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Hou J, Feng Y, Yang Z, Ding Y, Cheng D, Shi Z, Li R, Xue L. Primary Sjögren's syndrome: new perspectives on salivary gland epithelial cells. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:371. [PMID: 39014509 PMCID: PMC11253495 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting exocrine glands such as the salivary glands, leading to impaired secretion and sicca symptoms. As the mainstay of salivation, salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have an important role in the pathology of pSS. Emerging evidence suggests that the interplay between immunological factors and SGECs may not be the initial trigger or the sole mechanism responsible for xerostomia in pSS, challenging conventional perceptions. To deepen our understanding, current research regarding SGECs in pSS was reviewed. Among the extensive aberrations in cellular architecture and function, this review highlighted certain alterations of SGECs that were identified to occur independently of or in absence of lymphocytic infiltration. In particular, some of these alterations may serve as upstream factors of immuno-inflammatory responses. These findings underscore the significance of introspecting the pathogenesis of pSS and developing interventions targeting SGECs in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hou
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Zhixia Yang
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yimei Ding
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Dandan Cheng
- Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, 200 Wuyi Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhonghao Shi
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Rouxin Li
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Luan Xue
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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Wang Y, Riaz F, Wang W, Pu J, Liang Y, Wu Z, Pan S, Song J, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wu H, Han F, Tang J, Wang X. Functional significance of DNA methylation: epigenetic insights into Sjögren's syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1289492. [PMID: 38510251 PMCID: PMC10950951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1289492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a systemic, highly diverse, and chronic autoimmune disease with a significant global prevalence. It is a complex condition that requires careful management and monitoring. Recent research indicates that epigenetic mechanisms contribute to the pathophysiology of SjS by modulating gene expression and genome stability. DNA methylation, a form of epigenetic modification, is the fundamental mechanism that modifies the expression of various genes by modifying the transcriptional availability of regulatory regions within the genome. In general, adding a methyl group to DNA is linked with the inhibition of genes because it changes the chromatin structure. DNA methylation changes the fate of multiple immune cells, such as it leads to the transition of naïve lymphocytes to effector lymphocytes. A lack of central epigenetic enzymes frequently results in abnormal immune activation. Alterations in epigenetic modifications within immune cells or salivary gland epithelial cells are frequently detected during the pathogenesis of SjS, representing a robust association with autoimmune responses. The analysis of genome methylation is a beneficial tool for establishing connections between epigenetic changes within different cell types and their association with SjS. In various studies related to SjS, most differentially methylated regions are in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus. Notably, the demethylation of various sites in the genome is often observed in SjS patients. The most strongly linked differentially methylated regions in SjS patients are found within genes regulated by type I interferon. This demethylation process is partly related to B-cell infiltration and disease progression. In addition, DNA demethylation of the runt-related transcription factor (RUNX1) gene, lymphotoxin-α (LTA), and myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) is associated with SjS. It may assist the early diagnosis of SjS by serving as a potential biomarker. Therefore, this review offers a detailed insight into the function of DNA methylation in SjS and helps researchers to identify potential biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Farooq Riaz
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jincheng Pu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamin Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lufei Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihong Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Bonnet H, Isidro Alonso CA, Gupta IR. Submandibular gland epithelial development and the importance of junctions. Tissue Barriers 2023; 11:2161255. [PMID: 36576256 PMCID: PMC10606785 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2161255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands consist of highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete the fluid, saliva, and/or transport saliva into the oral cavity. Saliva is essential to lubricate the oral cavity for food consumption and to maintain the hygiene of the oral cavity. In this review, we will focus on the formation of the epithelial cell lineage and the cell junctions that are essential for formation of saliva and maintenance of the epithelial barrier between the ducts that transport saliva and the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Agustin Isidro Alonso
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Indra R. Gupta
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Chi C, Solomon O, Shiboski C, Taylor KE, Quach H, Quach D, Barcellos LF, Criswell LA. Identification of Sjögren's syndrome patient subgroups by clustering of labial salivary gland DNA methylation profiles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281891. [PMID: 36862625 PMCID: PMC9980741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in Sjögren's syndrome (SS), increasingly called Sjögren's disease, suggests the presence of disease subtypes, which poses a major challenge for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of this autoimmune disorder. Previous work distinguished patient subgroups based on clinical symptoms, but it is not clear to what extent symptoms reflect underlying pathobiology. The purpose of this study was to discover clinical meaningful subtypes of SS based on genome-wide DNA methylation data. We performed a cluster analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data from labial salivary gland (LSG) tissue collected from 64 SS cases and 67 non-cases. Specifically, hierarchical clustering was performed on low dimensional embeddings of DNA methylation data extracted from a variational autoencoder to uncover unknown heterogeneity. Clustering revealed clinically severe and mild subgroups of SS. Differential methylation analysis revealed that hypomethylation at the MHC and hypermethylation at other genome regions characterize the epigenetic differences between these SS subgroups. Epigenetic profiling of LSGs in SS yields new insights into mechanisms underlying disease heterogeneity. The methylation patterns at differentially methylated CpGs are different in SS subgroups and support the role of epigenetic contributions to the heterogeneity in SS. Biomarker data derived from epigenetic profiling could be explored in future iterations of the classification criteria for defining SS subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Chi
