in patients and healthy controls was 89.4 % and 86.8 %, respectively [T versus C, odds ratio (OR) = 1.287, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.010-1.640]. No significant differences in genotype frequencies were shown between SLE patients and healthy controls (P value = 0.705, 0.406, respectively). However, the effect of recessive model (TT versus CC + CT, OR = 1.368, 95 % CI = 1.050-1.781) was observed. Distributions of allele and genotype frequencies of the SNP rs907715 showed no significant differences between SLE patients and controls. Analysis of the haplotypes revealed that CC haplotype was significantly associated with SLE (OR = 0.734, 95 % CI = 0.573-0.941). In conclusion, our findings suggest that a SNP (rs2221903) and CC haplotype (rs2221903 and rs907715) of the IL-21 gene is associated with SLE in the Chinese population. However, further studies are needed to determine the functional consequences of this polymorphism with SLE susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chatzikyriakidou A, Voulgari PV, Lambropoulos A, Drosos AA. Genetics in rheumatoid arthritis beyond HLA genes: what meta-analyses have shown? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:29-38. [PMID: 23768941 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex disorder with many genetic and environmental factors to account for disease susceptibility. Individual genetic association studies usually suffer from small sample size leading to biased results of polymorphisms association with RA liability. Therefore, meta-analyses seem to resolve this limitation, up to a point, increasing the power of statistical analyses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of non-HLA genetic factors contributing to RA predisposition based on meta-analyses. METHODS Using the key words: rheumatoid arthritis, meta-analysis, and polymorphism, we searched the PubMed database for the associated articles. Up to the middle of November 2012, seventy-nine articles fulfilled the criteria and highlighted the current findings on the genetic factors contributing to RA susceptibility. RESULTS The association with RA was confirmed for 32 gene polymorphisms, being population specific in some cases. However, meta-analyses did not confirm an association in case of 16 gene variants, previously studied in individual studies for their association with RA. CONCLUSIONS The use of bioinformatics tools and functional studies of the summarized implicated genes in RA pathogenesis could shed light on the molecular pathways related to the disorder, helping to the development of new drug targets for a better treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthoula Chatzikyriakidou
- Laboratory of General Biology and Genetics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
IL2/IL21 region polymorphism influences response to rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4851-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
47
|
Mainardi-Novo DTO, Santos AS, Fukui RT, Gamberini M, Correia MRS, Ruiz MO, Mangueira CLP, Matioli SR, Vasconcelos DM, Silva MER. The PTPN22 1858T allele but not variants in the proximal promoter region of IL-21 gene is associated with the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and the presence of autoantibodies in a Brazilian cohort. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:16-22. [PMID: 23480181 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) regulate lymphocyte function and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. We sequenced the proximal promoter of the IL-21 gene for the first time and analysed the PTPN22 1858T polymorphism in type 1A diabetes (T1AD) patients and healthy controls (HC). We correlated the frequencies of islet and extra-pancreatic autoantibodies with genotypes from both loci. The case series comprised 612 T1AD patients and 792 HC. Genotyping of PTPN22 C1858T was performed on 434 T1AD patients and 689 HC. The -448 to +83 base pairs (bp) region of the IL-21 gene was sequenced in 309 Brazilian T1AD and 189 HC subjects. We also evaluated human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR3/DR4 alleles. The frequencies of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), tyrosine phosphatase-like protein (IA)-2, anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG), thyrotrophin receptor autoantibody (TRAb), anti-smooth muscle (ASM) and 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) autoantibodies were higher in T1AD patients than in HC. The PTPN22 1858T allele was associated with an increased risk for developing T1AD [odds ratio (OR) = 1·94; P < 0·001], particularly in patients of European ancestry, and with a higher frequency of GAD65 and TG autoantibodies. HLA-DR3/DR4 alleles predominated in T1AD patients. A heterozygous allelic IL-21 gene variant (g.-241 T > A) was found in only one patient. In conclusion, only PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism and HLA-DR3 and/or DR4 alleles, but not allelic variants in the 5'-proximal region of the IL-21 gene were associated with T1AD risk. Patients with T1AD had increased frequencies of anti-islet-cell, anti-thyroid, anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle and anti-21-OH autoantibodies. The C1858T PTPN22 polymorphism was also associated with a higher frequency of GAD65 and TG autoantibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T O Mainardi-Novo