- Division of Computing, Center for Computational Biology, Data Science and Society, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Olivia Solomon
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline Shiboski
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly E. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Quach
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Quach
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa F. Barcellos
- Division of Computing, Center for Computational Biology, Data Science and Society, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Genomics of Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Regulation of the Intestinal Extra-Adrenal Steroidogenic Pathway Component LRH-1 by Glucocorticoids in Ulcerative Colitis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121905. [PMID: 35741034 PMCID: PMC9221003 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and can be treated with glucocorticoids (GC), although some patients are unresponsive to this therapy. The transcription factor LRH-1/NR5A2 is critical to intestinal cortisol production (intestinal steroidogenesis), being reduced in UC patients. However, the relationship between LRH-1 expression and distribution with altered corticosteroid responses is unknown. To address this, we categorized UC patients by their steroid response. Here, we found that steroid-dependent and refractory patients presented reduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated intestinal steroidogenesis compared to healthy individuals and responder patients, possibly related to increased colonic mucosa GR isoform beta (GRβ) content and cytoplasmic LRH-1 levels in epithelial and lamina propria cells. Interestingly, an intestinal epithelium-specific GR-induced knockout (GRiKO) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-colitis mice model presented decreased epithelial LRH-1 expression, whilst it increased in the lamina propria compared to DSS-treated control mice. Mechanistically, GR directly induced NR5A2 gene expression in CCD841CoN cells and human colonic organoids. Furthermore, GR bound to two glucocorticoid-response elements within the NR5A2 promoter in dexamethasone-stimulated CCD841CoN cells. We conclude that GR contributes to intestinal steroidogenesis by inducing LRH-1 in epithelial cells, suggesting LRH-1 as a potential marker for glucocorticoid-impaired response in UC. However, further studies with a larger patient cohort will be necessary to confirm role of LRH-1 as a therapeutic biomarker.
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Guimarães JR, Coêlho MDC, de Oliveira NFP. Contribution of DNA methylation to the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome: A review. Autoimmunity 2022; 55:215-222. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2022.2062593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ramalho Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba – UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marina de Castro Coêlho
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba – UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Naila Francis Paulo de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba – UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Department, Centre of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba – UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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7
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Imgenberg-Kreuz J, Rasmussen A, Sivils K, Nordmark G. Genetics and epigenetics in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:2085-2098. [PMID: 30770922 PMCID: PMC8121440 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is considered to be a multifactorial disease, where underlying genetic predisposition, epigenetic mechanisms and environmental factors contribute to disease development. In the last 5 years, the first genome-wide association studies in pSS have been completed. The strongest signal of association lies within the HLA genes, whereas the non-HLA genes IRF5 and STAT4 show consistent associations in multiple ethnicities but with a smaller effect size. The majority of the genetic risk variants are found at intergenic regions and their functional impact has in most cases not been elucidated. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS by their modulating effects on gene expression and may constitute a dynamic link between the genome and phenotypic manifestations. This article reviews the hitherto published genetic studies and our current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Imgenberg-Kreuz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Astrid Rasmussen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kathy Sivils
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Department of Medical Sciences, Rheumatology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden2Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Chi C, Taylor KE, Quach H, Quach D, Criswell LA, Barcellos LF. Hypomethylation mediates genetic association with the major histocompatibility complex genes in Sjögren's syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248429. [PMID: 33886574 PMCID: PMC8062105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential methylation of immune genes has been a consistent theme observed in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in CD4+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, whole blood, and labial salivary glands (LSGs). Multiple studies have found associations supporting genetic control of DNA methylation in SS, which in the absence of reverse causation, has positive implications for the potential of epigenetic therapy. However, a formal study of the causal relationship between genetic variation, DNA methylation, and disease status is lacking. We performed a causal mediation analysis of DNA methylation as a mediator of nearby genetic association with SS using LSGs and genotype data collected from 131 female members of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance registry, comprising of 64 SS cases and 67 non-cases. Bumphunter was used to first identify differentially-methylated regions (DMRs), then the causal inference test (CIT) was applied to identify DMRs mediating the association of nearby methylation quantitative trait loci (MeQTL) with SS. Bumphunter discovered 215 DMRs, with the majority located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p21.3. Consistent with previous findings, regions hypomethylated in SS cases were enriched for gene sets associated with immune processes. Using the CIT, we observed a total of 19 DMR-MeQTL pairs that exhibited strong evidence for a causal mediation relationship. Close to half of these DMRs reside in the MHC and their corresponding meQTLs are in the region spanning the HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DQA2 loci. The risk of SS conferred by these corresponding MeQTLs in the MHC was further substantiated by previous genome-wide association study results, with modest evidence for independent effects. By validating the presence of causal mediation, our findings suggest both genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to disease susceptibility, and inform the development of targeted epigenetic modification as a therapeutic approach for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Chi
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly E. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Quach
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Quach
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Department of Medicine, Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa F. Barcellos
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Monsalve DM, Anaya JM. With Minor Salivary Gland Biopsy in Sjögren Syndrome, Is a Negative Result Possible? J Rheumatol 2020; 47:310-312. [PMID: 32115432 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario
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10
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Criscitiello MF, Kraev I, Lange S. Deiminated proteins in extracellular vesicles and serum of llama (Lama glama)-Novel insights into camelid immunity. Mol Immunol 2020; 117:37-53. [PMID: 31733447 PMCID: PMC7112542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are phylogenetically conserved calcium-dependent enzymes which post-translationally convert arginine into citrulline in target proteins in an irreversible manner, causing functional and structural changes in target proteins. Protein deimination causes generation of neo-epitopes, affects gene regulation and also allows for protein moonlighting. Furthermore, PADs have been found to be a phylogenetically conserved regulator for extracellular vesicle (EVs) release. EVs are found in most body fluids and participate in cellular communication via transfer of cargo proteins and genetic material. In this study, post-translationally deiminated proteins in serum and serum-EVs are described for the first time in camelids, using the llama (Lama glama L. 1758) as a model animal. We report a poly-dispersed population of llama serum EVs, positive for phylogenetically conserved EV-specific markers and characterised by TEM. In serum, 103 deiminated proteins were overall identified, including key immune and metabolic mediators including complement components, immunoglobulin-based nanobodies, adiponectin and heat shock proteins. In serum, 60 deiminated proteins were identified that were not in EVs, and 25 deiminated proteins were found to be unique to EVs, with 43 shared deiminated protein hits between both serum and EVs. Deiminated histone H3, a marker of neutrophil extracellular trap formation, was also detected in llama serum. PAD homologues were identified in llama serum by Western blotting, via cross reaction with human PAD antibodies, and detected at an expected 70 kDa size. This is the first report of deiminated proteins in serum and EVs of a camelid species, highlighting a hitherto unrecognized post-translational modification in key immune and metabolic proteins in camelids, which may be translatable to and inform a range of human metabolic and inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a chronic and systemic autoimmune epithelitis with predominant female incidence, which is characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction. Incompletely understood, the etiology of SjS is multi-factorial and evidence is growing to consider that epigenetic factors are playing a crucial role in its development. Independent from DNA sequence mutations, epigenetics is described as inheritable and reversible processes that modify gene expression. Epigenetic modifications reported in minor salivary gland and lymphocytes from SjS patients are related to (i) an abnormal DNA methylation process inducing in turn defective control of normally repressed genes involving such matters as autoantigens, retrotransposons, and the X chromosome in women; (ii) altered nucleosome positioning associated with autoantibody production; and (iii) altered control of microRNA. Results from epigenome-wide association studies have further revealed the importance of the interferon pathway in disease progression, the calcium signaling pathway for controlling fluid secretions, and a cell-specific cross talk with risk factors associated with SjS. Importantly, epigenetic modifications are reversible thus opening opportunities for therapeutic procedures in this currently incurable disease.
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12
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Karagianni P, Tzioufas AG. Epigenetic perspectives on systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102315. [PMID: 31421964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by increased reactivity of the immune system towards self-antigens, causing tissue damage. Although their etiology remains largely unknown, genetic, microbial, environmental and psychological factors are recognized as contributing elements. Epigenetic changes, including covalent modifications of the DNA and histones, are critical signaling mediators between the genome and the environment, and thus potent regulators of cellular functions. The most extensively studied epigenetic modifications are Cytosine DNA methylation and histone acetylation and methylation on various residues. These are thought to affect chromatin structure and binding of specific effectors that regulate transcription, replication, and other processes. Recent studies have uncovered significant epigenetic alterations in cells or tissues derived from autoimmune disease patients compared to samples from healthy individuals and have linked them with disease phenotypes. Epigenetic changes in specific genes correlate with upregulated or downregulated transcription. For instance, in many systems, reduced DNA methylation and increased histone acetylation of interferon-inducible genes correlate with their increased expression in autoimmune disease patients. Also, reduced DNA methylation of retroelements has been proposed as an activating mechanism and has been linked with increased immune reactivity, while epigenetic differences on the X chromosome could indicate incomplete dosage compensation and explain to some extent the increased susceptibility of females over males towards the development of most autoimmune diseases. Besides changes in epigenetic modifications, differences in the levels of many enzymes catalyzing the addition or removal of these marks as well as proteins that recognize them and function as effector molecules have also been detected in autoimmune patients. Although the existing knowledge cannot fully explain whether epigenetic alterations cause or follow the increased immune activation, their characterization is very useful for understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms and complements genetic and clinical studies. Furthermore, specific epigenetic marks have the potential to serve as biomarkers for disease status, prognosis, and response to treatment. Finally, epigenetic factors are currently being examined as candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Karagianni