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 18 (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas-Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Unidade de Diabetes, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Diaz-Gallo LM, Simeon CP, Broen JC, Ortego-Centeno N, Beretta L, Vonk MC, Carreira PE, Vargas S, Román-Ivorra JA, González-Gay MA, Tolosa C, López-Longo FJ, Espinosa G, Vicente EF, Hesselstrand R, Riemekasten G, Witte T, Distler JHW, Voskuyl AE, Schuerwegh AJ, Shiels PG, Nordin A, Padyukov L, Hoffmann-Vold AM, Scorza R, Lunardi C, Airo P, van Laar JM, Hunzelmann N, Gathof BS, Kreuter A, Herrick A, Worthington J, Denton CP, Zhou X, Arnett FC, Fonseca C, Koeleman BPC, Assasi S, Radstake TRDJ, Mayes MD, Martín J. Implication of IL-2/IL-21 region in systemic sclerosis genetic susceptibility. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1233-8. [PMID: 23172754 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 21 (IL-21) locus at chromosome 4q27 has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, and both genes are related to immune system functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the IL-2/IL-21 locus in systemic sclerosis (SSc). PATIENTS AND METHODS The case control study included 4493 SSc Caucasian patients and 5856 healthy controls from eight Caucasian populations (Spain, Germany, The Netherlands, USA, Italy, Sweden, UK and Norway). Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2069762, rs6822844, rs6835457 and rs907715) were genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays. RESULTS We observed evidence of association of the rs6822844 and rs907715 variants with global SSc (pc=6.6E-4 and pc=7.2E-3, respectively). Similar statistically significant associations were observed for the limited cutaneous form of the disease. The conditional regression analysis suggested that the most likely genetic variation responsible for the association was the rs6822844 polymorphism. Consistently, the rs2069762A-rs6822844T-rs6835457G-rs907715T allelic combination showed evidence of association with SSc and limited cutaneous SSc subtype (pc=1.7E-03 and pc=8E-4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the IL-2/IL-21 locus influences the genetic susceptibility to SSc. Moreover, this study provided further support for the IL-2/IL-21 locus as a common genetic factor in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina-Marcela Diaz-Gallo
- Cellular Biology and Immunology Department, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Maiti AK, Nath SK. Gene network analysis of small molecules with autoimmune disease associated genes predicts a novel strategy for drug efficacy. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:510-22. [PMID: 23000205 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous genes/SNPs in autoimmune diseases (ADs) are identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and likely to contribute in developing autoimmune phenotypes. Constructions of biologically meaningful pathways are necessary to determine how these genes interact with each other and with other small molecules to develop various complex AD phenotypes prior to beginning time-consuming rigorous experimentation. We have constructed biological pathways with genetically identified genes leading to shared AD phenotypes. Various environmental and endogenous factors interact with these AD associated genes suggesting their critical role in developing diseases and further association studies could be designed for assessing the role of these factors with risk allele in a specific gene. Additionally, existing drugs that have been used long before the identification of these genetically associated genes also interact with these newly associated genes. Thus advanced therapeutic strategies could be designed by grouping patients with risk allele(s) in particular genes that directly or closely interact with the specified drugs. This drug-susceptible gene network will not only increase our understanding about the additional molecular basis for effectiveness against these diseases but also indicate which drug could be more effective for those patients carrying risk allele(s) in that gene. Additionally, we have also identified several interlinking genes in the pathways that could be used for designing future association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Maiti
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Płoski R, Szymański K, Bednarczuk T. The genetic basis of graves' disease. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:542-63. [PMID: 22654555 PMCID: PMC3271308 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented comprehensive review of current knowledge about genetic factors predisposing to Graves’ disease (GD) put emphasis on functional significance of observed associations. In particular, we discuss recent efforts aimed at refining diseases associations found within the HLA complex and implicating HLA class I as well as HLA-DPB1 loci. We summarize data regarding non-HLA genes such as PTPN22, CTLA4, CD40, TSHR and TG which have been extensively studied in respect to their role in GD. We review recent findings implicating variants of FCRL3 (gene for FC receptor-like-3 protein), SCGB3A2 (gene for secretory uteroglobin-related protein 1- UGRP1) as well as other unverified possible candidate genes for GD selected through their documented association with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Tenr–IL2–IL21, CAPSL (encoding calcyphosine-like protein), IFIH1(gene for interferon-induced helicase C domain 1), AFF3, CD226 and PTPN2. We also review reports on association of skewed X chromosome inactivation and fetal microchimerism with GD. Finally we discuss issues of genotype-phenotype correlations in GD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|