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Mikras Asias Str 75, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Mikras Asias Str 75, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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13
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Lagos C, Carvajal P, Castro I, Jara D, González S, Aguilera S, Barrera MJ, Quest AFG, Bahamondes V, Molina C, Urzúa U, Hermoso MA, Leyton C, González MJ. Association of high 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels with Ten Eleven Translocation 2 overexpression and inflammation in Sjögren's syndrome patients. Clin Immunol 2018; 196:85-96. [PMID: 29894742 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we determined the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-methylcytosine (5mC), Ten Eleven Translocation (TETs), and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) levels in epithelial and inflammatory cells of labial salivary glands (LSG) from Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-patients and the effect of cytokines on HSG cells. LSG from SS-patients, controls and HSG cells incubated with cytokines were analysed. Levels of 5mC, 5hmC, DNMTs, TET2 and MeCP2 were assessed by immunofluorescence. In epithelial cells from SS-patients, an increase in TET2, 5hmC and a decrease in 5mC and MeCP2 were observed, additionally, high levels of 5mC and DNMTs and low levels of 5hmC were detected in inflammatory cells. Cytokines increased TET2 and 5hmC and decreased 5mC levels. Considering that the TET2 gene.promoter contains response elements for transcription factors activated by cytokines, together to in vitro results suggest that changes in DNA hydroxymethylation, resulting from altered levels of TET2 are likely to be relevant in the Sjögren's syndrome etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Lagos
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Jara
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-José Barrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Bahamondes
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Urzúa
- Departamento de Oncología Básico-Clínico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Leyton
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Barrera MJ, Aguilera S, Castro I, González S, Carvajal P, Molina C, Hermoso MA, González MJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in autoimmune diseases: Can altered protein quality control and/or unfolded protein response contribute to autoimmunity? A critical review on Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:796-808. [PMID: 29890347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many years, researchers in the field of autoimmunity have focused on the role of the immune components in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, some studies have demonstrated the importance of target tissues in their pathogenesis and the breach of immune tolerance. The immune system as well as target tissue cells (plasmatic, β-pancreatic, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, thyroid follicular and epithelial cells of the lachrymal glands, salivary glands, intestine, bronchioles and renal tubules) share the characteristic of secretory cells with an extended endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The function of these cells depends considerably on a normal ER function and calcium homeostasis, so they can produce and secrete their main components, which include glycoproteins involved in antigenic presentation such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II. All these proteins are synthesized and modified in the ER, and for this reason disturbances in the normal functions of this organelle such as protein folding, protein quality control, calcium homeostasis and redox balance, promote accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, a condition known as ER stress. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by inflammation, which has been associated with an ER stress condition. Interestingly, patients with these diseases contain circulating auto-antibodies against chaperone proteins (such as Calnexin and GRP94), thus affecting the folding and assembly of MHC class I and II glycoproteins and their loading with peptide. The main purpose of this article is to review the involvement of the protein quality control and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the ER protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and their alterations in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we describe the interaction between ER stress and inflammation and evidences are shown of how autoimmune diseases are associated with an ER stress condition, with a special emphasis on the second most prevalent autoimmune rheumatic disease, Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Barrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Epigenetic alterations in primary Sjögren's syndrome - an overview. Clin Immunol 2018; 196:12-20. [PMID: 29649576 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by inflammation of exocrine glands, mainly salivary and lacrimal glands. In addition, pSS may affect multiple other organs resulting in systemic manifestations. Although the precise etiology of pSS remains elusive, pSS is considered to be a multi-factorial disease, where underlying genetic predisposition, environmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms contribute to disease development. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, may constitute a dynamic link between genome, environment and phenotypic manifestation by their modulating effects on gene expression. A growing body of studies reporting altered epigenetic landscapes in pSS suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of pSS, and the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications suggests therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic dysregulation in pSS. This article reviews our current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms in pSS and discusses implications for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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16
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[Influence of epigenetic in Sjögren's syndrome]. Rev Med Interne 2017; 39:346-351. [PMID: 29054585 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune epithelitis with a major female incidence, and characterized by a dry syndrome, impaired quality of life, visceral involvement, and lymphoma for the most aggressive cases. During this process, epithelial cells acquire the capacity to produce cytokines, chemokines, and autoantigens which can in turn be presented to the immune system. Consequently, this epithelitis is accompanied by lymphocytic infiltrations leading to the formation of pseudo-follicles in which self-reactive B lymphocytes are present. The recent integration of genomic and especially of epigenomic data, which make it possible to analyze the different cellular partners, opens new perspectives and allows to a better understanding of this complex and still incurable disease.
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17
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Ali S, Kelly C, Challacombe SJ, Donaldson ANA, Dart JKG, Gleeson M, Setterfield JF. Salivary IgA and IgG antibodies to bullous pemphigoid 180 noncollagenous domain 16a as diagnostic biomarkers in mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:1022-9. [PMID: 26676445 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is an uncommon mucocutaneous immunobullous disorder. Use of saliva for diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the noncollagenous (NC) domain 16a of bullous pemphigoid antigen II (BP180) is not well described. OBJECTIVE To establish whether whole or parotid saliva is a suitable alternative to serum for diagnosis of MMP. METHODS Precoated BP180-NC16a ELISA plates were used to test serum, and whole and parotid saliva for IgG, IgA and secretory IgA antibodies. Patients with MMP (n = 64) provided matched serum and whole saliva. In addition 18 of the MMP patients also provided matched parotid saliva. Healthy controls (n = 50) provided matched serum and whole saliva and 6 of these additionally provided matched parotid saliva. An additional 16 disease controls provided matched serum, and whole and parotid saliva. RESULTS In whole saliva, IgG antibodies were detected in 11/64 (17%), IgA in 23/64 (36%) and a combined positivity in 29/64 (45%). In parotid saliva, IgA antibodies were found in 8/18 (44%). Serum IgG antibodies were detected in 27/64 (42%), serum IgA antibodies in 18/64 (28%) and a combined positivity in 33/64 (52%). Combined use of serum and saliva increased detection of specific antibodies by 30%. Control samples were all negative (positive predictive value of 100% for all tests). The negative predictive values were 62% for IgA saliva, 65% for IgG serum, 59% for IgA serum and 56% for IgG saliva. CONCLUSIONS IgG and IgA antibodies may provide a suitable diagnostic marker in MMP. Assay of salivary IgA antibodies to NC16a offers a similar diagnostic predictive value to serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ali
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, U.K.,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Kelly
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - S J Challacombe
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - A N A Donaldson
- Biostatistics and Research Methods Centre, Dental Institute, King's College London, U.K
| | - J K G Dart
- The National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, U.K
| | - M Gleeson
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | | | - J F Setterfield
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, U.K.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
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18
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Aslani S, Mahmoudi M, Karami J, Jamshidi AR, Malekshahi Z, Nicknam MH. Epigenetic alterations underlying autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:69-83. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1134511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Konsta OD, Le Dantec C, Charras A, Cornec D, Kapsogeorgou EK, Tzioufas AG, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Defective DNA methylation in salivary gland epithelial acini from patients with Sjögren's syndrome is associated with SSB gene expression, anti-SSB/LA detection, and lymphocyte infiltration. J Autoimmun 2015; 68:30-8. [PMID: 26725749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is complex, in part due to DNA methylation abnormalities. This study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of global DNA methylation ((5m)C) as determined in minor salivary glands (MSG) from well characterized pSS patients. Twenty-two pSS patients and ten controls were selected, and MSG were stained with anti-(5m)C, anti-(5m)C/anti-cytokeratin (KRT)19, or with anti-SSB/La antibodies (Ab). The DNA methylation status at the SSB gene promoter P1 and P1' was evaluated by methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (MSRE) coupled with PCR. The effect of the DNA demethylating drug 5 azacytidine (5-Aza) was tested in the human salivary gland (HSG) cell line. In pSS, the reduction of global DNA methylation ((5m)C) was associated with lymphocyte infiltration, the emergence of (5m)C(low) and KRT19(high) acini, and the detection of circulating anti-SSB/La Ab, but not with disease activity (ESSDAI). Next, treating HSG cells with 5-Aza was effective in inducing SSB expression. Finally in pSS patients positive for anti-SSB/La Ab, we further observed DNA demethylation at the SSB gene promoter P1 with consequent SSB overexpression at both the transcriptional and protein levels in salivary gland epithelial cells. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of pSS and to the emergence of anti-SSB/La Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- O D Konsta
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | - C Le Dantec
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - A Charras
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - D Cornec
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - E K Kapsogeorgou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | - A G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens, Greece
| | - J O Pers
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Y Renaudineau
- INSERM ESPRI, ERI29/EA2216, SFR ScInBioS, LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy Graft Oncology", Innovative Medicines Initiative PRECISESADS, Réseau épigénétique et réseau canaux ioniques du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany, Brest, France; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan, Brest, France.
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20
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Renauer P, Coit P, Jeffries MA, Merrill JT, McCune WJ, Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Sawalha AH. DNA methylation patterns in naïve CD4+ T cells identify epigenetic susceptibility loci for malar rash and discoid rash in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2015; 2:e000101. [PMID: 26405558 PMCID: PMC4577980 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2015-000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterised by heterogeneous clinical manifestations, autoantibody production and epigenetic dysregulation in T cells. We sought to investigate the epigenetic contribution to the development of cutaneous manifestations in SLE. Methods We performed genome-wide DNA methylation analyses in patients with SLE stratified by a history of malar rash, discoid rash or neither cutaneous manifestation, and age, sex and ethnicity matched healthy controls. We characterised differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in naïve CD4+ T cells unique to each disease subset, and assessed functional relationships between DMRs using bioinformatic approaches. Results We identified 36 and 37 unique DMRs that contribute to the epigenetic susceptibility to malar rash and discoid rash, respectively. These DMRs were primarily localised to genes mediating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Hypomethylation of MIR886 and TRIM69, and hypermethylation of RNF39 were specific to patients with SLE with a history of malar rash. Hypomethylation of the cytoskeleton-related gene RHOJ was specific to patients with SLE with a history of discoid rash. In addition, discoid rash-specific hypomethylated DMRs were found in genes involved in antigen-processing and presentation such as TAP1 and PSMB8. Network analyses showed that DMRs in patients with SLE with but not without a history of cutaneous manifestations are associated with TAP-dependent processing and major histocompatibility-class I antigen cross-presentation (p=3.66×10−18 in malar rash, and 3.67×10−13 in discoid rash). Conclusions We characterised DNA methylation changes in naïve CD4+ T cells specific to malar rash and discoid rash in patients with SLE. These data suggest unique epigenetic susceptibility loci that predispose to or are associated with the development of cutaneous manifestations in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Renauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA
| | - Patrick Coit
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA
| | - Matlock A Jeffries
- Department of Internal Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology Program , Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - W Joseph McCune
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA
| | | | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA ; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan , USA
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Baum BJ, Alevizos I, Chiorini JA, Cotrim AP, Zheng C. Advances in salivary gland gene therapy - oral and systemic implications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1443-54. [PMID: 26149284 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1064894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much research demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of gene transfer to salivary glands. Recently, the first clinical trial targeting a salivary gland was completed, yielding positive safety and efficacy results. AREAS COVERED There are two major disorders affecting salivary glands: radiation damage following treatment for head and neck cancers and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Salivary gland gene transfer has also been employed in preclinical studies using transgenic secretory proteins for exocrine (upper gastrointestinal tract) and endocrine (systemic) applications. EXPERT OPINION Salivary gland gene transfer is safe and can be beneficial in humans. Applications to treat and prevent radiation damage show considerable promise. A first-in-human clinical trial for the former was recently successfully completed. Studies on SS suffer from an inadequate understanding of its etiology. Proof of concept in animal models has been shown for exocrine and endocrine disorders. Currently, the most promising exocrine application is for the management of obesity. Endocrine applications are limited, as it is currently impossible to predict if systemically required transgenic proteins will be efficiently secreted into the bloodstream. This results from not understanding how secretory proteins are sorted. Future studies will likely employ ultrasound-assisted and pseudotyped adeno-associated viral vector-mediated gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Baum
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - John A Chiorini
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Ana P Cotrim
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- a National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch , Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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22
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Zhang Z, Zhang R. Epigenetics in autoimmune diseases: Pathogenesis and prospects for therapy. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:854-63. [PMID: 26026695 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in genome function without underlying modifications in their nucleotide sequence. Disorders of epigenetic processes, which involve DNA methylation, histone modification, non-coding RNA and nucleosome remodeling, may influence chromosomal stability and gene expression, resulting in complicated syndromes. In the past few years, it has been disclosed that identified epigenetic alterations give rise to several typical human autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). These emerging epigenetic studies provide new insights into autoimmune diseases. The identification of specific epigenetic dysregulation may inspire more discoveries of other uncharacterized mechanisms. Further elucidation of the biological functions and clinical significance of these epigenetic alterations may be exploited for diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironments and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Immunology and Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironments and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China; Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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23
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Zhao M, Liu S, Luo S, Wu H, Tang M, Cheng W, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Yu X, Xia Y, Yi N, Gao F, Wang L, Yung S, Chan TM, Sawalha AH, Richardson B, Gershwin ME, Li N, Lu Q. DNA methylation and mRNA and microRNA expression of SLE CD4+ T cells correlate with disease phenotype. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:127-36. [PMID: 25091625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease well known for its clinical heterogeneity, and its etiology secondary to a cross-talk involving genetic predisposition and environmental stimuli. Although genome-wide analysis has contributed greatly to our understanding of the genetic basis of SLE, there is increasing evidence for a role of epigenetics. Indeed, recent data have demonstrated that in patients with SLE, there are striking alterations of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and deregulated microRNA expression, the sum of which contribute to over-expression of select autoimmune-related genes and loss of tolerance. To address this issue at the level of clinical phenotype, we performed DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression screening using high-throughput sequencing of purified CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE, compared to age and sex matched controls. In particular, we studied 42 patients with SLE and divided this group into three clinical phenotypes: a) the presence of skin lesions without signs of systemic pathology; b) skin lesions but also chronic renal pathology; and c) skin lesions, chronic renal pathology and polyarticular disease. Interestingly, and as expected, sequencing data revealed changes in DNA methylation in SLE compared to controls. However, and more importantly, although there were common methylation changes found in all groups of SLE compared to controls, there was specific DNA methylation changes that correlated with clinical phenotype. These included changes in the novel key target genes NLRP2, CD300LB and S1PR3, as well as changes in the critical pathways, including the adherens junction and leukocyte transendothelial migration. We also noted that a significant proportion of genes undergoing DNA methylation changes were inversely correlated with gene expression and that miRNA screening revealed the existence of subsets with changes in expression. Integrated analysis of this data highlights specific sets of miRNAs controlled by DNA methylation, and genes that are altered by methylation and targeted by miRNAs. In conclusion, our findings suggest select epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to clinical phenotypes and further shed light on a new venue for basic SLE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Honglong Wu
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meini Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinhai Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yudong Xia
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Yi
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Susan Yung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruce Richardson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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24
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Konsta OD, Thabet Y, Le Dantec C, Brooks WH, Tzioufas AG, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. The contribution of epigenetics in Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Genet 2014; 5:71. [PMID: 24765104 PMCID: PMC3982050 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune epithelitis that combines exocrine gland dysfunctions and lymphocytic infiltrations. While the pathogenesis of SS remains unclear, its etiology is multifunctional and includes a combination of genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and epigenetic factors. Recently, interest has grown in the involvement of epigenetics in autoimmune diseases. Epigenetics is defined as changes in gene expression, that are inheritable and that do not entail changes in the DNA sequence. In SS, several epigenetic mechanisms are defective including DNA demethylation that predominates in epithelial cells, an abnormal expression of microRNAs, and abnormal chromatin positioning-associated with autoantibody production. Last but not least, epigenetic modifications are reversible as observed in minor salivary glands from SS patients after B cell depletion using rituximab. Thus epigenetic findings in SS open new perspectives for therapeutic approaches as well as the possible identification of new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsia D Konsta
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology, Pathology and Immunotherapy, SFR ScinBios and Labex Igo "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology", Réseau Épigénétique du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany Brest France ; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Yosra Thabet
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology, Pathology and Immunotherapy, SFR ScinBios and Labex Igo "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology", Réseau Épigénétique du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany Brest France
| | - Christelle Le Dantec
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology, Pathology and Immunotherapy, SFR ScinBios and Labex Igo "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology", Réseau Épigénétique du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany Brest France
| | - Wesley H Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology, Pathology and Immunotherapy, SFR ScinBios and Labex Igo "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology", Réseau Épigénétique du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany Brest France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology, Pathology and Immunotherapy, SFR ScinBios and Labex Igo "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology", Réseau Épigénétique du Cancéropole Grand Ouest, European University of Brittany Brest France ; Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Hôpital Morvan - Brest University Medical School Brest France
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Barrera M, Bahamondes V, Sepúlveda D, Quest A, Castro I, Cortés J, Aguilera S, Urzúa U, Molina C, Pérez P, Ewert P, Alliende C, Hermoso M, González S, Leyton C, González M. Sjögren's syndrome and the epithelial target: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2013; 42:7-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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González S, Sung H, Sepúlveda D, González MJ, Molina C. Oral manifestations and their treatment in Sjögren′s syndrome. Oral Dis 2013; 20:153-61. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S González
- Oral Pathology Department; Faculty of Dentistry; Mayor University; Santiago Chile
| | - H Sung
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM); University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - D Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM); University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - MJ González
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM); University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - C Molina
- Oral Pathology Department; Faculty of Dentistry; Mayor University; Santiago Chile
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Thabet Y, Le Dantec C, Ghedira I, Devauchelle V, Cornec D, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y. Epigenetic dysregulation in salivary glands from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome may be ascribed to infiltrating B cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 41:175-81. [PMID: 23478041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy characterized by an epithelium injury with dense lymphocytic infiltrates, mainly composed of activated T and B cells. Present at the interface of genetic and environmental risk factors, DNA methylation is suspected to play a key role in SS. To clarify this point, global DNA methylation was tested within salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC), peripheral T cells and B cells from SS patients. Global DNA methylation was reduced in SGEC from SS patients, while no difference was observed in T and B cells. SGEC demethylation in SS patients was associated with a 7-fold decrease in DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) 1 and a 2-fold increase in Gadd45-alpha expression. The other DNA methylation/demethylation partners, tested by real time PCR (DNMT3a/b, PCNA, UHRF1, MBD2, and MBD4), were not different. Interestingly, SGEC demethylation may be attributed in part to the infiltrating B cells as suspected in patients treated with anti-CD20 antibodies to deplete B cells. Such hypothesis was confirmed using co-culture experiments with human salivary gland cells and B cells. Furthermore, B cell-mediated DNA demethylation could be ascribed to an alteration of the PKC delta/ERK/DNMT1 pathway. As a consequence, part of the SGEC dysfunction in SS may be linked to epigenetic modifications, thus opening new therapeutic perspectives in SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Thabet
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology and Pathology, European University of Brittany, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
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Abstract
Oral Diseases (2012) Underlying molecular genetic mechanisms of diseases can be deciphered with unbiased strategies using recently developed technologies enabling genome-wide scale investigations. These technologies have been applied in scanning for genetic variations, gene expression profiles, and epigenetic changes for oral and craniofacial diseases. However, these approaches as applied to oral and craniofacial conditions are in the initial stages, and challenges remain to be overcome, including analysis of high throughput data and their interpretation. Here, we review methodology and studies using genome-wide approaches in oral and craniofacial diseases and suggest future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kidwai FK, Cao T, Lu K. Differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes from human embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1195:13-22. [PMID: 24281868 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For many years, cell therapies have been hampered by limited availability and inter-batch variability of primary cells. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) can give rise to specialized cells like keratinocytes and recently emerged as a virtually unlimited source of potential therapeutic cells. However, xenogeneic components in differentiation cocktails have been limiting the clinical potential of hESC-derived keratinocytes (hESCs-Kert). Here, we demonstrated efficient differentiation of H9 human embryonic stem cells (H9-hESCs) into keratinocytes (H9-Kert(ACC)) in an autogenic co-culture system. We used activin as the main factor to induce keratinocyte differentiation. H9-Kert(ACC) expressed keratinocyte markers at mRNA and protein levels. Establishment of such animal-free microenvironment for keratinocyte differentiation will accelerate potential clinical application of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad K Kidwai
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Barrera MJ, Sánchez M, Aguilera S, Alliende C, Bahamondes V, Molina C, Quest AF, Urzúa U, Castro I, González S, Sung HH, Albornoz A, Hermoso M, Leyton C, González MJ. Aberrant localization of fusion receptors involved in regulated exocytosis in salivary glands of Sjögren’s syndrome patients is linked to ectopic mucin secretion. J Autoimmun 2012; 39:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Rodriguez-Cortez VC, Hernando H, de la Rica L, Vento R, Ballestar E. Epigenomic deregulation in the immune system. Epigenomics 2011; 3:697-713. [PMID: 22126290 DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper immune function is the result of multiple cell commitment and differentiation steps, and adequate control of activation mechanisms. Deregulation of transcriptional programs in immune cells leads to the development of hematological malignancies, autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies. In this sense, epigenetic control of gene expression plays an essential role in the correct function of the immune system and the integrity of identity of relevant cell types. Epigenetic deregulation can result as a consequence of genetic changes in transcription factors, elements of signaling pathways or epigenetic enzymes, or as an effect of a variety of environmental factors. On top of genetic predisposition, viral infection and other external factors influence the development of immune-related diseases. In recent years, major strides have been made towards understanding the contribution of genetics in these immune disorders. Less progress has been made in dissecting the contribution of epigenetic factors in their etiology. Herein, it is presented what is currently known about epigenetic alterations in immune system associated disorders. It is also discussed how epigenomic analysis can help to understand the molecular basis of these diseases and how this information can be used in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C Rodriguez-Cortez
- Cancer Epigenetics & Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Candia E, Díaz-Jiménez D, Langjahr P, Núñez LE, de la Fuente M, Farfán N, López-Kostner F, Abedrapo M, Alvarez-Lobos M, Pinedo G, Beltrán CJ, González C, González MJ, Quera R, Hermoso MA. Increased production of soluble TLR2 by lamina propria mononuclear cells from ulcerative colitis patients. Immunobiology 2011; 217:634-42. [PMID: 22101184 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a type I pattern recognition receptor that has been shown to participate in intestinal homeostasis. Its increased expression in the lamina propria has been associated with the pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Recently, soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) variants have been shown to counteract inflammatory responses driven by the cognate receptor. Despite the evident roles of TLR2 in intestinal immunity, no study has elucidated the production and cellular source of sTLR2 in IBD. Furthermore, an increase in the population of activated macrophages expressing TLR2 that infiltrates the intestine in IBD has been reported. We aimed first to assess the production of the sTLR2 by UC and CD organ culture biopsies and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) as well as the levels of sTLR2 in serum, and then characterize the cell population from lamina propria producing the soluble protein. Mucosa explants, LPMCs and serum were obtained from UC, CD patients and control subjects. The level of sTLR2 was higher in conditioned media from organ culture biopsies and LPMCs from UC patients in comparison to CD and controls. Moreover, an inverse correlation between the content of intestinal and serum sTLR2 levels was observed in UC patients. Additionally, when characterizing the cellular source of the increased sTLR2 by LPMCs from UC patients, an increase in TLR2(+)/CD33(+) cell population was found. Also, these cells expressed CX3CR1, which was related to the increased levels of intestinal FKN in UC patients, suggesting that a higher proportion of TLR2(+) mononuclear cells infiltrate the lamina propria. The increased production of sTLR2 suggests that a differential regulating factor of the innate immune system is present in the intestinal mucosa of UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Candia
- Disciplinary Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, CL 8380453, Chile
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López-Pedrera C, Pérez-Sánchez C, Ramos-Casals M, Santos-Gonzalez M, Rodriguez-Ariza A, Cuadrado MJ. Cardiovascular risk in systemic autoimmune diseases: epigenetic mechanisms of immune regulatory functions. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:974648. [PMID: 21941583 PMCID: PMC3173726 DOI: 10.1155/2012/974648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) have been associated with accelerated atherosclerosis (AT) leading to increased cardio- and cerebrovascular disease risk. Traditional risk factors, as well as systemic inflammation mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, proteases, autoantibodies, adhesion receptors, and others, have been implicated in the development of these vascular pathologies. Yet, the characteristics of vasculopathies may significantly differ depending on the underlying disease. In recent years, many new genes and signalling pathways involved in autoimmunity with often overlapping patterns between different disease entities have been further detected. Epigenetics, the control of gene packaging and expression independent of alterations in the DNA sequence, is providing new directions linking genetics and environmental factors. Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms comprise DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA activity, all of which act upon gene and protein expression levels. Recent findings have contributed to our understanding of how epigenetic modifications could influence AID development, not only showing differences between AID patients and healthy controls, but also showing how one disease differs from another and even how the expression of key proteins involved in the development of each disease is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chary López-Pedrera
- Unidad de Investigación e Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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González S, Aguilera S, Urzúa U, Quest AFG, Molina C, Alliende C, Hermoso M, González MJ. Mechanotransduction and epigenetic control in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 10:175-9. [PMID: 20923710 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of epithelial cells is required to define tissue architecture and appropriate function of these cells is associated with a specific pattern of gene expression. DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histones and chromatin remodeling are nuclear mechanisms implicated in epigenetic control of gene expression. All factors relevant to tissue differentiation, including cell adhesion and shape, extracellular stimuli and transcriptional control, modulate gene expression and, thus, some of them are likely to impact on nuclear mechanisms of epigenetic control. The epithelial cells of salivary glands from Sjögren's syndrome patients display alterations in cell adhesion and shape. In this review, we summarize how these alterations are thought to lead to chromatin remodeling and, in doing so, bring about changes in transcriptional patterns. Additionally, we discuss how mechanotransduction in cells with impaired structural organization is implicated in modifying gene expression in these patients.
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